INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
ISO
13623
Third edition
2017-09
Petroleum and natural gas
industries — Pipeline transportation
systems
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Systèmes de transport par
conduites
Reference number
ISO 13623:2017(E)
© ISO 2017
ISO 13623:2017(E)
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© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Contents
Page
Foreword .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ......................... viii
Introduction .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ..................... ix
1
Scope .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ...................... 1
2
Normative references .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .............................. 3
3
Terms, definitions and symbols .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .... 4
4
5
3.1
3.2
Terms and definitions .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............... 4
Symbols .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................. 6
4.1
Health, sa fety and the environment .................................................. ................................................... ................................. 7
General .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ................. 7
4.2
4.3
4.4
Pipeline system design .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................... 7
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
6
Competence assurance ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ........... 7
Compliance .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ......................................... 7
Records .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .................................................. 7
System definition ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 7
Categorization o f fluids .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............ 8
Hydraulic analysis .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................ 8
Pressure control and overpressure protection .................................................. ................................................... ...... 8
Requirements for operation and maintenance .................................................. ................................................... ...... 9
Public sa fety and protection o f the environment .................................................. ................................................... . 9
Design of pipeline and primary piping ................................................... ................................................... ................................... 9
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
Design principles .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................... 9
Route selection .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................. 10
6.2.1 Considerations .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........ 10
6.2.2 Surveys — On-land pipelines .................................................. ................................................... ........................ 11
6.2.3 Surveys — O ffshore pipelines .................................................. ................................................... ...................... 11
Loads ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... . 12
6.3.1 General ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 12
6.3.2 Functional loads .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .... 12
6.3.3 Environmental loads ................................................... ................................................... ........................................... 13
6.3.4 Construction loads ................................................... ................................................... ................................................ 14
6.3.5 Accidental loads .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ..... 14
6.3.6 Combination of loads .................................................. ................................................... ........................................... 14
Strength requirements .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......... 15
6.4.1 Calculation of stresses .................................................. ................................................... ......................................... 15
6.4.2 Strength criteria ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ... 16
Stability .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................................... 19
Pipeline spanning .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ...................... 20
Pressure test requirements .................................................. ................................................... .................................................. 20
6.7.1 General ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 20
6.7.2 Test medium .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............. 20
6.7.3 Pressure levels and test durations ................................................... ................................................... ........... 21
6.7.4 Acceptance criteria .................................................. ................................................... ................................................ 21
Other activities .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................. 21
6.8.1 Activities by others ................................................... ................................................... ............................................... 21
6.8.2 Pipeline cover .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......... 22
Crossings and encroachments .................................................. ................................................... ........................................... 23
6.9.1 Consultations with authorities .................................................. ................................................... .................... 23
6.9.2 Roads .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................... 23
6.9.3 Railways .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................ 23
6.9.4 Waterways and land falls .................................................. ................................................... ................................... 23
6.9.5 Pipeline/cable crossings .................................................. ................................................... ................................... 23
6.9.6 Pipeline bridge crossings ................................................... ................................................... ................................ 24
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO 13623:2017(E)
6.9.7 Sleeved or cased crossings .................................................. ................................................... .............................. 24
Adverse ground and seabed conditions .................................................. ................................................... .................... 24
Section isolation valves .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ......... 24
................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............... 24
Design for pigging .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ...................... 24
Fabricated components .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........ 25
6.14.1 Welded branch connections .................................................. ................................................... ........................... 25
................................................... ........................................ 25
f
6.14.3 Extruded outlets .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .... 25
6.14.4 Pig traps .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................ 26
6.14.5 Slug catchers .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............. 26
6.14.6 Fabricated assemblies .................................................. ................................................... ......................................... 26
6.15 Attachment of supports or anchors .................................................. ................................................... .............................. 26
6.16 Offshore risers .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .............................. 27
6.10
6.11
6.13
6.14
6.1 2
I ntegrity mo nito ring
6 . 1 4. 2
7
7.1
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.1 4
7.1 5
Selection of location ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............... 28
.................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .................................................. 28
.................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................................... 28
f
.................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... . 29
Environment .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .................................. 29
Buildings .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................................ 29
Equipment .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................................ 29
Piping ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .................................................. 29
.................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........ 29
.................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .. 30
.................................................. ................................................... ............................................ 30
Electrical .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................................ 30
Storage
and working
tankage ..................................................
...................................................
.............................................
31
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Heating and cooling stations .................................................. ................................................... ............................................... 31
Metering and pressure control stations .................................................. ................................................... .................... 31
.................................................. ................................................... ................. 31
.................................................. ...................................... 31
f
Layo ut
S ecurity
S a ety
7.8.1
Primary p ip ing
7.8.2
S eco ndary p ip ing
E mergency s hutdown sys tem
M o nito ring and co mmunicatio n sys tems
C o mp res s o r s tatio ns
o r o n- land gas s up p ly sys tems
Materials and coatings ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ....................... 32
8.1
8.2
8.3
iv
ab ricated by welding
Design of stations and terminals .................................................. ................................................... ................................................. 28
7.2
8
S p ecial co mp o nents
.................................................. ........ 32
f
8.1.1 Selection .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ....................... 32
8.1.2 Materials for sour service ................................................... ................................................... ............................... 32
f
.................................................. ................................................... ......................... 32
8.1.4 Chemical composition .................................................. ................................................... ......................................... 32
8.1.5 Brittle fracture toughness .................................................. ................................................... ................................ 33
8.1.6 Shear-fracture toughness .................................................. ................................................... ................................. 33
8.1.7 Higher-temperature service ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 33
8.1.8 Properties after forming and heat treatment ................................................... ................................... 33
.................................................. ................................................... .. 34
8.1.10 Marking .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 34
8.1.11 Inspection documents .................................................. ................................................... ......................................... 34
.................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........... 34
8.1.13 Reuse of components .................................................. ................................................... ........................................... 34
8.1.14 Records .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 34
Line pipe .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................................ 35
8.2.1 Carbon steel pipe .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .. 35
8.2.2 Stainless steel and non-ferrous metallic pipe .................................................. .................................... 35
f
.............................. 35
Components other than pipe .................................................. ................................................... .............................................. 35
8.3.1 Flanged connections .................................................. ................................................... ............................................. 35
8.3.2 Bends made from pipe .................................................. ................................................... ........................................ 35
8.3.3 Fittings .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................... 36
8.3.4 Valves .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .............................. 36
General material requirements
o r p ip elines and p rimary p ip ing
8.1 .3
C o ns is tency o
requirements
8.1 .9
Pro ductio n qualificatio n p ro grammes
8.1 .1 2
S p ecificatio ns
8.2 .3
C arb o n s teel p ip e with s tainles s s teel o r no n- erro us metallic layer
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ISO 13623:2017(E)
8.4
9
Corrosion management .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ...................... 37
9.1
9.3
9.2
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
10
8.3.5 Fabricated isolating couplings .................................................. ................................................... ..................... 36
8.3.6 Other components .................................................. ................................................... .................................................. 36
Coatings .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .............................................. 36
8.4.1 External coatings .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .. 36
8.4.2 Internal coatings/linings .................................................. ................................................... .................................. 37
General .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................ 37
................................................... ................................................... ........................................ 38
Internal corrosion mitigation .................................................. ................................................... ............................................. 39
9.3.1 Methods .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................ 39
9.3.2 Revision of design conditions .................................................. ................................................... ....................... 39
9.3.3 Chemical additives ................................................... ................................................... ................................................ 39
9.3.4 Internal coatings or linings .................................................. ................................................... ............................. 39
9.3.5 Cleaning .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................ 40
External corrosion evaluation ................................................... ................................................... .......................................... 40
External corrosion mitigation .................................................. ................................................... ............................................ 41
9.5.1 Protection requirements .................................................. ................................................... ................................... 41
9.5.2 External coatings .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .. 41
9.5.3 Cathodic protection .................................................. ................................................... ............................................... 42
Monitoring programmes and methods .................................................. ................................................... ...................... 42
9.6.1 Requirement for monitoring ................................................... ................................................... ........................ 42
9.6.2 Monitoring internal corrosion ................................................... ................................................... .................... 42
9.6.3 Monitoring external condition .................................................. ................................................... ..................... 43
9.6.4 Monitoring cathodic protection .................................................. ................................................... .................. 43
Evaluation of monitoring and inspection results .................................................. ................................................. 43
Corrosion-management documentation .................................................. ................................................... .................. 43
I nternal co rro s ivity evaluatio n
Construction .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... 43
10.1 General .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................ 43
10.1.1 Construction plan .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... . 43
10.1.2 Construction near other facilities ................................................... ................................................... ............. 44
10.1.3 Plant, equipment and marine vessels .................................................. ................................................... .... 44
10.1.4 Transport and handling of materials .................................................. ................................................... ...... 44
10.2 Preparation of the route on-land .................................................. ................................................... ..................................... 44
10.2.1 Site inspections .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ...... 44
.................................................. ................................................... .............................................. 44
10.2.3 Preparation of the working width .................................................. ................................................... ............ 45
10.2.4 Blasting ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 45
10.3 Preparation of the route offshore .................................................. ................................................... ................................... 45
.................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 45
10.3.2 Seabed preparation ................................................... ................................................... .............................................. 45
10.4 Welding and joining .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................. 45
10.4.1 Welding standard .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... . 45
10.4.2 Weld examination ................................................... ................................................... .................................................. 45
10.4.3 Joining other than welding .................................................. ................................................... .............................. 45
10.5 Coating .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................ 46
10.5.1 Field joint coating ................................................... ................................................... .................................................. 46
10.5.2 Coating inspection .................................................. ................................................... .................................................. 46
10.6 Installation of on-land pipelines .................................................. ................................................... ...................................... 46
10.6.1 Pipe stringing .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........... 46
10.6.2 Field pipe bends .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .... 46
10.6.3 Excavation .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................... 46
10.6.4 Lowering pipe ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ......... 47
.................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................... 47
10.6.6 Tie-in .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................... 47
10.6.7 Reinstatement .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ......... 47
10.6.8 Crossings .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ...................... 47
10.6.9 Markings ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ..................... 48
1 0.2 .2
S urvey and marking
1 0.3 .1
S urveys
1 0.6.5
B ackfill
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
v
ISO 13623:2017(E)
11
12
13
vi
10.7 Installation of offshore pipelines ................................................... ................................................... ................................... 48
10.7.1 Marine operations ................................................... ................................................... ................................................. 48
10.7.2 Survey and positioning systems .................................................. ................................................... ................. 49
10.7.3 Pipe laying .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .................. 49
10.7.4 Landfalls .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ....................... 49
10.7.5 Trenching ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ................... 50
10.7.6 Backfilling .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................... 50
10.7.7 Crossings of other pipelines and cables .................................................. .................................................. 50
10.7.8 Spans .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................... 50
10.7.9 Tie-ins .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................. 50
10.8 Cleaning and gauging ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............. 50
10.9 As-built surveys .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................... 51
10.10 Construction records .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .............. 51
Testing .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............... 51
11.1 General .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................ 51
11.2 Sa fety .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... . 51
11.3 Procedures .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ....................................... 52
11.3.1 Written procedures ................................................... ................................................... .............................................. 52
11.3.2 Communications .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ... 52
11.3.3 Water quality .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............ 52
11.3.4 Inhibitors and additives .................................................. ................................................... ..................................... 52
11.3.5 Filling rate .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................... 52
11.3.6 Air content .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .................. 53
11.3.7 Temperature stabilization ................................................... ................................................... .............................. 53
11.3.8 Temperature effects and correlations ................................................... ................................................... .. 53
11.3.9 Leak-finding .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .............. 53
11.4 Acceptance criteria .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................... 53
11.5 Tie-ins
following
testing
..................................................
...................................................
...................................................
...... 53
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11.6 Testing equipment .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .................... 53
11.7 Test documentation and records .................................................. ................................................... ..................................... 53
11.8 Disposal o f test fluids ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............ 54
11.9 Protection following test .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ..... 54
Pre-commissioning and commissioning .................................................. ................................................... .............................. 54
12.1 General .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................ 54
12.2 Cleaning and gauging procedures ................................................... ................................................... ................................. 55
12.3 Drying procedures .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .................... 55
12.4 Functional testing o f equipment and systems .................................................. ................................................... ..... 55
12.5 Documentation and records .................................................. ................................................... ................................................ 56
12.6 Start-up procedures and introduction o f transported fluid .................................................. ........................ 56
Operation, maintenance and abandonment .................................................. ................................................... .................... 56
13.1 Management .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................... 56
13.1.1 Objectives and basic requirements .................................................. ................................................... .......... 56
13.1.2 Operating and maintenance plan ................................................... ................................................... ............. 57
13.1.3 Operating and maintenance procedures .................................................. ................................................ 57
13.1.4 Incident and emergency-response plan ................................................... ................................................ 57
13.1.5 Permit-to-work system ................................................... ................................................... ..................................... 57
13.1.6 Training .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ......................... 58
13.1.7 Liaison .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ............................ 58
13.1.8 Records .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .......................... 59
13.2 Operations .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................................ 59
13.2.1 Fluid parameter monitoring .................................................. ................................................... .......................... 59
13.2.2 Stations and terminals .................................................. ................................................... ........................................ 59
13.2.3 Pigging .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........................... 59
13.2.4 Decommissioning .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... . 59
13.2.5 Recommissioning .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... . 60
13.3 Maintenance .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................... 60
13.3.1 Maintenance programme .................................................. ................................................... ................................. 60
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
13.3.2 Route inspection ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .. 60
13.3.3 Mechanical condition monitoring .................................................. ................................................... ............. 61
.................................................. ................................................... ............................ 62
13.3.5 Facilities, equipment and component monitoring ................................................... ........................ 62
13.3.6 Pipeline and piping defects and damage .................................................. ................................................ 64
.................................................. ................................. 64
13.4 Changes to the design condition .................................................. ................................................... ...................................... 66
13.4.1 Change control .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ........ 66
13.4.2 Operating pressure .................................................. ................................................... ................................................ 66
13.4.3 Service conversion ................................................... ................................................... ................................................ 67
13.4.4 New crossings and developments ................................................... ................................................... ............ 67
13.4.5 Moving in-service pipelines and piping .................................................. .................................................. 67
................................................... ............................................. 67
f
13.4.7 Changes to location class .................................................. ................................................... .................................. 67
