Principles of Medical Laboratory Science Clinical Laboratory Sections, Laboratory Test and Clinical Significance Rochelle Mae L. Tamayo BSMT-1B Sir Dayle Daniel G. Sorveto Clinical Laboratory Sections Laboratory Test Clinical Significance Complete Blood Count (CBC) Hematocrit (HCT) red blood cell volume It is a blood test used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including anemia, infection and leukemia. Determines the volume of red RBCs packed by Centrifugation Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) Determines the amount hemoglobin in a RBC Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) Determine the weight of hemoglobin in a RBCs Hemoglobin Indices Determines the oxygen-carrying capacity or RBCs H E M A T Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) Platelet (PLT) count O Calculations to determine the size of RBCs and amount of hemoglobin Determine the size of RBCs Determine the number of platelets in circulating blood. To diagnose and/or monitor certain types of bleeding and clotting disorders L O Red blood cell (RBC) count Determine the number of red blood cells in circulating blood Red cell distribution width (RDW) Calculation to determine the differences in the size of RBCs White blood cell (WBC) count Determines the number of WBCs in circulating blood Body fluid analysis Determines the number and type of cells in various fluids Bone marrow Determines the number and type of cells in bone marrow Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) Determines the rate of RBC sedimentation Non-specific test that indirectly measures the presence of inflammation in the body. G Y C L I Blood Lipid profile • Fatty acids • Triglycerides • Cholesterol • Phospholipids • Lipoproteins HDL, VLDL, LDL, chylomicrons Cholesterol Elevated coronary risk HDL (good cholesterol) LDL (bad cholesterol) Assesses coronary risk Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Waste product of protein catabolism N Low BUN levels: during starvation, pregnancy, and low protein diet I High BUN levels: a high protein diet; kidney disease Used to check how well the kidneys working Estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli. Measures how kidney filtering the blood and how sees how r a kidneys disease has progressed. Elevated kidney disorders Is a waste product of muscles metabolism derived from creatine phosphate. Increased level of creatinine is due to the impairment of urine formation. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) C A Creatinine L C H Cardiac function test • Troponin test • Myoglobin • Cardiac enzymes Albumin Indicate liver or kidney disorders or malnutrition. Helps keep the blood from leaking out of the blood vessels E Electrolytes Evaluate body fluid balance M Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Elevated amounts of blood, liver damage is most likely present Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) Elevated amounts of blood, liver damage is most likely present Creatinine clearance Urine and serum test to measure glomerular filtration rate Glucose tolerance test (GGT) Detects diabetes mellitus or hypo glycemia Protein Decreased levels associated with liver or kidney functions Creatine kinase Elevated levels indicate myocardial infarction or other muscle damage Hemoglobin electrophoresis Detects abnormal hemoglobin’s Fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) Diagnostic technique used to investigate superficial (under skin) masses or lumps. I S T R Y H I S T O Special staining (histochemistry) Determine chemical compounds and their distribution within and in between the biological cells of the body. Breast panel Consist of biomarkers that are important in the genetic testing for breast cancer. Immunohistochemical staining Process of detecting antigens (proteins) in the cells of tissue sections by using the principle P A T H O L O G Y M I C R O of antibodies binding to specific antigens. It is important in the diagnosis of abnormal cells such as cancerous cells. Post-mortem examination Lipase Autopsy or necropsy. Highly specialized surgical procedure that consist of a thorough examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death, the manner of death and evaluate the disease or injury that may have been present. Elevated levels indicate pancreatitis Blood glucose Arterial blood gases Elevated levels indicate diabetes mellitus Determine the acidity or alkalinity and oxygen and carbon dioxide levels of blood Haptoglobin Used to evaluate hemolytic anemia and certain chronic diseases Drug screening Detects drug abuse and monitors therapeutic drugs B I O L O G Y I M M U N O Ammonia Creatinine clearance Acid-fast bacillus Blood culture Elevated levels indicate severe liver disorders Urine and serum test to measure glomerular filtration rate Detects acid-fast bacteria, including mycobacterium tuberculosis Detects bacteria and fungi in the blood Fungal culture Detects the presence of and determine the type of fungi Occult blood Detects nonvisible blood (performed on stool samples) Ova and parasites (O & P) Detects parasitic infection (stool sample) Bacterial agglutination tests Determine bacterial infections associated with persistent fever. This test makes use of bacterial antigens to detect the presence of antibodies. Specific test for typhoid fever Non-specific test for typhus fever • Widal test • Weil-felix test TPHA (treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay) test Specific test for syphilis Pregnancy test Detects human chorionic gonadotropin, a hormone produced from developing placenta during pregnancy L O G Y / S E R O L O G Y HIV rapid test A fast screening test that detects HIV-1 and HIV-2 (human immunodeficiency virus) antibodies in the specimen RPR (rapid plasma regains) slide test Non-specific test for syphilis Rheumatoid factor latex test Used to determine rheumatoid arthritis Dengue duo test Immunochromatographic, one step assay designed to detect NS1 antigen and antibodies to dengue virus Human leucocyte antigen typing Tested to determine compatibility in organ, tissue, and bone marrow transplantation test for human immunodeficiency virus Anti-HIV Screening Hepatitis C antibody Febrile agglutinins Detects hepatitis C infection Detects antibodies to microorganisms causing fever Febrile agglutinins Detects antibodies to microorganisms causing fever Hepatitis A antibody Detects hepatitis A current or past infection Hepatitis B surface antigen Detects hepatitis B infection Antinuclear antibody (ANA) Detects nuclear autoantibodies Cold agglutinations Elevated levels indicate atypical (mycoplasma) pneumonia Urinalysis (urine examinations) CLINICAL MICROSCOPY Stool examinations Other body fluids examination Urinary or kidney stone analysis Underused tool for the overall evaluation of renal function Serve’s as a quick indicator of an individual’s glucose status and hepatic or biliary function Series of tests done on a stool (feces) sample to help diagnose certain conditions affecting the digestive tract.
