Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 251, 264᎐284 Ž2000.
doi:10.1006rjmaa.2000.7046, available online at http:rrwww.idealibrary.com on
On the Stability of Functional Equations
in Banach Spaces
Themistocles M. Rassias
Department of Mathematics, National Technical Uni¨ ersity of Athens,
Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
E-mail: trassias@math.ntua.gr
Submitted by William F. Ames
Received April 26, 2000
DEDICATED TO PROFESSOR GEORGE LEITMANN IN ADMIRATION
The paper is devoted to some results on the problem of S. M. Ulam for the
stability of functional equations in Banach spaces. The problem was posed by Ulam
60 years ago. 䊚 2000 Academic Press
Key Words: generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability; functional equations.
1. INTRODUCTION
In almost all areas of mathematical analysis, we can raise the following
fundamental question: When is it true that a mathematical object satisfying a
certain property approximately must be close to an object satisfying the property
exactly? If we turn our attention to the case of functional equations, we
can particularly ask the question when the solutions of an equation differing
slightly from a gi¨ en one must be close to the solution of the gi¨ en equation.
The stability problem of functional equations originates from such a
fundamental question. In connection with the above question, S. M. Ulam
w85x raised a question concerning the stability of homomorphisms:
Let G 1 be a group and let G 2 be a metric group with a metric d Ž⭈, ⭈ .. Given
␧ ) 0, does there exist a ␦ ) 0 such that if a function h : G 1 ª G 2 satisfies the
inequality d Ž hŽ xy ., hŽ x . hŽ y .. - ␦ for all x, y g G 1 then there is a homomorphism H : G 1 ª G 2 with d Ž hŽ x ., H Ž x .. - ␧ for all x g G 1?
264
0022-247Xr00 $35.00
Copyright 䊚 2000 by Academic Press
All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
265
The first partial solution to Ulam’s question was provided by D. H.
Hyers w26x. Indeed, he proved the following celebrated theorem:
THEOREM ŽD. H. Hyers.. Assume that E1 and E2 are Banach spaces. If
a function f : E1 ª E2 satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y. y f Ž x. y f Ž y. F ␧
for some ␧ G 0 and for all x, y g E1 , then the limit
a Ž x . s lim 2yn f Ž 2 n x .
nª⬁
exists for each x in E1 and a : E1 ª E2 is the unique additi¨ e function such
that
f Ž x . y aŽ x . F ␧
for any x g E1. Moreo¨ er, if f Ž tx . is continuous in t for each fixed x g E1 ,
then a is linear.
For the above case, we say that the additive functional equation
f Ž x q y . s f Ž x . q f Ž y . has the Hyers᎐Ulam stability on Ž E1 , E2 . or alternatively that it is stable in the sense of Hyers and Ulam.
In the Hyers’s theorem, D. H. Hyers explicitly constructed the additive
function a : E1 ª E2 directly from the given function f. This method is
called a direct method and is a powerful tool for studying the stability of
several functional equations. It is often used to construct a solution of a
given functional equation.
During the last decades, Hyers’s theorem was generalized in various
directions Žsee w6, 16, 17, 58, 60, 69, 70, 78x.. In particular, Th. M. Rassias
w58x considered a generalized version of the theorem of Hyers which
permitted the Cauchy difference to become unbounded. He proved the
following theorem by using a direct method.
THEOREM ŽTh. M. Rassias..
spaces satisfies the inequality
If a function f : E1 ª E2 between Banach
f Ž x q y. y f Ž x. y f Ž y. F ␪ Ž 5 x5 p q 5 y5 p.
for some ␪ G 0, 0 F p - 1, and for all x, y g E1 , then there exists a unique
additi¨ e function a : E1 ª E2 such that
f Ž x . y aŽ x . F
2␪
2y2p
5 x5 p
for any x in E1. Moreo¨ er, if f Ž tx . is continuous in t for each fixed x g E1 ,
then a is linear.
266
THEMISTOCLES M. RASSIAS
This theorem was a generalization of Hyers’s theorem. Since then, many
mathematicians began to study the stability of functional equations. The
theorem of Rassias was later extended to all p / 1 and generalized by
many mathematicians Žsee w18, 19, 30, 31, 35, 67x..
The stability phenomenon that was presented by Th. M. Rassias is called
the generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability. This terminology may also be applied
to the cases of other functional equations Žsee w37x..
There is a strong stability phenomenon which is known as a superstability. An equation of a homomorphism is called superstable if each approximate homomorphism is actually a true homomorphism. This property was
first observed when the following theorem was proved by J. Baker et al. w3x.
THEOREM ŽJ. Baker, J. Lawrence, and F. Zorzitto..
space. If a function f : V ª ⺢ satisfies the inequality
Let V be a ¨ ector
f Ž x q y. y f Ž x. f Ž y. F ␧
for some ␧ ) 0 and for all x, y g V, then either f is a bounded function or
f Ž x q y . s f Ž x . f Ž y . for all x, y g V.
Later, this result was generalized by J. Baker w2x and by L. Szekelyhidi
´
w77x Žcf. w24, 25x.. The superstability can be considered as a special case of
the generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability.
Around 1980, the topic of the generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability of
functional equations was taken up by a number of mathematicians, and the
study of this area has grown to be one of central subjects in mathematical
analysis. The papers w15, 29, 37, 49, 62, 64, 65x may be helpful to get
general information on this area. In particular, the text w27x by D. H. Hyers
et al., as well as the text w50x by S.-M. Jung give a comprehensive
introduction to the theory of the generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability of
functional equations.
In this paper, we will give a general introduction to the theory of
stability of the functional equations. We will emphasize the direction
motivated by Th. M. Rassias w58x. Section 2 will be devoted to the
generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability of the additive equation. The Jensen’s
equation, Hosszu’s
´ equation, homogeneous equation, and the logarithmic
functional equation will be considered as variations of the additive equation. The exponential equation and the multiplicative equation will be
introduced in Section 3. In Section 4, we will discuss the quadratic
functional equation. The generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability of other equations, such as trigonometric equations and the gamma functional equation,
will be presented in Section 5.
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
267
2. ADDITIVE FUNCTIONAL EQUATION
The additive functional equation f Ž x q y . s f Ž x . q f Ž y . is one of the
most famous functional equations. Every solution of the additive equation
is called an additi¨ e function.
D. H. Hyers w26x proved a theorem for the Hyers᎐Ulam stability of that
equation which was the first result concerning this subject. Since then, the
theorem of Hyers was generalized in various directions. In particular, Th.
M. Rassias w58x extended Hyers’s theorem by permitting the Cauchy
difference to become unbounded.