13.5 Life extension .................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................ 68
13.6 Abandonment ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... ............................... 68
Annex A (informative) Records and documentation ................................................... ................................................... ................... 69
Annex B (normative)
f
f
f
1 3 .3 .4
Leak detectio n and s urveys
1 3 .3 .7
Pip eline and p ip ing rep airs and mo dificatio ns
1 3 . 4. 6
Tes ting o
mo dified p ip elines and p ip ing
.................................................. ................................................... ................................................... .............. 70
Annex C (informative) Pipeline route selection process ................................................... ................................................... ......... 75
Annex D (informative) Examples of factors for routing considerations .................................................. ..................... 76
Annex E (normative) Safety evaluation of pipelines .................................................. ................................................... .................... 78
Annex F (informative) Scope of procedures for operation, maintenance and emergencies ................... 82
.................................................. ................................................... ................................................... ................................................... .................. 84
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© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
vii
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work o f preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters o f
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
di fferent types o f ISO documents should be noted. This document was dra fted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some o f the elements o f this document may be the subject o f
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identi fying any or all such patent rights. Details o f
any patent rights identified during the development o f the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is in formation given for the convenience o f users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature o f standards, the meaning o f ISO specific terms and
expressions related to con formity assessment, as well as in formation about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html .
This document was
by standards
Technical Committee
ISO/TC
67, Materials,
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structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries
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.
, Subcommittee SC 2,
offshore
Pipeline
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 13623:2009), which has been technically
revised.
viii
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13 62 3 :2 017(E)
Introduction
Signi fic a nt d i fference s exi s t b e twe en memb er cou ntrie s i n the are as o f publ ic s a fe ty and pro te c tion o f
the environment, which cannot be reconciled into a single preferred approach to pipeline transportation
s ys tem s
for
the p e troleu m a nd natu ra l ga s i ndu s trie s . Re conc i l i ation was
fu r ther
exi s tence i n s ome memb er cou ntrie s o f legi s lation that e s tabl i s he s re qui rements
compl ic ate d b y the
for
publ ic s a fe ty and
protection of the environment. Recognizing these differences, ISO/TC 67/SC 2 concluded that this
f
f
the protection of the environment.
This document is not a design manual; rather, it is intended for use in conjunction with sound enginee ring
practice and judgment. This document allows the use of innovative techniques and procedures, such as
do c u ment s hou ld a l low i nd ividua l countries to apply thei r nationa l re qu i rements
rel iabi l ity-b a s e d
or publ ic s a e ty and
l i m it s tate de s ign me tho d s , provid i ng the m i n i mu m re qu i rements
o f th i s do c u ment
are s ati s fie d .
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Pipeline
transportation systems
1 Scope
This
do c ument
con s tr uc tion,
s p e c i fie s
te s ti ng ,
re qu i rements
op eration,
and
mai ntena nce
give s
re com mendation s
and
ab a ndon ment
transportation in the petroleum and natural gas industries.
of
for
the
pip el i ne
de s ign,
materi a l s ,
s ys tem s
used
for
I t appl ies to pip el i ne s ys tem s on-l and and o ffs hore, conne c ti ng wel l s , pro duc tion plants , pro ce s s plants ,
refi nerie s and s torage
o f s uch
faci l itie s for
faci l itie s ,
the
i nclud i ng any s e c tion o f a pip el i ne con s tr uc te d with i n the b ou nda rie s
pu r p o s e
document is illustrated in Figure 1.
T h i s do c u ment appl ie s
o f its
con ne c tion .
to rigid , me ta l l ic pip el i ne s .
T he
e x tent o f pip el i ne
I t i s no t appl ic able
constructed from other materials, such as glass-reinforced plastics.
for
s ys tem s
covere d
flexible pip el i ne s
b y th i s
or tho s e
T h i s do c u ment i s appl ic able to a l l new pip el i ne s ys tem s and ca n b e appl ie d to mo d i fic ation s made to
exi s ti ng one s . I t i s no t i ntende d that it appl ie s re tro ac tively to exi s ti ng pip el i ne s ys tem s .
I t de s c rib e s the
fu nc tiona l
re qu i rements o f pip el i ne s ys tem s a nd provide s a b as i s
construction, testing, operation, maintenance and abandonment.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
for
thei r s a fe des ign,
1
ISO 13623:2017(E)
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Key
1
2
3
4
5
6
wellsite
gathering station, treatment plant or process plant
liquid
gas
pump station
valve station
7
8
9
10
11
12
tankage
refinery
depot
distribution
compressor station
pressure-reduction station
p ip eline elements covered by this do cument
co nnectio ns with o ther
facilities
(the p ip eline sys tem s ho uld include an is o latio n valve at co nnectio ns
with other facilities and at branches)
p ip eline elements no t covered by this do cument
s tatio n/p lant area covered by this do cument
F
2
i
g
u
r
e
1
—
E
x
t
e
n
t
o
f
p
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
c
o
v
e
r
e
d
b
y
t
h
i
s
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
2
T he
Normative references
fol lowi ng
con s titute s
do c uments
re qu i rements
a re re ferre d to i n the te x t i n s uch a way that s ome or a l l o f thei r content
o f th i s do c u ment.
For date d re ference s ,
on ly the e d ition cite d appl ie s .
For
u ndate d re ference s , the late s t e d ition o f the re ference d do c ument (i nclud i ng a ny amend ments) appl ie s .
ISO 148-1, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1 : Test method
ISO 3183:2012, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Steel pipe for pipeline tran sportation system s
ISO 3977 (all parts), Gas turbines — Procurement
ISO 10439 (all parts), Petroleum , chemical and gas service industries — A xial and centrifugal compressors
and expander-compressors
ISO 10474, Steel and steel products — In spection documents
ISO 12736, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Wet thermal insulation coatings for pipelines,
flow
lines, equipment and subsea structures
ISO 13707, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Reciprocating compressors
ISO 13709, Centrifugal pumps for petroleum , petrochemical and natural gas industries
ISO 13710, Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Reciprocating positive displacement
pumps
ISO 13847, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Pipeline tran sportation system s — Welding of pipelines
ISO 14313, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Pipeline tran sportation system s — Pipeline valves
ISO 14723, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Pipeline transportation systems — Subsea pipeline valves
ISO 15156 (all parts), Petroleum and natural gas industries — Materials for use in H2S-containing
environments in oil and gas production
ISO 15589 (all parts),
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Cathodic protection of
pipeline system s
ISO 15590-1:2009,
Petroleum and natural gas industries — Induction bends, fittings and flanges for
pipeline tran sportation system s — Part 1 : Induction bends
ISO 15590-2, Petroleum
and natural gas industries — Induction bends, fittings and flanges for pipeline
ISO 15590-3, Petroleum
and natural gas industries — Induction bends, fittings and flanges for pipeline
tran sportation system s — Part 2: Fittings
tran sportation system s — Part 3: Flanges
ISO 15649, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Piping
ISO 16440, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Pipeline tran sportation system s — Design , con struction
and maintenance of steel cased pipelines
ISO 21809 (all parts), Petroleum and natural gas industries — External coatings for buried or submerged
pipelines used in pipeline tran sportation system s
IEC 60034-1, Rotating electrical machines — Part 1 : Rating and performance
IEC 60079-10, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres —
Part 10: Classi fication of
h azardous areas
IEC 60079-14, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres — Part 14: Electrical in stallation s in
hazardous areas (other than mines)
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
3
ISO 13623:2017(E)
EN 12583, Gas infrastructure — Compressor station s — Functional requirements
API STD 620, Design and Construction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks
API STD 650, Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
ASME B16.5, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings — NPS 1/2 Through NPS 24
ASME Boiler an d Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1 , Rules for Con struction
of Pressure
Vessels (BPVC)
MSS SP-25, Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges and Unions
MSS SP-44, Steel Pipeline Flanges
NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code
NFPA 220, Standard on Types of Building Con struction
3
Terms, definitions and symbols
3.1
Terms and definitions
For the pu rp o s e s o f th i s do c u ment, the
fol lowi ng
term s a nd defi n ition s apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
www.iso.org/obp
f
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—
I S O O n l i ne brows i ng plat orm: ava i lable at
—
I E C E le c trop e d ia: avai lable at
3.1.1
commissioning
ac tivities
a s s o ci ate d
transported
with
the
i n iti a l
fi l l i ng o f a
pipeline system
(3.1.16) with the fluid (3.1.6) being
3.1.2
design life
period for which the design basis is planned to remain valid
3.1.3
design pressure
maximum internal pressure of the pressure-containing components of the
designed in compliance with this document
pipeline system
(3.1.16)
3.1.4
design strength
s treng th level to b e u s e d i n de s ign, b a s e d on materia l’s s p e c i fie d m i ni mu m prop er ties
3.1.5
fabricated assembly
grouping of pipe and components assembled as a unit and installed as a subunit of a pipeline system
(3.1.16)
3.1.6
fluid
medium being transported through the pipeline system (3.1.16)
3.1.7
hot tapping
mechanical cutting of an in-service pipeline (3.1.8) or piping (3.1.17) to create a branch connection
4
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
3.1.8
in-service pipeline
pipeline that has been commissioned for the transportation of f
luid
(3.1.6)
3.1.9
lay corridor
corridor in which an offshore pipeline (3.1.13 ) is being installed, usually determined prior to construction
3.1.10
location class
geographic area classified according to criteria based on population density and human activity
3.1.11
maintenance
activities designed to retain the pipeline system (3.1.16) in a state in which it can perform its required
functions
Note 1 to entry: These activities include inspections, surveys, testing, servicing, replacement, remedial works
and repairs.
3.1.12
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e
o
p
e
r
MAOP
a
t
i
n
g
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
maximum internal pressure at which a pipeline
operated in compliance with this document
system
(3.1.16), or parts thereof, is allowed to be
Note 1 to entry: The MAOP is established by the maximum pressure achieved during testing (see 6.7.3).
3.1.13
o
ff
s
h
o
r
pipeline
(3.1.15 ) laid in maritime waters and estuaries seaward o f the ordinary high water mark
e
p
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
3.1.14
on-land pipeline
pipeline
(3.1.15) laid on or in land, including lines laid under inland water courses
3.1.15
pipeline
those components of a pipeline system (3.1.16 ) connected together to convey f (3.1.6) between
stations (3.1.24) and/or plants, including pipe, pig traps, components, appurtenances, spools, risers
(3.1.20), isolating valves, and sectionalizing valves
luids
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.1.16
pipeline system
pipelines, stations (3.1.24 ), supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA), sa fety systems,
corrosion protection systems, and any other equipment, facility or building used in the transportation
of f
luids
(3.1.6)
3.1.17
piping
pipe, fittings and components inside stations (3.1.24) and terminals, but not part of the pipeline (3.1.15)
3.1.18
primary piping
piping conveying or storing the fluid (3.1.6 ) transported by the pipeline (3.1.15)
3.1.19
f
corridor of land within which the pipeline (3.1.15) operator has the right to conduct activities in
accordance with the agreement with the land owner
r
i
g
h
t
-
o
-
w
a
y
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
5
ISO 13623:2017(E)
3.1.20
riser
part of an offshore pipeline (3.1.15) that extends from the sea bed to the pipeline termination point on
an offshore installation
3.1.21
secondary piping
f
s (3.1.6) other than those of the primary piping (3.1.18) and pipeline (3.1.15), such
as fuel gas, water, or lube oil
pipi ng c arr yi ng
luid
3.1.22
specified minimum tensile strength
SMTS
m i n i mum
purchased
ten s i le
s treng th
re qu i re d
by
the
s p e c i fic ation
or
s tandard
u nder
wh ich
the
materia l
is
the
materi a l
is
3.1.23
specified minimum yield strength
SMYS
m i n i mum
purchased
yield
s treng th
re qu i re d
by
the
s p e ci fication
or
s tandard
u nder
wh ich
3.1.24
station
faci l ity for
the pu rp o s e o f i nc re as i ng pre s s ure, de c re a s i ng pre s s ure, s torage, me teri ng , he ati ng , co ol i ng
or isolating the transported f
luid
3.2
(3.1.6)
Symbols
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As
internal cross-sectional area of the pipe
cross-sectional area of pipewall
D
s p e c i fie d d i ame ter (outs ide or i n s ide)
Ai
Do
maximum measured diameter (outside or inside)
minimum measured diameter (outside or inside)
nominal outside diameter
E
mo du lu s o f elas ticity
D max
D min
Feq
fh
ft
F
p id
equivalent stress design factor
hoop-stress design factor, obtained from Table 2 for on-land pipelines and Table 3 for offshore
pipelines
material strength temperature
pipe effective axial force
design pressure
p od
m i n i mu m ex terna l hyd ro s tatic pre s s u re
O
ova l ity or out- o f-rou nd ne s s
tmin
s p e c i fie d m i ni mu m wa l l th ickne s s
6
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
ν
installation temperature
maximum or minimum metal temperature during operation
Poisson ratio
α
linear coe fficient o f thermal expansion
σeq
σh
equivalent stress
circumferential stress
σhp
hoop stress due to fluid pressure
T1
T2
σl
longitudinal stress
σy
specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) at room temperature
σD
design strength
shear stress
τ
4 General
4
.
1
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
The objective o f this document is that the design, material selection and specification, construction,
testing, operation, maintenance and abandonment o f pipeline systems for the petroleum and natural
gas industries be sa fe and conducted with due regard to public sa fety and the protection o f the
environment.
4.2 Competence assurance
All work associated with the design, construction, testing, operation, maintenance and abandonment of
the pipeline system shall be carried out by persons qualified to per form the work.
4.3 Compliance
A quality system should be applied to assist compliance with the requirements o f this document.
NOTE
ISO/TS 29001 gives sector-specific guidance on quality management systems.
4.4 Records
Records o f the pipeline system shall be kept and maintained throughout its li fetime to demonstrate
compliance with the requirements of this document. Annex A can be used for guidance or records
which should be retained.
5 Pipeline system design
5
.
1
S
y
s
t
e
m
d
e
f
i
n
i
t
i
o
n
The extent o f the pipeline system, its functional requirements and applicable legislation should be
defined and documented.
The extent o f the system should be defined by describing the system, including the facilities with their
general locations and the demarcations and interfaces with other facilities.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
7
ISO 13623:2017(E)
The functional requirements should define the required design li fe and design conditions. Foreseeable
normal, extreme and shut-in (e.g. when pipeline system is isolated) operating conditions with their
possible ranges in flowrates, pressures, temperatures, fluid compositions and fluid qualities should be
identified and considered when defining the design conditions.
5
.
2
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
l
u
i
d
s
The fluids being transported shall be placed in one o f the following five categories given in
according to the hazard potential with respect to public sa fety.
T
a
b
Category A
Category B
Category C
Category D
Category E
l
e
1
—
C
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
l
u
i
d
s
w
i
t
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
t
o
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
h
a
z
a
r
d
t
o
p
u
b
l
i
c
s
a
f
e
t
Table 1
y
Non-flammable, water-based fluids.
Flammable and/or toxic fluids that are liquids at ambient temperature and at atmospheric
pressure conditions. Typical examples are oil and petroleum products. Methanol is an example
o f a flammable and toxic fluid.
Non-flammable fluids that are non-toxic gases at ambient temperature and atmospheric
pressure conditions. Typical examples are nitrogen, argon and air.
Non-toxic, single-phase natural gas.
Flammable and/or toxic fluids that are gases at ambient temperature and atmospheric
pressure conditions and are conveyed as gases and/or liquids, or supercritical fluids. Typical
examples are hydrogen, carbon dioxide, natural gas (not otherwise covered in category D),
ethane, ethylene, liquefied petroleum gas (such as propane and butane), natural gas liquids,
ammonia and chlorine.
Gases or liquids not specifically included by name should be classified in the category containing fluids
most closely similar in hazard potential to those quoted. I f the category is not clear, the more hazardous
category shall be Get
assumed.
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5.3 Hydraulic analysis
The hydraulics o f the pipeline system should be analysed to demonstrate that the system can sa fely
transport the fluids for the design conditions specified in 5.1 , and to identi fy and determine the
constraints and requirements for its operation. This analysis should cover steady-state and transient
operating conditions.
NOTE
Examples of constraints and operational requirements are allowances for pressure surges, prevention
pressure losses from higher viscosities at lower operating temperatures, measures for the control of liquid slug
volumes in multi-phase fluid transport, flow regime for internal corrosion control, erosional velocities and
avoidance of slack line operations.
o f blockage such as caused by the formation o f hydrates and wax deposition, measures to prevent unacceptable
5.4 Pressure control and overpressure protection
Provisions such as pressure-control valves or automatic shutdown of pressurizing equipment shall be
installed, or procedures implemented, if the operating pressure can exceed the maximum allowable
operating pressure anywhere in the pipeline system. Such provisions or procedures shall prevent the
operating pressure from exceeding MAOP under normal steady-state conditions.
Overpressure protection, such as relie f or source-isolation valves, shall be provided i f necessary to
prevent incidental pressures exceeding the limits specified in 6.3.2.2 anywhere in the pipeline system.
8
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
5.5
Requirements for operation and maintenance
The requirements for the operation and maintenance o f the pipeline system shall be established and
documented for use in the design and the preparation of procedures for operations and maintenance.
Aspects for which requirements should be specified include the following:
— requirements for identification o f pipelines, stations and fluids transported;
— principles for system control, including consideration o f manning levels and instrumentation;
— location and hierarchy o f control centres;
— voice and data communications;
— corrosion management;
— condition monitoring;
— leak detection;
— pigging philosophy;
— access, sectionalizing and isolation for operation, maintenance and replacement;
— inter faces with upstream and downstream facilities;
— emergency shut-in;
— depressurization with venting and/or drainage;
— shutdowns and restart;
— requirements identified from the hydraulic analysis.
5
.
6
P
u
b
l
i
c
s
a
f
e
t
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
On-land pipeline systems for category D and E fluids should meet at least the requirements for public
sa fety o f Annex B.
6
6.1
Design of pipeline and primary piping
Design principles
The extent and detail o f the design shall be su fficient to demonstrate that the integrity and serviceability
required by this document can be maintained during the design li fe.
Representative values for loads and load resistance shall be selected in accordance with good
engineering practice. Methods o f analysis can be based on analytical, numerical or empirical models, or
a combination of these methods.
Principles o f reliability-based limit state design methods may be applied, provided that all relevant
ultimate and serviceability limit states are considered. All sources o f uncertainty in loads and
load resistance shall be considered and su fficient statistical data shall be available for adequate
characterization of these uncertainties.
Reliability-based limit-state design methods shall not be used to replace the requirements in
and Table 3 for the maximum permissible hoop stress due to fluid pressure.
Table 2
NOTE 1 Ultimate limit states are normally associated with loss o f structural integrity, e.g. rupture, fracture,
atigue or collapse, whereas exceeding serviceability limit states prevents the pipeline from operating as
f
intended.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
9
ISO 13623:2017(E)
NO TE 2
6.2
I S O 1670 8 gi ve s g u ida nce on rel i abi l ity- b a s e d l i m i t s tate de s i gn .
Route selection
6.2.1
Considerations
6.2.1.1
General
Route selection shall take into account the design, construction, operation, maintenance and
abandonment of the pipeline in accordance with this document.
To m i n i m i z e the p o s s ibi l ity o f
futu re
corre c tive work and l i m itation s , a ntic ip ate d urb an and i ndu s tr y
developments shall be considered.
Factors that shall be considered during route selection include the following:
—
s a fe ty o f the publ ic and p ers on nel worki ng on or ne ar the pip el i ne;
—
pro te c tion o f the envi ronment;
—
o ther prop er ty a nd
—
th i rd-p ar ty ac tivitie s;
—
ge o te ch n ic a l, corro s ivity and hyd ro graph ic a l cond ition s;
—
maj or cro s s i ngs on the route;
—
re qui rements
for
fac i l itie s;
con s truc tion, op eration a nd ma i ntenance;
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—
nationa l and/or lo c a l re qu i rements;
—
futu re
e xploration .
Annex C provides guidance on the planning of a route selection. Annex D provides examples of factors
that should be addressed during the considerations required in 6.2.1.1 to 6.2.1.7.
6
.
2
.
1
.
2
P ip el i ne s
P
u
b
l
i
c
s
a
f
e
t
y
conveyi ng c ate gor y B , C , D a nd E flu id s shou ld,
are a s with
fre quent
where prac tic able ,
avoid bu i lt-up
are a s or
hu man ac tivity.
I n the ab s ence o f publ ic s a fe ty re qu i rements
i n a cou ntr y, a s a fe ty eva luation s ha l l b e p er forme d i n
accordance with the general requirements of Annex E for:
—
pip el i ne s
conveyi ng
categor y
D
flu id s
in
lo cation s
where
mu lti- s torey
bu i ld i ngs
a re
preva lent,
where tra ffic i s he av y or den s e, and where there c a n b e nu merou s o ther uti l itie s undergrou nd;
—
pip el i ne s conveyi ng c ategor y E flu id s .
6.2.1.3
Environment
An assessment of environmental impact shall consider as a minimum:
—
temp ora r y works du ri ng con s truc tion, rep a i r and mo d i fic ation;
—
the long-term pre s ence o f the pip el i ne;
—
p o tenti a l lo s s o f flu id s .
10
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
6.2.1.4
Other facilities
Facilities along the pipeline route that can a ffect the pipeline should be identified and their impact
evaluated in consultation with the operator of these facilities.
6.2.1.5
Third-party activities
Third-party activities along the route shall be identified and should be evaluated in consultation with
these parties.
6.2.1.6
Geotechnical, hydrographical and meteorological conditions
Adverse geotechnical and hydrographic conditions shall be identified and mitigating measures defined.
In some instances, such as under arctic conditions, it can be necessary also to review meteorological
conditions.
6.2.1.7
Construction, testing, operation and maintenance
The route shall permit the required access and working width for the construction, testing, operation
and maintenance, including any replacement, o f the pipeline. The availability o f utilities necessary for
construction, operation and maintenance should also be reviewed.
6.2.2
Surveys — On-land pipelines
Route and soil surveys shall be carried out to identi fy and locate with su fficient accuracy the relevant
geographical, geological, geotechnical, corrosivity, topographical and environmental features, and
other facilities such as other pipelines, cables and obstructions, that can impact the pipeline route
selection.
6.2.3
Surveys — O ffshore pipelines
Route and soil surveys shall be carried out on the proposed route to identi fy and locate the following:
— geological features and natural hazards;
— pipelines, cables and wellheads;
— obstructions such as wrecks, mines and debris;
— geotechnical properties.
Meteorological and oceanographic data required for the design and construction planning shall be
collected. Such data may include the following:
a) bathymetry;
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
winds;
tides;
waves;
currents;
atmospheric conditions;
g) hydrologic conditions (temperature, oxygen content, pH value, resistivity, biological activity,
salinity);
h) marine growth;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
11
ISO 13623:2017(E)
i) soil accretion and erosion.
6.3
Loads
6.3.1
General
Loads that can cause or contribute to pipeline failure or loss o f serviceability shall be identified and
accounted for in the design.
For the strength design, loads shall be classified as
—
unctional,
f
— environmental,
— construction, or
— accidental.
6.3.2
6.3.2.1
Functional loads
Classification
Loads arising from the intended use and residual loads from other sources shall be classified as
functional.
NOTE
The weight o f the pipeline, including components and fluid, and loads due to pressure and temperature
are examples o f functional loads arising from the intended use o f the system. Pre-stressing, residual stresses from
installation, soil cover,
external
hydrostatic
pressure,
marine growth,
subsidence
and our
di fferential
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frost heave and thaw settlement, and sustained loads from icing are examples of functional loads from other
sources. Reaction forces at supports from functional loads and loads due to sustained displacements, rotations of
supports or impact by changes in flow direction are also functional.
6.3.2.2
Design pressure
The design pressure at any point in the pipeline system shall be equal to or greater than the maximum
allowable operating pressure (MAOP). Pressures due to static head o f the fluid shall be included in the
steady-state pressures.
Incidental pressures during transient conditions in excess o f MAOP are permitted, provided they are o f
limited frequency and duration, and the MAOP is not exceeded by more than 10 %.
NOTE
Pressure due to surges, failure of pressure control equipment, and cumulative pressures during
6.3.2.3
Temperature
activation o f over-pressure protection devices are examples o f incidental pressures. Pressures caused by heating
o f blocked-in static fluid are also incidental pressures, provided blocking-in is not a regular operating activity.
The range o f fluid temperatures during normal operations and anticipated blowdown conditions shall
be considered when determining temperature-induced loads. Both a maximum design temperature
and a minimum design temperature shall be established.
12
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
6.3.3
6.3.3.1
Environmental loads
Classification
Loads arising from the environment shall be classified as environmental, except where it is necessary
that they be considered as functional (see 6.3.2 ) or when, due to a low probability o f occurrence, as
accidental (see 6.3.5).
EXAMPLE
Loads from waves, currents, tides, wind, snow, ice, earthquake, tra ffic, fishing and mining are
examples o f environmental loads. Loads from vibrations o f equipment and displacements caused by structures
on the ground or seabed are also examples of environmental loads.
6.3.3.2
Hydrodynamic loads
The hydrodynamic load return period for the construction phase should be selected on the basis o f
the planned construction duration and season and the consequences of the loads associated with these
return periods being exceeded. The design return period for the normal operation phase should be
100 years.
The joint probability o f occurrences in magnitude and direction o f extreme winds, waves and currents
should be considered when determining hydrodynamic loads.
The effect of increases in exposed area due to marine growth or icing shall be taken into account.
Loads from vortex shedding shall be considered for aerial crossings and submerged spanning pipeline
sections.
6.3.3.3
Earthquake loads
The following effects shall be considered when designing for earthquakes:
— direction, magnitude and acceleration o f fault displacements;
— flexibility to accommodate displacements for the design case;
— mechanical properties under operating conditions;
— design for mitigation o f stresses during displacement caused by soil properties for buried crossings
and inertial effects for above-ground fault crossings;
— induced e ffects (lique faction, landslides).
6.3.3.4
Soil and ice loads
The following effects shall be considered when designing for sand loads:
— sand-dune movement;
— sand encroachment.
The following effects shall be considered when designing for ice loads:
