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The Body's Defence
Mechanism
Question Paper 2
GCSE
Biology
CCEA
Health, disease, defence mech & treatments
The body's defence mechanism
Question Paper
Level
Subject
Exam Board
Topic
Sub-Topic
Booklet
Time Allowed:
64 minutes
Score:
/53
Percentage:
/100
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Higher Tier
1
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1
The diagram shows a lymphocyte cell producing antibodies in response to bacteria
entering the blood.
lymphocyte
protein A
bacterium
different types
of antibody
in the blood
antibodies
produced by
lymphocyte
© Chief Examiner
(a) Name protein A.
_________________________
[1]
2
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(b) Lymphocytes bring about immunity by producing antibodies.
Name this type of immunity.
_________________________
[1]
(c) Suggest why there are different types of antibodies already present in the blood.
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ [1]
(d) Use the diagram to help describe and explain the action of the antibodies on
the bacteria.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ [3]
After the action of the antibodies, another type of white blood cell destroys the bacteria.
(e) Name this type of white blood cell and describe how it destroys the bacteria.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________ [3]
(f) Give two ways the body can prevent bacteria entering the blood.
1. _____________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________ [2]
3
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2
(a) The diagram shows antibodies attacking bacteria.
bacterium
antibody
A
© Dorling Kindersley / Thinkstock
(i) Name structure A on the bacterium.
[1]
(ii) Describe how antibodies prevent the spread of the bacteria within
the body.
[2]
4
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(b) The graph shows the concentration of antibodies in the blood after
vaccination.
Two injections were given.
Each injection contained the same type of weakened bacteria.
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(i) Explain why the secondary response is faster than the primary
response.
[1]
(ii) Describe two other differences between the primary and
secondary response.
[2]
5
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(iii) Use evidence from the graph to suggest why a booster injection
must be given a few months after the first injection.
[2]
(iv) Suggest one disadvantage of the vaccination being given as two
injections rather than one.
[1]
(v) Explain why manufacturers of this vaccine weaken the bacteria
used in the injections.
[2]
(vi) Name the type of immunity given by this vaccination.
[1]
6
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3
Scientific method involves the following steps:
observation, making a hypothesis, experimentation, conclusion, validation.
Jenner is famous for having applied scientific method while developing
vaccination as a way of preventing smallpox.
Some of the steps in Jenner’s development of a smallpox vaccine were:
A
Infect a person with cowpox. Then infect the person with smallpox.
B
Jenner and other scientists repeated the procedure and got the same
results.
C
A person infected with cowpox may be protected from smallpox.
D
Jenner heard dairymaids say “I shall never have smallpox for I have
had cowpox”.
(a) Which of the steps used by Jenner is an example of
observation?
[1]
validation?
[1]
(b) Use the information given above to help explain why Jenner’s
vaccination is an example of artificial, active immunity.
Artificial
[1]
Active
[1]
We now know that white blood cells, known as phagocytes, are important
in protecting the body against diseases.
(c) Describe how phagocytes help protect against diseases.
[2]
7
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4
(a) One type of food poisoning is caused by Salmonella
microorganisms. Raw chicken often contains Salmonella. If
frozen chicken is cooked without being completely defrosted it
can cause food poisoning when eaten. To prevent food poisoning
frozen chicken should be thoroughly defrosted before cooking.
The raw chicken should not be allowed to touch another food
which is not going to be cooked. After cooking in a hot oven the
chicken should be cooled quickly and stored in a refrigerator at
4 °C.
1
3
5
7
9
(i) Name the type of microorganism which causes Salmonella food
poisoning.
[1]
(ii) Explain how freezing safely preserves chicken.
[1]
(iii) Suggest why cooking a frozen chicken, which has not been
completely defrosted, could result in food poisoning (Line 3).
[2]
(iv) Explain why cooled, cooked chicken can safely be stored in a
fridge at 4 °C for a short period of time (Line 8).
[1]
(v) Suggest two other precautions which should be taken to prevent
the spread of food poisoning.
[2]
8
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(b) The diagrams show how a vaccine brings about immunity.
The diagrams are not all drawn to the same scale.
Stage 1
Stage 2
structure
Stage 3
microorganism
X
vaccine
injected
© Comstock / Thinkstock
white
blood cell
chemicals
produced
Y
structure
Z
Stage 6
Stage 5
Stage 4
(i) Suggest why microorganisms contained in the vaccine at Stage 1
must be dead or weakened.
[1]
(ii) Name structure X on the microorganism.
[1]
(iii) Describe what is happening at Stage 2.
[1]
9
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(iv) What type of white blood cell is Y?
[1]
(v) Name structure Z.
[1]
(vi) Name the chemicals produced by the white blood cell at Stage 3
and describe their effect on the microorganisms at Stage 4.
Chemicals
[1]
Effect
[2]
(vii)Describe what is happening at Stages 5 and 6.
Stage 5
[1]
Stage 6
[1]
Microorganisms which enter the blood can also be killed by chemicals
such as penicillin.
(viii) What type of chemical is penicillin?
[1]
10
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5
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