THEOREM 2.1. Let E1 and E2 be Banach spaces and suppose f : E1 ª E2
is a function satisfying the inequality
f Ž x q y. y f Ž x. y f Ž y. F ␪ Ž 5 x5 p q 5 y5 p.
Ž 2.1.
for some ␪ ) 0, p g w0, 1., and for all x, y g E1. Then there exists a unique
additi¨ e function a : E1 ª E2 such that
2␪
5 x5 p
f Ž x . y aŽ x . F
Ž 2.2.
p
2y2
for any x g E1. Moreo¨ er, if f Ž tx . is continuous in t for each fixed x g E1 ,
then a is linear.
Proof. We will use the induction on n to prove
2yn f Ž 2 n x . y f Ž x . F ␪ 5 x 5 p
ny1
Ý
2 mŽ py1.
Ž 2.3.
ms0
for all n g ⺞. Putting y s x in Ž2.1. and dividing by 2 yield the validity of
Ž2.3. for n s 1. Assume that Ž2.3. holds and prove it for the case n q 1.
This is true because by Ž2.3. we obtain
2yn f Ž 2 n 2 x . y f Ž 2 x . F ␪ 52 x 5 p
ny1
2 mŽ py1. ;
Ý
ms0
therefore
2yŽ nq1. f Ž 2 nq1 x . y 2y1 f Ž 2 x . F ␪ 5 x 5 p
n
Ý
2 mŽ py1. .
ms1
The triangle inequality yields
2yŽ nq1. f Ž 2 nq1 x . y f Ž x .
F 2yŽ nq1. f Ž 2 nq1 x . y 2y1 f Ž 2 x . q 2y1 f Ž 2 x . y f Ž x .
F ␪ 5 x5 p
n
Ý
2 mŽ py1. ,
ms0
which completes the proof of Ž2.3..
268
THEMISTOCLES M. RASSIAS
It follows then that
2yn f Ž 2 n x . y f Ž x . F
2␪
2y2p
5 x 5 p.
Ž 2.4.
However, for m ) n ) 0,
2ym f Ž 2 m x . y 2yn f Ž 2 n x .
s 2yn 2yŽ myn. f Ž 2 myn 2 n x . y f Ž 2 n x .
F 2 nŽ py1.
yn
2␪
2y2
p
5 x 5 p.
n
Therefore, 2 f Ž2 x .4 is a Cauchy sequence for each x in E1. Since E2 is
complete, we can define a function a : E1 ª E2 by the formula
a Ž x . s lim 2yn f Ž 2 n x . .
Ž 2.5.
nª⬁
If we replace x and y in Ž2.1. by 2 n x and 2 n y, respectively, then
f Ž2nŽ x q y. . y f Ž2n x. y f Ž2n y. F 2n p ␪ Ž 5 x5 p q 5 y5 p . .
Dividing by 2 n the last expression and letting n ª ⬁, together with Ž2.5.,
yield that a is an additive function.
The inequality Ž2.2. is an immediate consequence of Ž2.4. and Ž2.5..
Now we prove that a is the unique such additive function. Assume that
there exists another one, denoted by a⬘ : E1 ª E2 . Then there exists a
constant ␧ 1 G 0 and q Ž0 F q - 1. with
a⬘ Ž x . y f Ž x . F ␧ 1 5 x 5 q .
Ž 2.6.
By the triangle inequality, Ž2.2., and Ž2.6. we have
a Ž x . y a⬘ Ž x . s ny1 a Ž nx . y a⬘ Ž nx .
F ny1
ž
s n py1
2␪
2y2
p
2␪
2y2p
5 nx 5 p q ␧ 1 5 nx 5 q
/
5 x 5 p q n qy1 ␧ 1 5 x 5 q
for all n g ⺞. By letting n ª ⬁ we get aŽ x . s a⬘Ž x . for any x g E1.
Now, assume that f Ž tx . is continuous in t for each fixed x g E1. We
know that aŽ qx . s qaŽ x . holds for all rational numbers q. Fix x 0 in E1
and ␳ in E2U Žthe dual space of E2 .. Define a function ␾ : ⺢ ª ⺢ by
␾ Ž t . s ␳ Ž a Ž tx 0 . .
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
269
for all t g ⺢. Then ␾ is additive. Moreover, ␾ is a Borel function, because
of the following reasoning. Let ␾ Ž t . s lim nª⬁ 2yn ␳ Ž f Ž2 n tx 0 .. and set
␾nŽ t . s 2yn␳ Ž f Ž2 n tx 0 ... Then the ␾nŽ t . are continuous functions. But ␾ Ž t .
is the pointwise limit of continuous functions; thus ␾ Ž t . is a Borel
function. Therefore, ␾ is linear and hence it is continuous. Let r g ⺢.
Then there is a sequence Ž qn . of rational numbers with
r s lim qn .
nª⬁
Hence,
␾ Ž rt . s ␾ t lim qn s lim ␾ Ž tqn . s lim qn ␾ Ž t . s r␾ Ž t . .
ž
nª⬁
/
nª⬁
nª⬁
Therefore, ␾ Ž rt . s r␾ Ž t . for any r g ⺢. Thus aŽ rx . s raŽ x . for any r g ⺢.
Hence, a is a linear function.
It is found in w59x that the proof of this theorem also works for p - 0,
and asked whether such a theorem is true for p G 1. Z. Gajda w18x
affirmatively answered the question of Rassias for the case of p ) 1 by
replacing n by yn in the formula Ž2.5.. It turned out that 1 is the only
critical value of p to which Theorem 2.1 cannot be extended. Z. Gajda
w18x showed that this theorem is false for p s 1 by constructing a counterexample.
For a fixed ␪ ) 0 and ␮ s Ž1r6.␪ define a function f : ⺢ ª ⺢ by
f Ž x. s
⬁
Ý 2yn␾ Ž 2 n x . ,
x g ⺢,
ns0
where the function ␾ : ⺢ ª ⺢ is gi¨ en by
¡␮
¢y␮
␾ Ž x . s~␮ x
for x g 1, ⬁ . ,
for x g Ž y1, 1 . ,
for x g Ž y⬁, y1 .
This construction gives an example for which Theorem 2.1 does not hold
when p s 1, as we see in the following theorem:
THEOREM 2.2. The function f defined abo¨ e satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y . y f Ž x . y f Ž y . F ␪ Ž < x < q < y <.
Ž 2.7.
for all x, y g ⺢. But there is no constant ␦ g w0, ⬁. and no additi¨ e function
a : ⺢ ª ⺢ satisfying the inequality
f Ž x . y aŽ x . F ␦ < x <
for all x, y g ⺢.
270
THEMISTOCLES M. RASSIAS
For more information on this subject, we may refer to w22, 23, 72, 80, 81x.