a) ice frozen on pipelines or supporting structures;
b) bottom scouring of ice;
c) drifting ice;
d) impact forces due to thaw of the ice;
e) forces due to expansion of the ice;
f
) higher hydrodynamic loads due to increased exposed area;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
13
ISO 13623:2017(E)
g) effects added on possible vibration due to vortex shedding.
6.3.3.5
Road and rail tra ffic
M a xi mu m tra ffic a xle lo ad s and
fre quenc y
sh a l l b e e s tabl i s he d i n con s u ltation with the appropriate
tra ffic authoritie s a nd with re co gn ition o f e xi s ti ng and
developments.
6.3.3.6
fore c a s t
re s identia l, com merci a l and i ndu s tri a l
Fishing
L o ad s a nd
6.3.3.7
fre quenc y from
fi sh i ng ac tivitie s s ha l l b e e s tabl i she d b a s e d on the appl ie d fi sh i ng te ch n ique s .
Mining
Loads due to ground vibrations from the use of explosives shall be considered. Loads from subsidence
from
ari s i ng
6.3.4
m i n i ng ac tivitie s s ha l l b e cl as s i fie d a s
fu nc tiona l .
Construction loads
L o ad s ne ce s s ar y
for
i n s ta l lation a nd com m i s s ion i ng s ha l l b e cla s s i fie d a s con s tr uc tion lo ad s . T he e ffe c t
o f dynam ic b ehaviou r o f i n s ta l lation ve s s el s a nd e qu ipment sh a l l b e con s idere d where appropriate .
NOTE
Installation includes transportation, handling, storage, construction and testing. Increases in external
pre s s u re du r i ng p re s s u re gro uti ng o r s ub - atmo s p heric
gi ve r i s e to con s tr uc tion lo ad s . D yn a m ic e ffe c ts
th at i t c a n b e ne ce s s a r y to co n s ider
6.3.5
for
from
i nter n a l pre s s u re b y d ra i n i ng a nd vac uu m d r yi n g a l s o
the mo vements o f l ay ve s s el s a re a l s o con s tr uc tion lo ad s
o ffs ho re p ip el i ne s .
Accidental loads
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Loads imposed on the pipeline under unplanned but plausible circumstances shall be considered as
be considered when determining whether the pipeline should be designed for an accidental load.
acc identa l . B o th the prob abi l ity o f o cc urrence and the l i kely con s e quence o f a n acc identa l lo ad shou ld
E xample
obj e c ts ,
accidenta l
lo ad s
i nclude
tran s ient cond ition s
lo ad s
ari s i ng
du ri ng land s l ide s ,
from
fi re,
th i rd-p ar ty
explo s ion,
s udden
de compre s s ion,
e qu ipment (s uch a s e xc avators
anchors), loss of power of construction equipment and collisions.
6.3.6
fa l l i ng
or sh ip s'
Combination o f loads
When calculating equivalent stresses (see 6.4.1.2) or strains, the most unfavourable combination
of functional, environmental, construction and accidental loads that can be predicted to occur
s i mu lta ne ou s ly s ha l l b e con s idere d .
I f the
op erati ng
ph i lo s ophy
is
s uch
that
op eration s
are
re duce d
or
d i s conti nue d
u nder
e x treme
environmental conditions, then the following load combinations shall be considered for operations:
—
de s ign envi ron menta l lo ad s plu s appropri ate re duce d
—
de s ign
fu nc tiona l
func tiona l
lo ad s;
lo ad s and coi ncidenta l ma xi mu m envi ron menta l lo ad s .
Un le s s they c an b e re a s onably exp e c te d to o cc u r to ge ther, it i s no t ne ce s s ar y to con s ider a combi nation
of accidental loads or accidental loads in combination with extreme environmental loads.
14
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
6
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4
S
t
r
6.4.1
6
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4
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e
n
g
t
h
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
Calculation of stresses
1
.
1
H
o
o
p
s
t
r
e
s
s
d
u
e
t
o
f
l
u
i
d
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
The circumferential stress, σhp
Formula (1):
(D −t )
σ hp = ( p id − p od ) × o min
2t
, due to flu id pre s s u re on ly ( ho op s tre s s) sha l l b e c a lc u l ate d as given i n
Where
p
id
p
od
D
o
min
t
(1)
min
is the design pressure (in MPa);
i s the m i n i mum ex terna l hyd ro s tatic pre s s ure (i n M Pa) ;
is the nominal outside diameter (in mm);
i s the s p e ci fie d m i n i mum wa l l th ickne s s (i n m m) .
NO TE
T he
s p e c i fie d
m i n i mu m
wa l l
th ickne s s
m a nu fac tu r i ng p er the ap p l ic ab le pip e s p e c i fic ation
is
the
nom i n a l
a nd co rro s io n .
wa l l
th ickne s s
le s s
s tren g th contrib ution o f the cl add i ng or l i n i n g i s genera l l y no t i nclude d .
6
.
4
.
1
.
2
O
t
h
e
r
s
t
r
e
s
s
e
the
For cl ad o r l i ne d pip el i ne s
a l lowa nce
(s e e
fo r
8.2.3), the
s
Circumferential, longitudinal, shear and equivalent stresses shall be calculated taking into account
stresses from all relevant functional, environmental and construction loads. Accidental loads shall be
considered as indicated in 6.3.5
f
f
f
f
and angular movements of equipment to which the pipeline is attached shall also be considered.
. T he s ign i fic ance o
s upp or ts , gu ide s and
C a lc u lation s
a l l p ar ts o
the pip el i ne and a l l re s trai nts , s uch as
ric tion, sh a l l b e con s idere d . When fle xibi l ity ca lc u lation s are p er orme d, l i ne ar
sh a l l ta ke i nto account flexibi l ity and s tres s concentration
than plain straight pipe.
F lexibi l ity
ca lc u lation s
sh a l l
be
b as e d
on
nom i na l
d i men s ion s
and
the
fac tors
o f comp onents
mo du lu s
o f elas ticity
o ther
at the
appropriate temperature(s).
Equivalent stresses, σeq , shall be calculated using the von Mises equation as given in Formula (2):
σeq = (σh 2 + σl 2 σh σl + 3 τ2 ) 1/2
(2)
−
where
σh
σl
τ
is the circumferential stress (in MPa);
is the longitudinal stress (in MPa);
is the shear stress (in MPa).
E qu iva lent s tre s s e s may b e b a s e d on nom i na l va lue s o f d ia me ter a nd wa l l th ickne s s . Rad i a l s tre s s e s
may b e ne gle c te d when no t s ign i fic ant.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
15
ISO 13623:2017(E)
6
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4
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2
S
t
r
e
6.4.2.1
n
g
t
h
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
General
Pipelines shall be designed to address the following mechanical failure modes and deformations:
—
yield i ng;
—
buckl i ng;
—
fatigue;
—
ova l ity.
6.4.2.2
Yielding
The maximum hoop stress,
Formula (3):
σhp fh × ft × σ
≤
σhp ,
due
to
flu id
pre s s u re
sha l l
be
de term i ne d
in
accorda nce
with
(3)
y
where
fh
ft
σ
y
is the hoop-stress design factor, obtained from Table 2 for on-land pipelines and Table 3 for
offshore pipelines;
is the material strength temperature derating factor (1,0 for temperatures less than 50 °C) for
the maximum temperature at the relevant design scenario;
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i s the s p e ci fie d m i n i mu m yield s treng th (S M YS ) (i n M Pa) .
P ip el i ne s u s i ng s te el grade s ab ove L5 5 5 s hou ld b e de s igne d u s i ng a rel i abi l ity-b a s e d l i m it- s tate de s ign
approach in accordance with ISO 16708 or other recognized code or standard. If a limit-state design
with Formula (4):
σhp fh × ft × σD
(4)
appro ach i s no t u s e d , the ma xi mum ho op s tre s s due to flu id pre s s u re s ha l l b e de term i ne d i n accordance
≤
where
σD
i s the de s ign s treng th, wh ich i s the le s s er o f S M YS or the s p e c i fie d m i ni mu m ten s i le s treng th
(S M T S ) d ivide d by 1 ,1 5
for
grade s ab ove L5 5 5 .
For temperatures above 50 °C, ft shall be documented in accordance with 8.1.7.
ft × σD
f
ff
ff
and pressure test and the design temperature during operation.
ch arac teri ze s the materi a l s treng th at the ma xi mu m temp eratu re
may b e d i
16
erent i n d i
or the ana lys e d s cenario .
ft
erent pha s e s , typica l ly repres enti ng the ambient temp eratu re du ri ng i n s ta l lation
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Table 2 — Hoop-stress design factors, fh , for on-land pipelines a
fh
Location
General route b
0,77
Crossings and parallel encroachments c:
— minor roads
— major roads, railways, canals, rivers, diked flood
0,77
defences and lakes
Pig traps and multi-pipe slug catchers
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
Primary piping
Special constructions such as fabricated assemblies and
pipelines on bridges
The hoop stress factors of Table B.2 shall apply for category D and E pipelines to be
designed to meet the requirements of Annex B.
a
These factors apply to pipelines pressure-tested with water. Lower design factors may be
necessary when tested with air.
b The hoop stress factor may be increased to 0,83 for pipelines conveying category A,
C and D fluids at locations subject to in frequent human activity and without permanent
human habitation (such as deserts and tundra regions).
See 6.9 for the description of crossings and encroachments.
c
Table 3 — Hoop stress design factors, fh , for o ffshore pipelines
fh
Location
General route a
Shipping lanes, designated anchoring areas and harbour
entrances
Landfalls
Pig traps and multi-pipe slug catchers
0,77
0,77
0,67
0,67
0,67
Risers and primary piping
a The hoop stress factor may be increased to 0,83 for pipelines conveying category A, C and
D fluids.
The maximum equivalent stress, σeq , shall be determined in accordance with Formula (5):
σeq ≤ feq × ft × σy
where
feq
(5)
is the equivalent stress design factor, obtained from Table 4.
If a pipeline is designed using steel grade above L555, σy shall be replaced by σD in Formula (5).
Table 4 — Equivalent stress design factors, feq
Load combination
Construction and environmental
Functional and environmental
Functional, environmental and accidental
feq
1,00
0,90
1,00
The criterion for equivalent stress may be replaced by a permissible strain criterion for certain
applications; see 6.4.2.6.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
17
ISO 13623:2017(E)
6.4.2.3
Buckling
The following buckling modes shall be considered:
— local buckling due to external pressure, axial tension or compression, bending and torsion, or a
combination of these loads;
— buckle propagation;
— restrained buckling due to axial compressive forces induced by high operating temperatures and
pressures.
NOTE
Buckling of restrained pipelines can take the form of lateral displacement for unburied pipelines or
vertical upheaval of trenched or buried pipelines.
6.4.2.4
Fatigue
Fatigue analyses shall be per formed on pipeline sections and components that can be subject to fatigue
from cyclic loads in order to
— demonstrate that initiation o f cracking does not occur, or
— define requirements for inspection for fatigue.
Fatigue analyses shall include a prediction o f load cycles during construction and operation and a
translation o f load cycles into nominal stress or strain cycles.
The e ffect o f mean stresses, internal service, external environment, plastic prestrain and rate o f cyclic
loading shall be accounted for when determining fatigue resistance.
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Assessment o f fatigue
resistance
be basedfrom
on either
the characteristic
resistance
given as S-N curves, i.e. stress amplitudes versus number o f cycles to failure) obtained on representative
components or a fracture mechanics fatigue life assessment.
The selection o f sa fety factors shall take into account the inherent inaccuracy o f fatigue-resistance
predictions and access for inspection for fatigue damage. It can be necessary to monitor the parameters
causing fatigue and to control possible fatigue damage accordingly.
6.4.2.5
Ovality
Ovality, or out-o f-roundness, O, expressed as a percentage, is defined as given in Formula (6):
O=
D
max
−D
D
min
× 100
(6)
where
D
is the specified diameter (outside or inside) (in mm);
D max
is the maximum measured diameter (outside or inside) (in mm);
is the minimum measured diameter (outside or inside) (in mm).
D min
Ovality or out-o f-roundness arising from manu facture, construction and installation shall be considered
in relation to buckling and operational requirements.
6.4.2.6
Permissible strain criteria
Permissible strain criteria are intended for strain based design (SBD) applications involving significant
longitudinal pipeline loads where the axial design strain exceeds 0,5 % global strain. Strain-based
design requires an understanding of the applied pipeline deformations (strain demand) as well as
18
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
advanced characterization of the materials involved (pipe and welds). Permissible strain criteria
require knowledge o f the pipe limit states in tension and compression. Tensile strain capacity can
be predicted based on input parameters such as pipeline geometry, weld imper fection geometry,
pipe properties, girth weld properties, high-low misalignment of the weld joint and internal pipeline
pressure. Compressive strain capacity is impacted by the diameter to thickness ratio o f the pipe, stress
strain behaviour, including anisotropy o f the pipe material, imper fections in the shape o f the pipe, and
the presence o f girth welds and field bends.
The permissible strain shall ensure that the predicted strain capacity o f the pipeline adequately exceeds
the strain demand resulting in a SBD pipeline with similar sa fety and reliability as a conventional
pipeline based on allowable stress design.
Permissible strain criteria may only be used i f the configuration o f the pipeline is controlled by imposed
de formations or displacements, or the possible pipeline displacements are limited by geometrical
constraints before exceeding the permissible strain.
A permissible strain criterion may be applied for the construction o f pipelines to determine the
allowable bending and straightening associated with reeling, J-tube pull-ups, installation of a bending
shoe riser and similar construction methods.
A permissible strain criterion may be used for pipelines in service for the following:
a) pipeline de formations from predictable non-cyclic displacement o f supports, ground or seabed,
such as fault movement along the pipeline or differential settlement;
b) non-cyclic de formations, where the pipeline is supported be fore exceeding the permissible strain,
such as in case o f a pipeline o ffshore that is not continuously supported but with sagging limited by
the seabed;
c) cyclic functional loads, provided that plastic de formation occurs only when the pipeline is first
raised to its “worst-case” combination o f functional loads and not during subsequent cycling o f
these loads.
The permissible strain criteria shall be confirmed by su fficient small scale and full scale testing to
ensure the strain capacity exceeds the strain demand with su fficient margin to address capacity and
demand uncertainties.
6.4.2.7
SBD pipe and weld material properties
Longitudinal pipe properties a ffect both strain demand and strain capacity. The relevant material
properties include pipe yield strength, tensile strength, uni form elongation (UEL) and yield to tensile
ratio (Y/T). Pipe property changes due to strain aging shall be considered, including such mechanisms
as natural aging during service life or heating associated with coating application.
Predictable plastic de formation o f the pipeline is necessary for SBD, requiring the pipe to remain ductile
up to design conditions, and the welds to be overmatched to avoid strain concentration in welds.
6
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5
S
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Pipelines shall be designed to prevent horizontal and vertical movement or shall be designed with
su fficient flexibility to allow predicted movements within the strength criteria o f this document.
Factors which should be considered in the stability design include the following:
— hydrodynamic and wind loads;
— axial compressive forces at pipeline bends and lateral forces at branch connections;
— lateral deflection due to axial compression loads in the pipelines;
— exposure due to general erosion or local scour;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
19
ISO 13623:2017(E)
for
—
ge o te ch n ic a l cond ition s i nclud i ng s oi l i n s tabi l ity due to ,
—
con s truc tion me tho d, i nclud i ng bu nd le d or pigg yb acke d l i ne s;
—
trench i ng and/or b ackfi l l i ng te ch n ique s .
frost heave, thaw settlement and groundwater level;
NO TE
S tab i l i ty
fo r
on- l a nd
p ip el i ne s
c a n b e en h a nce d
e xa mple, s ei s m ic ac tivity, s lop e
b y s uch me a n s
a s pip e m a s s
control o f b ackfi l l m ater i a l , s o i l cover, s oi l rep l acement, d ra i n age a nd i n s u l atio n to avoid
s tab i l ity i mp ro vement me a s u re s
for
s ele c tio n ,
fro s t
fai lu re s ,
a nchor i ng ,
he ave . Po s s ib le
s ub s e a pip el i ne s a re pip e m a s s , m a s s co ati ng , trench i n g , bu ri a l (i nclud i ng
self-burial), gravel or rock dumping, anchoring and the installation of mattresses or saddles.
6.6 Pipeline spanning
Spans in pipelines shall be controlled to ensure compliance with the strength criteria in 6.4.2. Due
consideration shall be given to the following:
—
s upp or t cond ition s;
—
i nterac tion with adj acent s p a n s;
—
p o s s ible vibration s i nduce d by wi nd, c urrent a nd wave s;
—
a xia l
—
s oi l accre tion and ero s ion;
—
p o s s ible e ffe c ts
—
s oi l prop er ties .
force
i n the pip el i ne;
from
th i rd-p ar ty ac tivitie s;
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6.7 Pressure test requirements
6.7.1
General
To demon s trate thei r s treng th and le a k-tightne s s , pip el i ne s a nd pri ma r y pipi ng sha l l b e pres s u re -tes te d
in place after installation, but before being put into operation. Fabricated assemblies and tie-in sections
may
be
pre -te s te d
b e fore
i n s ta l lation
provide d
con s truc tion or i n s ta l lation . T he re qu i rements
for
thei r
i nte grity
is
no t
i mp ai re d
du ri ng
s ub s e quent
pre s s ure te s ti ng c a n govern the ne ce s s ar y pip e wa l l
th ickne s s and/or s te el grade i n terrai n with s ign i fica nt elevation s .
6.7.2
Test medium
Pressure tests shall be conducted with water (including inhibited water), except if
—
low a mbient temp eratu re s prevent te s ti ng with water,
—
s u fficient water o f ade quate qua l ity c an no t b e made avai lable,
—
d i s p o s a l o f water i s no t p o s s ible,
—
te s ti ng i s no t exp e d ient, or
—
water contam i nation i s u naccep table .
P neu matic te s ts (when ne ce s s ar y) c an b e made u s i ng a i r or a non-toxic ga s .
NOTE
Rerouting of short pipeline sections or short tie-in sections for pipelines in operation are examples of
situations for which pressure tests with water might not be expedient.
20
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
6.7.3
Pressure levels and test durations
The duration of strength and/or leak testing shall be determined taking into consideration ambient
temperature changes and leak detection methods.
Pipelines and primary piping shall be strength-tested, a fter stabilization o f temperatures and surges
from pressurizing operations, for a minimum period o f 1 h with a pressure at any point in the system o f
at least 1,25 × MAOP.
I f applicable, the strength test pressure shall be multiplied by the following ratios:
— σy at test temperature divided by σy at the design temperature;
min plus corrosion allowance divided by tmin in case of corrosion allowance.
The strength test pressure for pipelines conveying category C and D fluids at locations subject to
in frequent human activity and without permanent habitation may be reduced to a pressure o f not less
—
t
than 1,20 × MAOP, provided the maximum incidental pressure cannot exceed 1,05 × MAOP.
Following a successful strength test, the pipeline shall be leak-tested for a minimum period of 8 h with
a pressure at any point in the system o f at least 1,1 × MAOP.
The strength and leak test may be combined by testing for a minimum o f 8 h at the pressure specified
above for strength testing. The requirement for a minimum duration of a leak test is not applicable to
pipelines or primary piping completely accessible for visual inspection, provided the complete pipeline
is visually inspected for leaks following a hold-period o f 2 h at the required leak-test pressure. The
additional test requirements of B.6 shall apply for category D and E pipelines to which Annex B applies.
6.7.4
Acceptance criteria
Pressure variations during strength testing shall be acceptable i f it can be demonstrated that they are
caused by factors other than a leak.
Pressure increases or decreases during leak testing shall be acceptable provided it can be demonstrated
through calculations that they are caused by variations in ambient temperature or pressure, such as
tidal variation for offshore pipelines.
Pipelines not meeting these requirements shall be repaired and retested in accordance with the
requirements of this document.
6
6
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8
8
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1
t
h
e
A
c
r
t
i
a
v
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i
t
i
e
v
i
s
t
i
b
y
e
s
o
t
h
e
r
s
The following factors shall be considered when determining the requirements for the protection of
pipelines:
— possible e ffects o f pipeline damage on public sa fety and the environment;
— possible e ffects o f inter ference from other activities;
— national requirements for public sa fety and the protection o f the environment.
EXAMPLE
Activities that it is necessary to consider for on-land pipelines include other land users, tra ffic,
cultivation, installation o f drainage, construction o f buildings and work on roads, railways, waterways and
military exercises. Examples for o ffshore pipelines include the setting o f jack-up vessels, the movement o f anchors
and anchor chains, snagging cables and umbilicals, dropping of objects near installations, moving vessels close to
risers, seabed fishing activity during their installation and military exercises.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
21
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Protection requirements shall be established as part o f the sa fety evaluation in 6.2.1.2 where required.
EXAMPLE
Protection of on-land pipelines includes cover, increased wall thickness, markers and marker tape,
mechanical protection, controlling access to the pipeline route, or a combination of these measures. Trenching or
burial, rock dumping, cover with mattresses or protective structures and riser protection are possible protective
measures for offshore pipelines.
For on-land pipelines, markers should be erected at road, rail, river and canal crossings and elsewhere,
considered for buried on-land pipelines.
to enable other users o f the area to identi fy the location o f pipelines. The use o f marker tape should be
6.8.2
Pipeline cover
6.8.2.1
On-land pipelines
Buried on-land pipelines should be installed with a cover depth not less than shown in Table 5. Cover
depth shall be measured from the lowest possible ground surface level to the top of the pipe, including
coatings and attachments.
T
a
b
l
e
5
—
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
c
o
v
e
r
d
Location
e
p
t
h
f
o
r
o
n
-
l
a
n
d
p
i
p
e
l
i
Cover
n
d
e
e
s
p
t
h
a
m
Areas o f limited or no human activity
0,8
b
Agricultural or horticultural activity
0,8
Canals, rivers c
1,2
Roads and railways d
1,2
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Residential, industrial, and commercial areas
1,2
e
Rocky ground
0,5
a
b
c
d
e
Special consideration for cover may be required in areas with frost heave.
Cover shall not be less than the depth of normal cultivation.
To be measured from the lowest anticipated bed.
To be measured from the bottom of the drain ditches.
The top of pipe shall be at least 0,15 m below the surface of the rock.
Pipelines may be installed with less cover depth than indicated in Table
protection is provided by alternative methods.
5, provided a similar level of
The design of alternative protection methods should take into account:
— any hindrance caused to other users o f the area;
— soil stability and settlement;
— pipeline stability;
— cathodic protection;
— pipeline expansion;
— access for maintenance.
6
.
8
.
2
.
2
O
ff
s
h
o
r
e
p
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
s
O ffshore pipelines shall be trenched, buried or protected i f external damage a ffecting the integrity is
likely, and where necessary to prevent or reduce inter ference with other activities. Other users o f the
area shall be consulted when determining the requirements for reducing or preventing this interference.
22
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
P ro te c tive s tr uc tu res
for
s naggi ng a nd da mage
from
from
u s e on o ffshore pip el i nes s hou ld pre s ent a s mo o th pro fi le to m i ni m i z e ri s ks o f
anchori ng c able s and fi s h i ng ge ar. T hey s hou ld a l s o have s u fficient cle ara nce
the pip el i ne s ys tem to p erm it acce s s where re qu i re d, a nd to a l low b o th pip el i ne exp an s ion and
settlement of the structure foundations. The design of protective structures should be compatible with
the cathodic protection of the pipeline.
6
6
.
.
9
9
.
C
1
T he
r
o
C
s
o
s
n
i
s
n
u
pip el i ne
g
l
s
t
a
a
t
i
n
o
d
n
e
s
de s ign
n
c
w
i
r
o
t
h
a
a
lo ad s ,
c
u
h
m
t
h
o
e
r
i
n
t
i
t
s
e
i nclud i ng
s
fre quenc y,
con s tr uc tion
me tho d s
and
re qu i rements
protection of crossings, shall be established in consultation with the appropriate authorities.
6.9.2
for
the
Roads
Ro ad s s hou ld b e cla s s i fie d as maj or or m i nor
for
the appl ic ation o f the ho op - s tre s s de s ign
fac tor.
M o tor ways and tru n k ro ad s s hou ld b e cla s s i fie d a s maj or and a l l o ther publ ic ro ad s as m i nor. P rivate
ro ad s or tracks s hou ld b e clas s i fie d as m i nor even i f u s e d by he av y veh icle s .
The hoop stress design factors in Table 2 and the cover depth requirements in Table 5 should, as a
from the edge of the hard surface of major roads and 5 m for minor roads.
m i n i mu m, apply to the ro ad right- o f-way b ou ndar y or, i f th i s b ou nda r y has no t b e en defi ne d , to 10 m
P ip el i ne s r un n i ng p ara l lel to a ro ad shou ld b e route d outs ide the ro ad right- o f-way b ou ndar y where
practicable.
6.9.3
Railways
The hoop stress design factors in Table 2 and the cover depth requirements in Table 5 should, as a
from the rail.
m i n i mu m, apply to 5 m b eyond the rai lway b ou nda r y or, i f the b oundar y has no t b e en defi ne d , to 10 m
P ip el i ne s
r u n ni ng
p a ra l lel
to
the
rai lway shou ld
be
route d
outs ide
the
ra i lway right- o f-way where
practicable.
The vertical separation between the top of the pipe and the top of the rail should be a minimum of 1,4 m
for open-cut crossings and 1,8 m for bored or tunnelled crossings.
6.9.4
Waterways and landfalls
Protection requirements for pipeline crossings of canals, shipping channels, rivers, lakes and landfalls
shou ld b e des igne d i n con s u ltation with the water and water ways authoritie s .
C ro s s i ngs o f flo o d de fence s ca n re qu i re add itiona l de s ign me a s u re s
limiting the possible consequences.
T he p o tentia l
for
for
the prevention o f flo o d i ng and
pip el i ne damage b y s h ip s' anchors , s cou r and tida l e ffe c ts , d i fferenti a l s oi l s e ttlement
or s ub s idence, and a ny
futu re
works s uch as d re dgi ng , de ep en i ng and widen i ng o f the river or c a na l,
sh a l l b e con s idere d when defi n i ng the pro te c tion re qu i rements .
6
.
9
.
5
P
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
/
c
a
b
l
e
c
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
s
Phys ic a l contac t b e twe en a new pip el i ne and exi s ti ng pip el i ne s a nd c able s sha l l b e avoide d . M attres s e s
or o ther me an s o f p erma nent s ep a ration s hou ld b e i n s ta l le d i f ne ce s s ar y to prevent contac t du ri ng the
design life of the pipeline.
Crossings should occur at as close as practicable to 90°.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
23
ISO 13623:2017(E)
6
.
9
.
6
P
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
b
r
i
d
g
e
c
r
o
s
s
i
n
g
s
Pipeline bridges may be considered when buried crossings are not practicable.
Pipeline bridges shall be designed in accordance with structural design standards, with su fficient
clearance to avoid possible damage from the movement o f tra ffic, and with access for maintenance.
Interference between the cathodic protection of the pipeline and the supporting bridge structure shall
be considered.
Provision shall be made to restrict public access to pipeline bridges.
6.9.7
Sleeved or cased crossings
Sleeved or cased crossings should be avoided where possible. I f steel casings are used, they shall be in
accordance with ISO 16440.
6
.
1
0
A d
v
e
r
s
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
s
e
a
b
e
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
Where necessary, protective measures, including requirements for surveillance, shall be established to
minimize the occurrence of pipeline damage from adverse ground and seabed conditions.
EXAMPLE
Adverse ground and seabed conditions include landslide, erosion, subsidence, differential
settlement, areas subject to frost heave and thaw settlement, peat areas with a high groundwater table and
swamps. Possible protective measures are increased pipe wall thickness, ground stabilization, erosion prevention,
installation o f anchors, provision o f negative buoyancy, etc. as well as surveillance measures. Measurements o f
ground movement, pipeline displacement or change in pipeline stresses are possible surveillance methods.
Local authorities, local geological institutions and mining consultants should be consulted on general
geological conditions, landslide and settlement areas, tunnelling and possible adverse ground
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conditions.
6.11 Section isolation valves
Section isolation valves should be installed at the beginning and end of a pipeline and where required for
— operation and maintenance,
— control o f emergencies, and
— limiting potential spill volumes.
Account should be taken o f topography, ease o f access for operation and maintenance, including
requirements for pressure relie f, security and proximity to occupied buildings when locating the valves.
The mode of operation of section isolation valves shall be established when determining their location.
6.12 Integrity monitoring
Requirements for pipeline integrity monitoring shall be established at the design stage.
NOTE
Monitoring can include corrosion monitoring, inspection and leak detection.
6.13 Design for pigging
The requirements for pigging shall be identified and the pipeline designed accordingly. Pipelines should
be designed to accommodate internal inspection tools.
The design for pigging should consider the following:
— provision and location o f permanent pig traps or connections for temporary pig traps;
24
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
—
acces s;
—
l i fti ng
—
i s olation re qu i rements
—
re qu i rements
—
piggi ng d i re c tion(s) ;
—
p erm i s s ible m i ni mum b end rad iu s;
—
d i s ta nce b e twe en b end s a nd fitti ngs;
—
ma xi mu m p erm i s s ible cha nge s i n d iame ter;
—
tap eri ng re qu i rements at i nterna l d ia me ter cha nge s;
—
de s ign o f bra nch con ne c tion s and comp atibi l ity o f l i ne pip e materi a l;
—
