WS/FCS
Unit Planning Organizer
Subject(s)
Social Studies
Grade/Course American History 2
Unit of Study Unit 2: Industrialism, Urbanization, Immigration, the Gilded Age and Progressivism (3.4,
4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 8.1, 8.3, 8.4)
Unit Title
The Gilded Age and Progressivism
Pacing
12 Days
Conceptual Lenses
● Urbanization
● Immigration
● Power
● Reform
Unit Overview
The second unit of American History 2 examines the Gilded Age and Progressive Era through the lenses of urbanization, immigration,
power and reform.
The Gilded Age: Industrialization and Immigration
By the 1880s, industrialization takes hold of the northern and Midwestern portions of the United States. Technological innovations
helped speed up production in factories and aided in the growth of cities. Urbanization reaches new heights, both figuratively and
literally. Not only do many Americans migrate to the cities to find work, but the hope for work and a chance at the “American Dream”
brings millions of immigrants to the United States.
From 1870 to 1900, approximately twelve million immigrants arrived in the United States. The majority of these immigrants traveled
from Europe and were processed on the East Coast at Ellis Island, while a smaller number of immigrants, mostly from Asia, entered
the United States through the western processing center at Angel Island. These “huddled masses” endured long voyages in hopes of
improving their quality of life. Once through the stressful ordeal of being processed, most of the immigrants traveled to large cities,
settled in neighborhoods that became distinct ethnic communities, and became factory workers.
The Gilded Age: Political Machines and Captains of Industry
Local and state politicians would use the naivety of immigrants to gain votes and secure their positions of power. Once in power, a
system of patronage and favoritism was used to maintain their power in the political arena, essentially creating “political machines”.
“Political machines” could be found in major cities around the country, and once in place, they were difficult to dismantle and riddled
with corruption. The politicians in control would use their power to grant favors to businesses and workers in return for monetary
support and votes.
By supporting “political machines”, industrialists were able ensure a “laissez faire” government that would not interfere with business
practices. These practices included a variety of measures to increase the wealth and power of large business owners, often at the
expense of small businesses, workers, and consumers. “Robber Barons” and “Captains of Industry” were able to rise to the top by
eliminating competition through the creation of monopolies. While many defended their business tactics and treatment of workers by
citing Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory, others used their money and power to give back to the communities.
Progressivism: Moving Towards Reform
Rapid urbanization presented new obstacles for cities. Sanitation and housing became major issues as the population in major cities
grew. Concerns over fire safety grew as top floors in buildings became out of reach for longest fire department ladders. The masses
needed a way to decompress and enjoy the little leisure time they had. Some of these obstacles would be fuel for the Progressive Era
and help change the nature of American entertainment.
Life in urban areas changed as a result of the huge numbers of immigrants. The mass influx of diverse cultures led to the
development of ethnic neighborhoods that continued the cultural aspects of “home”. Unfortunately, life in the big city was filled with
hardship. Most immigrants, as well as poor Americans, lived in overcrowded tenements. The monotony of factory work, along with
long hours and low wages, took their toll on workers’ morale. Hope waned for labor reform due to the “laissez faire” attitude in
government.
As a result of the frustration, workers began to unite and form labor unions. People, like Terrance Powderly, Samuel Gompers, and
Eugene Debs, helped workers organized and fight for better pay, shorter hours, and safer working conditions. Through tactics like
arbitration and strikes, labor unions hoped to improve the lives of both skilled and unskilled workers. Though few gains were made by
the end of the 19th Century, the work of labor unions would increase the demand for major reform.
A foreshadowing of serious reform came with the collapse of patronage, which fueled the “political machines”. In 1883, the Pendleton
Civil Service Act changed the way in which government positions were granted. No longer could elected officials pack their offices
with friends. Instead, positions had to be filled by those qualified for the position. The Pendleton Civil Service Act was yet another sign
of the reforms to come.
Progressivism: Reform
The momentum for the Progressive Era grew with the muckraking done by journalists at the end of the 19th Century and beginning of
the 20th Century. Muckrakers brought to light the living conditions of the urban poor, infiltrated factories to uncover the horrifying truths
of food production and worker hardship, exposed the corruption in big cities, and reported the abuses of big business. These actions
opened the door for reform. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft, and Woodrow Wilson answered the call for reform.
