US History
Fort Burrows
Chapter 6 Sections 3 – 4 – 5
Alison – my #1 Fan
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US History
Fort Burrows
A Turning Point In the War
Ï In early 1777, British General Burgoyne presented a new plan to crush the rebels
Ï If British troops cut off New England from the other colonies, the war would end
Ï Burgoyne’s Plan
‡ Burgoyne wanted 3 British armies to march on Albany from different
directions – Howe, St. Leger and Burgoyne
‡ Burgoyne’s plan called for General Howe to march on Albany from New
York City
‡ King George III wanted Howe to capture Philadelphia first
‡ In July 1777, Howe captured Philadelphia, defeating the Americans at the
Battles of Brandywine and Germantown
‡ Instead of moving towards Albany, he retired to comfortable quarters in
Philadelphia for the winter
‡ St. Leger was driven back from Albany by Benedict Arnold
‡ Only Burgoyne was left to march on Albany
Ï Victory at Saratoga 1777
‡ Green Mountain boys helped Americans surround the British at Saratoga
‡ In October 1777, Burgoyne surrendered to the Americans
‡
The Battle of Saratoga was
THE major turning point
in the war
1. It ended the British threat
to New England
2. It boosted American spirits
when Washington was
suffering defeats
3. It convinced France to
become an ally of the US
¿¿ How did the American victory at Saratoga affect the war ?
1. It ended the British threat to New England
2. It boosted American spirits when Washington was suffering defeats
3. It convinced France to become an ally of the US
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Ï Aid From Europe
France and
Britain in
conflict for
many years




Conflict between France
and Britain increases
after the French and
Indian War
Victory at Saratoga
proves to France
that Americans can
win
***  

Americans
defeat British
at Saratoga


American appeal to
France for support
during the
Revolutionary War



France gives American
rebels money and supplies
but stays neutral
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN persuaded FRANCE
{King Louis XVI}
to give MILITARY AND NAVAL
SUPPORT to American Forces
The Hardships of Valley Forge
Ï The victory at Saratoga and the promise of help from Europe boosted American
morale
Ï Washington’s Continental Army had to suffer through a harsh winter at a
makeshift camp at Valley Forge
Ï Conditions were terrible – damp, drafty huts, frozen ground, no shoes, frostbite,
disease
“I am sick – discontented – and out of
humor. Poor food – hard lodging –
cold weather – fatigue – nasty clothes –
nasty cookery –
… a pox on my bad luck! There comes
a bowl of beef soup, full of burnt leaves
and dirt. … Away with it boys! – I’ll
live like the chameleon upon air”
Albigence Waldo, Diary, December 14,
1777
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Fort Burrows
Ï Patriots heard of the suffering at Valley Forge and women collected food,
medicine, warm clothes and ammunition; drills helped train the army to fight
with new skill
Ï By Spring of 1778, the army at Valley Forge was more hopeful
Ï Washington could not have known at the time, but the Patriot’s bleakest hour had
passed!!!!!
¿¿ Why do you think soldiers remained in the army even after the hard winter at
Valley Forge ? ____________________________________________________________
1. What battles were fought in New York and New Jersey ?
New York – _______________________
New Jersey – _______________________
2.
How did the Battle of Saratoga mark a turning point in the war ?
1. _______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
3.
What hardships did the Continental Army suffer at Valley Forge ?
1.
2.
3. ____________________________
4. _______________________________
5. ____________________________
6. _______________________________
Who in here uses a Toothbrush ? What kind ?
Do you know, where the 1st mass-produced toothbrush was invented ?
A. Dentist Office
B. Basement of the Capitol, D.C.
C. Farm in New Jersey
D. Prison
“There is nothing stable but Heaven and the Constitution.”
James Buchanan, 15th US President
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Fort Burrows
In 1770, William Addis was jailed (Prison) for Public Petition that caused a Riot.
Born in 1734 in England. While in prison he had a lot of time to wonder and watch.
One of the things he noticed was how thoroughly the broom could sweep away dirt
and particles from the stone floors. Entrepreneurs, always thinking, he considered –
broom to stone – brush to teeth…Why not clean teeth like we clean the floors, with a
brush ? Prior to this, we humans used rags with either soot from the fireplace, Salt
from the Ocean or crushed up sea-shells, to clean our teeth. Addis took a straight
animal bone, drilled many very small holes, and stuffed the holes with the course hair
from animal hides to create a brush with bristles.
In 1790, after his stint in prison, he started producing and selling his brushes to the
public. Thus creating the Addis Tooth Brush Company.
6.4 – Americans fought for liberty on many fronts and in many ways.
Many African Americans believed that the idea of liberty applied to them just as it did
to whites. In Massachusetts, a group of slaves presented petitions to the governor,
asking for their freedom. One slave compared the situation of whites and African
Americans:
“You white colonists are taxed without your consent, because you
are not represented in parliament. I grant that is a grievance… But
pray, sir… are not your hearts also hard, when you hold Africans in
slavery who are entitled to liberty by the law of nature, equal as yourselves ?”
guerrilla – soldier that uses hit-and-run tactics
siege – military blockade or bombardment of an enemy town or position to
force a surrender
Battle of Yorktown – in Virginia - was the final battle in the Revolution
Treaty of Paris – peace treaty between the United States and Britain, ratified
in 1783, that recognized the U.S. as an Independent Country
ratify – to approve
campaign – a connected series of military operations forming a distinct phase of a war
morale – the emotional state of a person or group toward a task or goal
volley – a simultaneous discharge of a number of weapons
Women Take Part in the War
 As men fought in the Revolution, women took on added work at home
 Planted and harvested crops, made shoes, wove cloth for uniforms and blankets
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Fort Burrows