i nterna l fitti ngs;
—
i nterna l co ati ngs;
—
pig s igna l lers .
faci l itie s;
for
for
pig lau nch i ng a nd re ceivi ng;
venti ng and d rai n i ng (for pre - com m i s s ion i ng a nd duri ng op eration) ;
T he s a fe ty o f acces s route s and adj acent
of pig traps.
6
6
.
.
1
1
4
4
.
F
a
1
b
r
i
W
e
l
c
a
d
t
e
e
d
d
b
c
o
r
a
m
n
c
p
h
o
c
n
o
e
n
n
n
faci l itie s
s ha l l b e con s idere d when de term i n i ng the orientation
t
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
Welded branch connections on steel pipe shall be designed in accordance with the requirements
of a recognized design standard. The hoop stress in the connection shall not exceed the hoop stress
permitted in the adjacent pipe.
Me ch an ic a l fitti ngs may b e u s e d
for
the design pressure of the pipeline.
6
.
1
4
.
2
S
p
e
c
i
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
f
a
b
r
i
ho t tappi ng pip el i ne s , provide d they a re de s igne d to me e t or exce e d
c
a
t
e
d
b
y
w
e
l
d
i
n
g
The design of special components shall be in accordance with sound engineering practice and this
document. Where the strength of such components cannot be computed or determined in accordance
with the requirements of this document, the maximum allowable operating pressure shall be
established in accordance with the requirements of ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1.
Fabric ate d
item s ,
o ther
than
com mon ly
ma nu fac ture d
butt-welde d
fitti ngs ,
that
employ
plate
a nd
longitudinal seams shall be designed, constructed and tested in accordance with this document.
O ra nge -p e el bu l l plugs , orange -p e el s wage s and fi sh ta i l s s ha l l no t b e u s e d .
Flat closures shall be designed in accordance with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1.
Special components shall be capable of withstanding a pressure equal to the pressure during the
strength-testing of the pipeline. Components to be installed in existing pipelines shall be pressuretested before installation in accordance with 6.7.
6.14.3 Extruded outlets
Extruded outlets shall be designed in accordance with ISO 15590-2.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
25
ISO 13623:2017(E)
6.14.4 Pig traps
All anticipated pigging operations, including possible internal inspection, shall be considered when
determining the dimensions of the pig trap.
Pig traps, both permanent and temporary, shall be designed with a hoop-stress design factor in
accordance with Tables 2 and 3, including such details as vent, drain and kicker branches, nozzle
rein forcements, saddle supports. Closures shall comply with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1.
Closures shall be designed such that they cannot be opened while the pig trap is pressurized. This may
include an interlock arrangement with the main pipeline valves.
Pig traps shall be pressure-tested in accordance with 6.7.
6
.
1
4
.
5
6
.
1
4
.
5
S
.
1
l
u
g
V
e
c
s
a
s
t
c
e
l
-
h
e
r
t
y
p
s
e
s
l
u
g
c
a
t
c
h
e
r
s
All vessel-type slug catchers, wherever they are located, shall be designed and fabricated in accordance
with ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1.
6
.
1
4
.
5
.
2
M
u
l
t
i
-
p
i
p
e
s
l
u
g
c
a
t
c
h
e
r
s
Multi-pipe slug catchers shall be designed with a hoop-stress design factor in accordance with Table 2
and Table 3.
6
.
1
4
.
6
F
a
b
r
i
c
a
t
e
d
a
s
s
e
m
b
l
i
e
s
The hoop-stress design
factors
forstandards
fabricatedfrom
assemblies
shall
applyGroup
to the and
entire
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ourassembly
chats and shall
extend, excluding transition ends o f piping, bends or elbows, for a distance o f the lesser o f five pipe
diameters or 3 m in each direction beyond the last component.
6
.
1
5
A
t
t
a
c
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
o
r
a
n
c
h
o
r
s
The pipeline and equipment shall be adequately supported, so as to prevent or to damp out excessive
vibration, and shall be anchored su fficiently to prevent undue loads on connected equipment.
Branch connections for on-land pipelines shall be supported by consolidated backfill or provided with
adequate flexibility.
When openings are made in a consolidated backfill to connect new branches to an existing on-land
pipeline, a firm foundation shall be provided for both the header and the branch to prevent both vertical
and lateral movements.
Braces and damping devices required to prevent vibration of piping shall be attached to the carrier pipe
by full-encirclement members.
All attachments to the pipeline shall be designed to minimize the additional stresses in the pipeline.
Proportioning and welding-strength requirements of attachments shall conform to standard structural
practice.
Structural supports, braces or anchors shall not be welded directly to pipelines designed to operate
at a hoop stress o f 50 % or more o f SMYS. Instead, such devices shall be supported by a full-
encirclement member.
Where it is necessary to provide positive support, as at an anchor, the attachment should be welded to
the encircling member and not to the pipe. The connection of the pipe to the encircling member shall be
by continuous circum ferential rather than intermittent welds.
26
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 1 3 62 3 : 2 01 7(E)
Supports not welded to the pipeline should be designed to allow access for inspection of the pipeline
underneath the supports.
Design of anchor blocks to prevent axial movement of a pipeline should take into account the pipeline
force
exp an s ion
a nd any pip e -to - s oi l
fric tion
preventi ng movement.
The design of the full-encirclement member shall include the combined stress in the carrier pipe of
the functional, environmental, construction and accidental loads. Attachment of the full-encirclement
memb er may b e b y cla mpi ng or conti nuou s
The pipe effective axial force, F
given in Formula (7):
ν A s × E × α(T2
F = −p id × A i
fu l l
enci rclement weld s .
, to b e re s i s te d
(1 − 2
) −
−
T1
for fu l ly
re s trai ne d pip el i ne s s hou ld b e ca lc u late d as
)
(7)
where
p id
i s the des ign pre s s u re (i f la id ai r-fi l le d) (i n M Pa) ;
As
is the internal cross-sectional area of the pipe (in mm 2 );
is the cross-sectional area of pipewall (in mm 2 );
E
i s the mo du lu s o f ela s tic ity (i n M Pa) ;
α
i s the l i ne ar co e fficient o f therma l e xp a n s ion ;
Ai
T1
T2
ν
is the installation temperature (in °C);
is the maximum or minimum metal temperature during operation (in °C);
is the Poisson ratio.
S i g n i fic a nt
re s idu a l
pipeline forces.
6
.
1
6
O
ff
s
h
o
r
e
r
i
s
e
i n s ta l l atio n
r
lo ad s
shal l
also
be
ta ken
i nto
acco u nt
when
de ter m i n i n g
a xi a l
s
O ffs hore ri s ers shou ld b e given c are fu l de s ign con s ideration b e cau s e o f thei r c ritic a l ity to an o ffshore
installation and its exposure to environmental loads and mechanical service connections. The following
factors should be taken into consideration in their design:
—
s pla sh z one ( lo ad s and corro s ion) ;
—
re duce d i n s p e c tion c ap abi l ity du ri ng op eration;
—
i nduce d movements;
—
velo city ampl i fic ation due to ri s er s p ac i ng;
—
p o s s ibi l ity o f plat form s e ttlement;
—
pro te c tion o f ri s ers b y lo c ati ng them with i n the s upp or ti ng s tr uc tu re .
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
27
ISO 13623:2017(E)
7
7.1
Design of stations and terminals
Selection of location
In selecting the locations for stations and terminals on-land, consideration shall be given to:
— topography;
— ground conditions;
— access;
— availability o f services;
— requirements for inlet and outlet connections to and from the pipeline;
— hazards from other activities and adjacent property;
— public sa fety and the environment;
— anticipated developments.
Stations and terminals should be located such that the facilities constructed on the site can be protected
rom fires on adjacent properties that are not under the control o f the pipeline operating company.
f
The location o f parts o f the pipeline system within other installations, both on-land and o ffshore, should
be determined as part o f an overall installation layout review. The review should take into account the
results o f sa fety evaluations including consequences on personnel accommodation and evacuation in
the case o f explosion or fire.
7.2
Layout
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Open space shall be provided around stations and terminals for the free movement o f fire-fighting
equipment. Su fficient access and clearance shall be provided at stations and terminals for movement o f
fire-fighting and other emergency equipment.
Layouts o f stations and terminals shall be based on minimizing the spread and consequences o f fire.
Areas within stations and terminals with possible explosive gas mixtures shall be classified in
accordance with IEC 60079-10 and the requirements for plant and equipment defined accordingly.
Spacing of tankage shall be in accordance with NFPA 30.
Piping and pipelines shall be routed such that trip or overhead hazards to personnel are avoided and
access to piping and equipment for inspection and maintenance is not hindered. Requirements for
access for replacement of equipment shall also be considered.
Vent and drain lines to atmosphere shall be extended to a location where fluids can be discharged
sa fely. Particular attention shall be paid to sa fety in locating vent and drain lines near living quarters
on offshore installations.
7.3
Security
Access to stations and terminals shall be controlled. They should be fenced, with gates locked or
attended.
Permanent notices shall be located at the perimeter indicating the reference details of the station or
terminal and a telephone number at which the pipeline operating company can be contacted.
Security requirements for parts o f the pipeline system within other installations shall be established in
conjunction with the requirements for the installation.
28
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
7.4 Safety
Signs shall be placed to identi fy hazardous, classified and high-voltage areas. Access to such areas shall
be controlled.
Fences shall not hinder the escape of personnel to a safe location. Escape gates shall open outward and
be capable o f being opened from the inside without a key when the enclosure is occupied.
Adequate exits and unobstructed passage to a sa fe location shall be provided for each operating floor
o f main pump and compressor buildings, basements, and any elevated walkway or plat form. Exits shall
provide a convenient possibility o f escape.
Appropriate fire and gas detection and fire-fighting facilities shall be provided. For stations and
terminals on-land, the requirements for such facilities shall be established in consultation with the
local fire authorities.
Tanks, dikes and firewalls shall meet the requirements o f NFPA 30.
Ventilation shall be provided to prevent the exposure of personnel to hazardous concentrations of
abnormal conditions, such as a blown gasket or packing gland. Equipment for the detection of hazardous
flammable or noxious liquids, vapours or gases in enclosed areas, sumps and pits during normal and
concentrations o f fluids shall be provided.
Hot and cold piping that can cause injury to personnel shall be suitably insulated or protected.
7.5 Environment
The disposal o f e ffluent and discharges shall comply with national and local environmental
requirements.
7.6 Buildings
Pump and compressor buildings that house equipment or piping in sizes larger than 60 mm outside
diameter or equipment for conveying, except for domestic purposes, category D and E fluids, shall be
constructed o f fire-resistant, non-combustible or limited combustibility materials defined in NFPA 220.
7.7 Equipment
Pumps and compressors, prime movers, their auxiliaries, accessories, control and support systems,
shall be suitable for the services specified in the system definition in accordance with 5.1. Pumps,
compressors and their prime movers shall be designed for a range of operating conditions within the
constraints o f the pipeline system as limited by the controls identified in 5.4.
Prime movers, except electrical induction or synchronous motors, shall be provided with an automatic
device that is designed to shut down the unit before the speed of the prime mover or of the driven unit
exceeds the maximum sa fe speed specified by the manu facturer.
Plant and equipment shall meet the requirements o f the area classification in accordance with 7.2.
In addition to the functional requirements stated above, pumps, compressors, gas turbines and electric
motors shall meet the requirements of ISO 3977 (all parts), ISO 10439 (all parts), ISO 13707, ISO 13709,
ISO 13710 or IEC 60034-1, as applicable.
7.8 Piping
7.8.1
Primary piping
Primary piping shall be designed in accordance with the requirements o f Clause 6.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
29
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Vibrations caused by vibrating equipment, fluid pulsations from reciprocating pumps or compressors
and flow induced pulsations shall be considered during the piping design.
Piping shall be protected against damage from vacuum pressures and overpressures. Pressure control
and over-pressure protection shall comply with the requirements o f 5.4.
NOTE
Piping can be subjected to overpressure or vacuum conditions as a result of surge following a sudden
change in flow during valve closure or pump shutdown, excessive static pressure, fluid expansion, connection to
high-pressure sources during a fault condition, or as a result of a vacuum created during shutdown or drain-down.
7.8.2
Secondary piping
7.8.2.1
Fuel gas piping
Fuel-gas piping within a station shall be in accordance with ISO 15649.
Fuel-gas lines shall be provided with master shut-o ff valves located outside any building or residential
quarters.
The fuel gas system shall be provided with pressure-limiting devices to prevent fuel pressures from
exceeding the normal operating pressure o f the system by more than 25 %. The maximum fuel pressure
shall not exceed the design pressure by more than 10 %.
Provision shall be made to vent and purge fuel headers to prevent fuel gas from entering combustion
chambers when work is in progress on the drivers or connected equipment.
7.8.2.2
Air piping
Air piping within Get
a station
shall be in accordance with ISO 15649.
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Air receivers or air-storage bottles shall be constructed and equipped in accordance with ASME BPVC,
Section VIII, Division 1.
7.8.2.3
Lubricating oil and hydraulic oil piping
All lubricating oil and hydraulic oil piping within stations shall be in accordance with ISO 15649.
7.8.2.4
Vent and drain lines
Vent and drain lines shall be sized to match the capacity o f relie f valves.
7.9
Emergency shutdown system
Each pump or compressor station shall be provided with an emergency shutdown system that is readily
accessible, locally and/or remotely operated, and which shuts down all prime movers. Consideration
should also be given to isolating the station from the pipeline and to relieving or venting when required.
Operation o f the emergency shutdown system shall also permit the shutdown o f any gas-fired equipment
that can jeopardize the sa fety o f the site, provided it is not required for emergency purposes.
Uninterrupted power supply shall be provided for personnel protection and those functions that are
necessary for protection o f equipment.
7.10 Electrical
Electrical equipment and wiring installed in stations shall conform to the requirements of IEC 60079-
14. Electrical installations that are required to remain in operation during an emergency shall be based
on the zone applicable during the emergency.
30
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
7
.
1
1
S
t
o
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
t
a
n
k
a
g
e
Tanks for storage or handling o f fluids shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the
following documents:
— API STD 650 for fluids with a vapour pressure less than 3,5 kPa [0,035 bar(g)];
— API STD 620 for fluids with a vapour pressure higher than 3,5 kPa [0,035 bar(g) but not more than
100 kPa [1 bar(g)];
— this document for pipe-type holders used for fluids with a vapour pressure o f more than 100 kPa
[1 bar(g)];
— applicable standards for holders other than pipe-type holders for fluids with a vapour pressure o f
more than 100 kPa [1 bar(g)].
Foundations shall be designed and constructed in accordance with plans and specifications which shall
take into account local soil conditions, type o f tank, usage and general location.
7.12 Heating and cooling stations
Temperature indication and controls should be provided where heating or cooling o f the fluids is
required for operation o f the pipeline system.
For heating stations, trace heating can be required on pipework, pump bodies, drains and instrument
lines to ensure satis factory flow conditions following shutdown.
7.13 Metering and pressure control stations
Meters, strainers and filters shall be designed for the same internal pressure and shall meet the
pressure-test requirements of this document.
Components shall be supported in such a manner as to prevent undue loading to the connecting
piping system.
Design and installation shall provide for access and ease of maintenance and servicing while minimizing
inter ference with the station operations. Consideration shall be given to backflow, vibration or pulsation
o f the flowing stream.
The retention size o f any filtering medium shall be selected to protect the facilities against the intrusion
of harmful foreign substances and to prevent electrostatic charge accumulation.
7.14 Monitoring and communication systems
The requirements for monitoring pressure, temperature, flowrate, physical characteristics o f the fluid
being conveyed, in formation on pumps, compressors, valve positions, meters and tank levels, together
with alarm conditions such as power supply failure, high temperature o f electric motor windings and
rotating machinery bearings, excessive vibration levels, low suction pressures, high delivery pressures,
seal leakage, abnormal temperatures, and the detection o f fire and hazardous atmosphere shall be
defined and included in the system design in accordance with Clause 5.
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems may be used for controlling equipment.
Operating requirements o f the pipeline system, as well as sa fety and environmental requirements,
shall be the basis for determining the requirement for redundant monitoring and communication
components, and back-up power supply.
7.15 Compressor stations for on-land gas supply systems
Additional specific functional requirements for compressor stations are given in EN 12583.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
31
ISO 13623:2017(E)
8
Materials and coatings
8.1
General material requirements for pipelines and primary piping
8.1.1
Selection
Materials for use in the pipeline and primary piping shall
— have the mechanical properties, such as strength and toughness, necessary to comply with the
design requirements of 6.4,
— have the properties necessary to comply with the requirements for corrosion control o f Clause 9, and
— be suitable for the intended fabrication and/or construction methods.
NOTE
8.1.2
Material requirements for secondary piping are addressed in ISO 15649.
Materials for sour service
Specifications for materials in sour service shall meet the requirements in ISO 15156-1, ISO 15156-2
and ISO 15156-3 as applicable.
8.1.3
Consistency of requirements
Requirements shall be specified consistently for all pressure-containing components.
EXAMPLE
Such requirements include chemical composition to ensure weldability and toughness to prevent
brittle fracture.
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8
.
1
.
4
C
h
e
m
i
c
a
l
c
o
m
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
Ferritic steel materials intended for welding and for which a product standard is not available should
have a maximum carbon equivalent, CE, of
— 0,45 for grades with a specified minimum yield strength not exceeding 360 MPa, and
— 0,48 for grades with a specified minimum yield strength above 360 MPa.
Ferritic steel materials intended for welding and for which a product standard is available shall have a
CE not exceeding the above values or the values quoted in the product standard, whichever is the lowest.
The purchaser o f materials may consider applications for which higher CEs are acceptable or the
acceptable maximum CE requires further limitation.
The CE shall be calculated as given in Formula (8):
CE = C + Mn/6 + (Cr + Mo + V)/5 + (Ni + Cu)/15
(8)
where the symbols o f the elements represent the percent mass fraction o f the corresponding element.
NOTE
The formatting for Formula (8) does not conform to the standard ISO formatting but it has been
accepted, exceptionally, on the basis o f its long-standing and well-established history in the industry.
For pipelines and primary piping transporting category A fluids, where the full chemical composition is
not reported, an alternative CE formula may be used.
CE = C + Mn/6 + 0,04
32
(9)
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 1 3 62 3 : 2 01 7(E)
8
.
1
.
5
B
r
i
t
t
l
f
e
r
a
c
t
u
r
e
t
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
Materials shall be selected and applied in such a way that brittle fracture is prevented.
Materials used in pipelines and primary piping transporting category C, D and E fluids, with a nominal
diameter above DN 150 and of ferritic, ferritic/austenitic or martensitic stainless or carbon steel, shall
meet the following minimum Charpy impact energy values for full-size Charpy V-notch test specimens:
— 27 J average/20 J individual for grades with specified minimum yield strength not exceeding
360 MPa;
— 40 J average/30 J individual for grades with specified minimum yield strength above 360 MPa.
The requirements for preventing brittle fracture o f materials in pipelines and primary piping
transporting category A and B fluids and o f components with a nominal diameter not exceeding DN 150
in pipelines transporting category C, D and E fluids shall be determined based on the design conditions.
Higher impact values can be required to arrest running ductile fractures (see 8.1.6).
NOTE
Full-size Charpy V-notch tests shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 148-1. The alternative,
tapered test pieces specified by ISO 3183 may also be used. Reduced-size specimens may be tested and
the minimum required impact energy values reduced in proportion to the thickness o f the specimen
when the thickness o f the components being tested does not permit a full-size Charpy V-notch test.
The test temperature shall not be higher than the minimum temperature the material can experience
while under pressure. Lower test temperatures shall be considered for gas or gas/liquid pipelines and
primary piping, for o ffshore risers and for large-thickness components.
The requirements for preventing brittle fracture shall be met in the parent metal and, for welded
components, the weld metal and heat-a ffected zones by the use o f a welding procedure qualified to
provide the specified brittle fracture resistance.
8
.
1
.
6
S
h
e
a
r
-
f
r
a
c
t
u
r
e
t
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s
The parent metal o f line pipe for pipelines conveying category C, D, and E fluids shall be capable o f
arresting running shear fractures. The phase behaviour o f fluids during sudden decompression shall be
determined and the required shear- fracture arrest properties verified for all phases.
NOTE
ISO 3183:2012, Annex G provides guidance on determining the fracture-toughness requirements for
the arrest of running shear fractures.
Charpy V-notch tests shall be carried out, in accordance with the requirements o f 8.1.5, at the minimum
temperature the pipeline can experience during service under the effect of lowest air, seawater or
ground temperature.
Mechanical crack arrestors consisting o f sleeves or heavy-wall pipe may be applied where it is
not practical to achieve the toughness required for fracture arrest. The consequences of fracture
propagation shall determine the locations and minimum spacing of arrestors along the pipeline.
8
.
1
.
7
H
i
g
h
e
r
-
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
The mechanical properties at the maximum operating temperature of materials for operations above
50 °C should be documented unless specified in the re ferenced product standard or complementary
justification.
8
.
1
.
8
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
e
s
a
f
t
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
For materials subjected to heat treatment, hot or cold forming, or other processes that can affect
the material properties, compliance with the specified requirements in the final condition shall
be documented. Documentation shall be provided for the parent metal and, in the case of welded
components, for the weld metal and heat-affected zones.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
33
ISO 13623:2017(E)
8
.
1
.
9
P
r
o
d
u
Re qui rements
c
t
i
o
for
n
q
u
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
e
s
for
pro duc tion qua l i fic ation pro gram me s and pre -pro duc tion te s ti ng
materia l shou ld
be considered on the basis of available experience with previous fabrication of that material.
8
.
1
.
1
0
M
a
r
k
i
n
g
Materials and components shall be marked in accordance with the requirements of the applicable
pro duc t s tandard or, i f no t s p e ci fie d, the re qui rements o f M S S S P-2 5 .
M arki ng by d ie s tampi ng sh a l l b e done i n a ma n ner re s u lti ng i n m i n i mum s tre s s concentration s and at
locations where the marking will not be harmful.
8.1.11 Inspection documents
All materials shall be supplied with an inspection document in accordance with ISO 10474, which can
be traced to the pipeline component. For materials for pressure-retaining components, an inspection
cer ti fic ate typ e 3 .1 i n accordance with I S O 10 474 s ha l l b e s uppl ie d as a m i n i mu m .
8
.
1
.
1
2
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
All materials for line pipe, piping components and coatings shall be manufactured and used in
accordance with the requirements of the relevant product standard and of this document.
Re qui rements
o f th i s do c u ment no t i nclude d i n the relevant pro duc t s tanda rd sh a l l b e s p e ci fie d and
supplemented to the product standard.
D e ta i le d
s p e ci fic ation s ,
re qu i rements
wh ich
s ha l l
i nclude
the re qu i re d
for Get
fabric
ation, te s ti ng , i n s p e c tion,
more
FREE standards from
prop er tie s ,
cer ti fic ation
d i men s iona l
and do c u mentation,
re qu i rements
and
sha l l b e prep are d
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for materials if a relevant product standard is not available.
8.1.13 Reuse of components
The reuse of components is permitted, provided
for the
i s known and me e ts the re qu i rements o f th i s do c u ment,
the s p e ci fication
—
i n s p e c tion do c u mentation compl ies with the re qui rements o f
—
it i s demon s trate d b y i n s p e c tion,
that they a re s ou nd and
T he
l i ne
pip e
grade L2 45
for
wh ich
origi na l
fabric ation
—
the
on ly, provide d
fol lowi ng
fre e from
8.1.11, and
cle an i ng , a nd rep ai r where p erm itte d b y th i s do c u ment,
de fe c ts .
s p e ci fic ation
o f the
it i s demon s trate d
origi na l
fabric ation
b y ade quate
i n s p e c tion
is
no t known
may b e
used
as
a nd te s ti ng th at the l i ne pip e
meets the requirements of ISO 3183. The use of such materials shall be limited to pipe operating at
s tre s s level s b elow 3 0 % o f the s p e ci fie d m i n i mu m yield s treng th .
NO TE
T he p ip el i ne op erator c a n cl a r i fy i n p roj e c t s p e c i fic ation s h i s accep ta nce o f the reu s e o f m ateri a l s .
8.1.14 Records
Sp e ci fic ation s
with
agre e d
devi ation s ,
de s ign
do s s ier
i n s p e c tion res u lts , a nd cer ti fic ation s ha l l b e col le c te d
with the requirements of 13.1.8.
34
s uch
for
as
c a lc u lation s
and
d rawi ngs ,
te s t
and
re tention du ri ng op eration s , i n accorda nce
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
8.2
Line pipe
8.2.1
Carbon steel pipe
Line pipe made of C-Mn steel shall conform to ISO 3183.
8.2.2
Stainless steel and non-ferrous metallic pipe
Stainless steel and non- ferrous metallic line pipe may be welded or seamless pipe.
8.2.3
Carbon steel pipe with stainless steel or non- ferrous metallic layer
Carbon steel line pipe shall conform to ISO 3183.
The design and internal corrosion evaluation shall address whether the internal stainless steel or non-
errous metallic layer should be metallurgically bonded (clad) or may be mechanically bonded (lined)
to the outer carbon steel pipe. The minimum thickness o f the internal layer should not be less than
f
3 mm in the pipe and at the weld.
The requirement o f pipe-end tolerances closer than specified in ISO 3183 for welding shall be reviewed
and specified i f deemed necessary.
8.3
Components other than pipe
8.3.1
Flanged connections
Flanged connections shall meet the requirements of ISO 15590-3, ASME B16.5 or MSS SP-44 or other
recognized codes. Proprietary flange designs are permissible. They should con form to relevant sections
of ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1.
Compliance with the design requirements of ISO 15590-3 shall be demonstrated when deviating from
the flange dimensions and drillings specified in ISO 15590-3.
Consideration shall be given to matching the flange bore with the bore o f the adjoining pipe wall to
facilitate alignment for welding.
Gaskets shall be made o f materials that are not damaged by the fluid and shall be capable o f withstanding
the pressures and temperatures to which they are subjected in service. Gaskets for services with
operating temperatures above 120 °C shall be of non-combustible materials.
Bolt material shall be compatible with the operating and environmental conditions and with the
pipeline material. Bolts or studbolts shall completely extend through the nuts.
8.3.2
Bends made from pipe
Bends may be made from pipe by hot, cold or induction bending. Mitred bends shall not be used.
The requirements for hot or cold bends are as follows.
— Pipe shall be o f fully killed steels.
— The ovality o f the bend body shall not exceed 2,5 %.
— Bend-end tolerances shall meet the pipe end tolerances o f the matching pipe.
— Wrinkling shall not be permitted, however, “waving” on the pipe bend intrados is acceptable
provided it meets the requirements of ISO 15590-1:2009, 10.5.1.
— All areas o f the bend shall comply with the requirements for specified minimum wall thickness o f
the adjacent piping.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
35
ISO 13623:2017(E)
— Bends shall comply with the mechanical properties specified for the pipe in 8.2.
Induction bends shall meet the requirements of ISO 15590-1.
Testing and inspection o f bends shall be done in the delivery condition.
8.3.3
Fittings
Fittings shall comply with the requirements specified in ISO 15590-2.
Fittings shall be made from fully killed steel and made using recognized practices to provide the
intended heat treat response and notch toughness properties.
8.3.4
Valves
Ball, check, gate and plug valves shall meet the requirements of ISO 14313. Valves for subsea application
shall meet the requirements of ISO 14723.
8.3.5
Fabricated isolating couplings