The first twenty years of the 20th Century was commanded by Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson, commonly referred to as the Progressive
Presidents. The “laissez-faire” government of the late 19th Century was replaced by a regulatory government aimed at breaking up
monopolies, improving the distribution of wealth, and protecting workers and consumers. By the start of the 1920s, the federal
government had managed to add four new amendments to the Constitution including one creating an income tax and one granting
women the right to vote. Additionally, federal policies aimed at regulating business and protecting consumers were created: The
Federal Reserve System, Federal Trade Commission, and Food and Drug Administration. These major domestic changes paralleled
changes in American foreign policy, which found America involved in imperialism and a world war.
The government was not alone in the Progressive Movement, citizens also worked for change. People like Jane Addams and Lillian
Wald created settlement houses to help immigrants and the poor. Minority groups, particularly African Americans, worked to protect
their civil liberties and gain certain rights. Although progress was made for some (women were granted the right to vote) true equality
would still be out of reach for some time.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unit Enduring Understanding(s)
Change as a result of urbanization can necessitate
reform.
Change as a result of immigration can necessitate
reform.
A desire for power can lead to corruption and an unequal
distribution of wealth.
When citizens face inequalities, they often demand
reform.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unit Essential Question(s)
How can urbanization lead to political, economic and social
reform?
How can immigration lead to political, economic and social
reform?
How can the desire for power lead to corruption and an
unbalanced distribution of wealth?
Why do movements for political, economic, and social
reform occur?
Essential State Standards
Priority Objectives
AH2.H.3.4 Analyze voluntary and involuntary immigration trends since Reconstruction in
terms of causes, regions of origin and destination, cultural contributions, and public and
governmental response.
AH2.H.4.1 Analyze the political issues and conflicts that impacted the United States since
Reconstruction and the compromises that resulted.
AH2.H.4.2 Analyze the economic issues and conflicts that impacted the United States
since Reconstruction and the compromises that resulted.
AH2.H.4.3 Analyze the social and religious conflicts, movements and reforms that
impacted the United States since Reconstruction in terms of participants, strategies,
opposition, and results.
Supporting Objectives
AH2.H.4.2 Analyze the economic
issues and conflicts that impacted the
United States since Reconstruction and
the compromises that resulted.
AH2.H.7.2 Explain the impact of wars
on the American economy since
Reconstruction.
AH2.H.4.4 Analyze the cultural
conflicts that impacted the United
States since Reconstruction and the
compromises that resulted.
AH2.H.5.1 Summarize how the philosophical, ideological and/or religious views on
freedom and equality contributed to the development of American political and economic.
AH2.H.8.1 Analyze the relationship between innovation, economic development, progress
and various perceptions of the “American Dream” since Reconstruction.
AH2.H.8.2 Explain how opportunity
and mobility impacted various groups
within American society since
Reconstruction.
AH2.H.8.3 Evaluate the extent to which a variety of groups and individuals have had
opportunity to attain their perception of the “American Dream” since Reconstruction.
AH2.H.8.4 Analyze multiple perceptions of the “American Dream” in times of prosperity
and crisis since Reconstruction.
*Standards 1 (historical thinking) and 2 (turning points) are included in every unit.
Unit Resources
Graphic Organizers and Activities
Primary Resources, Readings, and Songs
Websites and Videos
Assessment
Standard(s)
AH2.H.3.4
Analyze
voluntary and
involuntary
immigration
trends since
Reconstruction
in terms of
causes, regions
of origin and
destination,
cultural
contributions,
and public and
governmental
response.
AH2.H.4.2
Analyze the
economic
issues and
conflicts that
impacted the
United States
since
Reconstruction
and the
compromises
that resulted.
AH2.H.8.1
Analyze the
relationship
Unit “Chunking”
& Enduring
Understandings
The Gilded Age:
Industrialization
and Immigration
Suggested
Lesson Essential
Questions
Technological
innovations can
enable
urbanization.
How did
technological
innovations enable
urbanization and
the horizontal and
vertical growth of
cities?
______________
Rapid
urbanization
impacts the
economy and
culture of cities.
_______________
How did rapid
urbanization
impact the
economic and
cultural
development of
cities in the 19th
Century?