Similarly, Th. M. Rassias and P. ˇ
Semrl w66x constructed a simple counterexample to Theorem 2.1 for p s 1 as follows.
The continuous real-¨ alued function defined by
f Ž x. s
½
x log 2 Ž x q 1 .
x log 2 < x y 1 <
for x G 0,
for x - 0
satisfies the inequality Ž2.7. with ␪ s 1 and < f Ž x . y cx <r< x < ª ⬁, as x ª ⬁,
for any real number c.
During the last two decades, the condition Ž2.1. for the Cauchy difference has continuously been weakened by many mathematicians Žsee, e.g.,
w19, 30, 35, 56, 57, 67x.. Among them we will introduce the result presented
w19x.
by P. Gavruta
ˇ
THEOREM 2.3. Let G and E be an abelian group and a Banach space,
respecti¨ ely, and let ␸ : G = G ª w0, ⬁. be a function satisfying
⬁
Ý 2yŽ kq1. ␸ Ž2 k x, 2 k y . - ⬁
⌽ Ž x, y . s
ks0
for all x, y g G. If a function f : G ª E satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y . y f Ž x . y f Ž y . F ␸ Ž x, y .
for any x, y g G, then there exists a unique additi¨ e function a : G ª E such
that
f Ž x . y a Ž x . F ⌽ Ž x, x .
for all x g G. If moreo¨ er f Ž tx . is continuous in t for each fixed x g G, then
a is linear.
So far, we studied the stability of additive functions defined on a whole
space. Now, it is natural to ask about the stability of the additive equation
on a restricted domain. More precisely, we may ask whether there always
exists a true additive function near a function which satisfies the additive
equation approximately in a restricted domain.
F. Skof w73, 74x and Z. Kominek w52x answered this question in the case
of functions defined on certain subsets of ⺢ N with values in a Banach
space. First, we will introduce a theorem of Z. Kominek w52x:
THEOREM 2.4. Let E be a Banach space and let N be a positi¨ e integer.
Suppose D is a bounded subset of ⺢ N containing zero in its interior. Assume,
moreo¨ er, that there exist a non-negati¨ e integer n and a positi¨ e number
c ) 0 such that
Ži. Ž1r2. D ; D;
Žii. Žyc, c . N ; D;
Žiii. D ; Žy2 n c, 2 n c . N .
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
271
If a function f : D ª E satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y. y f Ž x. y f Ž y. F ␧
for some ␧ G 0 and for all x, y g D with x q y g D, then there exists an
additi¨ e function a : ⺢ N ª E such that
f Ž x . y a Ž x . F Ž 2 n ⭈ 5N y 1 . ␧
for all x g D.
The following theorem was presented by F. Skof and was applied to the
proof of an asymptotic behavior of additive functions Žsee w74x..
THEOREM 2.5. Let E1 and E2 be a normed space and a Banach space,
respecti¨ ely. Gi¨ en d ) 0, suppose a function f : E1 ª E2 satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y. y f Ž x. y f Ž y. F ␧
for some ␧ ) 0 and for all x, y g E1 with 5 x 5 q 5 y 5 ) d. Then there exists a
unique additi¨ e function a : E1 ª E2 such that
f Ž x . y a Ž x . F 9␧
for all x g E1.
D. H. Hyers et al. w28x proved a generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability result
of the additive equation on a restricted domain and applied it to the
asymptotic derivability which is important in nonlinear analysis.
THEOREM 2.6. Gi¨ en a real normed space E1 and a real Banach space
E2 , let numbers M ) 0, ␪ ) 0, and p with 0 - p - 1 be chosen. Let a
function f : E1 ª E2 satisfy the inequality
f Ž x q y. y f Ž x. y f Ž y. F ␪ Ž 5 x5 p q 5 y5 p.
for all x, y g E1 satisfying 5 x 5 p q 5 y 5 p ) M p. Then there exists an additi¨ e
function a : E1 ª E2 such that
f Ž x . y aŽ x . F
2␪
2y2p
5 x5 p
for all x g E1 with 5 x 5 ) 2y1 r p M.
There are many variations of the additive functional equation. But the
simplest and most elegant variation of the additive equation is the Jensen’s
functional equation
2f
ž
xqy
2
/
s f Ž x. q Ž y. .
272
THEMISTOCLES M. RASSIAS
For the results of the generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability of the Jensen’s
equation, we may refer to w42, 52x.
The Hosszu’s
´ functional equation, f Ž x q y y xy . s f Ž x . q f Ž y . y f Ž xy .,
is also a well known variation of the additive equation. The reader can
refer to w4, 53, 82x for the stability problems of this equation.
In the papers w10, 45, 46, 84x, the results of the generalized Hyers᎐Ulam
stability of the homogeneous functional equation, f Ž yx . s y k f Ž x ., were
presented.
The logarithmic functional equation f Ž xy . s f Ž x . q f Ž y . may be identified with the additive equation if the domain of relevant functions is a
semigroup. It is well known that the Hyers’s theorem remains valid if E1 is
an abelian semigroup Žsee w14x.. Therefore, we can refer to the previous
theorems for the generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability of the logarithmic
functional equation.
We will now introduce another logarithmic functional equation. The
logarithmic functions f Ž x . s c log x Ž c g ⺢ is a constant. obviously satisfy
the functional equation
f Ž x y . s yf Ž x . .
Hence, this equation is a kind of logarithmic functional equation. The
stability of this equation was investigated by S.-M. Jung w38x.
3. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONAL EQUATION
In 1979, J. Baker et al. w3x observed a strong stability phenomenon while
investigating the stability problem of the exponential functional equation
f Ž x q y . s f Ž x . f Ž y .. The theorem of Baker et al. was generalized by J.
Baker w2x.
THEOREM 3.1. Let Ž G, ⭈ . be a semigroup. If a function f : G ª ⺓
satisfies the inequality
f Ž x ⭈ y. y f Ž x. f Ž y. F ␧
Ž 3.1.
for some ␧ ) 0 and for all x, y g G, then either < f Ž x .< F Ž1 q '1 q 4␧ .r2
for all x g G or f Ž x ⭈ y . s f Ž x . f Ž y . for all x, y g G.
The multiplicative property of the norm was crucial in the proof of
Theorem 3.1. In general, the above proof works for functions f : G ª E,
where E is a normed algebra in which the norm is multiplicative, i.e.,
5 xy 5 s 5 x 5 5 y 5 for any x, y g E. Examples of such real normed algebras
are the quaternions and the Cayley numbers.
J. Baker w2x gave the following example which shows that the theorem is
false if the algebra does not have the multiplicative norm.