Fabricated isolating couplings shall be pressure-tested to 1,5 × MAOP and tested electrically to confirm
the electrical discontinuity, prior to installation in the pipeline. All process wetted parts, metallic and
non-metallic shall be compatible with the design service conditions.
8.3.6
Other components
The design of components for which there is no product standard shall meet the requirements of
ASME BPVC, Section VIII, Division 1. Fabrication welding and welding attachment to the pipeline, of all
other components,Get
shall
be inFREE
accordance
withfrom
ISO Standard
13847. Sharing Group and our chats
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8.4
Coatings
8.4.1
8.4.1.1
External coatings
Concrete weight coatings
Concrete weight coating shall comply with ISO 21809-5.
8.4.1.2
Coating for corrosion prevention and thermal insulation
Plant-applied coating shall comply with the requirements o f 9.5 and the applicable part of ISO 21809 as
follows:
— three-layer polyolefin coating: ISO 21809-1;
— single-layer fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coating: ISO 21809-2;
— two-layer polyolefin: ISO 21809-4;
— multi-layer fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coating.
8.4.1.3
Thermal insulation coatings
Thermal insulation coating shall comply with a recognized standard or specification, covering the
following requirements:
— type o f coating and rein forcement, where relevant;
— thickness o f individual layers and total thickness;
36
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
—
comp o s ition a nd/or b a s e materia l;
—
me ch an ic a l prop er tie s;
—
temp eratu re l i m itation s;
—
s u r face prep aration re qu i rements;
—
ad he s ion re qu i rements;
—
re qu i rements
for
materi a l s ,
appl ic ation
and c u ri ng ,
i nclud i ng
p o s s ible
re qu i rements
for
he a lth ,
s a fe ty and envi ron menta l a s p e c ts;
—
re qu i rements
for
qua l i fic ation te s ti ng o f co ati ng s ys tem a nd p ers on nel, where releva nt;
—
re qu i rements
for
te s ti ng and i n s p e c tion;
—
rep ai r pro ce du re s where relevant.
Wet thermal insulation for subsea application shall be in accordance with ISO 12736.
8.4.2
Internal coatings/linings
I nterna l co ati ng s hou ld, i n genera l , comply with a re co gn i ze d s ta ndard or s p e ci fic ation coveri ng the
following requirements:
—
typ e o f co ati ng a nd rei n forcement, where relevant;
—
th ickne s s o f i nd ividua l layers and to ta l th icknes s;
—
comp o s ition a nd/or b a s e materia l;
—
me ch an ic a l prop er tie s;
—
temp eratu re l i m itation s;
—
s u r face prep aration re qu i rements;
—
ad he s ion re qu i rements;
—
re qu i rements
for
materi a l s ,
appl ic ation
and c u ri ng ,
i nclud i ng
p o s s ible
re qu i rements
for
he a lth ,
s a fe ty and envi ron menta l a s p e c ts;
—
re qu i rements
for
qua l i fic ation te s ti ng o f co ati ng s ys tem a nd p ers on nel where relevant;
—
re qu i rements
for
te s ti ng and i n s p e c tion;
—
rep ai r pro ce du re s where relevant.
Anti-friction coatings should have a minimum thickness of 40 µm.
9
9.1
Corrosion management
General
I nterna l and e x terna l corro s ion o f pip el i ne s ys tem s s ha l l b e manage d to prevent u naccep table ri s k o f
fai lu re
or lo s s o f op erabi l ity
from
should include the following:
—
corro s ion with i n the s p e ci fie d de s ign l i fe . T he corro s ion management
identi fic ation a nd eva luation o f the p o tenti a l s ou rce s o f corro s ion;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
37
ISO 13623:2017(E)
— selection o f materials, taking into account the results o f the internal and external corrosivity
evaluations;
— identification o f the necessary corrosion mitigation;
— definition o f the requirements for corrosion monitoring and inspection;
— review o f the findings from corrosion monitoring and inspection;
— periodic modification o f the requirements o f corrosion management, as dictated by experience and
changes in the design conditions and environment.
Internal and external corrosivity evaluations shall be carried out to document that, for the selected
material(s), corrosion can be controlled within the design intent over the design life.
The evaluations should be based on relevant operating and maintenance experience and/or the results
o f laboratory testing.
Any corrosion allowance should take into account the type and rate o f corrosion predicted for the
design life.
Possible internal and external corrosion of materials during transport, storage, construction, testing,
preservation, commissioning and operational upset conditions shall be included in the evaluations.
9.2
Internal corrosivity evaluation
Possible loss or degradation of materials shall be determined for all design conditions (see 5.1).
The possible formation o f free liquid water shall be evaluated for the fluid velocities, pressures and
temperatures anticipated
during operations.
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Components o f the fluid(s) that can cause or a ffect internal corrosion shall be identified and their
potential for corrosion determined for the predicted ranges of concentrations, pressures and
temperatures.
EXAMPLE
Fluid components that may cause or a ffect internal corrosion include carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, elemental sul fur, mercury, oxygen, water, dissolved salts (chlorides, bicarbonates, carboxylates, etc.),
solid deposits (in relation to line cleanliness), bacterial contamination, chemical additives injected during
upstream activities, contamination from upstream process upsets.
The types o f potential corrosion to be addressed shall include the following:
— general material loss and degradation;
— localized corrosion, such as pitting under deposits and mesa- or crevice-type attack;
— microbiologically induced corrosion;
— stress cracking;
— hydrogen-induced cracking or stepwise cracking;
— stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking;
— erosion and erosion-corrosion;
— corrosion fatigue;
— bimetallic/galvanic couples, including pre ferential weld corrosion.
38
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
9.3
Internal corrosion mitigation
9.3.1
Methods
Me tho d s
for
the m itigation o f i nterna l corro s ion may i nclude the
—
a mo d i fic ation o f de s ign/op erati ng cond ition s;
—
the u s e o f corro s ion-re s i s tant materia l s;
—
the u s e o f chem ic a l add itives;
—
the appl ication o f i nterna l co ati ngs or l i n i ngs;
—
the u s e o f re gu lar me ch an ic a l cle a n i ng;
—
the el i m i nation o f bi me ta l l ic couple s .
fol lowi ng:
T he comp atibi l ity o f the s ele c te d m itigation with down s tre a m op eration s shou ld b e con s idere d .
9.3.2
Revision of design conditions
F lu id-pro ce s s i ng
faci l itie s
s ys tem
reviewe d
may
be
up s tre am o f the pip el i ne s ys tem and pro ce du re s
to
identi fy
opp or tun itie s
for
the
remova l
of
for
op erati ng the pip el i ne
corro s ive
comp onents
or
cond ition s identi fie d duri ng the corro s ivity eva luation .
9.3.3
Chemical additives
Factors for consideration during the selection of chemical additives should include the following:
—
e ffe c tivenes s at water-we tte d a re a s over the
—
velo city variation o f flu id s;
—
p ar tition i ng b ehaviou r i n mu ltipha s e s ys tem s;
—
i n fluence o f s e d i ments and s c a les;
—
comp atibi l ity with the flu id s p e ci fication;
—
comp atibi l ity with o ther add itive s;
—
comp atibi l ity with the comp onent materi a l s , i n p ar tic u lar non-me ta l l ic materia l s;
—
p ers on nel s a fe ty i n chem ic a l s h and l i ng;
—
envi ron menta l e ffe c ts i n the event o f d i s cha rge;
—
comp atibi l ity with op eration s down s tre am o f the pip el i ne s ys tem .
9.3.4
fu l l
pip el i ne s ys tem;
Internal coatings or linings
C o ati ngs or l i n i ngs may b e appl ie d to re duce i nterna l corro s ion provide d that it i s demon s trate d that
i ncomple te
pro te c tion,
at are a s
s uch
as
hol idays
and
o ther
de fe c ts ,
do e s
no t le ad
to
corrosion.
Factors for consideration during coating or lining selection should include the following:
—
i nterna l co ati ng o f field j oi nts;
—
appl ic ation me tho d s;
—
avai labi l ity o f rep ai r me tho d s;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
u naccep table
39
ISO 13623:2017(E)
—
op erati ng cond ition s;
—
long-term e ffe c ts o f the flu id(s) on the co ati ng/ l i n i ng;
—
re s i s tance to pre s s u re change;
—
i n fluence o f temp eratu re grad ients over the co ati ng;
—
comp atibi l ity with piggi ng op eration s .
9.3.5
Cleaning
Requirements for the periodic internal mechanical cleaning should be determined. Factors for
consideration should include the following:
a) the removal of accumulated solids and/or pockets of corrosive liquid to assist in the reduction of
corrosion in these areas;
b) enhancement of the effectiveness of chemical additives.
In choosing a mechanical cleaning device, consideration should be given to
—
the p o s s ible con s e quence s o
f removi ng pro te c tive l ayers o f corro s ion pro duc ts or chem ica l add itive s ,
or da mage to i nterna l co ati ngs or l i n i ngs , b y me chan ica l cle an i ng , and
—
9.4
T he
the p o s s ible advers e e ffe c ts o f contac ts b e twe en pip el i ne s ys tem materia l s , s uch a s s ta i n le s s s te el s ,
and the materials of mechanical cleaning devices.
External corrosion evaluation
p o s s ibi l ity
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of
ex terna l
corro s ion
o cc u rri ng
s ha l l
be
temperatures (see 5.1) and the external conditions (see 6.2).
Table 6
corrosion.
de term i ne d
on
the
b as i s
of
op erati ng
l i s ts typic a l envi ron ments that s ha l l b e con s idere d when eva luati ng the p o s s ibi l ity o f ex terna l
T
O
a
b
ff
s
l
e
h
o
6
r
e
—
p
i
E
p
n
e
l
v
i
i
n
r
e
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
t
o
b
e
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
f
o
r
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
c
o
r
r
o
s
i
o
n
On-land pipelines
s
Atmosphere (marine)
Air/water interface (splash zone)
Sea water
Seabed or buried in seabed
Inside bundles or sleeves
Rock dump/concrete mattresses
Inside J-tubes/caissons
e
Atmosphere (marine/industrial/rural)
Sea water (tidal zone/shore approach)
Fresh or brackish water
Marshes and swamps
River crossings
D r y or we t s oi l
Inside tunnels, sleeves or caissons
Environmental parameters that should be considered include the following:
a) ambient temperatures;
b)
re s i s tivity, s a l i n ity and ox ygen content o f the envi ron ment;
c)
b ac teria l ac tivity;
d) water current;
e) degree of burial;
f) potential in-growth of tree roots;
40
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
g) potential soil pollution by hydrocarbons and other pollutants.
The evaluation o f corrosion measures should take into account the probable long-term corrosivity o f
the environment rather than be solely confined to the as-installed corrosivity. For on-land pipelines,
due consideration should be given to any known planned changes in the use o f the land traversed by the
pipeline route that can alter the environmental conditions and, thus, soil corrosivity, e.g. irrigation o f
land previously arid or o f low corrosivity.
The possible e ffect o f the pH o f the environment and possible sources o f stray d.c. and alternating
currents shall be evaluated for on-land pipelines.
The types o f external corrosion damage for consideration shall include the following:
— general metal loss and degradation;
— localized corrosion, e.g. pitting under deposit or crevice attack;
— microbiologically induced corrosion;
— stress-corrosion cracking, e.g. carbonate/bicarbonate attack.
9.5 External corrosion mitigation
9.5.1
Protection requirements
All metallic pipelines and primary piping should be provided with an external coating and, for buried or
submerged sections, cathodic protection. The use of corrosion allowance and a durable coating or the
severe corrosion.
use o f a corrosion-resistant alloy cladding should also be considered for areas with a high probability o f
EXAMPLE
pipelines.
9.5.2
The splash zone is an area with a high probability o f severe external corrosion o f risers in o ffshore
External coatings
The effectiveness in providing the required protection and the possible hazards during application and
service shall be considered when selecting external coatings.
Parameters for consideration when evaluating the effectiveness of external coatings shall include the
following:
— electrical resistivity o f the coating;
— moisture permeation and its relation to temperature;
— required adhesion between the coating and the base material;
— required resistance to shear forces between the coating and additional coating, insulation or
environment;
— susceptibility to cathodic disbondment;
— resistance to ageing, brittleness and cracking;
— requirements for coating repair;
— possible detrimental e ffects on the pipe material;
— possible thermal cycling;
— resistance to damage during handling, shipping, storage, installation and service.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
41
ISO 13623:2017(E)
E x terna l co ati ngs o f l i ne pip e s hou ld b e
which shall be coated on site.
fac tor y- appl ie d,
excep t
for
field j oi nts and o ther s p e c ia l p oi nts ,
Field j oi nts s ha l l b e pro te c te d with a co ati ng s ys tem that i s comp atible with the l i ne -pip e co ati ng. T he
co ati ng shou ld me e t or e xce e d the l i ne -pip e
co ati ng s p e ci fic ation
a nd a l low s ati s fac tor y appl ic ation
under the pre d ic te d field cond ition s .
T herma l ly i n s u late d pip el i ne s s hou ld i nclude an a nti- corro s ion co ati ng.
P ip el i ne s
in
J-tub es
s ha l l
be
e x terna l ly
co ate d .
Po s s ible
J-tubes should be considered when selecting a coating.
9.5.3
co ati ng
da mage
du ri ng
i n s ta l lation
i n s ide
Cathodic protection
C atho d ic pro te c tion s ys tem s s ha l l b e de s igne d ,
manu fac tu re d, i n s ta l le d a nd op erate d i n accordance
with ISO 15589-1 for on-land pipelines and ISO 15589-2 for offshore pipelines.
9.6
Monitoring programmes and methods
9.6.1
Requirement for monitoring
The requirements for corrosion monitoring programmes shall be established on the basis of the
predicted corrosion mechanisms and corrosion rates (see 9.2 and 9.4), the selected corrosion mitigation
methods (see 9.3 and 9.5
f
f
The use of internal inspection tools should be considered if monitoring of internal or external corrosion
or other defects is required over the full length of the pipeline. Approximate rates or trends of corrosion
) and s a e ty and envi ron menta l
ac tors .
de gradation may b e de term i ne d by ana lys i s o f re s u lts o f con s e c utive me ta l lo s s i n s p e c tion s .
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An inspection of the pipeline soon after commissioning should be considered to provide a baseline for
the i nterpre tation o f
9.6.2
9.6.2.1
futu re
s u r veys .
Monitoring internal corrosion
Selection o f techniques
The selection of techniques for the monitoring of internal corrosion shall consider the following:
—
anticip ate d typ e o f corro s ion;
—
p o tenti a l
—
anticip ate d corro s ion rate (s e e
—
re qui re d acc u rac y;
—
avai lable i nterna l a nd ex terna l acce s s;
—
h i nd ra nce o f the p as s age o f pigs or i n s p e c tion veh icles b y i nterna l ob s truc tion s .
for
water s ep aration, ero s ion, e tc . (flow charac teri s tics) ;
9.2);
NOTE
Possible techniques include the installation of devices such as coupons or probes to give an indication
9.6.2.2
Location of test points for local corrosion monitoring
o f the cor ro s ion i n the pip el i ne s ys tem or p er io d ic a n a l ys e s o f the flu id to mo n itor its co r ro s i vi ty.
Test points for corrosion monitoring should be located along the pipeline or associated facilities, where
it i s mo s t l i kely to ob ta i n repre s entative i nd ic ation s o f corro s ion i n the pip el i ne .
42
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
9.6.3
Monitoring external condition
Accessible sections should be visually surveyed periodically to assess the conditions o f the pipeline
system and, where applied, the external coating. Buried or submerged pipelines shall also be inspected
when exposed.
A more detailed, close visual examination o f the coating shall be carried out periodically at locations
with a high probability o f severe corrosion.
The requirements for periodic surveys o f the coating o f on-land pipelines shall be determined, taking
into account the selected coating and predicted degradation, the soil type, the observed cathodic
protection potentials and current demands and known metal loss.
NOTE
9
.
6
.
4
Applicable survey techniques are described in ISO 15589-1.
M
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Periodic surveys shall be carried out to monitor the cathodic protection in accordance with ISO 15589-1
and ISO 15589-2.
9.7
Evaluation of monitoring and inspection results
All findings o f the monitoring and inspection activities shall be analysed to
— review the adequacy o f the corrosion management,
— identi fy possible improvements,
— indicate a requirement for further detailed assessment o f the pipeline system condition, and
— indicate the requirement to modi fy the corrosion-management requirements.
9.8
Corrosion-management documentation
Documentation that describes the following shall be prepared in accordance with the requirements for
corrosion management given in 9.1 to 9.6:
— assessment o f the corrosion threats and associated potentials for failure;
— choice o f materials and corrosion mitigation methods;
— selection o f inspection and corrosion-monitoring techniques and inspection frequencies;
— any specific decommissioning and abandonment requirements associated with the selected
corrosion-management approach.
10 Construction
10.1 General
10.1.1 Construction plan
A construction plan shall be prepared before the commencement of construction to assist in the control
should contain, as a minimum
o f the work. This plan shall be commensurate with the complexity and the hazards o f the work and
— a description o f the construction,
— a health, sa fety and environment plan, and
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
43
ISO 13623:2017(E)
— a quality plan.
The description of the construction should include methods, personnel and equipment required for the
construction and working procedures.
NOTE
Special construction, such as tunnels, landfalls for offshore pipelines, pipeline bridges and horizontal
directional drilling, can require supplemental pipeline installation procedures.
The health, sa fety and environment plan should describe requirements and measures for the protection
o f the health and sa fety o f the public, personnel involved in the construction and the environment. It
should contain the requirements o f the relevant legislation and applicable standards, identification o f
hazards and measures required for their control and emergency procedures.
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All facilities that can be a ffected by the construction o f the pipeline system shall be identified prior to
beginning the work.
Temporary provisions and sa fety measures necessary to protect the identified facilities during
construction should be established. Owners and/or operators of the facilities should be consulted when
defining these temporary provisions and sa fety measures and shall be given timely notification o f the
commencement of construction.
EXAMPLE
Other facilities can include existing roads and railways, watercourses, footpaths, pipelines, cables
and buildings.
10.1.3 Plant, equipment and marine vessels
All major plant, equipment and marine vessels used for construction shall be inspected before and
engineering practice.
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during construction
determine
their suitability
for the Sharing
intendedGroup
work and
in accordance
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Handling, storing, transport and installation of materials shall be performed in a manner that prevents
or minimizes damage to pipes, fittings, components and coating. Transport and handling procedures
may be required. These procedures should identi fy the equipment being used and the stacking
requirements.
NOTE
API RP 5LW and API RP 5L1 provide guidance for the transport of line pipe.
Materials shall be inspected for damage and de fects that do not con form to the specifications. These
materials shall not be installed unless the damage and/or defect has been removed or corrected.
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10.2.1 Site inspections
Site inspections of existing conditions along the working width of the pipeline route shall be undertaken
after access to the route has been granted and before commencement of construction. Reports of these
inspections shall state the condition o f the items potentially a ffected by construction and record the
mutual approval of all parties concerned.
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The pipeline route, working width, buried structures and overhead structures shall be surveyed
and marked prior to construction. Marking shall be maintained in good condition during the
construction period.
44
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
10.2.3 Preparation o f the working width
Appropriate fencing shall be provided along the working width where required for public sa fety and
to prevent livestock from encroaching on the working width. Constraints or precautions that are
necessary to observe within the working width shall be defined in the construction specifications.
EXAMPLE
Such constraints or precautions include preservation o f specific trees, disposition o f trees and
stumps, separation of topsoil, drainage and scour and erosion prevention.
10.2.4 Blasting
Blasting shall be in accordance with relevant legislation and environmental constraints and shall be
per formed by competent and qualified personnel.
10.3 Preparation o f the route o ffshore
10.3.1 Surveys
In addition to the survey requirements o f 6.2.3 , a pre-construction seabed survey should be per formed
along the proposed pipeline route to identi fy potential hazards for the pipeline or construction
operations.
10.3.2 Seabed preparation
Seabed survey data shall be analysed and seabed preparation undertaken, i f necessary, to meet the
strength criteria in 6.4.2.
10.4 Welding and joining
10.4.1 Welding standard
Welding o f the pipeline and primary piping shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 13847. Welding
o f the secondary piping shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 15649.
10.4.2 Weld examination
Examination o f welds in the pipeline and primary piping shall be per formed in accordance with
ISO 13847 and, except as allowed for tie-in welds in 11.5, the weld examination shall be carried out
before pressure-testing.
All welds shall be examined visually and by radiography or ultrasonic testing.
Radiography or ultrasonic examination shall cover the weld over its full circum ference. The examination
shall be appropriate to the joint configuration, wall thickness and pipe diameter.
Welds in secondary piping shall be examined in accordance with the applicable standard.
Welds shall meet the acceptance criteria specified in the applicable welding standard. Welds not
meeting these criteria shall be either removed or, if permitted, repaired and re-inspected.
10.4.3 Joining other than welding
Joining by other techniques shall be per formed in accordance with approved procedures.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
45
ISO 13623:2017(E)
10.5 Coating
10.5.1 Field joint coating
Field joint coatings shall satis fy the requirements o f ISO 21809-3.
10.5.2 Coating inspection
Coatings shall be visually inspected at the time o f pipe installation to ensure compliance with the
specified standard and application procedure.
Immediately be fore the pipe is lowered into the trench, or be fore the pipe leaves the installation vessel,
the entire coating sur face shall be inspected, where accessible, using a holiday detector set to the
correct voltage applicable to the coating. Defects shall be marked and repaired before the pipe is placed
in its final position. Where coating damage or disbondment has occurred, the coating shall be removed,
replaced and retested.
Coating on tie-ins, special assemblies and pipe sections for crossings shall be inspected with a holiday
detector prior to installation.
10.6 Installation of on-land pipelines
10.6.1 Pipe stringing
Stringing shall be per formed in accordance with written procedures that define access limitations and
provisions for minimizing interference with local and public land use and include provisions for access
across the working width.
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Pipes may be bent cold in the field to fit pipeline alignment and topographical conditions. Field bends
shall be made on bending machines that provide su fficient support to the pipe cross-section to prevent
buckling or wrinkling o f the pipe wall and to maintain coating integrity.
The minimum bending radii should not be less than the following:
— 20 D for pipe OD of less than 200 mm;
— 30 D for pipe OD of 200 mm to 400 mm;
— 40 D for pipe OD of over 400 mm.
Field bends may be made to a shorter radius than shown above provided that, a fter bending, the ovality
is not greater and the wall thickness is not less than permitted by the design and that the material
properties meet the toughness requirements specified for the line pipe.
Bends shall be free from buckling, cracks or other evidence of mechanical damage.
When bending pipe with diameters above 300 mm and with a diameter-to-wall-thickness ratio of
greater than 70:1, consideration should be given to the use of an internal mandrel.
A test bend should be made to veri fy that the requirements o f this subclause can be met.
Bends should not be made from pipe lengths containing girth welds that are within 1 m of the bend.
Longitudinal weld seams should be placed near the neutral axis o f field bends.
10.6.3 Excavation
Trench depth shall be su fficient to provide the cover specified in accordance with 6.8.2.1.
46
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Trench side slopes shall be analysed to determine whether shoring or sloping is required to provide sa fe
working conditions. Erosion-mitigation measures should be established to prevent trench instability
and damage to the environment.
The trench bottom shall be flat and free from sharp edges or objects that can damage the pipe or its
coating. I f this is not possible, the pipe shall be protected by installing bedding material or mechanical
protection. Any bedding material or mechanical protection shall not act as a shield to the passage o f the
cathodic-protection current to the pipe surface.
When work is performed in the trench, it shall be widened and deepened to allow safe working
conditions. Precautions shall be taken prior to personnel entering the trench to ensure that a safe, nonflammable atmosphere is present. When trenching occurs adjacent to existing underground structures,
precautions shall be taken to avoid damage to such structures. A minimum separation of 0,3 m shall be
provided between the outside o f any buried pipe and the extremity o f any other underground structure,
unless special provisions are made to protect the pipeline and the underground structure.
10.6.4 Lowering pipe
Prior to lowering, the trench bottom shall be clean and free o f objects likely to cause coating damage
and shall be graded to provide uniform support to the pipeline.
Equipment or methods used for lowering the pipe into the trench shall not damage the pipe or its
coating. Li fting and lowering procedures shall such that the strength criteria specified in 6.4.2 are not
exceeded.
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To avoid coating damage, backfill should be carried out as soon as possible a fter lowering.
Flooded trenches should be pumped dry or drained prior to backfilling. When this is not possible and
it is necessary to backfill a flooded trench, care shall be exercised to ensure that liquefied backfill does
not displace the pipe.
Backfill materials or protective measures shall be selected to prevent damage to the pipe or its coating.
Field drains, ditches and other drainage systems interrupted during the work should be reinstated.
Backfill materials and installation methods under roads, footpaths, shoulders, banks and similar areas
shall be selected to ensure the stability and integrity o f these facilities. When terrain, soil and water
conditions are present that can cause erosion, consideration shall be given to the installation of barriers
to prevent land slippage or washout.
10.6.6 Tie-in
Tie-in procedures shall include provisions for controlling the pipe stress to the allowable strength
criteria in 6.4.2 . Procedures shall include consideration o f the pipeline configuration, planned movement
after tie-in and temperature differences between tie-in and future operations.
10.6.7 Reinstatement
Reinstatement o f the working width and other areas a ffected by construction shall be carried out in
accordance with procedures that meet the requirements of relevant legislation and agreements with
landowners and occupants.
10.6.8 Crossings
All crossings shall be carried out in a manner that meets the requirements of 6.2.1 and 10.1.2.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
47
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Where watercou rs e s are cro s s e d by the op en- c ut me th o d, con s ideration s ha l l b e given to the comp o s ition
o f the b o ttom, va riation i n b a n ks , velo c ity o f water, s cou ri ng and s p e c ia l s e as ona l problem s . Work s ha l l
b e exe c ute d i n s uch a way that flo o d i ng o f adj acent la nd do e s no t o cc u r.
Precautions shall be taken during installation to avoid impact, distortion of the pipeline or other
conditions that can cause pipe stress or strain to exceed the levels established in the design.
for
I n s ta l lation pro ce dure s
hori z onta l d i re c tiona l ly d ri l le d cro s s i ngs sha l l add re s s the re qu i rements
unique to such crossings, for example,
—
conta i nment a nd d i s p o s a l o f d ri l l i ng fluid,
—
s ele c tion o f abras ion-re s i s tant corro s ion co ati ng , and
—
i n s tru mentation
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P ip el i ne lo c ation ma rkers sha l l b e pl ace d a s s p e c i fie d i n
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6.8.1.
s
10.7.1 Marine operations
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T he s tation-ke epi ng s ys tem s hou ld have ade quate re dundanc y or b ack-up s ys tem s to en s ure that o ther
mari ne ve s s el s or i n s ta l l ation s are no t end angere d b y its p a r ti a l
fa i lu re .
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Construction vessels using anchors to maintain position should do so in accordance with a
suitable scale, containing the following information, as appropriate:
pre de term i ne d
anchor
p attern .
T he
anchor
p attern
shou ld
—
p o s ition o f e ach anchor a nd e ach c ab le touchdown p oi nt;
—
lo c ation o f e xi s ti ng pip el i nes a nd i n s ta l lation s;
—
ver tic a l cle ara nce b e twe en anchor c able s and pip el i ne s;
—