Possible Factual
Content
(Bold Found in
Standards)
● Industrialization
- inventions
* Edison
* Westinghouse
● Urbanization
- industrialization
- growth horizontal
and vertical
- culture
Example(s)
From
Unpacked
Standard
How various
technological
innovations
enabled
urbanization
and the
horizontal and
vertical growth
of cities in the
19th Century.
___________________
● Urban Life
- new issues
* sanitation
* fires
* natural disasters
~ Johnstown
flood 1889
~ Galveston
hurricane 1900
~ San Francisco
earthquake of
1906
- coping with life
* entertainment
~ phonograph
~ motion
pictures
~ mass
_____________
How and why
the United
States became
more industrial
and urban
during the 19th
Century and to
what extent
rapid urban and
industrial
development
produced
widespread
poverty and
poor working
conditions.
African American Infusion
Resources
Activities:
● Research an African American
innovator that developed
something that helped with
urbanization. Determine what
would have happened without the
innovation.
Resources:
● African American Inventors,
website
● America’s Always Had Black
Inventors, article, discusses how
enslaved people invented many
items but slaveholders often took
credit, also looks at inventions and
patents of free people of color
____________________________
Resources:
● The Racial Origins of Zoning in
American Cities, article, discusses
how zoning was used to keep
undesirables (immigrants and
African Americans) out of certain
areas
● The Racist History of Zoning
Laws, website, provides links to
Supreme Court decisions while
providing historical context
● Residential Segregation, article,
discussed zoning in NC and
provides information on
Winston-Salem
between
innovation,
economic
development,
progress and
various
perceptions of
the “American
Dream” since
Reconstruction.
AH2.H.8.3
Evaluate the
extent to which
a variety of
groups and
individuals have
had opportunity
to attain their
perception of
the “American
Dream” since
Reconstruction.
______________
Immigrants often
AH2.H.8.4
endure many
Analyze multiple challenges to
perceptions of
immigrate to new
the “American
countries.
Dream” in times
of prosperity
and crisis since
Reconstruction.
entertainment
+ Buffalo
Bill’s Wild
West
+ saloons
+ vaudeville
* spectator and
team sports
~ boxing
~ professional
baseball
~ college
football
and basketball
~ bicycle races
* leisure time
~ city parks
~ bicycles
~ Coney Island
_______________
How did the
process of
immigrating to the
United States
impact
immigrants?
● Immigration
- reasons for
- culture/ethnic
groups
* Eastern and
Southern
Europeans
- endurance of
passage
- entry into USA
* port
~ Ellis Island
~ Angel Island
* process
How and why
the United
States became
more industrial
and urban
during the 19th
Century and to
what extent
rapid urban and
industrial
development
produced
widespread
poverty and
poor working
conditions.
How 19th
Century
urbanization
generated new
forms of mass
entertainment.
How “the
huddled
masses” of
American
immigrants
endured
passage to the
United States to
better
themselves and
their families.
How the
“huddled
______________
Increased
immigration
impacts the
economy and
culture of cities.
_______________
How did increased
immigration impact
the economic and
cultural
development of
cities in the late
19th Century and
early 20th Century?
- huddled masses
* Lewis Hine
photos from Ellis
Island
- opportunity and
mobility
* New York –
garment industry
* Chicago – meat
industry
* Cleveland – steel
Mills
* ethnic
neighborhoods
- naturalization
- views on American
Dream and life in
US
* Abraham Cahan
Yekl: A Tale of
the New York
Ghetto
* Jacob Riis
Immigrant
Interviews
___________________
● Immigrants
- cultural
contributions
- living conditions
* ethnic
neighborhoods
* tenements
* muckraking
~ Jacob Riis How
the Other Half
Lives
masses” of
“new”
immigrants
were processed
at ports of entry
such as Ellis
Island and
Angel Island,
and how that
process
impacted the
lives and
cultural
contributions of
immigrants to
the United
States.
_____________
How and to
what extent the
immigration of
various Eastern
Europeans
influenced the
industrial, urban
and cultural
development of
particular cities
and regions at
_______________________
Activities:
● Have students look up why and
how much the quotas from the
late 19th and early 20th Century
changed immigration rates for
Africans and compare these to
other immigrant groups. Then,
examine current restrictions for
immigration with a focus on
Africans to compare changes
over time.