Helping the Army
 Cared for the wounded, washed clothes and cooked
 Martha Washington joined her husband when she could
 Betsy Ross sewed flags for Washington’s army
 Mary Ludwig Hays, called “Molly Pitcher”, for carrying water to
battleground; took her husband’s place firing the cannon when he got hurt
 ideals of liberty and equality - More confident and willing to speak out
 ideals encouraged women to campaign for equality and win
Martha Washington
Betsy Ross
Mary Ludwig Hays
¿¿ What were some of the contributions of women during the Revolutionary War ?
_________________________________________________________________________.
African American Face Hard Choices



By 1776, more than ½ million African Americans lived in the colonies
Continental Congress refused to allow African Americans to join the army
 British offered freedom to male slaves who would serve the king
 Washington changed his policy and asked Congress to allow free African
Americans to enlist (test question)
Joining the Fight
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Fort Burrows
 5,000 African Americans served in the army; 2,000 served in the navy
 Some black minutemen saw action at Lexington/Concord and Bunker Hill
 Some formed special regiments or served in white regiments as drummers,
spies and guides
 Whites recognized the courage of the African Americans
 James Armistead,
a slave from Virginia, served as a spy
 Under the direction of General Lafayette,
Armistead was a volunteer in the British
army camps
 The information gained contributed to the
American victory at Yorktown
 He later changed his name to James
Lafayette and was granted freedom

Hoping for Freedom
 Many slaves did flee their masters
 Some offered services to the British navy ships on the coast; others followed
British troops through the Carolinas
 Black patriots hoped the revolution would bring an end to slavery
 By 1770’s, slavery was declining; several states moved to make slavery
illegal including Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Pennsylvania
¿¿ Why do you think some slaves offered their services to the British ?
_________________________________________________________________________.
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Fort Burrows

Spanish Aid
 Americans received help from
Governor Galvez of New Spain
 Supplied medicine, cloth, muskets
and gunpowder
 Spain entered the war in 1779 seizing
British forts along Mississippi River,
Gulf of Mexico; drove British out of
West Florida
 To feed his troops, Galvez rounded
up 10,000 cattle in Texas – the 1st
American cattle drive
 The city of Galveston is named after
Galvez
NEED a Reader
History Point: Importance of Alliances
Both Spain and France supported the Americas during the Revolution. They
each had lost territory to the British during the French and Indian war and hoped to
gain it back if the Americans won.
French support came in the form of trade and ultimately, after Saratoga, a
formal alliance and declaration of war against Britain.
Spain supported the colonists by providing ammunition and supplies for
American forts in the West. They also attacked and took control of the Mississippi
River towns of Natchez and Baton Rouge, and the Gulf towns of Mobile and
Pensacola.
French and Spanish support played a key role in the American victory.
Fighting at Sea