prop o s e d pip el i ne route and lay corridor;
—
temp ora r y works pre s ent du ri ng the con s truc tion p erio d;
—
anchor p attern s o f o ther ve s s el s i n the vic i n ity;
—
con s truc tion-ve s s el p o s ition;
—
proh ibite d anchori ng z ones;
—
wre cks a nd o ther p o tenti a l ob s truc tion s .
be
shown
on
a
b athyme tric
char t
to
a
To prevent damage to existing facilities, minimum clearances shall be established between anchor and
anchor c able s and fi xe d s tr uc tu res , s ub s e a i n s ta l lation s or o ther pip el i nes .
All anchors transported over subsea installations or pipelines should be secured on the deck of the
anchor-handling vessel. Construction-vessel anchor winches should be equipped with a cable length
and load indicator.
48
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
10.7.1.2 Contingency procedures
P rior
to
b e gi n n i ng
the
work,
following:
a) worksite abandonment;
b)
conti ngenc y
pro ce du re s
s ha l l
be
prep are d .
T he s e
s hou ld
i nclude
the
pip e buckle s (we t a nd d r y) ;
c) loss of coating;
d)
ab a ndon ment and re cover y o f the pip el i ne .
10.7.1.3 Notifications
P rior to con s tr uc tion o f o ffs hore pip el i ne s , no ti fic ation s ha l l b e given to op erators o f e xi s ti ng pip el i ne s
and c able s th at wi l l b e cro s s e d du ri ng pip el i ne con s truc tion or pip el i ne tow. N o ti fic ation sha l l a l s o b e
given to the appropri ate entitie s , s uch as co a s tguard, fi s hermen a nd o ther u s ers o f the s e a .
10.7.2 Survey and positioning systems
Horizontal surface positioning, either satellite- or land-based, should form the basis for locating
con s tr uc tion
ves s el s ,
pip el i ne
p o s ition i ng s ys tem sh a l l have s u
p o s ition
a nd
p oi nts
o f re ference
for
lo ca l
p o s ition i ng
s ys tem s .
T he
fficient acc u rac y to a l low placement o f the pip el i ne with i n the tolerance s
s p e c i fie d i n the de s ign do c u ments . O p eration s i n conge s te d are a s a nd work re qu i ri ng pre ci s e lo c ation
c an re qu i re a p o s ition i ng s ys tem o f gre ater acc u rac y th an that re qui re d
for
pip el i ne placement.
T he s u r vey s ys tem u s e d o ffs hore sh a l l b e correlate d with the on s hore s u r vey s ys tem when the pip el i ne
includes a shoreline crossing.
10.7.3 Pipe laying
P ip e shou ld b e s p e c i fie d a nd ordere d i n leng th s to s u it the s p aci ng o f lay-b a rge work s tation s , s uch that
variations in length do not disrupt operations.
T he pip e -layi ng and ten s ioni ng s ys tem s s ha l l b e c ap able o f layi ng the pip el i ne without exce e d i ng the
strength criteria in 6.4.2 and shall be designed to prevent damage to the coating and anodes.
T he c ritica l s upp or t p oi nts o f the pip el i ne on the s ti nger s hou ld b e mon itore d b y vide o .
B uckle
de te c tors
s hou ld
be
used
duri ng
pip e
layi ng
to
de te c t
re duc tion s
in
d i ame ter
o f the
pip e .
D e te c tors sh a l l b e c ap able o f de term i n i ng d ia me ter change s o f 5 % or gre ater.
Instrumentation should be provided to monitor and record the parameters required to demonstrate
that the allowable strength criteria in 6.4.2 are not exceeded.
P ip el i ne s
i n s ta l le d
b y towi ng i nto p o s ition,
either on the b o ttom,
o ff-b o ttom
or on the s u r face, c a n
re qu i re a mon itori ng and/or guard ve s s el to prevent i nter ference with the towe d pip el i ne
vessels.
C on s tr uc tion
pla n s
for
the J-lay and re el b arge
me tho d s
tensioning requirements associated with such methods.
sh a l l
add re s s
the un ique
s tre s s
by o ther
level s
and
10.7.4 Landfalls
L and fa l l s
b y b o ttom
pu l l ,
d i re c tiona l
d ri l l i ng or o ther me tho d s
sh a l l
no t c au s e
the pip el i ne
stresses or strains to exceed the strength criteria in 6.4.2 or damage to coating and anodes.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
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49
ISO 13623:2017(E)
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Trench i ng dep th and pro fi le s hou ld b e s ele c te d to en s ure that the pip el i ne s tre s s e s du ri ng trench i ng
operations do not exceed the strength criteria in 6.4.2. Loads imposed on the pipeline during trenching
f
Monitoring for boulders, debris and excessive spanning should be carried out. Trenching methods and
equipment shall be selected to prevent damage to the pipe, coating and anodes and should be suitable
for the soil conditions.
shou ld b e mon itore d . C on s ideration s ha l l b e given to the ex tra lo ad s i mp o s e d i
Po s t-lay
and
s i mu ltane ou s -lay
trench i ng
e qu ipment
sh a l l
be
provide d
with
the pip el i ne i s flo o de d .
i n s tr umentation
th at
monitors and records the parameters required to demonstrate that the strength criteria are not
exceeded.
EXAMPLE
Acceptable trenching methods include jetting, ploughing, mechanical cutting for rock or hard
soils and dredging.
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B ackfi l l materi a l sh a l l b e pl ace d i n a control le d m an ner to prevent pip e and pip e - co ati ng damage a nd to
en s u re the s p e c i fie d grad i ng , cover and pro fi le re qui rements are me t. B ackfi l l pro fi le s sh a l l b e s ele c te d
to m i n i m i ze i nter ference with fi s h i ng and o ther th i rd-p ar ty ac tivitie s .
1
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The location, position and condition of a pipeline or cable being crossed shall be determined before
construction of the crossing.
I f pre s e t s upp or ts are s p e c i fie d, the p o s ition o f the exi s ti ng pip el i ne or c able and the cro s s i ng p oi nt
sha l l b e acc u rately e s tabl i s he d prior to i n s ta l l i ng s upp or ts . T he i n s ta l l ation o f s upp or ts shou ld pro duce
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a s mo o th cro s s i ng pro fi le th at m i n i m i z e s the ri sk o f d amage to either s tr uc tu re
s uch a s
from
from
ex terna l
force s
a nchors a nd fi s h i ng e quipment.
H ori zonta l- s u r
face
p o s ition i ng s ys tem s
s ha l l b e s upplemente d
b y an on-b o ttom
p o s ition i ng s ys tem .
B e c au s e o f the clo s e tolera nce s re qu i re d, the cro s s i ng i n s ta l lation shou ld b e mon itore d to con fi rm th at
the structures are in their correct position.
10.7.8 Spans
T he pip el i ne s ha l l b e s u r veye d
where re qu i re d,
for
the pre s ence o f s p an s a nd s p an re c ti fic ation
to s ati s fy the s treng th- criteria
l i m itation s
of
s tabi l ity o f s upp or ts or i mp or te d materia l s ha l l b e e s tab l i s he d .
sha l l b e p er forme d,
6.4.2. The potential for scour and the
10.7.9 Tie-ins
Construction procedures for tie-ins shall include provisions for controlling the pipe stress to the
allowable strength criteria in 6.4.2.
10.8 Cleaning and gauging
Fol lowi ng
con s truc tion,
the
pip el i ne
s e c tion s
shou ld
b e cle ane d
by the
similar devices to remove dirt, construction debris and other matter.
Gaugi ng pigs or device s that che ck
for
p as s age
o f cle an i ng
pigs
or
ova l ity and i nterna l ob s truc tion s s hou ld b e p a s s e d th rough e ach
s e c tion b e fore te s ti ng. T he gaugi ng-plate d i ame ter sh a l l b e no le s s than 9 5 % o f the s ma l le s t nom i na l
internal pipe diameter of the pipeline, except that in no case should the clearance between the gauging
plate and the pipe wall be less than 7 mm.
50
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
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9
A
s
-
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u
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t
s
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s
Upon completion o f construction, an as-built survey shall be per formed to record the accurate location
of the pipeline, crossings, adjacent features, spans and associated appurtenances.
10.10 Construction records
Permanent records in reproducible and retrievable form that identi fy the location and description o f
the pipeline system shall be compiled upon completion o f the work and shall include the following:
— as-built surveys;
— welding documentation;
— as-built drawings and technical specifications;
— construction procedures.
11 Testing
11.1 General
Pressure-testing shall be in accordance with 6.7.
The number of test sections should be minimized. Selection of test sections shall take into account the
following:
— sa fety o f personnel and the public and the protection o f the environment and other facilities;
— construction sequence;
— terrain and access;
— availability and disposal o f test water.
If the test medium is subject to thermal expansion during the test, provisions shall be made for relieving
excess pressure.
Equipment that should not be subjected to the test pressures shall be isolated from the pipeline during
testing.
Valves should not be used as end closures during pressure-testing, unless rated for the differential
pressure across the valve during testing. All devices used as end closures shall have su fficient strength
to withstand the test pressure.
Temporary testing mani folds, temporary pig traps and other testing components connected to the test
section shall be designed and fabricated to withstand the test pressure of the pipeline.
Individual components and fabricated items, such as pig traps, manifolds, metering skids, block valve
assemblies, pipe for crossings (stream, road or railway), risers and tie-in assemblies, may be pre-tested
in accordance with the provisions of this document. Pre-tested assemblies shall be tested to at least the
strength test pressure of the pipeline.
11.2 Safety
Work on, or near, any part o f a pipeline system under test shall not be permitted for the period from
the start of the increase in pressure to the reduction in pressure at the end of the test, except where
necessary for the testing.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
51
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Warning signs shall be placed and the pipeline route, patrolled as appropriate to prevent access to the
pipeline during the test.
I n the c as e o f pneu matic te s ti ng , the h a z a rd s
from
energ y s tore d i n the pip el i ne sha l l b e ta ken i nto
account when de s ign i ng the s a fe ty re qu i rements .
T he s a fe ty o f the publ ic, con s truc tion p ers on nel, adj acent
fac i l itie s a nd the
pro te c tion o f the envi ronment
shall be ensured when depressurizing the test medium. If air or gas is used as a test medium, it shall be
rel ieve d b y re duc i ng pre s s u re i n a control le d ma n ner.
11.3 Procedures
11.3.1 Written procedures
Written procedures for strength and leak tests shall be prepared prior to the beginning of testing and
shall include the requirements of 6.7 and the following:
—
pro fi le, wh ich s hou ld i nd ic ate the pip e grade a nd wa l l th icknes s , and leng th o f e ach te s t s e c tion with
the te s t pre s s u re s p e ci fie d
for
e ach end o f pip e s e c tion b ei ng te s te d;
—
s a fe ty provi s ion s;
—
re qui rements
—
s ou rce and comp o s ition o f te s t water and its d i s p o s a l;
—
e qu ipment re qui rements;
—
pre s s u re s and du ration s;
—
eva luation o f te s t re s u lts;
—
le a k-fi nd i ng.
for
conti nuou s mon itori ng (s e e
11.6 and 11.7);
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11.3.2 Communications
Communications should be provided between all points manned during the test.
11.3.3 Water quality
Water
for
te s ti ng and flu s h i ng shou ld b e cle an a nd
fre e from
any s u s p ende d or d i s s olve d s ub s tance th at
can be harmful to the pipe material or internal coating (where applied) or that can form deposits within
the pip el i ne . Water s ample s shou ld b e ana lys e d and s u itable pre c aution s
ta ken to remove or i n h ibit
any h arm fu l s ub s tance s . C on s ideration s ha l l b e given to the control o f i nterna l corro s ion i n accordance
with 9.2 and the monitoring of internal corrosion in accordance with 9.6.2.
11.3.4 Inhibitors and additives
I f hyd ro s tatic te s t water ana lys i s or pro ce du re s i nd ic ate that i n h ibitors a nd add itive s , s uch as corro s ion
i n h ibitors ,
ox ygen s c avengers ,
bio cide a nd dye s , are ne ce s s ar y,
then con s ideration
sh a l l b e given to
their interaction and the effect on the environment during test-water disposal. Consideration shall also
b e given to the e ffe c t o f any s uch add itive s on the materia l s th roughout the pip el i ne s ys tem .
11.3.5 Filling rate
Fi l l i ng s ha l l b e p er forme d at a control le d rate . P igs or s phere s may b e u s e d to provide a p o s itive ai r-
to-water interface and to minimize air entrainment. All locations in which air can be trapped, such as
va lve b o d ie s and byp a s s pipi ng , s hou ld b e vente d duri ng the fi l l i ng a nd s e a le d prior to b e gi n n i ng the
hyd ro s tatic tes t.
52
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
When the pipeline traverses steep terrain, provisions should be taken to prevent the pigs or spheres from
running ahead o f the linefi l l and creating a s a fety concern at the end o f the fi l l s ec tion. C ons ideration
should b e given to the use o f a pig-tracking s ys tem and to the us e o f b ackpres s ure to control the pig s p eed.
11.3.6 Air content
Where the ai r content c an a ffe c t the acc u rac y o f the hyd ro s tatic te s t, the ai r content sh a l l b e de term i ne d
and accounted for during the evaluation of the test results.
NO TE
T he a s s e s s ment o f a i r content c a n b e c a r r ie d o ut b y con s tr uc ti ng a p lo t o f pre s s u re aga i n s t volu me
du r i ng the i n iti a l fi l l i n g a nd p re s s u r i z ation u nti l a de fi n i te l i ne a r rel ation s h ip i s ap p a rent.
11.3.7 Temperature stabilization
P rior to b egi nn i ng the hyd ro s tatic pre s s u re te s t, ti me shou ld b e a l lowe d a fter fi l l i ng
of the water to stabilize with the ambient temperature.
for
the temp erature
11.3.8 Temperature effects and correlations
Correlations that show the effect of temperature changes on the test pressures shall be developed to
as s es s the p o s s ible d i fference s b e twe en the i n itia l and fi na l te s t pre s s u re s and temp eratu re s .
11.3.9 Leak-finding
L e a k de te c tion a nd lo c ation pro ce du re s sh a l l b e develop e d as p ar t o f the hyd ro s tatic te s t pro ce dure .
11.4 Acceptance criteria
The pressure test shall meet the requirements of 6.7.
11.5 Tie-ins following testing
Tie-in welds not subjected to a strength test after tie-in shall be examined in accordance with 10.4.2 c).
Non-welded tie-in connections not pressure-tested after construction should be leak-tested at the
commencement of operation at the maximum available pressure but not exceeding MAOP.
11.6 Testing equipment
H yd ro s tatic te s ti ng e qu ipment s hou ld i nclude the
fol lowi ng:
—
de adweight tes ter or o ther device with e qu iva lent acc u rac y;
—
pre s s ure gauge s;
—
volu me me as u ri ng e qu ipment;
—
temp eratu re me a s uri ng e quipment;
—
pre s s ure and temp eratu re re cord i ng e qu ipment.
C u rrent cer ti ficate s o f c a l ibration that identi fy the i n s tr ument with the c a l ibration cer ti fic ation sh a l l b e
provided.
11.7 Test documentation and records
Te s t re cord s sh a l l b e re ta i ne d
—
for
the l i fe o f the pip el i ne s ys tem and s ha l l i nclude the
fol lowi ng:
te s t pro ce dure;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
53
ISO 13623:2017(E)
—
pre s s u re a nd volume change at ha l f-hou r i nter va l s over the tes t p erio d;
—
s e awater, u ndergrou nd and ai r temp eratu re, where appropriate , and we ather cond ition s at hou rly
—
pre s s u re re cord i ng char ts;
—
te s t i n s tru ment c a l ibration data;
—
name o f the op erator;
—
name o f the p ers on re s p on s ible
—
name o f the te s t comp any, i f u s e d;
—
date a nd ti me o f the te s t;
—
m i n i mu m a nd ma xi mu m te s t pre s s u re s at the te s t s ite;
—
te s t me d iu m;
—
te s t du ration;
—
te s t accep tance s ignatu re;
—
de s c rip tion o f the
intervals;
te s te d a nd the te s t app aratu s;
the pressure recording charts;
fai lure s ,
th at app e a r on
where elevation d i fference s i n the s e c tion u nder te s t exce e d 3 0 m, a pro fi le o f the pip el i ne s howi ng
—
1
ma ki ng the te s t;
e xpla nation a nd d i s p o s ition o f any pre s s u re d i s conti nuitie s , i nclud i ng te s t
—
1
fac i l ity
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a
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disposed
of in
s uch
a
man ner
as
to
minimize
damage
to
the
publ ic
and
the
11.9 Protection following test
Tes t fluid s sha l l no t b e le ft i n the pip el i ne or pipi ng
fol lowi ng
te s ti ng , u n le s s provi s ion s identi fie d i n
accordance with 9.2 have been incorporated.
If water is used as a test medium in cold regions, provisions shall be made to prevent freezing of the
test water.
12 Pre-commissioning and commissioning
12.1 General
Written procedures shall be established for pre-commissioning and commissioning. Procedures shall
con s ider the ch arac teri s tic s
from
o ther conne c te d
for its operation.
o f the fluid s , the re qui rement to i s olate any p a r t o f the pip el i ne s ys tem
faci l itie s
and the tra n s fer o f the con s tr uc te d pip el i ne s ys tem to tho s e re s p on s ible
P re - com m i s s ion i ng and com m i s s ion i ng pro ce du re s , device s and flu id s sh a l l b e s ele c te d to en s ure that
no th i ng i s i ntro duce d i nto the pip el i ne s ys tem that i s i ncomp atible with the flu id s , or with the materi a l s
i n the pip el i ne s ys tem comp onents .
54
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
12.2 Cleaning and gauging procedures
Consideration shall be given to the requirement for cleaning and gauging the pipeline system beyond
that required in 10.8.
Additional cleaning can be required to remove the following:
— particles, including residue from testing and mill scale;
— metallic particles that can a ffect intelligent-pig result interpretation;
— chemical residue from test water inhibitor;
— organisms resulting from test water;
— construction devices, such as isolation spheres used for tie-ins.
Additional gauging can be required to prove the suitability o f the pipeline for intelligent pigging.
Cleaning and gauging procedures shall consider the following:
a) protection o f components from damage by cleaning fluids or devices;
b) removal o f particles that can contaminate the fluid;
c) removal of metallic particles that can affect intelligent pigging devices.
12.3 Drying procedures
Drying methods should be selected on the basis o f the requirement for dryness to meet the quality
specifications o f the transported fluids.
Dryness criteria shall be established as a water dew-point temperature. Drying procedures shall
consider the following:
— compatibility with the transported-fluid quality specifications;
— e ffect o f drying fluids and devices on valve seal materials, pipeline internal coating and other
components;
— corrosion potential caused by a combination o f free water and the drying fluids, especially for H 2 S
and CO 2 corrosion potential;
— removal o f water and drying fluids from valve cavities, branch piping and other cavities in the
system where such fluids can be retained;
— e ffect o f hydrate formation during commissioning.
EXAMPLE
Drying methods include swabbing with drying fluids or gels, air or nitrogen purging, vacuum
drying or using the transported fluid itsel f.
12.4 Functional testing of equipment and systems
As a part o f commissioning, all pipeline system monitoring and control equipment and systems shall
be fully function-tested, especially sa fety systems such as pig-trap interlocks, pressure and flow
monitoring systems, and emergency pipeline shutdown systems. Consideration should also be given to
per forming a final test o f valves prior to the introduction o f the transported fluid to ensure that they
operate correctly.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
55
ISO 13623:2017(E)
12.5 Documentation and records
Pre-commissioning and commissioning records that shall be retained should include the following:
— cleaning and drying procedures;
— cleaning and drying results;
—
unction-testing records o f pipeline system monitoring and control equipment.
f
12.6 Start-up procedures and introduction o f transported fluid
Written start-up procedures shall be prepared be fore introducing the transported fluid into the
pipeline system and shall require the following.
— The pipeline system should be mechanically complete and operational.
— All functional tests should be per formed and accepted.
— All necessary sa fety systems shall be operational.
— Operating procedures shall be available.
— A communication system shall be established.
— The completed pipeline system be formally trans ferred to those responsible for its operation.
During filling with the fluid, the rate o f fill shall be controlled and the fluid pressure shall not be allowed
to exceed permitted limits.
NOTE
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Provisions shall be taken to prevent hydraulic lock during filling o f pipelines with liquid.
Consideration shall be given to carrying out leak checks during the filling process.
13 Operation, maintenance and abandonment
13.1 Management
13.1.1 Objectives and basic requirements
A management system shall be established and implemented to ensure sa fe and reliable operation o f
the pipeline system.
NOTE
API STD 1160, ASME B31.8S and EN 16348 give guidance on integrity management.
The management system shall include the following:
— identification o f personnel responsible for the management o f the operation and maintenance o f the
pipeline system and for key activities;
— appropriate organization;
— written plan covering operating and maintenance procedures;
— written emergency response plan, covering failure o f pipeline systems and other incidents;
— written permit-to-work system;
— written plan for the control o f change o f design conditions.
56
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
I n add ition,
the management
sha l l s p e ci fy the re qu i rements
s ys tem
parties and retention of records.
T he op eration, mai ntenance,
mo d i fication s
out in accordance with the plans.
T he management s ys tem s sha l l b e reviewe d
for
trai n i ng ,
l i ai s on
with th i rd
and ab a ndon ment o f the pip el i ne s ys tem s ha l l b e c arrie d
from
ti me to ti me a s e xp erience d ic tate s , and as cha nges i n
the operating conditions and the environment require.
13.1.2 Operating and maintenance plan
The operating and maintenance plan shall include the following:
for
—
pro ce du re s
—
re qu i rements
—
pl an
for
norma l op eration s and mai ntena nce;
for
p ers onnel com mu nic ation s;
the i s s ue o f pro ce du re s to cover non-routi ne op eration s a nd ma i ntenance .
13.1.3 Operating and maintenance procedures
O p erati ng and ma i ntenance pro ce du re s sha l l defi ne the
fu nc tiona l
fol lowi ng:
—
i nd ividua l a nd
—
ne ce s s ar y s a fe ty pre c aution s;
—
i nter face s with o ther pip el i ne s ys tem s and i n s ta l lation s;
—
relevant i n formation and re ference s to appl ic able ru le s and gu idel i ne s .
P ro ce du re s
for
de a l i ng
re s p on s ibi l ities a nd tas ks;
with
i nter faces
with
o ther
developed in consultation with their operators.
pip el i ne
s ys tem s
and
i n s ta l lation s
shou ld
be
Annex F provides guidance on the possible content of the operating and maintenance procedures.
NOTE
13.1.4 Incident and emergency-response plan
T he i nc ident and emergenc y-re s p on s e pla n sh a l l defi ne the re qui rements
for responding to incidents and emergencies and for training.
T he
e ffe c tivene s s
i nc idents
o f the
pl an
a nd emergencie s .
pip el i ne s ys tem s or
s ha l l
be
Si mu lation s
fac i l itie s ,
te s te d
p erio d ic a l ly
may b e c arrie d
th rough
for
de sk
p ers on nel and e qu ipment
and
out i n co op eration
field
with
s i mu l ation s
op erators
of
o f o ther
organ i z ation s a nd i nd ividua l s who a re d i re c tly a ffe c te d b y an i nc ident or
emergenc y or who contribute to the re s p on s e .
C au s e s
o f i ncidents
a nd
emergencie s
minimize recurrence implemented.
NOTE
Annex F
shou ld
be
identi fie d
a nd
ana lys e d
a nd
ac tion s
ne ce s s ar y
to
provide s gu id a nce o n the content o f the emergenc y p ro ce du re s .
13.1.5 Permit-to-work system
T he p erm it-to -work s ys tem s ha l l defi ne the ac tivitie s to wh ich it appl ie s the p ers on nel authori z e d to
i s s ue a p erm it-to -work a nd the p ers onnel re s p on s ible
for
T he p erm it-to -work s ys tem shou ld s p e c i fy re qu i rements
s p e ci fyi ng the ne ces s a r y s a fe ty me as u re s .
for
the
—
trai n i ng and i n s truc tion i n the i s s ue and u s e o f p erm its;
—
reviewi ng the e ffe c tivene s s o f the p erm it-to -work s ys tem;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
fol lowi ng:
57
ISO 13623:2017(E)
— in forming personnel controlling the pipeline system o f the work activity and all related sa fety
requirements;
— display o f permits;
— control o f pipeline system operation in the event o f suspension o f the work;
— handover between shi fts.
The permit-to-work should
a) define the scope, nature, location and timing o f the work,
b) indicate the hazards and define necessary sa fety measures,
c) reference other relevant work permits,
d) state the requirements for returning the pipeline system to service, and
e) state the authorization for execution of the work.
13.1.6 Training
Training of personnel should include, where relevant, the following:
—
amiliarization with the pipeline system, potential hazards associated with the fluid, and procedures
f
for operations and maintenance;
— the use o f permits-to-work;
— the use o f protective
equipment
and fire-fighting
equipment;
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— provision o f first aid;
— response to incidents and emergencies.
13.1.7 Liaison
Contacts should be established and maintained with appropriate organizations and individuals, such as
the following:
— fire, police, coast guard and other emergency services;
— regulatory and statutory authorities;
— operators o f public utilities;
— operators o f other pipelines that connect to, cross, or run in close proximity to the pipeline;
— members o f the public living in close proximity to the pipeline system;
— owners and occupiers o f land crossed by the pipeline;
— third parties involved in any activity that can a ffect, or be a ffected by, the pipeline system.
Pipeline route maps should be deposited with statutory authorities or “one-call” organizations, as
appropriate.
NOTE
A “one-call” organization collects in formation on underground facilities and, following notification o f
construction in the area, advises the presence of these facilities. Local legislation can stipulate the requirement
for soliciting information on the presence of underground utilities before commencement of work.
58
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
13.1.8 Records
Records of operating and maintenance activities shall be prepared and retained to
—
demon s trate that the pip el i ne s ys tem i s op erate d and mai ntai ne d i n accorda nce with the op erati ng
—
provide the i n formation ne ce s s ar y
—
provide the i n formation ne ce s s a r y
and maintenance plans,
plans, and
NOTE
for reviewi ng the e ffe c tivene s s o f the op eration s and mai ntenance
for
as s e s s i ng the i nte grity o f the pip el i ne s ys tem .
Annex A provides guidance on the retention of records.
13.2 Operations
13.2.1 Fluid parameter monitoring
P ro ce du re s
for
the op eration o f the pip el i ne s ys tem shou ld defi ne the envelop e o f op erati ng cond ition s
p erm itte d b y the de s ign and the op erati ng re qu i rements and con s tra i nts
for
the control o f corro s ion .
F lu id p arame ters s hou ld b e mon itore d to e s tabl i s h that the pip el i ne s ys tem i s op erate d accord i ngly.
P ro ce du re s
for
the op eration o f mu lti-pro duc t pip el i ne s ys tem s s hou ld i nclude re qui rements
for
P ro ce du re s
for
the op eration o f mu lti-pha s e pip el i ne s ys tem s shou ld i nclude re qui rements
control
detection, separation and prediction of arrival of batches.
for
the
of liquid hold-up in the pipeline and free volume in the slug catcher.
Deviations from the operating plan shall be investigated and reported, and measures to minimize
recurrence implemented.
13.2.2 Stations and terminals
Procedures for the operation of stations and terminals should include requirements for start-up and
shutdown of equipment, and for the periodic testing of equipment, control, alarm and protection
devices.
13.2.3 Pigging
Procedures for pigging operations should include requirements for
fre e
o f re s trai nts or ob s truc tion s
—
con fi rm i ng th at the pip el i ne i s
—
control o f pig travel l i ng s p e e d,
—
s a fe i s olation o f pig trap s , and
—
conti ngenc ie s i n the event o f a s tuck pig.
for
the p a s s age o f pigs ,
13.2.4 Decommissioning
C on s ideration s hou ld b e given to de com m i s s ion i ng pip el i ne s ys tem s plan ne d to b e out o f s er vice
ex tende d p erio d . T he remova l o f flu id s s ha l l b e i n accord ance with
13.3.7.
for
an
D e com m i s s ione d pip el i ne s ys tem s , excep t when ab andone d, s ha l l b e mai ntai ne d . B urie d or s ubmerge d,
de com m i s s ione d pip el i ne s s ha l l b e c atho d ic a l ly pro te c te d u n le s s ab andone d .
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
59
ISO 13623:2017(E)
13.2.5 Recommissioning
T he cond ition o f a de com m i s s ione d
pip el i ne s ys tem sh a l l b e e s tabl i s he d a nd its i nte grity con fi rme d
before re-commissioning.
P ip el i ne fi l l i ng s ha l l me e t the re qu i rements o f
12.6.
13.3 Maintenance
13.3.1 Maintenance programme
Maintenance programmes shall be prepared and executed to monitor the condition of the pipeline
s ys tem and to provide the i n formation ne ce s s ar y to a s s e s s its i ntegrity. Fac tors th at s ha l l b e con s idere d
for
when defi n i ng the re qu i rements
cond ition mon itori ng i nclude the
—
pip el i ne s ys tem de s ign;
—
a s-bu i lt cond ition;
—
re s u lts o f e arl ier i n s p e c tion s;
—
pre d ic te d de terioration i n the cond ition o f the pip el i ne s ys tem;
—
advers e s ite cond ition s;
—
i n s p e c tion ti me i nter va l s;
—
re qui rements o f releva nt le gi s lation a nd s tatutor y authoritie s .
fol lowi ng:
EXAMPLE
Possible
deteriorations in pipeline condition include general and pitting corrosion, changes in
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f
cracking), changes in the pipeline position, support or cover, and loss of weight coating.
the pip e wa l l ge ome tr y (s uch a s ova l ity, wr i n kle s , dents , go uge s) , c racki n g (s uch a s s tre s s cor ro s ion a nd
ati g ue
Unfavourable results, such as defects, damage and equipment malfunctioning, shall be assessed and
corre c tive ac tion ta ken where ne ces s a r y to mai ntai n the i ntende d i nte grity.
T he mai ntenance
pro gra m me s
s ha l l cover the comple te
pip el i ne
s ys tem,
i nclud i ng fi re -fighti ng
o ther s a fe ty e qu ipment, acce s s ro ad s , bu i ld i ngs , s e c u rity provi s ion s s uch as
