Physiology Review By Dr. Jude • What is the fundamental unit of all living organisms? • A. Atom • B. Molecule • C. Tissue • D. Cell • The Greek root derm- means... • A. Skin • B. Follicles • C. Nails • D. Hair • Which of the following cells gives color to the skin and serves to decrease the amount of ultraviolet light that can penetrate into deeper layers of the skin? • A. Keratinocytes • B. Mesocytes • C. Astrocytes • D. Melanocytes • Which layer is known as the true skin? • A. Epidermis • B. Subdermis • C. Dermis • D. Hypodermis • Collagen and elastin are found in which layer of skin? • A. Epidermis • B. Dermis • C. Hypodermis • D. Mesodermis • Which are pouch-like structures in the skin from which hair grows? • A. Follicles • B. Indentions • C. Sacs • D. Cysts • What is another term used to describe the subcutaneous layer? • A. Epidermis • B. Hypodermis • C. Subdermis • D. Mesodermis • Which layer of skin contains blood vessels, many nerve receptors, hair follicles, and skin glands? • A. Epidermis • B. Mesodermis • C. Hypodermis • D. Dermis • Which skin region is relatively avascular? • A. Epidermis • B. Dermis • C. Hypodermis • D. Endodermis • What is the long cylindrical shaft of the bone? • • • • A. Epiphysis B. Diaphysis C. Bony markings D. Periosteum • What are the two ends of a long bone? • • • • A. Epiphyses B. Diaphyses C. Surface markings D. Periosteum • What is a meeting place for bones at which joint movement occurs? • • • • A. Periosteum B. Hemopoiesis C. Diaphysis D. Articulation • Small, round bones embedded in tendons are classified as which of the following categories? • • • • A. Flat B. Irregular C. Short D. Sesamoid • The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores and releases which ion? • • • • A. Phosphorus B. Potassium C. Sodium D. Calcium • Which of the following is the thin myofilament? • • • • A. Actin B. Epimysium C. Myosin D. Fasciculi • Which is a skeletal muscle's contractile unit? • • • • A. Fasciculi B. Sarcomere C. Perimysium D. Retinacula • Which is the fascial covering of the entire muscle? • • • • A. Perimysium B. Epimysium C. Endomysium D. Aponeurosis • Which of the following is the thick myofilament? • • • • A. Actin B. Fasciculi C. Myofascial D. Myosin • Which of the following is not a function of proteins? • Provide structural framework • Control body temperature • Transport materials throughout the body • Store energy • Regulate many physiological processes • Which of the following organic compounds are classified as lipids except? • Polysaccharides • Triglycerides • Steroids • Sex hormones • Eicosanoids • A compound dissociates in water and forms a cation other than H+ and an anion other than OH-. This substance most likely is a(n) • Acid • Base • Enzyme • Buffer • Salt • Which of the following statements regarding ATP are true? • ATP is the energy currency for the cell. • The energy supplied by the hydrolysis of ATP is constantly being used by cells. • The production of ATP involves both aerobic and anaerobic phases. • The process of producing energy in the form of ATP is termed the law of conservation of energy. • All of the above • If the concentration of solutes in the ECF and ICFs are equal, the cell is in a(n) solution. • Hypertonic • Hydrophobic • Saturated • Hypotonic • Isotonic • Which membrane protein is incorrectly matched with its function? • Receptor: allows recognition of specific molecules • Ion channel: allows passage of specific ions through the membrane • Carrier: allows cells to recognize each other and foreign cells • Linker: allows binding of one cell to another and provides stability and shape to a cell • Enzyme: catalyzes cellular reactions • Which of the following organelles function primarily in decomposition reactions? • Ribosomes • Mitochondria • Lysosomes • Centrosomes • Golgi apparatus • Which of the following statements regarding the nucleus is/are true? • Nucleoli within the nucleus are the sites of ribosome synthesis. • The nucleus contains the cell's hereditary units. • The nuclear membrane is a solid, impermeable membrane. • Protein synthesis occurs within the nucleus. • DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of mRNA. • Which of the following tissues is avascular? • Cardiac muscle • Stratified squamous epithelial • Compact bone • Skeletal muscle • Adipose • If the lining of an organ produces and releases mucus, which of the following cells would likely be found in the tissue lining the organ? • Goblet cells • Mast cells • Macrophages • Osteoblasts • Fibroblasts • Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly? • Damaged cartilage undergoes fibrosis, which interferes with the movement of materials needed for repair. • Cartilage does not contain fibroblasts, which are needed to produce the fibers in cartilage tissue. • Cartilage is avascular, so materials needed for repair must diffuse from surrounding tissue. • Chondrocytes cannot be replaced once they are damaged. • Chondrocytes undergo mitosis slowly, which delays healing. • The layer of the epidermis that contains stem cells undergoing mitosis is the • Stratum corneum. • Stratum lucidum. • Stratum basale. • Stratum spinosum. • Stratum granulosum. • Which of the following is not a function of skin? • Calcium production • Vitamin D synthesis • Protection • Excretion of wastes • Temperature regulation • The shape of a cell in the body is determined by • Age • Location • Function • Available nutrients • Ability to reproduce • The three basic parts of a cell are • Nucleus, organelles, and cytoplasm • Cell membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm • Cell membrane, organelles, and cytoplasm • Cell membrane, proteins, and cytoplasm • Cell membrane, nucleus, and nucleolus • Which of the following is NOT a component of the cytoplasm • Organelles • Water • Cell membrane • Inclusions • None of the above • One of the following cellular organelles contain hydrolytic