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
273
Gi¨ en ␧ ) 0, choose a ␦ with < ␦ y ␦ 2 < s ␧ . Let M2 Ž⺓. denote the space
of 2 = 2 complex matrices with the usual norm. Let us define f : ⺢ ª M2 Ž⺓.
by
ex 0
f Ž x. s
0 ␦
ž
/
for all x g ⺢. Then f is unbounded and it satisfies 5 f Ž x q y . y f Ž x . f Ž y .5 s ␧
for all x, y g ⺢. Howe¨ er, f is not exponential.
The theorem of Baker et al. was generalized by L. Szekelyhidi
in another
´
way. Let Ž G, ⭈ . be a semigroup and let V be a vector space of complex-valued functions on G. Then V is called right in¨ ariant if f g V implies that
the function f Ž x ⭈ y . belongs to V for each fixed y g G. Similarly, we may
define left in¨ ariant ¨ ector spaces, and we call V in¨ ariant if it is right and
left invariant.
Following Szekelyhidi,
a function m : G ª ⺓ is called exponential if
´
mŽ x ⭈ y . s mŽ x . mŽ y . holds for any x, y g G. The following theorem is due
w77x.
to Szekelyhidi
´
THEOREM 3.2. Let Ž G, ⭈ . be a semigroup and V be a right in¨ ariant
¨ ector space of complex-¨ alued functions on G. Let f, m : G ª ⺓ be functions such that the function ␸ y Ž x . s f Ž x ⭈ y . y f Ž x . mŽ y . belongs to V for
each fixed y g G. Then either f belongs to V or m is exponential.
During the 31st International Symposium on Functional Equations, Th.
M. Rassias w61x raised an open problem concerning the behavior of
solutions of the inequality
f Ž x q y. y f Ž x. f Ž y. F ␪ Ž 5 x5 p q 5 y5 p.
Ž 3.2.
Žcf. w68x..
In connection with this open problem, S.-M. Jung w36x generalized the
theorem of Baker et al. as follows.
Let H : w0, ⬁. = w0, ⬁. ª w0, ⬁. be a monotonically increasing function
Žin both variables. for which there exist, for given u, ¨ G 0, an ␣ s ␣ Ž u, ¨ .
) 0 and a w 0 s w 0 Ž u, ¨ . ) 0 such that
H Ž u, ¨ q w . F ␣ H Ž w, w .
for all w G w 0 .
THEOREM 3.3. Let E be a complex normed space and let f : E ª ⺓
be a function for which there exist a z g E Ž z / 0. and a real number ␤ Ž0 ␤ - 1. such that
⬁
Ý < f Ž z . <yŽ iq1. H Ž i 5 z 5 , 5 z 5. - ␤
and
is1
H Ž n 5 z 5 , n 5 z 5 . s o Ž < f Ž z . < n . as n ª ⬁.
274
THEMISTOCLES M. RASSIAS
Furthermore, we assume that f satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y . y f Ž x . f Ž y . F H Ž 5 x 5 , 5 y 5.
for all x, y g E. Then f is an exponential function.
The group operation in the range of exponential functions is the
‘‘multiplication.’’ R. Ger noticed that the superstability of the functional
inequality Ž3.1. is caused by the fact that the natural group structure in the
range is disregarded. Hence, the stability problem for the exponential
equation can be posed more naturally as
f Ž x q y.
f Ž x. f Ž y.
y 1 F ␧.
Ž 3.3.
R. Ger w24x investigated the stability problem given by the inequality
Ž3.3..
Let Ž G, q. be an amenable semigroup, and let ␧ g w0, 1. be a gi¨ en
number. If a function f : G ª ⺓ _ 04 satisfies the inequality Ž3.3. for all
x, y g G, then there exists an exponential function m : G ª ⺓ _ 04 such that
max
½
f Ž x.
mŽ x .
y1 ,
mŽ x .
f Ž x.
y1
5
F
2y␧
1y␧
for all x g G.
The bound Ž2 y ␧ .rŽ1 y ␧ . in the above inequality does not tend to
zero even though ␧ does tend to zero. This shortcoming was overcome by
R. Ger and P. ˇ
Semrl w25x who proved the following theorem.
THEOREM 3.4. Let Ž G, q. be a cancellati¨ e abelian semigroup. If a
function f : G ª ⺓ _ 04 satisfies the inequality Ž3.3. for a gi¨ en ␧ g w0, 1.
and for all x, y g G, then there exists a unique exponential function m : G ª
⺓ _ 04 such that
max
½
f Ž x.
mŽ x .
y1 ,
mŽ x .
f Ž x.
y1
5
F 1q
1
Ž1 y ␧ .
2
y2
ž
1q␧
1y␧
1r2 1r2
/
for all x g G.
We will now introduce some results of the stability of the exponential
equation on a restricted domain. Recently, S.-M. Jung w47x proved the
following theorem and applied it to the asymptotic properties of exponential functions.
THEOREM 3.5. Let E be a real Ž or complex . normed space and d ) 0 be
a gi¨ en constant. Suppose a function f : E ª ⺓ satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y. y f Ž x. f Ž y. F ␧
275
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
for some ␧ ) 0 and for all x, y g E with 5 x 5 G d or 5 y 5 G d. If there exists a
constant C ) 0 such that
sup < f Ž x . < F C,
5 x 5Fd
then f is either bounded or an exponential function.
In the same paper, S.-M. Jung studied the solutions of the inequality
Ž3.3. defined on a restricted domain and proved the stability of the
exponential equation.
THEOREM 3.6. Let E be a real Ž or complex . normed space and d ) 0 be
a gi¨ en constant. If a function f : E ª ⺓ _ 04 satisfies the inequality Ž3.3. for
some ␧ g w0, 1r2. and for all x, y g E with 5 x 5 G d or 5 y 5 G d, then there
exists an exponential function m : E ª ⺓ _ 04 such that
max
½
f Ž x.
mŽ x .
y1 ,
mŽ x .
f Ž x.
y1
5
F ⌽Ž ␧ .
for all x g E, where
⌽Ž ␧ . s 1 q
Ž1 q ␧ .
2
Ž1 y ␧ .
4
y2
1r2
1q␧
Ž1 y ␧ .
2
ž4Ž 1 y ␧
2 3r2
.
2 1r2
y 3Ž 1 y ␧ .
/
.
Moreo¨ er, if ␧ - sinŽ␲r9., the exponential function m is uniquely determined.
The exponential functions f Ž x . s a x are solutions of the functional
equation
y
f Ž xy . s f Ž x . .
Therefore, it may be considered as another exponential functional equation. S.-M. Jung w44x investigated the stability problems of that equation in
a similar setting as Ž3.3..
