Logical Connectors
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We use linking words to link ideas and to
show how their meanings are related.

Some linking words link ideas that are in
separate sentences. They are called
sentence connectors.
The vacation was wonderful. Unfortunately, it was much too
expensive.

Some linking words link ideas within the
same sentence.
Our vacation was wonderful, although it was much too expensive.
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ORT Greenberg K. Tivon
Attitude
Unfortunately
 Fortunately / luckily
 Obviously
 In fact
She called Bob. He was, unfortunately,
not at home.
They arrived at the airport late. Luckily,
the plane had been delayed.
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ORT Greenberg K. Tivon
Contrast (1)
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but
however
though / although / even though
in spite of / despite
nevertheless
He promised me a job. However, he changed his mind.
Although the water was cold, they went swimming.
In spite of (despite) the rain, we enjoyed ourselves.
He doesn’t have a good chance to win the election.
Nevertheless, I’m going to support him.
ORT Greenberg K. Tivon
Contrast (2)
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whereas
while
on the other hand
The U.S.A. is a rich country whereas / while
Cuba is a poor country.
Mr. Jones is very careful with money. On the
other hand, he can be extremely generous
with his time.
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ORT Greenberg K. Tivon
Result
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therefore
consequently
as a result
There was a shortage of tomatoes. Consequently,
the price went up.
He was always showing off. As a result, lots of
people didn’t like him.
Bill left his car in a no-parking area. He was
therefore fined.
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ORT Greenberg K. Tivon
Reason
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Because
As / since
Because of / due to / owing to (+ noun
phrase)
As we arrived late, we missed the bus.
Since it was raining heavily, we took a taxi.
I didn’t go swimming because of the cold.
Due to the rainstorm, the outdoor concert was
cancelled.
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ORT Greenberg K. Tivon
Purpose
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to
in order to
so as to
so that
for
You have to take the medicine in order to get better.
They phoned us so as to hear our opinion.
I set two alarm clocks so that I wouldn’t oversleep.
I’m telling you this for your own good.
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ORT Greenberg K. Tivon
Alternatives
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or
either…. or
neither….nor
I can buy one very large television or two small
ones.
I can buy either one large television or two small
ones.
We neither wanted nor needed their help.
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ORT Greenberg K. Tivon
Addition
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too
as well
as well as
also
both…and
not only…but also
in addition
moreover
furthermore
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He can play the trumpet as
well as the saxophone.
He can play both the
trumpet and the saxophone.
He can play not only the
trumpet but also the
saxophone.
He can play the trumpet and
the saxophone. In addition,
he has a great voice.
ORT Greenberg K. Tivon
Exceptions
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apart from
except for
besides
Apart from / except for / besides the food, the
party was terrible.
We all wanted to go to the beach. Besides,
there was nowhere else to go.
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Examples
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for example / for instance
such as
There are a lot of environmental problems in the
world today. For example, in Mexico City air
pollution is so high that some people wear cloth
masks in the street.
Countries such as Australia and New Zealand
have banned the use of sprays.
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ORT Greenberg K. Tivon