enzymes that kill engulfed bacteria in phagocytic cells • Ribosomes • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • Vacuole • Golgi apparatus • The major job of ribosomes is to • Synthesize carbohydrates • Synthesize proteins • Synthesize fats • Break down proteins • Break down lipids • One of these organelles contains its own DNA • Golgi apparatus • Endoplasmic reticulum • Ribosomes • Mitochondria • Lysosomes • One of these organelles is filled with enzymes that break down waste in the cell • Ribosomes • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • Vacuole • Golgi apparatus • One of the following organelles sorts, processes, and packs secretory products of the cell • Ribosomes • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi apparatus • Mitochondria • Since the liver cells serve to detoxify drugs, they most likely have an large amounts of • Peroxisome • Lysosomes • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Golgi apparatus • Since the cells of the adrenal cortex produce steroid hormones, they most likely have an abundance of • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Mitochondria • Nuclei • Ribosomes • Since muscle cells produce and utilize an abundance of energy (ATP) for muscle activity, each muscle cell most likely has an abundance of • Ribosomes • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • Peroxisomes • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • One of the following is the proper progression of the levels of organization in the body • Cells – tissues – body systems – organs – whole body • Cells – chemicals – tissues – organs – body systems – whole body • Chemicals – cells – tissues – organs – body systems – whole body • Chemicals – cells – organs – tissues – body systems – whole body • Cells – tissues – body systems – organs – whole body • The organelle that plays the most essential role in the transport of newly synthesized materials such as secretory products from inside the cell to the outside is • Endoplasmic reticulum • Mitochondria • Golgi apparatus • Ribosomes • Peroxisomes • The fluid matrix, inside the cell, that suspends organelles is called • Nucleoplasm • Cytosol • Cytoplasm • Endoplasm • None of the above • Which tissue is thin and specialized for the diffusion of gases and ions? • Cuboidal epithelial • Connective • Simple squamous epithelium • Simple columnar epithelium • The air sacs in the lungs are comprised of _____ cells • Simple squamous • Simple columnar • Simple cuboidal • Transitional • Simple _____ epithelial cells are specialized for secretion and are found in glands such as the pancreas. • Columnar • Cuboidal • Squamous • Transitional • The gastrointestinal tract is primarily lined with _____. • Transitional cells • Stratified squamous epithelium • Simple columnar epithelium • Connective tissue • The most protective and driest cells of the body are the _____ cell types. • Connective tissue • Nervous • Stratified squamous epithelial • Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelial • The _____ lining of the urinary bladder allows it to stretch without tearing or losing integrity. • Cuboidal • Transitional • Muscle • Squamous • The _____ cells are the ones that produce collagen. • Fibroblast • Macrophage • Wandering cells • Histiocytes • The _____ tissue has the most numerous and diverse types of cells. • Nervous • Connective • Muscle • Epithelial • The _____ fibers cause a tissue to return to its original shape after distention. • Collagen. • Elastic • Reticular • Muscular • The power house of the cell is: • Ribosomes • Lysosomes • Mitochondria • Golgi apparatus • The skin produces two products, these are: • Melatonin and Vitamin D • Vitamin E and Myelin • Melanin and Vitamin D • Melanin and Vitamin E • Define Sebum • Milky fluid found in the axilla and groin • Sweat that controls body temperature • A fatty acid that keeps the skin moist and lubricates the hair shaft • Alkaline solution that balances the PH level of the skin • When a cell reproduces and divides the term is • Meiosis • Osmosis • Mitosis • Melanosis • The transfer of a substance by pressure when the concentration of the substance on one side of the membrane is greater than the other. The transference stops when and equal concentration has been achieved • Diffusion • Osmosis • Filtration • Dissolution • The diffusion of H2O across a semi permeable or selectively permeable membrane is termed • Active transport • Diffusion • Osmosis • Endocytosis • Which of the following requires energy? • Diffusion • Osmosis • Active transport • Facilitated diffusion • Protein synthesis occurs at the • Mitochondria • Lysosomes • Within the nucleus • Ribosomes • Which of the following is not found in the cell membrane? • Cholesterol • Phospholipids • Proteins • Nucleic acids • In error – a patient is infused with large volumes of a solution that causes lysis of his RBCs. The solution was most likely: • Isotonic NaCl • Isotonic mannitol • Hypotonic urea • Hyertonic mannitol • Regarding endocytosis and exocytosis • Exocytosis requires Na+ and energy • The constitutive pathway of exocytosis involves prompt transport of proteins to the cell membranes in vesicles, with little or no processing or storage • In phagocytosis – the substances ingested are in solution and thus not visible under a microscope. • Constitutive endocytosis plays a major role in synaptic function • Each muscle fiber is directly surrounded by connective tissue called the _____. • Perimysium • Fascia • Endomysium • Epimysium • The outer layer of the skin is composed of ______________________. • Transitional epithelium • Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium • Stratified squamous epithelium • Stratified columnar epithelium • The primary purpose of stratification, or layering, in epithelial tissue is for increased _____________. • Protection • Secretion • Absorption • Thickening of the basement membrane