If the domain of related functions is a semigroup, we may identify the
multiplicati¨ e functional equation
f Ž xy . s f Ž x . f Ž y .
with the exponential equation. Hence, for the results of the stability of the
multiplicative equation, we can refer to the theorems presented in the first
part of this section.
Let E1 and E2 be Banach algebras. Let us denote by LŽ E1 , E2 . the
space of bounded linear mappings from E1 into E2 . A pair Ž E1 , E2 . is
called almost multiplicati¨ e near multiplicati¨ e Žor AMNM for short. if for
276
THEMISTOCLES M. RASSIAS
given ␧ ) 0 and K ) 0 there exists ␪ ) 0 such that if T g LŽ E1 , E2 . with
5 T 5 F K satisfies
T Ž xy . y T Ž x . T Ž y . F ␪ 5 x 5 5 y 5
for all x, y g E1 , then there is a multiplicative function M g LŽ E1 , E2 .
with 5 T Ž x . y M Ž x .5 F ␧ 5 x 5 for any x g E1. We refer the reader interested in this subject to the papers w32᎐34x.
The following functional equation
f Ž x y. s f Ž x.
y
may be regarded as a variation of the multiplicative functional equation.
S.-M. Jung investigated the stability problems of the above functional
equation Žsee w48x..
4. THE QUADRATIC FUNCTIONAL EQUATION
In this section, we will introduce the results concerning the generalized
Hyers᎐Ulam stability of the quadratic functional equation
f Ž x q y. q f Ž x y y. s 2 f Ž x. q 2 f Ž y. .
By a quadratic function we mean a solution of the quadratic functional
equation.
The Hyers᎐Ulam stability of the quadratic equation was first proved by
F. Skof w74x for the functions f : E1 ª E2 where E1 is a normed space and
E2 is a Banach space. P. W. Cholewa w8x demonstrated that Skof’s theorem
is also valid if E1 is replaced by an abelian group G Žcf. w11x..
THEOREM 4.1. Let G and E be an abelian group and a Banach space,
respecti¨ ely. If a function f : G ª E satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y. q f Ž x y y. y 2 f Ž x. y 2 f Ž y. F ␧
Ž 4.1 .
for some ␧ G 0 and for all x, y g G, then there exists a unique quadratic
function q : G ª E such that
f Ž x . y q Ž x . F ␧r2
for all x g G.
The theorem of Skof was later extended by S. Czerwik w9x to the
generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability of that equation. We will introduce the
theorem of Czerwik for the cases p - 2 and p ) 2 separately. First, we
deal with the case p - 2.
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
277
THEOREM 4.2. Let E1 and E2 be a normed space and a Banach space,
respecti¨ ely. If a function f : E1 ª E2 satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y . q f Ž x y y . y 2 f Ž x . y 2 f Ž y . F ␧ q ␪ Ž 5 x 5 p q 5 y 5 p . Ž 4.2.
for some ␧ , ␪ G 0, p - 2 and for all x, y g E1 _ 04 , then there exists a
unique quadratic function q : E1 ª E2 such that
f Ž x. y qŽ x. F
␧ q 5 f Ž 0. 5
3
q
2␪
4y2p
5 x5 p
for any x g E1 _ 04 .
S. Czerwik also proved the generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability of the
quadratic equation for p ) 2.
THEOREM 4.3. Let E1 be a normed space and let E2 be a Banach space.
If a function f : E1 ª E2 satisfies the inequality
5 f Ž x q y . q f Ž x y y . y 2 f Ž x . y 2 f Ž y . 5 F ␪ Ž 5 x 5 p q 5 y 5 p . Ž 4.3.
for some ␪ G 0, p ) 2 and for all x, y g E1 , then there exists a unique
quadratic function q : E1 ª E2 such that
5 f Ž x. y qŽ x. 5 F
2␪
2 y4
p
5 x5 p
for all x g E1.
S. Czerwik w9x indicated that the quadratic equation is not stable in the
sense of Hyers, Ulam, and Rassias if p s 2 is assumed in the inequality
Ž4.2. or Ž4.3.. Indeed, he slightly modified Gajda’s construction Žsee Theorem 2.2. to prove the following theorem:
THEOREM 4.4.
Suppose the function f : ⺢ ª ⺢ is defined by
f Ž x. s
⬁
Ý 4yn␾ Ž 2 n x . ,
ns0
where the function ␾ : ⺢ ª ⺢ is gi¨ en by
␾Ž x. s
½
␪
␪x
2
for < x < G 1,
for < x < - 1
with a constant ␪ ) 0. Then the function f satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y . q f Ž x y y . y 2 f Ž x . y 2 f Ž y . F 32 ␪ Ž x 2 q y 2 .
278
THEMISTOCLES M. RASSIAS
for all x, y g ⺢. Moreo¨ er, there exists no quadratic function q : ⺢ ª ⺢ such
that the image set of < f Ž x . y q Ž x .<rx 2 Ž x / 0. is bounded.
Theorem 4.3 is an immediate consequence of the following stability
theorem, which was presented by C. Borelli and G. L. Forti w5x, for a wide
class of functional equations which contains the quadratic equation as a
special case:
THEOREM 4.5. Let G be an abelian group, E a Banach space, and let
f : G ª E be a function with f Ž0. s 0 and satisfying the inequality
f Ž x q y . q f Ž x y y . y 2 f Ž x . y 2 f Ž y . F ␸ Ž x, y .
for all x, y g G. Assume that one of the series
⬁
Ý 2y2 i ␸ Ž 2 iy1 x, 2 iy1 x .
⬁
Ý 2 2Ž iy1. ␸ Ž 2yi x, 2yi x .
and
is1
is1
con¨ erges for each x g G and denote by ⌽ Ž x . its sum. If
2y2 i ␸ Ž 2 iy1 x, 2 iy1 y . ª 0
or
2 2Ž iy1. ␸ Ž 2yi x, 2yi y . ª 0,
as i ª ⬁, then there exists a unique quadratic function q : G ª E such that
f Ž x. y qŽ x. F ⌽Ž x.
for all x g G.
As F. Skof w73x did for the additive equation, F. Skof and S. Terracini
w76x proved the Hyers᎐Ulam stability of the quadratic equation on a finite
interval in ⺢ Žcf. w75x..
THEOREM 4.6. Let E be a Banach space and let c, ␧ ) 0 be gi¨ en. If a
function f : w0, c . ª E satisfies the inequality Ž4.1. for all x G y G 0 with
x q y - c, then there exists a quadratic function q : ⺢ ª E such that
f Ž x. y qŽ x. F
79
2
␧
for any x g w0, c ..
With the help of Theorem 4.6, F. Skof and S. Terracini w76x proved the
following theorem.
