İmperfection: Crystal defect, imperfection in the regular geometrical arrangement of the atoms in a
crystalline solid. These imperfections result from deformation of the solid, rapid cooling from high
temperature, or high-energy radiation (X-rays or neutrons) striking the solid. Located at single points,
along lines, or on whole surfaces in the solid, these defects influence its mechanical, electrical, and
optical behaviour.
Alloy: An alloy is a substance made by melting two or more elements together, at
least one of them metal. An alloy crystallizes upon cooling into
a solid solution, mixture, or intermetallic compound. The components of alloys
cannot be separated using a physical means. An alloy is homogeneous and
retains the properties of a metal, even though it may include metalloids or
nonmetals in its composition.
Solid solution: A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one or more solutes
in a solvent. Such a multi-component system is considered a solution rather
than a compound when the crystal structure of the solvent remains unchanged
by addition of the solutes, and when the chemical components remain in a
single homogeneous phase.
Solute: A solute is a substance that can be dissolved by a solvent to create a
solution. A solute can come in many forms. It can be gas, liquid, or solid.
Solvent: A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solute. The solvent is the component of a solution
that is present in greater amount.
Interstital: In a crystalline solid, an atom that is not located on a lattice site.
to replace (one or more elements or groups in a compound) by
other elements or groups.
Substitutional:
Grain: in metallurgy, any of the crystallites (small crystals or grains) of
varying, randomly distributed, small sizes that compose a solid metal.
grain boundary: Randomly oriented, the grains contact each other at
surfaces called grain boundaries.