PHARMACOLOGY is the science which deals with study of drugs
EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY : deals with effect of various pharmacological agents studied on different animal species
AIMS :
• Find out the therapeutic agent suitable for human use
• Study the toxicity of the drugs
• Study the mechanism and site of action of drugs
• Pharmacology
Discovery of new drugs or to study the actions of existing drugs
Preclinical
Two ways
1) Intact animal study – invivo
2) isolated organ study – invitro
Clinical
Phase -1,2,3,4

Experimental pharmacology – great imp
Experimenter should take outmost care
Sacrificing - humane
Euthanasia – painless killing
Laboratory animals – breaded and handled in laboratory
• Mice
• Rat
• Guinea pig
• Rabbits
RAT species Rattus norvegicus
Wister starin is commonly used
Other strains –

• Wistar rat
• Sprague Dawley rat
• Biobreeding rat
• Long-Evans rat
• Zucker rat
• Hairless rats
• RCS rats
• Shaking rat Kawasaki
Genetically modified rats
Wistar rat
Hairless rats
Sprague Dawley rat Zucker rat

• small in size
• drug to be tested required in small quantity
• vomiting center is absent – oral administration can be done
• gall bladder and tonsils are absent
Continuous flow of bile into intestine
This facilitates the study of the drugs acting on bile, cholesterol reabsorbing ect
• pancreas are diffused therefore difficult to produce panereactomy
• stomach, fundus and pyloric parts are clear lining between them
• Gastric acid secretion is continuous

• psychopharmacological studies
• study of analgesics and anticonvulsants
• bioassay of various hormones, such as insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin
• Study of estrus cycle, mating behavior and lactation
• isolated tissue pre’s
• chronic study
• Gastric acid secretion
• hepatotoxicity studies
• study on mast cells

ADVANTAGES
• Smallest
• Easy to handle
• Cheap
• Less drug required
EXPERIMENTAL USES
• toxicological studies
• teratogenicity studies
• bioassay of insulin’ screening of analgesic and anticonvulsant
• Screening of chemotherapeutic agents
• studies related to genetics and cancer research
• drugs action on CNS
Swiss albino mice are commonly used species
Other strains are – Balb/C and C-57

• docile animals
• highly susceptible to TB and anaphylaxis
• Highly sensitive to histamine, penicillin
• Required exogenous vit c in diet
• evaluation of bronchodilators
• anaphylactic and immunological studies
• study of histamine and antihistamines
• bioassay of digitalis
• evaluation of local anesthetics
• hearing experiments because of sensitive cochlea
• isolated tissues especially ileum, heart
• study on TB and ascorbic acid metabolism

• Docile animal
• New Zealand white strains are widely used
• it has huge caceum and long appendix
• enzyme atropine esterase is present in rabbit liver and plasma so it can tolerate large doses of belladona (atropine)
• pyrogen testing
• bioassay of anti-diabetic, curareform drugs and sex hormones
• screening of agents affecting capillary permeability
• drugs used in glaucoma
• pharmacokinetic studies
• studies related to antifertility agents
• isolated preparations like heart, duodenum, ileum, pre’s
• study on local anaestetics
• Study on miotic and mydratics

• Most commonly used in physiology, pharmacology and toxicoloty
• used before 200 years
• amphibian animal safe to handle
• Cannot breed in lab
• isolated preparations, heart, rectus abdominis muscle
• drugs acting on CNS
• Drugs acting on NMJ