THEOREM 4.7. Let E be a Banach space and let c, ␧ ) 0 be gi¨ en. If a
function f : Žyc, c . ª E satisfies the inequality Ž4.1. for all x, y g ⺢ with
< x q y < - c and < x y y < - c, then there exists a quadratic function q : ⺢ ª E
such that
81
f Ž x. y qŽ x. F
␧
2
for any x g Žyc, c ..
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
279
The theorem of Skof and Terracini was recently generalized by S.-M.
Jung and B. Kim w51x as follows:
THEOREM 4.8. Let E be a Banach space and n g ⺞ be a gi¨ en integer.
For a gi¨ en c ) 0, assume that a function f : wyc, c x n ª E satisfies the
inequality Ž4.1. for some ␧ ) 0 and for all x, y g wyc, c x n with x q y,
x y y g wyc, c x n. Then there exists a quadratic function q : ⺢ n ª E such that
f Ž x . y q Ž x . - Ž 2912 n2 q 1872 n q 334 . ␧
for any x g wyc, c x n.
On the other hand, S.-M. Jung w43x proved the Hyers᎐Ulam stability of
the quadratic equation on a restricted Žunbounded. domain and applied
this result to a study of an asymptotic behavior of quadratic functions.
THEOREM 4.9. Let E1 and E2 be a real normed space and a real Banach
space, respecti¨ ely. Suppose d ) 0 and ␧ G 0 are gi¨ en. If a function
f : E1 ª E2 satisfies the inequality Ž4.1. for all x, y g E1 with 5 x 5 q 5 y 5 G d,
then there exists a unique quadratic function q : E1 ª E2 such that
f Ž x. y qŽ x. F
7
2
␧
Ž 4.4.
for all x g E1. If, moreo¨ er, f is measurable or f Ž tx . is continuous in t for
each fixed x g E1 , then q Ž tx . s t 2 q Ž x . for all x g E1 and all t g ⺢.
There is a survey paper w63x which provides a kind introduction to the
theory of stability of the quadratic functional equation.
5. OTHER FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
The addition and subtraction rules for trigonometric functions can be
represented by using functional equations. In this section, we survey these
equations and the stability problem of them.
The addition rule cosŽ x q y . q cosŽ x y y . s 2 cos x cos y for the cosine
function may be represented by the functional equation
f Ž x q y. q f Ž x y y. s 2 f Ž x. f Ž y. ,
Ž 5.1.
which is called the cosine functional equation or d’ Alembert equation.
The superstability of this equation was first proved by J. Baker w2x. Later
w20x presented a simpler proof of it.
P. Gavruta
ˇ
THEOREM 5.1. Let ␧ ) 0 and let Ž G, q. be an abelian group. If a
function f : G ª ⺓ satisfies the inequality
f Ž x q y. q f Ž x y y. y 2 f Ž x. f Ž y. F ␧
Ž 5.2.
280
THEMISTOCLES M. RASSIAS
for all x, y g G, then either < f Ž x .< F Ž1 q '1 q 2 ␧ .r2 for any x g G or f
satisfies the cosine equation Ž5.1. for all x, y g G.
The sine functional equation
2
f Ž x q y. f Ž x y y. s f Ž x. y f Ž y.
2
Ž 5.3.
reminds us of a trigonometric formula, sinŽ x q y . sinŽ x y y . s sin 2 x y
sin 2 y. The superstability of the sine equation Ž5.3. was proved by P. W.
Cholewa w7x.
THEOREM 5.2. Let Ž G, q. be an abelian group in which di¨ ision by 2 is
uniquely performable. E¨ ery unbounded function f : G ª ⺓ satisfying the
inequality
2
f Ž x q y. f Ž x y y. y f Ž x. q f Ž y.
2
F ␧,
Ž 5.4.
for some ␧ ) 0 and for all x, y g G, is a solution of the sine equation Ž5.3..
w20x proved in Theorem 5.1 that, concerning
J. Baker w2x and P. Gavruta
ˇ
the superstability of the cosine equation, a function f satisfying the
inequality Ž5.2. is either a solution of the cosine equation Ž5.1. or it is
bounded by a constant depending on ␧ only. It is not the case for the sine
equation. Indeed, the bounded functions
f n Ž x . s n sin x q 1rn
satisfy the inequality Ž5.4. with ␧ s 3, for all x, y g ⺢ and for all n g ⺞.
Nevertheless, for each ␦ ) 0, the inequality < f nŽ x .< F ␦ does not hold for
certain x and n.
Obviously, the sine and cosine functions satisfy the following functional
equations as well,
f Ž xy . s f Ž x . f Ž y . y g Ž x . g Ž y .
Ž 5.5.
f Ž xy . s f Ž x . g Ž y . q f Ž y . g Ž x .
Ž 5.6.
and
which were introduced by L. Szekelyhidi,
who proved w79x the Hyers᎐Ulam
´
stability of Eqs. Ž5.5. and Ž5.6. separately. R. Ger w21x proved the generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability of the system consisting of both equations.
Indeed, R. Ger considered the system
½
f Ž xy . s f Ž x . g Ž y . q f Ž y . g Ž x . ,
g Ž xy . s g Ž x . g Ž y . y f Ž x . f Ž y .
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
281
and proved that the system is not superstable, but that it is stable in the
sense of Hyers, Ulam, and Rassias. One is referred to w12, 13x for the
stability of generalized trigonometric functional equations.
Some results of the generalized Hyers᎐Ulam stability of the gamma
functional equation, f Ž x q 1. s xf Ž x ., were presented in the papers
w1, 39᎐41x.
P. ˇ
Semrl w71x introduced a functional equation, f Ž xy . s xf Ž y . q f Ž x . y,
which defines multiplicative derivations in algebras and he proved the
superstability of this equation. Later, it was proved that the equation
defined on the unit interval is stable in the sense of Hyers and Ulam Žsee
w54, 55, 83x..
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is very thankful to Professor Soon-Mo Jung for useful communications.
REFERENCES
1. H. Alzer, Remark on the stability of the gamma functional equation, Results Math. 35
Ž1999., 199᎐200.
2. J. Baker, The stability of the cosine equation, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 80 Ž1980., 411᎐416.
3. J. Baker, J. Lawrence, and F. Zorzitto, The stability of the equation f Ž x q y . s f Ž x . f Ž y .,
Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 74 Ž1979., 242᎐246.
4. C. Borelli, On Hyers᎐Ulam stability of Hosszu’s
´ functional equation, Results Math. 26
Ž1994., 221᎐224.
5. C. Borelli and G. L. Forti, On a general Hyers᎐Ulam stability result, Internat. J. Math.
Math. Sci. 18 Ž1995., 229᎐236.