● Have students create a chart
showing immigration trends
overtime for various groups,
AH2.H.4.1
Analyze the
political issues
and conflicts
that impacted
the United
States since
Reconstruction
and the
compromises
that resulted.
The Gilded Age:
Political
Machines and
Captains of
Industry
Political
corruption
impacts
government,
How did the desire
for power and the
resulting political
corruption impact
government,
- working conditions
* various industries
~ garment, meat,
steel
* child labor
~ Lewis Hines
photos
* muckraking
~ Upton Sinclair
The Jungle
- Nativism
* Italians, Roman
Catholics, Chinese
- restrictions
* Chinese Exclusion
Act 1882
- views on American
Dream and life in
US
* Abraham Cahan
Yekl: A Tale of
the New York
Ghetto
* Jacob Riis
Immigrant
Interviews
● Gilded Age
● Political Machines
- corruption/graft
* Boss Tweed and
Tammany Hall
+ Plunkett of
Tammany Hall
* James Michael
Curley and
Chicago/Cook
County
the turn of the
20th Century.
including Africans, to determine
when major migrations waves
can be seen, from where these
immigration waves occurred,
push/pull factors for these waves,
and the response from the
American government and
citizens to these waves.
How various
muckraking
journalists
worked to
expose the
Resources:
social,
● Chart Showing Immigration
economic and
Quotas from 1925-1927
political ills of
● Modern Immigration from Africa,
article, discusses percent of
an industrialized
immigrants from Africa and
society.
reasons for immigration
● Immigration to the U.S. Since
1945, article, has charts
_____________
To what extent
politicians have
used graft and
corruption to
move up the
political ladder
and lead
political parties
or “machines”.
AH2.H.4.2
Analyze the
economic
issues and
conflicts that
impacted the
United States
since
Reconstruction
and the
compromises
that resulted.
AH2.H.4.3
Analyze the
social and
religious
conflicts,
movements and
reforms that
impacted the
United States
since
Reconstruction
in terms of
participants,
strategies,
opposition, and
results.
AH2.H.5.1
Summarize how
the philosophical,
ideological and/or
religious views
on freedom and
economics, and
society.
economics, and
society during the
late 19th Century?
* James
Pendergast
and Kansas City
* Ed Crump and
Memphis
- immigrants for
votes
- patronage and
favoritism
- big business
* laissez-faire
How and why
“political
machines” at
the state and
local levels of
government
used patronage
and favoritism
to win the
support of big
business and
working class
voters.
How and to
what extent
various local
and state
governments
utilized
immigrant votes
to run machine
politics.
______________
Industrial leaders
can impact
political,
economic, and
cultural progress.
_______________ ___________________
How did industrial
● Business
leaders’ desire for
- “robber barons”
power and money
and “captains of
impact political,
industry”
economic and
* risks taken
cultural progress of
* distribution of
the United States?
wealth
* improved fortune
* people
~ Rockefeller
~ Carnegie
+ “The Gospel
of Wealth”
How Gilded Age
entrepreneurs
took risks to
develop and
monopolize
industries and
how their efforts
impacted the
economic
development
and cultural
ress of the
United States.
equality
contributed to the
development of
American political
and economic.
AH2.H.8.1
Analyze the
relationship
between
innovation,
economic
development,
progress and
various
perceptions of
the “American
Dream” since
Reconstruction.
AH2.H.8.3
Evaluate the
extent to which
a variety of
groups and
individuals have
had opportunity
to attain their
perception of
the “American
Dream” since
Reconstruction.
AH2.H.8.4
Analyze multiple
perceptions of
the “American
~ Morgan
~ Pullman
- monopolies
* impact on
workers and
consumers
* impact on
businesses
* vertical and
horizontal
- Social Darwinism
* “the survival of
the fittest”
* impact
~ government
policies
~ industry
~ social customs
How and why
the philosophy
of Social
Darwinism
emerged and
how the notion
of “the survival
of the fittest”
impacted the
development of
American
industry,
government
policies and
social customs
during the
Gilded Age.
How “Captains
of Industry” and
Boss politicians
defended the
acquisitions of
wealth and
power during
the Gilded Age.
Dream” in times
of prosperity
and crisis since
Reconstruction.
AH2.H.4.1
Analyze the
political issues
and conflicts
that impacted
the United
States since
Reconstruction
and the
compromises
that resulted.
