King Rat (Modest Mouse)
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Biology 1MO3
Biodiversity and Conservation BiologyApril 6/2018
Final Lecture. Chapter 55 (Freeman et al.)
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Readings for my section
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Boyd and Silk : Ch. 13 (pg 329-343 only)
Ch. 14
Ch. 15
Ch. 16
Freeman et al. (2nd custom edition) Ch 50
Ch. 51
Ch. 52
Ch. 53
Ch. 54
Ch. 55
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Camp 41, Fragmentation
project control site
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Corridors and Networks
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• 11 species of large
mammals
• Over 200,000 times
• Road mortality 80
• Overpass  grizzly
bears, wolves, moose,
elk, and deer
• Underpass  black
bears, and cougars
https://conservationcorridor.org/2012/10/banf
f-national-park
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Simberloff et al. 1987
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Biodiversity Loss!
• Centinela Ridge (one of many ecological islands in
Andean foothills) own assemblage of evolved
species (endemic)
o Explored in 1978 by botanists
o 90 new species of forest-floor plants discovered
• Several had black leaves  mystery to physiology.
o Centinela ridge was cleared for agriculture
• Many plants  Extinct.
o “Centinelian Extinctions”  human-caused extinctions of scientifically undescribed species
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30% of freshwater fish (Canada to Mexico)
are near extinction or recently extinct
• Destruction of physical habitat …..
• Displacement by introduced species
• Alterations of habitat
by chemical pollutants
• Hybridization with other species
or subspecies
• Overharvesting
73%
68%
38%
38%
15%
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Human-induced
extinction causes :
• Overexploitation
ec.europa.eu
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(2003)
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Myers and Worm, 2003
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Human-induced
Extinction Causes:
ec.europa.eu
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Human-induced
Extinction Causes:
• Overexploitation
• Introduced species
• Loss of mutualists (e.g., honeycreepers and Lobelia
spp.)
maxresdefault.jpg
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Human-induced
Extinction Causes:
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Overexploitation
Introduced species
Loss of mutualists
Global warming and climate change
Habitat destruction and alteration
o
o
o
o
pollution, fragmentation,
agriculture  monocultures
forestry – clear cutting – not equivalent to fire
roads (Redhill/Mid-Pen) and suburban sprawl
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Human-induced
Extinction Causes:
•
•
•
•
•
Overexploitation
Introduced species
Loss of mutualists
Global warming and climate change
Habitat destruction and alteration
o
o
o
o
pollution, fragmentation,
agriculture  monocultures
forestry – clear cutting – not equivalent to fire
roads (Redhill/Mid-Pen) and suburban sprawl
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Natural Beauty
Neil Young
Amazon
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Damage less severe
Wilson 1992
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Habitat Fragmentation
• Neotropical migrants:
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Habitat Fragmentation
• Neotropical migrants:
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Habitat Fragmentation
• Neotropical migrants:
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Habitat Fragmentation
• Neotropical migrants:
♫
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Biodiversity, Water, Air
• Common property of the earth
and its inhabitants
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The Commons:
• Belonging equally or shared equally
The Tragedy
• When the common is degraded for profit or gain
that is not shared
Alaska Pollock Fishery
• Tripled since 1986  ↓ Pollock stocks
• Pollock losses  ↓ Steller’s sea lions and seal species
that feed on Pollock
• Sea lion pop’ns ↓ by 80 – 90% by late 1990s
• Orca (killer whale) deprived of prey (seals/sea lions) 
turned to eating sea otters
• Sea otters ↓ by 80 – 90%; they are keystone predators!!
• Sea urchins (sea otter prey) ↑ and caused decimation of kelp
beds by urchin overgrazing
• One of the most productive inshore marine ecosystems in
N.A. collapsed – now called the “sea urchin barrens”
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Mr. Smokestack”; Music and words by
Unidentified Funky Objects (Hamilton)
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Deformed cormorant chicks were common in
Hamilton Harbour in the 1980s
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Overall germline mutation rates:
0.30
0.25
Ms6-hm
Hm-2
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Rural
Rural
HEPA
Rural
male
Steel
Steel
HEPA
Steel
male
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
MMS10
Rural
Rural
HEPA
Rural
male
Steel
Steel
HEPA
Steel
male
Externalities
• Profits to the company and shareholders
• Costs in terms of wastes to the environment (and
those who breath)
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Benefits of the commons
James Bay Cree, Whitefish fishery
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Reciprocity
• Does it scale to global proportions?
• Not so well, without political resolve.
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William Rees 1996
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Wilson, 1992
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E.O. Wilson
1992
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Hamilton350.org
• E-mail if you are interested in getting involved
locally.
• Look for Hamilton 350 committee on Facebook
• E-mail contact@hamilton350.com
• Hamilton350.com and 350.org on line
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