6. J. Brzdȩk, A note on stability of additive mappings, in ‘‘Stability of Mappings of
Hyers᎐Ulam Type’’ ŽTh. M. Rassias and J. Tabor, Eds.., pp. 19᎐22, Hadronic Press, FL,
1994.
7. P. W. Cholewa, The stability of the sine equation, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 88 Ž1983.,
631᎐634.
8. P. W. Cholewa, Remarks on the stability of functional equations, Aequationes Math. 27
Ž1984., 76᎐86.
9. S. Czerwik, On the stability of the quadratic mapping in normed spaces, Abh. Math. Sem.
Uni¨ . Hamburg 62 Ž1992., 59᎐64.
10. S. Czerwik, On the stability of the homogeneous mapping, C. R. Math. Rep. Acad. Sci.
Canada 14 Ž1992., 268᎐272.
11. I. Fenyo,
¨ On an inequality of P. W. Cholewa, in ‘‘General Inequalities, 5’’ ŽW. Walter,
Ed.., pp. 277᎐280, Birkhauser,
Basel, 1987.
¨
12. W. Forg-Rob
and J. Schwaiger, On the stability of a system of functional equations
¨
characterizing generalized hyperbolic and trigonometric functions, Aequationes Math. 45
Ž1993., 285᎐296.
13. W. Forg-Rob
and J. Schwaiger, On the stability of some functional equations for
¨
generalized hyperbolic functions and for the generalized cosine equation, Results Math.
26 Ž1994., 274᎐280.
282
THEMISTOCLES M. RASSIAS
14. G. L. Forti, The stability of homomorphisms and amenability, with applications to
functional equations, Abh. Math. Sem. Uni¨ . Hamburg 57 Ž1987., 215᎐226.
15. G. L. Forti, Hyers᎐Ulam stability of functional equations in several variables, Aequationes Math. 50 Ž1995., 143᎐190.
16. G. L. Forti and J. Schwaiger, Stability of homomorphisms and completeness, C. R. Math.
Rep. Acad. Sci. Canada 11 Ž1989., 215᎐220.
17. Z. Gajda, On stability of the Cauchy equation on semigroups, Aequationes Math. 36
Ž1988., 76᎐79.
18. Z. Gajda, On stability of additive mappings, Internat. J. Math. Math. Sci. 14 Ž1991.,
431᎐434.
19. P. Gavruta,
A generalization of the Hyers᎐Ulam᎐Rassias stability of approximately
ˇ
additive mappings, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 184 Ž1994., 431᎐436.
20. P. Gavruta,
On the stability of some functional equations, in ‘‘Stability of Mappings of
ˇ
Hyers᎐Ulam Type’’ ŽTh. M. Rassias and J. Tabor, Eds.., pp. 93᎐98, Hadronic Press, FL,
1994.
21. R. Ger, Stability of addition formulae for trigonometric mappings, Zeszyty Nauk. Politech.
Slasiej Ser. Mat. Fiz. 64 Ž1990., 75᎐84.
22. R. Ger, The singular case in the stability behavior of linear mappings, Grazer Math. Ber.
316 Ž1991., 59᎐70.
23. R. Ger, On functional inequalities stemming from stability questions, in ‘‘General
Inequalities, 6’’ ŽW. Walter, Ed.., pp. 227᎐240, Birkhauser,
Basel, 1992.
¨
24. R. Ger, Superstability is not natural, Rocznik Nauk.-Dydakt. Prace Mat. 159 Ž1993.,
109᎐123.
25. R. Ger and P. ˇ
Semrl, The stability of the exponential equation, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.
124 Ž1996., 779᎐787.
26. D. H. Hyers, On the stability of the linear functional equation, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
U.S. A. 27 Ž1941., 222᎐224.
27. D. H. Hyers, G. Isac, and Th. M. Rassias, ‘‘Stability of Functional Equations in Several
Variables,’’ Birkhauser,
Basel, 1998.
¨
28. D. H. Hyers, G. Isac, and Th. M. Rassias, On the asymptoticity aspect of Hyers᎐Ulam
stability of mappings, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 126 Ž1998., 425᎐430.
29. D. H. Hyers and Th. M. Rassias, Approximate homomorphisms, Aequationes Math. 44
Ž1992., 125᎐153.
30. G. Isac and Th. M. Rassias, On the Hyers᎐Ulam stability of ␺-additive mappings, J.
Approx. Theory 72 Ž1993., 131᎐137.
31. G. Isac and Th. M. Rassias, Functional inequalities for approximately additive mappings,
in ‘‘Stability of Mappings of Hyers᎐Ulam Type’’ ŽTh. M. Rassias and J. Tabor, Eds.., pp.
117᎐125, Hadronic Press, FL, 1994.
32. K. Jarosz, ‘‘Perturbations of Banach Algebras,’’ Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 1120,
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1985.
33. B. E. Johnson, Approximately multiplicative functionals, J. London Math. Soc. Ž 2 . 34
Ž1986., 489᎐510.
34. B. E. Johnson, Approximately multiplicative maps between Banach algebras, J. London
Math. Soc. Ž 2 . 37 Ž1988., 294᎐316.
35. S.-M. Jung, On the Hyers᎐Ulam᎐Rassias stability of approximately additive mappings,
J. Math. Anal. Appl. 204 Ž1996., 221᎐226.
36. S.-M. Jung, On the stability of the functional equation for exponential functions,
manuscript.
37. S.-M. Jung, Hyers᎐Ulam᎐Rassias stability of functional equations, Dynam. Systems Appl.
6 Ž1997., 541᎐566.
STABILITY OF FUNCTIONAL EQUATIONS
283
38. S.-M. Jung, On the superstability of the functional equation f Ž x y . s yf Ž x ., Abh. Math.
Sem. Uni¨ . Hamburg 67 Ž1997., 315᎐322.
39. S.-M. Jung, On the modified Hyers᎐Ulam᎐Rassias stability of the functional equation for
gamma function, Mathematica 39, No. 62 Ž1997., 235᎐239.
40. S.-M. Jung, On a general Hyers᎐Ulam stability of gamma functional equation, Bull.
Korean Math. Soc. 34 Ž1997., 437᎐446.
41. S.-M. Jung, On the stability of gamma functional equation, Results Math. 33 Ž1998.,
306᎐309.
42. S.-M. Jung, Hyers᎐Ulam᎐Rassias stability of Jensen’s equation and its application, Proc.
Amer. Math. Soc. 126 Ž1998., 3137᎐3143.
43. S.-M. Jung, On the Hyers᎐Ulam stability of the functional equations that have the
quadratic property, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 222 Ž1998., 126᎐137.
44. S.-M. Jung, On the stability of the functional equation f Ž xy . s f Ž x . y , Mathematica 40
Ž1998., 89᎐94.