AH2.H.4.2
Analyze the
economic
issues and
conflicts that
impacted the
United States
since
Reconstruction
and the
compromises
that resulted.
AH2.H.4.3
Analyze the
social and
religious
conflicts,
movements and
reforms that
Progressivism:
Moving Towards
Reform
Laborers will
often unite when
they feel their pay
and working
conditions are
unfair.
How did laborers
respond to the
tactics of
industrialists and
working conditions
during the late 19th
Century and early
20th Century?
● Labor Unrest
- unions
* formation
* Knights of Labor
and Terrence
Powderly
* AFL and Samuel
Gompers
* American Railway
Union and Eugene
Debs
* United Mine
Workers and
“Mother Jones”
- Eugene Debs and
Socialist Party of
American
* formation and
Influence
* “Yes, I am my
Brother’s
Keeper”
- tactics
* Molly Maguires
* Railroad Strike
1877
* Haymarket Affair
* Homestead Strike
* Pullman Strike
~ Report and
Testimony on
the Chicago
Resources:
How “laissez
faire” politics led ● The Pullman Strike and Boycott,
article, includes information
to the
about how African Americans
monopolization
were not allowed to join the
of specific
union. It makes the argument
that if they had been allowed to
industries
th
join the strikers may not have
during the 19
needed union help to shut down
Century and
the company.
how monopolies ● Labor Unions 1869-1920, primary
impacted
source, statement by W.E.B.
workers and
DuBois and a brief by the National
Archives and Records Division
consumers.
How and why
labor unions
formed during
the 19th Century
and to what
extent their
leadership bred
opposition and
results.
How various
muckraking
journalists
worked to
expose the
social,
economic and
political ills of
about race and unions
● Race in History of Labor Unions,
website, has a timeline of
information regarding race and
racism in labor unions
impacted the
United States
since
Reconstruction
in terms of
participants,
strategies,
opposition, and
results.
AH2.H.8.1
Analyze the
relationship
between
innovation,
economic
development,
progress and
various
perceptions of
the “American
Dream” since
Reconstruction.
AH2.H.8.4
Analyze multiple
perceptions of
the “American
Dream” in times
of prosperity
and crisis since
Reconstruction.
Reforms are
often necessary
to eliminate
corruption in
government and
industry.
How did the
elimination of
patronage impact
government and
industry in the
United States?
Strike of 1894
an industrialized
* collective
society.
bargaining
- Triangle Shirtwaist
Fire
● Civil Service Reform How late 19th
and Regulatory Laws Century civil
- Pendleton Civil
service reform
Service Act of
and regulatory
1883
laws of the
- muckraking
national
* Lincoln Steffens
government
The Shame of the impacted
Cities
American
- changed relationship government and
with industry
industry.
* McKinley Tariff
● Exposing Big
How various
Business
muckraking
- muckraking
journalists
* Ida M. Tarbell
worked to
History of the
expose the
Standard Oil
social,
Company
economic and
political ills of
an industrialized
society.
AH2.H.4.1
Analyze the
political issues
and conflicts
that impacted
the United
States since
Reconstruction
and the
compromises
that resulted.
AH2.H.4.2
Analyze the
economic
issues and
conflicts that
impacted the
United States
since
Reconstruction
and the
compromises
that resulted.
AH2.H.4.3
Analyze the
social and
religious
conflicts,
movements and
reforms that
impacted the
United States
since
Reconstruction
in terms of
Progressivism:
Reform
The work of
journalists can
lead to reform
movements.
How did
muckraking
journalists pave
the way for
Progressive
reforms?
______________
Political leaders
can create
policies that
protect workers
and consumers.
_______________
How did
Progressive
Presidents work to
reform business in
an effort to protect
workers and
consumers?
● Muckraking
● Progressivism
- reasons for
- presidents
* Roosevelt
~ Square Deal
* Taft
* Wilson
~ 1912 Election
~ Triple Wall of
Privilege
- impact on
* government
~ Amendments
16-19
* society
~ income tax
~ FDA
* business
~ Interstate
Commerce Act
of 1887
~ Sherman AntiTrust Act
~ Frederick
Winslow Taylor
and The
Principles of
Scientific
Management
~ FTC
~ Federal Reserve
~ Clayton Antitrust
* labor
~ concessions
gained
How various
muckraking
journalists
worked to
expose the
social,
economic and
political ills of
an industrialized
society.