me a n s
o f identi fyi ng the
pip el i ne,
its
comp onents
and
the
flu id s
fence s ,
it c arrie s ,
a nd
and
b a rriers and gate s ,
no tice s .
Pa r tic u l ar
attention s hou ld b e p aid to pip el i ne s ys tem pro te c tion and s a fe ty e qu ipment.
13.3.2 Route inspection
13.3.2.1 General
T he
pip el i ne
route,
i nclud i ng
p atrol le d/s ur veye d to de te c t
the
fac tors
right- o f-way
for
on-land
pip el i ne s ,
sh a l l
be
p erio d ic a l ly
that ca n a ffe c t the s a fe ty a nd the op eration o f the pip el i ne s ys tem .
T he re s u lts o f s u r veys sh a l l b e re corde d a nd mon itore d .
13.3.2.2 On-land pipelines
T he right- o f-way shou ld b e mai ntaine d to provide the neces s ar y acces s to the pip eli ne and as s o ciated
faci lities .
P ip eli ne markers shal l b e maintaine d to ens ure that the route o f the pip eli ne i s cle arly i nd icate d.
I f neces s ar y, add itional markers shou ld b e i ns tal led in areas where new developments take place.
Su r veys shou ld identi fy the
fol lowi ng:
—
encro ach ments;
—
me cha n ic a l d amage to ab ove - grou nd and e xp o s e d pip el i ne s e c tion s and le a kage s;
60
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
—
th i rd-p ar ty ac tivitie s;
—
cha nge o f la nd u s e;
—
fi re;
—
m i nera l e x trac tion/m i n i ng op eration s;
—
grou nd movement;
—
s oi l ero s ion;
—
cond ition o f water c ro s s i ngs , s uch a s s u ffic ienc y o f cover, acc u mu l ation o f debri s , flo o d or s torm
damage.
The requirements for the route inspection of offshore pipelines in 13.3.2.3
of on-land pipelines crossing large rivers and estuaries.
sha l l a l s o apply to s e c tion s
13.3.2.3 O ffshore pipelines
Su r veys o f the pip el i ne a nd adj acent s e ab e d s hou ld identi fy the
fol lowi ng:
—
me ch an ic a l damage to the pip el i ne, i nclud i ng le a kage;
—
evidence o f pip el i ne movement;
—
e x tent o f mari ne grow th;
—
cond ition o f the adj acent s e ab e d, i nclud i ng the pre s ence o f
—
e x tent o f any
—
e x tent o f any lo s s o f cover a long the bu rie d or pro te c te d s e c tion s;
—
e x tent o f any lo s s o f weight co ati ng;
—
e x tent o f b an k ero s ion or dep o s ition o f materia l;
—
s e c u rity o f pip el i ne attach ments , i nclud i ng ano de s and clamp s on pigg y-b ack pip el i nes .
fre e
foreign
obj e c ts;
s p an s;
13.3.3 Mechanical condition monitoring
13.3.3.1 Corrosion
The maintenance programmes shall include the requirements for corrosion monitoring established for
corrosion management in accordance with Clause 9.
T he qua l ity and p er formance o f corro s ion i n h ibitors s hou ld b e veri fie d p erio d ic a l ly to en s u re th at they
remain effective.
13.3.3.2 Adverse ground conditions and vibration
6.10, shall be
implemented.
Procedures shall be established to cover the protection of all pipelines and associated facilities in the
Su r vei l la nce i n are as with advers e grou nd cond ition s , as identi fie d i n accordance with
vici n ity o f blas ti ng or any o ther ac tivity res u lti ng i n ground vibration s that can a ffe c t the i ntegrity o f
the pip el i ne s ys tem . Such pro ce dure s shou ld s tate the ma xi mum a l lowable e ffe c t on the pip el i ne s ys tem .
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
61
ISO 13623:2017(E)
13.3.4 Leak detection and surveys
The per formance o f the leak-detection system should be reviewed and tested periodically to confirm
compliance with the requirements of 5.5. Records should be kept of alarms and leaks to assist the
per formance review. Where appropriate, leakage surveys should be carried out. The type o f survey
selected shall be e ffective for determining i f potentially hazardous leakage exists.
13.3.5 Facilities, equipment and component monitoring
13.3.5.1 Above-ground pipelines, piping and overhead crossings
Above-ground pipelines, piping and pipe supports should be inspected for corrosion, mechanical
integrity, stability and concrete degradation.
Barriers designed to restrict access or to resist third-party impact to above-ground pipelines and
piping should be maintained.
13.3.5.2 Valves
Valves should be inspected periodically, moved and/or tested for proper operation. Where it is required
to fully operate a valve, due account should be taken o f the permissible pressure drop across the valve.
Remotely operable valves and actuators should be tested remotely to ensure the correct functioning o f
the whole system.
Pressure vessels associated with valve actuators shall be inspected and tested periodically.
13.3.5.3 Protection devices
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Protection devices, including actuators, associated instrumentation and control systems, shall be
inspected and tested periodically. The inspection and testing shall cover the following:
— condition;
— verification o f proper installation and protection;
— correct setting and activation;
— inspection for leakages.
EXAMPLE
Protection devices include pressure control and overpressure protection, emergency shutdown
isolations, quick-connect/disconnect connectors, storage tank level controls, etc.
Emergency shutdown valves, including actuators and associated control systems, should be inspected
and tested periodically to demonstrate that the whole system functions correctly and that valve-seal
leakage rates are acceptable.
Particular attention shall be paid to storage tank level controls and to relief valves on pressure storage
vessels.
13.3.5.4 Pig traps and filters
Pig traps and filters with “quick-release” closures, together with associated equipment, shall
be maintained, with special attention given to the locking closure mechanism, which shall be
periodically tested.
Temporary or transportable pig traps should be inspected be fore use for signs o f mechanical damage
caused during transit or installation.
62
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
13.3.5.5 Instrumentation
I n s tr u mentation, teleme tr y s ys tem s a nd the data acqui s ition, d i s play and s torage s ys tem s e s s enti a l
for
the s a fe op eration o f the pip el i ne s ys tem sh a l l b e exam i ne d, te s te d, mai ntai ne d and c a l ibrate d .
M a i ntenance
pro ce du re s
shou ld
cover
the
control
instrumentation, for maintenance or other purposes.
of
temp orar y
d i s arm i ng
or
overrid i ng
of
13.3.5.6 Risers
Ri s ers
on
o ffs hore
i n s ta l lation s
s ha l l
be
i n s p e c te d
p erio d ic a l ly
sections in the “splash zone”. These inspections should cover
with
p ar tic u la r
attention
p aid
to
—
the cond ition o f the ri s er pip e, i nclud i ng any lo s s o f wa l l th ickne s s , p ar tic u larly under ri s er clamp s
—
the cond ition o f i mp ac t pro te c tion, fi re pro te c tion, pro te c tive co ati ngs , cladd i ng a nd fitte d ano de s ,
—
the cond ition o f ri s er fla nge s or coupl i ngs ,
—
the cond ition o f attach ment o r cl ampi ng a rra ngements , and a s s o ci ate d s upp or ti ng s tr uc tu re,
—
cha nge s i n p o s ition o f the ri s er,
—
the ex tent o f mari ne grow th, and
—
the corro s ion pro te c tion i n enclo s e d J-tub e s or c ai s s on s .
and guides,
13.3.5.7 Pipelines in sleeves or casings
The inspection of pipeline sections in sleeves or casings shall cover
—
the cond ition o f pip el i ne and s le eve or c a s i ng ,
—
the ele c tric a l i s olation b e twe en the pip el i ne a nd sle eve or c as i ng , and
—
le a kage i nto , o r
from,
pre s s uri z e d s le eve or ca s i ng s ys tem s .
13.3.5.8 Storage vessels and tanks
Storage vessels and tanks, atmospheric and pressurized, shall be inspected to cover
—
the s tabi l ity o f
fou ndation s ,
—
the cond ition o f ta n k b o ttom, s hel l, s tai rs , ro o f and s e a l s ,
—
venti ng a nd s a fe ty va lve e qu ipment,
—
the cond ition o f fi rewa l l s a nd tan k bu nd s/d i ke s , and
—
cond ition a nd blo ckage o f d rai n l i ne s .
13.3.5.9 Pipeline systems in arctic conditions
I n s p e c tion o f pip el i ne s ys tem s i n a rc tic cond ition s sh a l l i nclude
for
re qu i rements
—
i n s p e c tion s a nd s u r vei l la nce du ri ng and a fter s pri ng ice bre a k-up to monitor
from
—
s u r vei l lance defi ne d i n accordance with
6.10,
—
fro s t he ave
and ero s ion
flo o d s , and
p erio d ic i n s p e c tion and s u r vei l la nce o f pip el i ne a nd pipi ng e xp o s e d to wi nd-i nduce d vibration, with
particular attention to circumferential welds and threaded joints.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
63
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Procedures shall address requirements for snow removal from structures that are exposed to heavy
snowfall.
13.3.6 Pipeline and piping defects and damage
13.3.6.1 Initial actions
If a defect or damage is reported, the pipeline pressure shall be maintained at or below the pressure at
the time the de fect or damage was first reported.
A preliminary assessment shall be carried out by a competent person and, i f any unsa fe condition is
found, appropriate action shall be taken immediately.
13.3.6.2 Examination, inspection and assessment of defects
Care shall be exercised during preparation and examination of damaged and pressurized pipelines
operating pressure to ambient conditions, e.g. when divers are to conduct an examination of an
underwater pipeline, or to a stress level that does not lead to pipeline rupture.
Procedures shall be established for assessment of pipeline defects and damages.
because o f the possibility o f sudden failure. Consideration should be given to reducing the pipeline
De fects and damage permitted under the original fabrication and construction specifications may
remain in the pipeline without further action.
For other de fects, further assessment should be made to determine their acceptability or the
requirement for pressure-derating, repair or other corrective action. These assessments can include
the review of the following:
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— inspection and measurement data, including orientation o f the de fect and proximity to other
features such as welds or heat-affected zones;
— details o f the original design and fabrication specifications;
— actual pipe-material mechanical and chemical properties;
— possible modes o f failure;
— possible growth o f the de fect;
— operating and environmental parameters, including e ffect on pigging operations;
— consequences o f failure;
— monitoring o f the de fect where possible.
13.3.7 Pipeline and piping repairs and modifications
13.3.7.1 General
Repair procedures shall cover the selection of repair techniques and the execution of repairs. Repairs
shall reinstate the intended integrity at the location o f the de fect or damage.
NOTE
Defects and damage can be grouped under a number of headings, including: pipewall defects (such
as cracks including cracking caused by stress corrosion and fatigue, gouges, dents, corrosion, weld de fects,
laminations); pipe coating defects (such as loss of wrap or concrete coating); loss of support (such as spanning
of pipelines); and pipe movement (such as upheaval buckling, frost heave and landslip, which can also result in
buckling, denting or cracking).
64
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
13.3.7.2 Isolation
The selection of an isolation method should take into account the following:
—
h a z ard s a s s o ciate d with the fluid;
—
re qu i re d avai labi l ity o f the pip el i ne s ys tem;
—
the du ration o f the work ac tivity;
—
the ne e d
—
p o s s ible e ffe c t on materi a l s;
—
i s olation o f i ntercon ne c te d vents , d rai n s , i n s tru mentation pipi ng a nd “de ad le gs ”.
EXAMPLE
fre e z e
for
re du nda nc y i n the i s olation s ys tem;
Possible isolation techniques include removable spools, spectacle blinds, valves, pipe freezing or
b lo cki ng , l i ne p luggi ng , h i gh
fr ic tio n
p i gs , i ner t flu id s lugs .
13.3.7.3 Venting and flaring
H a z ard s and con s trai nts that s hou ld b e con s idere d when p lan n i ng to vent or fla re a re a s
fol lows:
—
a s phyxi ati ng e ffe c ts o f vente d ga s es;
—
ign ition o f gas e s b y s tray c u rrents , s tatic ele c tricity o r o ther p o tenti a l ign ition s ou rce s;
—
noi s e -level l i m its;
—
h a z ard to ai rcra ft movements , p ar tic u la rly hel icop ters i n the vic i n ity o f o ffs hore i n s ta l lation s and
—
hyd rate
—
va lve
—
embrittlement e ffe c ts on s te el pip ework.
terminals;
formation;
fre e z i ng;
13.3.7.4 Draining
L iqu id s may b e pu mp e d, or pigge d, out o f a pip el i ne s ys tem u s i ng water or an i ner t gas . H a z a rd s and
constraints that should be considered when planning to drain include the following:
—
a s phyxi ati ng e ffe c ts o f i ner t ga s e s;
—
pro te c tion o f re cep tion
—
d rai nage o f va lve cavitie s , “de ad legs ”, e tc . ;
—
d i s p o s a l o f flu id s and contam i nate d water;
—
buoya nc y e ffe c ts i f gas i s u s e d to d i s place l iquid s;
—
compre s s ion e ffe c ts le ad i ng to ign ition o f fluid vap our;
—
combu s tibi l ity o f fluid s at i ncre as e d pre s s u res;
—
accidenta l launch o f s tuck pigs b y s tore d energ y when d riven b y i ner t ga s .
faci l itie s from
overpre s s u ri z ation;
13.3.7.5 Purging
Hazards and constraints that should be considered when preparing for purging include the following:
—
a s phyxi ati ng e ffe c ts o f pu rge ga s es;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
65
ISO 13623:2017(E)
— minimizing the volume o f flammable or toxic fluids released to the environment;
— combustion, product contamination or corrosive conditions when reintroducing fluids.
13.3.7.6 Cold cutting or drilling
Procedures for cold cutting and drilling shall speci fy the requirements for preventing the accidental
release or ignition o f the fluid, and other unsa fe conditions.
Where appropriate, the section of pipeline or piping being worked on shall be isolated, depressurized
by venting, flaring or draining and purged.
A temporary electrical continuity bond should be fitted across any intended break in an electrically
conductive pipeline before making such breaks.
13.3.7.7 Hot work
The following should be considered prior to carrying out hot work on pipelines or piping in service:
— possible physical and chemical reactions, including combustion o f the fluids or their residues;
— the type, properties and condition o f the pipe material, and the wall thickness at the location o f the
hot work;
— possible corrosion o f pipe and welds.
Welding procedures shall be approved and the validity o f the welder qualification checked be fore
commencement of welding.
The pressure, temperature
and flowrate
o f the
through
the pipeline
should
monitored and
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maintained within the limits specified in the approved welding procedure.
All welds shall be adequately inspected during and a fter welding.
Consideration should be given to leak testing o f welds o f sleeves, saddles, rein forcing pads or any
associated fitting be fore introducing fluids.
13.4 Changes to the design condition
13.4.1 Change control
The change-control plan shall define the requirements for following documented procedures to handle
changes in the design condition.
It shall be demonstrated that the revised pipeline system meets the requirements o f this document
be fore implementing changes to the design condition, such as an increase in MAOP or change o f fluid.
The documentation required by this document shall be updated to reflect the revised design condition.
13.4.2 Operating pressure
An increase in MAOP can require additional hydrostatic testing, inspection, additional cathodic
protection surveys and other measures to comply with this document. When increasing operating
pressures, pressures should be raised in a controlled manner to allow su fficient time for monitoring the
pipeline system.
Where pipelines are permanently derated from pressures that cannot subsequently be reapplied,
stringent data and supporting calculations shall be maintained to document the new operating
conditions.
66
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
13.4.3 Service conversion
Prior to a change in service, including change o f fluid, it shall be demonstrated that the design and
integrity o f the pipeline system is appropriate for the proposed new duty. A detailed review o f as-built,
operational and maintenance data o f the pipeline system shall be made be fore implementing a change
in service. Data for review should include the following:
— original design, construction, inspection and testing; particular attention should be paid to the
welding procedures used, other jointing methods, internal and external coatings and pipe, valve
and other materials;
— all available operating and maintenance records, including corrosion-control practice, inspections,
modifications, incidents and repairs.
13.4.4 New crossings and developments
Compliance with the strength requirements in 6.4 shall be demonstrated when crossing the pipeline
with a new road, railway or other pipeline. The e ffect o f a new crossing on the existing cathodic
protection system shall be investigated.
The possible e ffects o f new developments in the vicinity o f the pipeline system shall be evaluated.
13.4.5 Moving in-service pipelines and piping
The following analyses and preparation should be carried out when planning the movement o f pipelines
in service:
— analysis o f loads on the pipeline to demonstrate that the pipeline can be moved without adversely
a ffecting its integrity;
— confirmation o f the assumed pipeline data and its condition;
— preparation o f procedures that should define the pipeline operating condition during movement,
contingencies and sa fety measures for the protection o f personnel, the public and the environment.
13.4.6 Testing o f modified pipelines and piping
All fabricated assemblies, including spool pieces, should be pressure-tested in accordance with 6.7, or
before installation.
Mechanical joints in pressure-containing parts o f the pipeline system that have been disconnected or
disturbed shall, as a minimum, be leak-tested. Joints shall not show sign of leakage during the test.
The medium for the in situ pressure-testing should, in order of preference to minimize risks, be
a) water,
b) the fluid (i f liquid),
c) an inert gas such as nitrogen (with a tracer element, if possible), and
d) the fluid (i f gas).
Modifications involving the use o f welded tie-ins shall be inspected in accordance with
pressure-tested.
11.5 if not
13.4.7 Changes to location class
I f right o f way monitoring indicates an increase in population density around an on-land pipeline, the
location class should be reviewed in accordance with B.7.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
67
ISO 13623:2017(E)
13.5 Life extension
Where it i s i ntende d to op erate a pip el i ne b eyond its origi na l de s ign l i fe then, prior to the expi r y o f the
original design life, an engineering investigation should be made of the design, operating conditions
and h i s tor y o f the pip el i ne, to de term i ne its cond ition a nd any l i m its
T he engi ne eri ng i nve s tigation s hou ld i nclude veri fic ation o f the
a)
for
conti nue d s a fe op eration .
fol lowi ng
i s s ue s:
pro o f o f s tr uc tu ra l i ntegrity to con fi rm th at the pip el i ne c an conti nue to contai n the flu id at the
maximum allowable operating conditions;
b)
i f the pip el i ne ha s b e en s ubj e c t to corro s ion a nd/or ero s ion, the con figu ration o f the i mp er fe c tion s ,
c)
i f the pip el i ne h as b e en s ubj e c t to
d)
the comple tion
e)
review o f the ade quac y o f the s a fe ty and op erati ng plan, op erati ng a nd mai ntena nce, emergenc y
the rate of metal loss and the minimum remaining wall thickness;
fatigue,
o f a s a fe ty eva luation
proposed mitigation methods;
the a mpl itude and
i n accorda nce
with
fre quenc y
Annex E
of
fatigue
c ycl i ng;
, and the identi fic ation
o f the
re s p on s e, a nd s a fe ty and envi ron menta l pro ce du re s .
Up on comple tion o f the review, and prior to the expi r y o f the de s ign l i fe, a l l i s s ue s identi fie d i n the
engi ne eri ng i nve s tigation s hou ld b e add re s s e d, and the pip el i ne re cord s amende d accord i ngly.
T he pip el i ne shou ld b e op erate d on ly u nder the cond ition s and the l i m its s o es tabl i she d and approve d .
13.6 Abandonment
Par ts o f pip el i ne s ys tem s
d i s con ne c te d
b e ab andone d s ha l l b e de com m i s s ione d i n accordance with
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o ther p a r ts o f the pip el i ne s ys tem remai n i ng i n s er vice .
13.2.4 and
Abandoned pipeline sections shall be left in a condition that is safe for the public and the environment.
68
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Records and documentation
Records and documentation should include the following:
a) design and construction details:
—
de s ign b as i s and c a lc u lation s;
—
materi a l s p e ci fication s and cer ti fic ation;
—
i n s p e c tion a nd te s t cer ti fic ation a nd rep or ts;
—
do c u ments relati ng to authori z ation s and p erm its to op erate;
—
la nd ownersh ip de tai l s;
—
s u r veys and route do c u mentation, i nclud i ng lo c ation o f o ther s er vice s;
—
diagrams;
a s -bu i lt route a l ign ment map s , s p e ci a l cro s s i ng de tai l s , de tai le d pip ework a nd i n s tru mentation
—
pip el i ne s ys tem op erati ng p a rame ters , s uch a s pre s s u re a nd temp eratu re;
b) operational records:
—
—
op eration s and mai ntenance de tai l s;
i n s p e c tion
s u r vey
rep or ts ,
i nclud i ng
for
e xa mple,
acou s tic/vide o
re cord s
and
c atho d ic
pro te c tion s u r veys;
—
i ncident re cord s;
—
rep ai rs and mo d i fic ation s;
—
s er vice convers ion s;
—
p ers on nel trai n i ng a nd qua l i fic ation re cord s;
c) records of abandoned pipelines:
—
—
de ta i l s o f ab a ndone d on-la nd pip el i ne s , i nclud i ng route map s , the s i z e o f the pip el i ne, dep th o f
burial and its location relative to surface features,
de ta i l s o f ab andone d o ffshore pip el i ne s , i nclud i ng navigation cha r ts s howi ng the route o f the
pipeline.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
69
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Annex B
(normative)
S
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
p
B
.
1
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
i
r
p
y
e
l
r
e
i
n
q
e
u
s
i
r
e
f
o
m
r
c
e
a
n
t
e
f
t
s
g
o
o
r
r
y
p
D
u
a
b
n
l
i
d
c
E
s
a
f
l
f
e
u
i
t
y
d
o
f
o
n
-
l
a
n
d
s
v
e
This annex provides specific supplementary requirements for maximum hoop stresses and pressure
testing for category D and E fluids for on-land pipelines. This annex is applicable to pipelines at locations
where specific requirements for protection o f public sa fety are not available.
B
.
2
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Pipeline locations shall be classified in relation to population density and concentration o f people in
accordance with Table B.1.
A significant factor contributing to the failure o f pipelines is line damage caused by third-party
activities along the line. Determining location classes based on human activity provides a method o f
assessing the degree o f exposure o f the line to damage and consequent e ffect on public sa fety.
T
a
b
l
e
B
.
1
—
L
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
l
a
s
s
e
s
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Location class
Description
1
2
3
4
5
Locations subject to in frequent human activity with no permanent human habitation.
Location class 1 is intended to reflect inaccessible areas such as deserts and tundra regions.
Locations with a population density o f less than 50 persons per square kilometre.
Location class 2 is intended to reflect such areas as wasteland, grazing land, farmland and
other sparsely populated areas.
Locations with a population density o f 50 persons or more but fewer than 250 persons
per square kilometre, with multiple dwelling units, with hotels or o ffice buildings where
no more than 50 persons can gather regularly and with occasional industrial buildings.
Location class 3 is intended to reflect areas where the population density is intermedi -
ate between location class 2 and location class 4, such as fringe areas around cities and
towns, and ranches and country estates.
Locations with a population density o f 250 persons or more per square kilometre, except
where a location class 5 prevails. A location class 4 is intended to reflect areas such as
suburban housing developments, residential areas, industrial areas and other populated
areas not meeting location class 5.
Location with areas where multi-storey buildings (four or more floors above ground
level) are prevalent and where tra ffic is heavy or dense and where there can be numerous
other utilities underground.
B.3 Population density
Population density, expressed as the number o f persons per square kilometre, shall be determined by
laying out zones along the pipeline route, with the pipeline at the centreline o f this zone having a width o f
— 400 m for pipelines conveying category D fluids, and
— to be determined for category E fluid pipelines, taking into account the possible extent o f consequence
o f fluid release on the public, but not less than 400 m.
70
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
for
O ther va lue s may b e u s e d
the z one width, provide d th at repre s entative va lue s are ob tai ne d
for
the
p opu lation den s ity and ha l f the width o f the zone i s no t les s than the “e ffe c t” d i s tance o f a fluid rele a s e .
This zone shall then be divided in random sections of 1,5 km in length such that individual lengths
f
f
separate dwelling unit in a multiple-dwelling-unit building shall be counted as a separate building
i nclude
the
i ntende d
ma xi mum
for
numb er
o
bu i ld i ngs
i ntende d
or hu ma n
o cc up a nc y.
For
th i s
pu r p o s e,
e ach
hu man o cc up anc y.
T he leng th o f random s e c tions may b e re duce d where it i s j us ti fie d that phys ic al b arriers or o ther
fac tors
exi s t that l i mit the ex tens ion o f the more den s ely p opu late d are a to a to ta l d i s tance o f le s s than 1 , 5 km .
Me a s u rement o f p opu lation den s ity sh a l l b e b a s e d on a d i re c t count o f the nu mb er o f i n h abitants or
a s ur vey o f norma l ly o cc upie d dwel l i ngs ,
and s hou ld i nclude prem i s e s
where p e ople congregate
for
s ign i fic ant p erio d s o f ti me, s uch as s cho ol s , publ ic ha l l s , ho s pita l s and i ndu s tri a l a re a s .
The location and number of dwellings and premises shall be determined from available large-scale
plan s and/or aeria l pho to graph ic s ur veys and, i f ne ces s a r y, field s u r veys . T he o cc up anc y o f dwel l i ngs
may b e de term i ne d
T he
p o s s ible
from
i ncre as e
cen s u s s tati s tics where the s e are avai lable .
in
p opu lation
den s ity
and
developments s ha l l b e de term i ne d a nd accounte d
for
level
of
hu man
ac tivity
from
pl an ne d
future
when de term i n i ng p opu lation den s ity.
B.4 Concentration of people
Additional consideration shall be given to the possible consequences of a failure near a concentration
of people, such as found in a church, school, multiple-dwelling unit, hospital or recreational area of an
organized character in location classes 2 and 3.
Un le s s the
faci l ity
i s u s e d i n fre quently, the s upplementar y re qui rements o f lo c ation clas s 4 s ha l l a l s o
apply to pip el i ne s i n lo c ation cla s s e s 2 and 3 when ne ar place s o f publ ic a s s embly or concentration s o f
people, such as churches, schools, multiple-dwelling-unit buildings, hospitals or recreational areas of
an organized nature.
NOTE
Concentrations of people referred to in B.4
outside area as well as in a building.
B
.
5
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
h
o
o
p
s
t
r
e
s
a re i ntende d to app l y to gro up s o f 2 0 o r more p e o p le i n a n
s
The hoop-stress design factors of Table 1
maximum permissible hoop stresses in accordance with 6.4.2.2.
s ha l l b e replace d b y the
T
a
b
l
e
B
.
2
—
H
o
Fluid category
Location class
General route
Crossings and parallel encroachments a:
—
m i nor ro ad s
—
m aj or ro ad s , ra i l ways , c a n a l s , ri vers , d i ke d
flo o d de fence s a nd l a ke s
Pig traps and multi-pipe slug catchers
P r i m a r y pip i n g
Special constructions, such as fabricated assemblies and pipelines on bridges
a
o
p
-
s
t
r
e
s
s
D
d
e
s
i
g
n
f
E
a
c
fac tors
t
o
r
s
,
in
Table B.2 for determining
fh
D and E
1
0,83
1
0,77
2
0,77
3
0,67
4
0,55
5
0,45
0,77
0,77
0,77
0,67
0,55
0,45
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,67
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,55
0,45
0,45
0,45
0,45
See 6.9 for the description of crossings and encroachments.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
71
ISO 13623:2017(E)
B.6 Pressure test requirements
The minimum pressure in the pipeline during strength testing shall be increased from 1,25 × MAOP to
1,40 × MAOP for pipelines in location classes 4 and 5.
B.7 Location classification for existing pipelines
The population density in the vicinity o f pipelines conveying category D and E fluids should be
monitored. I f population growth has occurred, the design limits for population density may be relaxed
as shown in Table B.3. Table B.3 indicates the acceptable population densities for the location class of
pipelines that are already in operation.
Table B.3 — Location classes for existing pipelines
Location
class
1
2
3
4
5
Population density/description
<25 persons/km 2
[25 to 100] persons/km 2
[100 to 350] persons/km 2
>350 persons/km 2 but not class 5
Location with areas where multi-storey buildings (four or more floors above ground level) are
prevalent and where tra ffic is heavy or dense and where there may be numerous other utilities
underground.
The additional considerations for buildings o f high concentration o f people defined in B.4 still apply.
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B.8 MAOP requirements
a fter changes in location class
Table B.3, the
location class of the pipeline section shall be changed and the MAOP of these sections shall be determined
according to the new location class. Table B.2 and B.6 should be used to determine the new MAOP.
I f the population growth along the pipeline exceeds the population density limits in
In the cases pipelines sections have changed to location classes 2, 3 and 4, the MAOP may be determined
by Table B.4 if the following requirements are met:
— the pipeline is operating with the present (or greater) MAOP for at least five years;
— periodic in-line inspections, corrosion and cathodic protection monitoring are en forced;
— there are no conditions or history o f fatigue, SCC or other cracking mechanisms;
— an engineering evaluation based on construction, operation and maintenance history found the
pipeline fit for service at the new location class;
— third party damage mitigation measures are adopted in accordance with B.9.
The evaluation based on Table B.4 shall not be used for augmenting the current MAOP or changing
the design conditions: the new MAOP shall not be larger than the current MAOP or the original design
pressure.
72
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Table B.4 — MAOP a requirements for pipelines a fter change for location classes 2, 3 and 4
D
<100
Fluid category
Population
density b
(persons/km 2 )
General route
M in