45. S.-M. Jung, On a modified Hyers᎐Ulam stability of homogeneous equation, Internat. J.
Math. Math. Sci. 21 Ž1998., 475᎐478.
46. S.-M. Jung, Superstability of homogeneous functional equation, Kyungpook Math. J. 38
Ž1998., 251᎐257.
47. S.-M. Jung, On an asymptotic behavior of exponential functional equation, Studia Uni¨ .
Babes-Bolyai, in press.
48. S.-M. Jung, On the superstability of the functional equation f Ž x y . s f Ž x . y , in ‘‘Functional Equations and Inequalities’’ ŽTh. M. Rassias, Ed.., 119᎐124, Kluwer Academic,
Dordrecht, 2000.
49. S.-M. Jung, On the Hyers᎐Ulam᎐Rassias stability of functional equations, Math. Inequalities Appl., in press.
50. S.-M. Jung, ‘‘Hyers᎐Ulam᎐Rassias Stability of Functional Equations in Mathematical
Analysis,’’ Hadronic Press, FL, 2000.
51. S.-M. Jung and B. Kim, On the stability of the quadratic functional equation on bounded
domains, Abh. Math. Sem. Uni¨ . Hamburg 69 Ž1999., 293᎐308.
52. Z. Kominek, On a local stability of the Jensen functional equation, Demonstratio Math.
22 Ž1989., 499᎐507.
53. L. Losonczi, On the stability of Hosszu’s
´ functional equation, Results Math. 29 Ž1996.,
305᎐310.
54. G. Maksa, Problems 18, in Report on the 34th ISFE, Aequationes Math. 53 Ž1997., 194.
55. Z. Pales,
´ Remark 27, in Report on the 34th ISFE, Aequationes Math. 53 Ž1997., 200᎐201.
56. J. M. Rassias, On approximation of approximately linear mappings, J. Funct. Anal. 46
Ž1982., 126᎐130.
57. J. M. Rassias, On a new approximation of approximately linear mappings by linear
mappings, Discuss. Math. 7 Ž1985., 193᎐196.
58. Th. M. Rassias, On the stability of the linear mapping in Banach spaces, Proc. Amer.
Math. Soc. 72 Ž1978., 297᎐300.
59. Th. M. Rassias, The stability of mappings and related topics, in Report on the 27th ISFE,
Aequationes Math. 39 Ž1990., 292᎐293.
60. Th. M. Rassias, On a modified Hyers᎐Ulam sequence, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 158 Ž1991.,
106᎐113.
61. Th. M. Rassias, Problem 18, in Report on the 31st ISFE, Aequationes Math. 47 Ž1994.,
312᎐313.
62. Th. M. Rassias, On a problem of S. M. Ulam and the asymptotic stability of the Cauchy
functional equation with applications, Internat. Ser. Numer. Math. 123 Ž1997., 297᎐309.
63. Th. M. Rassias, On the stability of the quadratic functional equation, Mathematica, in
press.
284
THEMISTOCLES M. RASSIAS
64. Th. M. Rassias, On the stability of functional equations originated by a problem of Ulam,
Studia Uni¨ . Babes-Bolyai, in press.
65. Th. M. Rassias, On the stability of functional equations and a problem of Ulam, Acta
Appl. Math., in press.
66. Th. M. Rassias and P. ˇ
Semrl, On the behavior of mappings which do not satisfy
Hyers᎐Ulam stability, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 114 Ž1992., 989᎐993.
67. Th. M. Rassias and P. ˇ
Semrl, On the Hyers᎐Ulam stability of linear mappings, J. Math.
Anal. Appl. 173 Ž1993., 325᎐338.
68. Th. M. Rassias and J. Tabor, What is left of Hyers᎐Ulam stability? J. Natur. Geom. 1
Ž1992., 65᎐69.
69. Th. M. Rassias and J. Tabor, On approximately additive mappings in Banach spaces, in
‘‘Stability of Mappings of Hyers᎐Ulam Type’’ ŽTh. M. Rassias and J. Tabor, Eds.., pp.
127᎐134, Hadronic Press, FL, 1994.
70. J. Ratz,
¨ On approximately additive mappings, in ‘‘General Inequalities, 2’’ ŽE. F. Beckenbach, Ed.., pp. 233᎐251, Birkhauser,
Basel, 1980.
¨
71. P. ˇ
Semrl, The functional equation of multiplicative derivation is superstable on standard
operator algebras, Integral Equations Oper. Theory 18 Ž1994., 118᎐122.
72. P. ˇ
Semrl, The stability of approximately additive functions, in ‘‘Stability of Mappings of
Hyers᎐Ulam Type’’ ŽTh. M. Rassias and J. Tabor, Eds.., pp. 135᎐140, Hadronic Press,
FL, 1994.
73. F. Skof, Sull’approssimazione delle applicazioni localmente ␦-additive, Atti Accad. Sci.
Torino 117 Ž1983., 377᎐389.
74. F. Skof, Proprieta
´ locali e approssimazione di operatori, Rend. Sem. Mat. Fis. Milano 53
Ž1983., 113᎐129.
75. F. Skof, Approssimazione di funzioni ␦-quadratiche su dominio ristretto, Atti Accad. Sci.
Torino Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Natur. 118 Ž1984., 58᎐70.
76. F. Skof and S. Terracini, Sulla stabilita
` dell’equazione funzionale quadratica su un
dominio ristretto, Atti Accad. Sci. Torino Cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Natur. 121 Ž1987., 153᎐167.
77. L. Szekelyhidi,
On a theorem of Baker, Lawrence and Zorzitto, Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.
´
84 Ž1982., 95᎐96.
78. L. Szekelyhidi,
Note on a stability theorem, Canad. Math. Bull. 25 Ž1982., 500᎐501.
´
79. L. Szekelyhidi,
The stability of the sine and cosine functional equations, Proc. Amer.
´
Math. Soc. 110 Ž1990., 109᎐115.
80. J. Tabor, On functions behaving like additive functions, Aequationes Math. 35 Ž1988.,
164᎐185.
81. J. Tabor, Quasi-additive functions, Aequationes Math. 39 Ž1990., 179᎐197.
82. J. Tabor, Hosszu’s
´ functional equation on the unit interval is not stable, Publ. Math.
Debrecen 49 Ž1996., 335᎐340.
83. J. Tabor, Remark 20, in Report on the 34th ISFE, Aequationes Math. 53 Ž1997., 194᎐196.
84. J. Tabor and J. Tabor, Homogeneity is superstable, Publ. Math. Debrecen 45 Ž1994.,
123᎐130.
85. S. M. Ulam, ‘‘A Collection of Mathematical Problems,’’ Interscience, New York, 1960.