_____________
How Presidents
Theodore
Roosevelt,
William H. Taft,
and Woodrow
Wilson led and
advocated for
progressive
reform that
regulated
business and
protected the
worker and
consumer.
How
progressivism
changed the
relationship
between big
business, labor
and
government.
participants,
strategies,
opposition, and
results.
AH2.H.5.1
Summarize how
the
philosophical,
ideological
and/or religious
views on
freedom and
equality
contributed to
the
development of
American
political and
economic.
Political,
economic, and
social reforms can
affect groups of
people in many
ways.
How did the
Progressive
movement affect
immigrants and
minorities?
● Immigrants and
Poverty
- Social Gospel
Movement
* share wealth
- settlement houses
- Jane Addams,
Ellen Starr, and
Hull House
- Lillian Wald and
Henry Street
Settlement
- University
Settlement Society
of New York
- YMCA
● Minorities
- women
* work for suffrage
* people
~ Carrie Chapman
Catt
~ Margaret Sanger
~ Alice Paul
~ Lucy Burns
- African Americans
* views
~ Ida B. Wells
~ Booker T.
Washington and
“The Atlanta
Compromise”
~ W.E.B. Du Bois
and “The
Talented Tenth”
~ NAACP
How and to
what extent the
Social Gospel
Movement and
its participants
responded to
rising social
tensions and
injustices of the
late 19th
Century.
How
immigration
groups
benefited from
the services of
individuals and
public
instructions
during the late
19th and 20th
Centuries.
To what extent
the American
woman has
successfully
gained
expanded roles
in American
society and
gender equality.
How African
American civil
rights leaders of
the late 19th
Activities:
● Compare the Differences in
Agendas of Booker T.
Washington, W.E.B DuBois, and
Marcus Garvey This is an activity
that includes a reading and Venn
diagram comparing viewpoints of
the three gentlemen.
● Who had the best plan for African
Americans to achieve greater
freedom and equality? This is a
WSFCS Inquiry Based Project.
● Examine African American
Identity in the Gilded Age This is
a Library of Congress lesson with
links to numerous resources.
● Analyze the African Americans
Experience in the Gilded Age
This is a lesson plan from the Bill
of Rights Institute.
Resources:
● African American Experience in
North Carolina After
Reconstruction, website, a lot of
information on various issues
facing African Americans in NC
during the Progressive Era
● Civil Rights and the Gilded Age,
article, shares views of
Washington and DuBois
● National Association of Colored
Women’s Club, website, includes
information on the work of the
members on progressive issues
● African American Women and
the Nineteenth Amendment,
website
● How Racism Tainted Women’s
Fight to Vote, article, showdown
between anti-lynching crusader
Ida B. Wells and temperance
leader Frances E. Willard
revealed the grip that racial
Century differed
in how to best
achieve greater
freedom and
equality.
resentment had over the
American suffrage movement
● Ida B. Wells, website
● Ida B. Wells, primary sources,
various newspaper articles
reporting on her work
● Ida B. Wells, primary resources,
provides links to various sources
● Miss Ida B. Wells: A Lecture,
primary source, an advertisement
in a newspaper
● “Lynch Law in America”, primary
source, by Ida B. Wells
● The Troublesome Question
Ignored and Negro
Communicants Refused Seats,
primary sources, two different
excerpts from Ida B. Wells
● A Red Record, book, account of
lynchings in the United States,
entire book by Ida B. Wells
● To the Members of the
Anti-Lynching Bureau, primary
source, appeal by Wells to
African Americans to support the
Anti-Lynching Bureau via
membership and money at a time
when lynchings were rising and
newspaper accounts and interest
declining
*Standards 1 (historical thinking) and 2 (turning points) are included in every unit. i.e.: How was the passing of the 19th
Amendment a turning point in U.S. history?
HISTORY
● Change
● Conflict
● Patterns
● Leadership
GEOGRAPHY
● Settlement
Patterns
CIVICS &
GOVERNMENT
● Domestic
Policy
● Political
Action
ECONOMICS
● Economic Systems
● Standard of Living
● Quality of Life
CULTURE
● Assimilation
● Ethnicity
● Society
● Regulation
● Rights