At sea, Americans could do little against the powerful British ships
British ships blockaded American ports
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Fort Burrows
Captain John Paul Jones, who is
best known for his comment,
"I have just begun to fight"
When asked to surrender as his
ship Bonhomme Richard was
sinking
He pressed the attack and
overwhelmed the British ship
Serapis on September 23, 1779
¿¿
How did John Paul Jones help the Patriot cause ?
His brazen attack on a superior British warship demonstrated audacity and
military skill.
Jones sent the British a message that their navy was not invincible.
1. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the victory of the
Bonhomme Richard over the Serapis ?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Jones refusal to give up
the size of the Bonhomme Richard
the year the battle was fought
the fact that the battle was fought in the North Sea
2. What role did women play in the war ?
_________________________________________________________________________.
3. What choices did African Americans have ?
_________________________________________________________________________.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwGRheUQMY8&feature=related
Territorial Expansion 3:11
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Fort Burrows
“I love you so much, that I have to remember to Breathe.”
Dickie Lee to Leon at the local swimming pool, summer 1974
6.5 – Winning the War in the South After the British surrendered at Yorktown,
Britain recognized the United States as an Independent Country.
concept –general understanding or idea
revolution –a complete change (over throw of a government or political system)
Battle of Cowpens – a ‘tricky’ battle in South Carolina - American victory
guerrilla – soldier that uses hit-and-run tactics
siege – military blockade or bombardment of an enemy town or position to
force a surrender
Battle of Yorktown – in Virginia AND was the final battle in the Revolution
Treaty of Paris – peace treaty between the United States and Britain, ratified
in 1783, that recognized the U.S. as an Independent Country
ratify – to approve
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Fighting in the South
 the South became the main battleground of the war in 1778
 British Colonel Clinton hoped Loyalists would join him in the South
 British seized Savannah, Charleston and Camden
 Patriots versus Loyalists
 Patriots and Loyalists launched raids against each other
 burned farms, killed civilians and tortured prisoners – GAME CHANGERS
settlers sided with Patriots
 Greene and Morgan Help Turn the Tide
 Nathanael Greene was second only to GW as a military leader
 using his knowledge of local geography, Greene engaged the British on the
ground and put them at a disadvantage
 Daniel Morgan used a clever tactic to defeat British at the Battle of Cowpens
 he divided his soldiers into a front line and rear line
 retreat after firing just two volleys
 British thought Americans were retreating and charged into the rear line
 Greene and Morgan combined armies to fight at Guilford Courthouse
 Battle was the bloodiest; Americans retreated; British sustained great losses
General Nathanael Greene
of Rhode Island
General Daniel Morgan
of Virginia
Francis Marion
Swamp Fox
 Hit and Run
 Francis Marion, known as the Swamp Fox, frustrated the British
 his small militia used guerrilla tactics to harass the British
 militia appeared out of the swamps, attacked quickly, and retreated back
into the swamps
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 An American Traitor
 Benedict Arnold had turned
traitor in Sept 1780 because he had
not received enough credit for his
victories and needed money
 Arnold secretly turned over
Fort West Point to the British
 plot was uncovered by a Patriot
patrol, but Arnold escaped
 Arnold’s treason, burning the
capital city of Richmond and raids
on other towns enraged the Patriots
 Thomas Jefferson offered
reward for his capture and
 Washington ordered him to be
hanged but he was never captured
Victory at Yorktown -- 1781
 Cornwallis abandoned his plan to take the Carolinas
 in Spring 1781, he moved his troops to Virginia to cut off the American’s supply
routes to the South
 Battle at Yorktown
 Cornwallis made a mistake by disregarding an order to send part of his
army to New York
 he retreated to Yorktown peninsula where the navy could supply his army
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 Washington saw an
opportunity to trap
Cornwallis on the
Yorktown peninsula
 Washington marched his
troops south from New
York
 Rochambeau joined
Washington with some
French troops
 they combined with
Lafayette in Virginia
 Grasse sailed his French
fleet toward Virginia and
closed the trap
 Cornwallis was cut off,
could not get supplies,
and could not escape
¿¿ How did the United States gain victory at Yorktown ?
__________________________________________________________________________
 The British Surrender
 by the end of September, more than 16,000 American and French troops
laid siege day after day to the British forces of less than 8,000
 Cornwallis held out for several weeks but casualties were mounting, supplies
were running low and the situation looked hopeless
 the British had lost the Battle of Yorktown and surrendered their weapons
on October 19, 1781
 the defeated redcoats marched between the Americans and French while
their band played the tune “The World Turned Upside Down”
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Fort Burrows
The Peace Treaty
 Peace talks began in 1782 in Paris, France; American delegates - Benjamin
Franklin, John Adams, John Jay of New York, and Henry Laurens of South
Carolina
 Under the Treaty of Paris:
 1. British recognized the United States as an independent nation,
2. US extended from Atlantic Ocean to Mississippi River, from the Great Lakes in
the North to Spanish Florida
 3. Americans agreed to ask the state legislatures to pay Loyalists for property they
lost in the war (most ignored claims)
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 April 15, 1783, almost 8 years after the Revolutionary War began, Congress
ratified the Treaty of Paris
¿¿ What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris ?
1. ___________________________________
2,___________________________________
3.___________________________________
The area ceded to the United States by Great Britain in 1783, is universally recognized
as the Eastern United States. Louisiana and Florida acquisitions were recognized as the
Western and Southern frontiers in early days of the Republic. Although East of the
Rockies, Texas is considered Western.
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Why the Americans Won
 Foreign Help
 help from other nations was crucial to the American cause
 Spain attacked the British along the Gulf of Mexico and Mississippi Valley
 French money and military aid helped Americans secure the victory
 Americans’ Growing Patriotism
 Americans’ patriotic spirit and fighting skills was another key to victory
 by the end, Washington’s military skills were respected by Americans and
British alike
 Washington’s Farewell
 in Dec 1783, Washington bid farewell to his officers
 along his route home to Virginia, crowds cheered for their hero
 later, Americans would call on him to lead the country once again
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“Such a scene of sorrow and weeping I had never before witnessed…
We were about to part from the man who had conducted us through
a long and bloody war, and under whose conduct the glory and
independence of our country had been achieved.”
Benjamin Tallmadge, Memoir
1. Why did Britain decide to start fighting in the South ?
________________________________________________________________________.
2. How did the Americans and French defeat the British at the Battle of Yorktown ?
3. What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris ?
British - _________________________________________________________________
American - _______________________________________________________________
4. What factors helped the Americans win the war ?
_________________________________________________________________________.
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