 0 , 83

S M YS ,
M in

 0 , 77

S M YS ,
Crossings and
parallel
encroachments c
— minor roads
E
<100
P


1 , 25 
tes t
P


1 , 25 
tes t
[100 to 350]
M in

 0 , 77

S M YS ,
M in

 0 , 77

S M YS ,
P


1 , 25 
tes t
P


1 , 25 
tes t
M in

 0 , 77

S M YS ,
M in

 0 , 77

S M YS ,
D and E
P


1 , 25 
tes t
P
tes t
1 , 25



— major roads,
railways, canals,
M in
rivers, diked
flood de fences,
and lakes
Pig traps and
multi-pipe slug
catchers
Primary piping
in stations and
terminals
Special constructions, such
as fabricated
assemblies and
pipelines on
bridges
a
b
c
M in

 0 , 67

S M YS ,
P


1 , 25 
tes t
M in

 0 , 67

SMYS
,
P


1 , 25 
tes t

 0 , 67

M in
S M YS ,
>350

 0 , 67

S M YS ,
P


1 , 25 
tes t
P


1 , 25 
tes t
The MAOP is also limited by the original design pressure and by the current MAOP.
Evaluated in a width (see Table B.6) along 1 500 m.
See 6.9 for the description of crossings and encroachments
Table B.5 indicates the width that should be used, instead of 400 m, for evaluating the population
density to be used in Table B.4. This formula was determined for natural gas, it is twice the distance
from a point o f rupture followed by ignition to the point o f heat threshold indicated in the table. Other
fluids should be the object o f a specific evaluation or follow B.3.
Table B.5 — Width for evaluation o f population density for determining the MAOP –
category D fluid
Width (m)
New location class
2
Min {
0 , 42
D
3
Min {
0 , 42
D
4
Min {
0 , 50
D
MOP Maximum operating pressure (psi).
D o nominal outside diameter (in).
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
o
o
o
Heat threshold
MOP
,
2 00
}
15,8
MOP
,
2 00
}
15,8
MOP
,
200
}
11,0
(kW/m 2 )
73
ISO 13623:2017(E)
B
.
9
T
h
i
r
d
p
a
r
t
y
d
a
m
a
g
e
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
I f a pipeline section experiencing a change o f location class is to operate at the MAOP allowed by
Table B.4 , additional third party damage mitigation shall be applied. The level o f mitigation required in
terms of likelihood is given in Table B.6.
T
a
b
l
e
B
.
6
—
T
h
i
r
d
p
a
r
t
y
d
a
m
a
g
e
m
i
New location class
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
a
f
t
e
r
c
h
a
n
g
e
i
n
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
c
l
a
s
s
3rd part mitigation level
2
3
4
—
40 %
65 %
To reach the level of protection indicated on Table B.6 , the mitigation measures may be selected from
Table B.7. Different mitigation mechanisms can be combined and, in this case, the combined reduction is:
Combined reduction = 1 − Π ( 1 −
n
i
T
a
b
l
e
B
.
=1
7
—
A
i
c
th
c
e
Reduction
p
t
a
b
l
e
t
h
)
i
r
d
p
a
r
t
y
m
i
t
Mitigation measure
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
s
Reduction in frequency
of failure
Soil cover of:
1,5 m
20 %
2,0 m
40 %
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3,0 m
80 %
Reinforced concrete barrier or steel casing
85 %
Underground tape
40 %
Increased ROW marking, ROW markers spacing ≤25 m
ROW patrol twice per month
74
25 %
20 %
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Annex C
(informative)
Pipeline route selection process
C.1 Limits
T he
ge o graph ic
l i m its
with i n
wh ich
pip el i ne
route
s ele c tion
ta ke s
place
shou ld
be
defi ne d
by
identi fic ation o f the s tar ti ng p oi nt o f the pip el i ne, the end p oi nt o f the pip el i ne and any i nterme d i ate
fi xe d p oi nts . T he s e p oi nts s hou ld b e ma rke d on s u itably s c a le d pla n s coveri ng the are a,
consideration during the routing procedure.
for fu r ther
C.2 Constraints
Existing and planned constraints to route selection (see 6.2.1) occurring within the area of interest
shou ld b e identi fie d to a s s i s t the s ele c tion o f route op tion s . T he con s trai nts identi fie d s hou ld b e plo tte d
on s u itably s ca le d
map s ,
con s ideri ng
the complexity
o f terra i n
and i n formation
corridors of interest should then be selected for route development.
gathere d .
Po tenti a l
C.3 Preferred corridors of interest
A preferred route corridor should be selected, taking into account all the technical, environmental and
f
f
f
should be noted that the shortest corridor might not be the most suitable.
s a e ty-relate d
ac tors th at c an b e s ign i fic a nt du ri ng i n s ta l lation and op eration o
the pip el i ne s ys tem . I t
C.4 Detailed routing
T he adop tion o f a provi s ional route withi n the s ele c te d route corridor shou ld b e precede d by a desk
s tudy, cons ultation and vi s ual apprai s a l maki ng us e o f al l i n formation avai lable with in the public domai n .
P rior to the s ele c tion o f the fi na l route, la nd and envi ron menta l s u r veys s hou ld b e made . T he s e shou ld
cover s u ffic ient width and dep th arou nd the provi s iona l route and have s u ffic ient acc u rac y to identi fy
all
fe atu re s
that c an advers ely i n fluence i n s ta l lation a nd op eration o f the pip el i ne s ys tem . T h i s s hou ld
b e accomp a n ie d
by
where appropriate.
fu r ther
de ta i le d
con s u ltation
with
a l l a ffe c te d
th i rd
p ar tie s
a nd route -wa l ki ng
T h i rd-p ar ty ac tivities a long the pip el i ne route a nd relate d s a fe ty as p e c ts shou ld b e i nve s tigate d .
A complete set of data relevant to design, construction and the safe and reliable operation of the pipeline
s ys tem s hou ld b e compi le d
from
re cord s ,
map s and phys ic a l
s ur veys .
re corde d on a l ignment s he e ts o f an appropriate s c a le . T he co ord i nate s
T he s ele c te d route shou ld b e
o f a l l s ign i fic ant p oi nts , s uch
as target points, crossing points, bend starting points and bend ending points, should be indicated.
f
f
to the installation and operational phases, and consideration should be given to the requirement for a
C ontour l i ne s s hou ld b e re corde d at i nter va l s s u ficient
or des ign pu rp o s e s , p a r tic u la rly with regard
ver tic a l pro fi le o f the route .
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
75
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Annex D
(informative)
Examples of factors for routing considerations
Consideration
S a fe ty
Environment
On-land pipelines
s
h
o
r
e
p
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
See Annex E
Personnel accommodation
E nvi ro n menta l l y s en s iti ve a re a s:
E nvi ron menta l l y s en s i ti ve a re a s:
a re a s o f o uts ta nd i n g b e auty
—
s
a re a s o f s p e c i a l s c ienti fic i ntere s t
—
a re a s o f a rch ae olo gic a l i mp o r ta nce
—
a re a s o f n atu ra l con s er vation i mp or ta nce
—
a re a s o f de s i gn ate d l a nd s c ap e
—
a re a s o f m a r i ne a rch ae olo gic a l i mp or ta nce
—
a re a s o f con s er vation i ntere s t
—
m a r i ne p a rks
—
n atu ra l re s ou rce s , s uch a s water
c atch ment a re a s , re s er voi rs a nd
76
ff
See Annex E
—
Facilities
O
—
fo re s tr y
aqu i fers a nd p o tab le water s up p l ie s
Pipelines
Pipelines
Underground and above-ground services Cables
Tunnels
Subsea structures and wellheads
Coastal
protection
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© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Consideration
Third-party
activities
On-land pipelines
Land use
Mineral workings
Mining
Military zones
O
ff
s
h
o
r
e
p
i
p
e
l
i
n
e
s
Shipping lanes
Anchoring
Recreation
Fishing
Exploration and production
Dredging and dumping
Military exercises
O ffloading at plat forms
Environmental
conditions
Construction
and operation
Geotechnical conditions:
Boat landing
Geotechnical conditions:
— uneven topography, outcrops and depressions
— earthquake zones
— instability such as faults and fissuring — high-slope gradients
— so ft and waterlogged ground
— seabed instability
— soil corrosivity
— so ft sediment and sediment transport
— rock and hard ground
— presence o f near-sur face gas
— flood plains
— coastal erosion
— earthquake areas
— beach movement
— muskeg and perma frost areas
— high near-bottom currents
— areas o f land slippage, subsidence and Hydrographic conditions
differential settlement
— uneven topography, outcrops and
depressions
— infill land and waste disposal sites
including those contaminated by disease
or radioactivity
Hydrographic conditions
Access
Working width
Utilities
Availability and disposal o f test water
Crossings
Logistics
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
Maximum approachable water depth
Minimum feasible laying radius
Station-keeping vessels
Platforms and subsea wellhead approach
Tie-ins
Shore approach and landfall installation technique
Crossings
Logistics
77
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Annex E
(normative)
Safety evaluation of pipelines
E.1 Overview
T h i s a n nex provide s gu idel i ne s
pipelines required in 6.2.1.2.
for
the pla nn i ng , exe c ution and do c u mentation o f s a fe ty eva luation s o f
T h i s a nne x re fers ma i n ly to the eva luation o f the e ffe c t o f lo s s o f fluid s on publ ic s a fe ty. T he pri nciple s
i n th i s a n nex c an, however, a l s o b e u s e d
for
o ther s a fe ty eva luation s .
E.2 General requirements
S a fe ty eva luation s
sh a l l b e p er forme d accord i ng to a defi ne d s e quence o f s tep s .
sequence of steps that can be followed.
S a fe ty
eva luation s
s ha l l
demon s trate
that
the
pip el i ne
is
des igne d,
Figure E.1 shows a
con s truc te d
and
op erate d
in
accorda nce with the s a fe ty re qu i rements o f th i s do c u ment.
The level of detail of the evaluation and the techniques to be applied shall be appropriate to the
objectives of the evaluation.
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Fu r ther s a fe ty eva luation s
sh a l l b e c arrie d out du ri ng the op erationa l
l i fe o f the pip el i ne i n c a s e o f
relevant change s to the defi n ition o f the pip el i ne and the pip el i ne envi ron ment or o ther ci rc um s ta nce s
that can render the conclusions of the evaluation invalid.
S a fe ty eva luation s s ha l l b e p er forme d b y p ers on nel havi ng the ne ce s s ar y s p e ci a l i s t te ch n ic a l a nd s a fe ty
expertise.
E.3 Definition o f the scope o f the evaluation
T he
s cop e
o f the
eva luation
shou ld
be
defi ne d
and
formu late d
to
provide
evaluation plan. The scope should include, as a minimum, the following:
for
the
basis
for
the
s a fe ty
p er form i ng the eva luation and c as e - s p e ci fic obj e c tive(s) ;
—
re a s on(s)
—
defi n ition o f the pip el i ne to b e eva luate d;
—
defi n ition o f the envi ron ment, e . g. hu man habitation a nd ac tivitie s ne ar the pip el i ne;
—
identi fic ation
o f me a s ure s that ca n b e prac tic a l a nd e ffe c ti ve i n removi ng or m itigati ng advers e
e ffe c ts on publ ic s a fe ty;
—
de s c rip tion o f a s s ump tion s and con s trai nts govern i ng the eva luation;
—
identi fic ation o f the re qu i re d output.
78
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Scope de?inition
Hazard identi?ication
Initial evaluation
Measures
Hazard estimation
Review results
Results
acceptable
NO
YES
Documentation
Figure E.1 — Safety evaluation
E
.
4
H
a
z
a
r
d
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
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n
i
t
i
a
l
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
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n
The hazard scenarios with the potential to result in a loss o f fluid should be identified, together with
their root causes. These can include the following:
— design, construction or operator error;
— material or component failure;
— degradation due to corrosion or erosion, leading to loss o f wall thickness;
— third-party activity;
— natural hazards.
Methods applied for identi fying hazards can include review o f checklists and historical incident data,
brainstorming, and hazard and operability studies.
An initial evaluation o f the significance o f the identified hazards should be carried out based on the
likelihood of their occurrence and estimation of possible consequences.
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
79
ISO 13623:2017(E)
This step of the evaluation should result in one of the following courses of action for each of the
identi fie d h a z ard s:
—
c u r ta i l ment o f the eva luation b e c au s e the l i kel i ho o d o f o cc u rrence s or con s e quences o f the ha z ard
i s i n s ign i fic ant;
—
re com mende d me a s u re(s) to el i m i nate the ha z ard o r re duce it to a tolerable level;
—
e s ti mation o f ri s k.
E.5 Hazard estimation
E.6 General
H a z a rd e s ti mation shou ld pro duce a me a s u re o f the level o f e ffe c t on publ ic s a fe ty
ha z ard .
E s ti mate s
may b e expre s s e d
from
quantitatively or qua l itatively and de term i ne d
in
a p a r tic u la r
fre quenc y
of
occurrence, consequence, risk or a combination as appropriate for accomplishing the objectives of the
s a fe ty ana lys i s .
T here shou ld b e a cle a r explanation o f a l l the term s employe d when e xpre s s i ng exp o s u re . E s ti mate d
exp o s u re
s hou ld
no t
be
attribute d
to
a
level
o f pre ci s ion
i ncon s i s tent
with
the
acc u rac y
o f the
i n formation and ana lytic a l me tho d s employe d .
T he e ffe c t on publ ic s a fe ty
shou ld
be
e xam i ne d
determined.
a nd
from
the
the ha z ard s identi fie d as relevant i n the h a z ard-identi fic ation
b enefits
o f the
identi fie d
m itigati ng
me as u res
in
re duci ng
th i s
s tage
e ffe c t
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E.7 Frequency
analysis
T he li keli ho o d o f los s o f fluid
for each
—
u s e o f releva nt h i s toric a l data,
—
s ynthe s i s o f event
—
j udgement.
fre quenc ie s
o f the haz ards identi fied should b e es timated by s uch appro aches as
u s i ng te ch n ique s s uch as
fai lure
mo de and e ffe c t a na lys i s , and
E.8 Consequence analysis
E s ti mati ng the l i kely i mp ac t o f the lo s s o f flu id s hou ld ta ke i nto accou nt the
fol lowi ng:
—
natu re o f flu id , e . g. fl am mable, toxic, re ac tive, e tc . ;
—
pip el i ne de s ign;
—
burie d- or ab ove - ground top o graphy;
—
envi ron menta l cond ition s;
—
s i z e o f hole or rup tu re;
—
mitigati ng me as ures to res tric t lo s s o f containment, s uch as lea k dete c tion and us e o f is olation va lves;
—
mo de o f e s c ap e o f fluid s;
—
d i s p ers ion o f flu id and prob abi l ity o f ign ition;
—
p o s s ible accident s cenario s
1)
80
pre s s u re wave s
fol lowi ng
fol lowi ng
a fluid lo s s , wh ich may i nclude
flu id rele as e,
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
2) combustion/explosion following ignition, and
3)
level o f e xp o s ure and e s ti mate d e ffe c t.
—
E
.
toxic e ffe c ts or a s phyxi ation s;
8
.
1
R
i
s
k
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
Risk is the exposure determined from the frequencies of occurrence and consequences of the hazards
identi fie d .
Ri s k s hou ld b e de term i ne d i n the mo s t s u itable term s
be
e xpre s s e d
qua l itatively
or quantitatively
as
for
either i nd ividua l s or p opu lation s a nd may
appropri ate .
T he
comple tenes s
and
calculated risk should be stated and effects of uncertainties or assumptions tested.
acc urac y
o f the
E.9 Review of results
T he re s u lts o f the ha z a rd identi fic ation, i nitia l eva luation and ri sk es ti mation sh a l l b e comp are d with
the s a fe ty re qu i rements to demon s trate compl ia nce .
E.10 Documentation
T he do c umentation on pip el i ne s a fe ty eva luation s shou ld i nclude, a s a m i n i mu m, the
—
table o f contents;
—
s u m mar y;
—
obj e c tive s a nd s cop e;
—
s a fe ty re qu i rements;
—
l i m itation s , a s s u mp tion s a nd j u s ti fic ation o f hyp o the s e s;
—
de s crip tion o f s ys tem;
—
a na lys i s me tho dolo g y;
—
h a z ard-identi fic ation res u lts;
—
mo del des crip tion with as s u mp tion s and va l idation;
—
d ata and thei r s ou rce s;
—
e ffe c t on publ ic s a fe ty;
—
s en s itivity a nd uncer tai ntie s;
—
d i s c u s s ion o f re s u lts;
—
conclu s ion s;
—
re ference s .
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
fol lowi ng:
81
ISO 13623:2017(E)
Annex F
(informative)
Scope of procedures for operation, maintenance and emergencies
F.1
Operating procedures
Operating procedures can include details of the following:
—
the organ i z ation showi ng the re s p on s ible p ers on s;
—
installations;
—
the flu id s th at may b e tra n s p or te d;
—
the pip el i ne s ys tem op erati ng cond ition s , i nclud i ng l i m itation s and p erm itte d devi ation s
—
the control
—
the pip el i ne mon itori ng s ys tem and the me an s b y wh ich le a ks c an b e de te c te d;
—
mari ne op eration s pro ce du re s , where appl ic able;
—
s che du l i ng a nd d i s p atch i ng pro ce du re s;
—
piggi ng pro ce du re s and thei r pu rp o s e;
—
re ference s
—
co ord i nation with th i rd p ar tie s;
—
the
pip el i ne
s ys tem,
i nclud i ng
pu mpi ng
s tation s ,
term i na l s ,
tan k
farm s ,
plat form s
limitations;
fu nc tion s
a nd
o ther
from
s uch
and com mu n ic ation s;
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maps, etc.;
to relate d do c u mentation,
e . g. p erm its
to work,
ma nu fac turer's
l iterature,
d rawi ngs ,
d rawi ngs showi ng dema rc ation o f the pip el i ne s ys tem a nd l i m its o f owners h ip and op erators h ip
with i n the whole pip el i ne s ys tem;
—
venti ng a nd fla ri ng pro ce du re s;
—
re qui rements o f releva nt le gi s lation or s tatutor y authoritie s .
F.2
Maintenance procedures
Maintenance procedures can include details of the following:
—
the organ i z ation, showi ng the re s p on s ib le p ers on s;
—
installations;
—
s che du le s ,
the
pip el i ne
s ys tem,
i n s p e c tion
i nclud i ng
a nd
pu mpi ng
mai ntenance
s tation s ,
term i na l s ,
s p e c i fic ation s
and
tan k
farm s ,
i n s truc tion s
for
plat form s
e ach
a nd
element
o ther
o f the
pip el i ne s ys tem;
—
re ference s
to relate d ma nua l s
and do c umentation,
e . g. manu fac tu rer's
l iteratu re
and p erm it-to -
work s ys tem s;
—
82
releva nt d rawi ngs and route map s;
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
ISO 13623:2017(E)
—
s tore s and s p are s organ i z ation;
—
s p e ci fic pro ce du re s c an b e re qui re d
F.3
for
cer ta i n rep ai rs or mo d i fication s .
Emergency procedures
E mergenc y pro ce du res c a n i nclude de ta i l s o f the
—
—
fol lowi ng:
dutie s o f a l l p ers on nel i nvolve d i n the event o f an i ncident or emergenc y; re ference shou ld b e made
to the organization chart;
the
pip el i ne
installations;
s ys tem,
i nclud i ng
pu mpi ng
s tation s ,
term i na l s ,
ta n k
farm s ,
plat form s
and
o ther
—
the flu id s (i nclud i ng de tai l s o f any ha z a rd s a s s o ci ate d with the rele as e o f the flu id s) a nd norma l
—
the lo cation and de tai l s o f com mu n ic ation s with control centre s;
—
the comp any and/or contrac t p ers on nel, th i rd p a r tie s and s tatutor y b o d ie s whom it i s ne ce s s ar y to
operating conditions;
no ti fy i n the event o f a n i nc ident or emergenc y;
—
lo c ation o f emergenc y e qu ipment a nd s p e c ia l i s t s er vice s;
—
a rrangements
for
the evac uation o f p ers onnel or th i rd p a r tie s , p ar tic u la r attention b ei ng given to
d ivers who c an b e u ndergoi ng de compre s s ion and are, there fore, con fi ne d to a chamb er;
—
a rrangements to ma ke s a fe the pip el i ne s ys tem i n the event o f an emergenc y and
for
l i m iti ng the
e ffe c ts o f a ny lo s s o f conta i nment or to re duce the ri s k o f lo s s o f contai n ment;
—
for
pip el i ne s ys tem s that l i n k i n s ta l l ation s , pro ce du re s
for
s hutti ng down the pip el i ne s ys tem i n the
event o f an emergenc y at a no ther i n s ta l lation;
—
venti ng a nd flari ng pro ce dure s .
© ISO 2017 – All rights reserved
83
ISO 1 3 62 3 : 2 01 7(E)
Bibliography
[1]
ISO 16708, Petroleum
and natural gas industries — Pipeline tran sportation system s — Reliability-
based limit state methods
[2]
ISO/TS 29001, Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries — Sector-speci fic quality
management system s — Requirements for product and service supply organization s
[3]
API STD 1160, Managing System Integrity for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines
[4]
API RP 5L1, Recommended Practice for Railroad Tran sportation
[5]
API RP 5LW, Recommended Practice for Tran sportation
[6]
ASME B31.8S, Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines
[7]
EN 16348,
Gas infrastructure
—
Safety
of Line Pipe
of Line Pipe on Barges and Marine Vessels
management
system
(SMS)
for gas tran smission
infrastructure and pipeline integrity management system (PIMS) for gas tran smission pipelines —
Functional requirements
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ICS 75.200
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