Group 2 – VP2016XDC
Neighbourhood Unit
Harlow Master Plan
Central Place Theory
Modeling Urban
1
Neighbourhood Unit
Clarence Arthur Perry
2
Who is Clarence
Arthur Perry?
• Clarence Arthur Perry (1872 –1944)
was an American urban planner,
sociologist, author, and educator. He
was born in Truxton, New York. He
later worked in the New York City
planning department where he
became a strong advocate of the
neighborhood unit. He was an early
promoter
of
neighborhood
community and recreation centers.
3
How was Neighbourhood Unit born?
Provide a planning formula for the
arrangement and distribution of playgrounds
in the New York region.
Perry's neighbourhood unit concept began as
a means of combating this obstacle.
4
• The neighbourhood unit was conceived of
What is
Neighbourhood
Unit?
as a comprehensive physical planning tool,
to be utilised for designing self-contained
residential neighbourhoods which
promoted a community centric lifestyle,
away from the "noise of the trains, and out
of sight of the smoke and ugliness of
industrial plants" emblematic of an
industrialising New York City in the early
1900s.
6
7
8
What does it mean?
Centre the school in the
neighbourhood
Place arterial streets
along the perimeter
Design internal streets
Restrict local shopping
areas to the perimeter
Dedicate at least 10
percent of the
neighborhood land area
to parks and open space
9
10
How can we apply it?
A child needn't cross traffic streets on the way to school
A centrally located elementary school which will be within easy walking distance, no more than one
and a half mile from the farthest dwelling.
A housewife can walk to a shopping centre to obtains daily household gifts.
Convenient transportation to and from the work place.
Scattered neighbourhood parks and playgrounds to comprise about 10% of the whole area.
A residental environment with harmonious architecture, careful planting, centrally located
community buildings, and special internal street system with deflection of all through traffic
11
preferably on thoroughfares which bond and cleanly set off neighbourhood.
Is "neighbourhood unit" practical in
VietNam?
This theory is suitable for many kinds of
citizen community.
Exemple: CityLand Z751 at Gò Vấp
12
CityLand Z751 planning
13
Harlow Master Plan
14
15
History
• The original Master Plan for Harlow was prepared
by Sir Frederick Giberd in 1947.
• To house people and industry, they were
intended to be self- contained, balanced
communities
Purposes
Harlow was designed for a
population of 60,000
Characteristics
the town is divided by landscape
into four districts, three of these
have large shopping and social
centres whilst the fourth relates
to the Town Centre
17
18
Level 1:
The town centre
Harlow System
Level 2:
4 districts
Level 3:
Small towns
19
20
21
Central Place Theory
22
What is Central
Place Theory?
•
Central Place Theory (CPT) was given by Walter
Christaller in 1933
•
CPT in urban geography is one of the most
appreciated theories which tries to explain the
spatial arrangement, and distribution of human
settlements and their number based on population and
distance from another human settlement
•
This study included the analyzing the relationships
between
settlements
of
different
sizes
and
related their economic activities (market) with the
population.
23
Assumptions
• An even (flat) terrain – A hilly and uneven terrain poses difficulty in
development thus a flat area which promotes the growth of the town
• Evenly distributed population – residents are not concentrated at one particular
place and no preference exists for a particular town
• Evenly distributed resources – no place has an advantage of resources, all
placed will compete under perfect market conditions
• Similar purchasing power – along with the population and resources, wealth is
also fairly distributed. Because of this people have similar purchasing power
Assumptions
• Preference for the nearest market – people will buy products from the nearest
market and avoid the long commute. This keeps price constant as per other
assumptions
• Equal transportation cost (proportional to distance) – the cost incurred in
transporting of goods is equal for all and is proportional to the distance
• Perfect competition – price is decided on basis of demand and supply. People
will buy at the lowest price which market has to offer, no seller has an advantage
over another seller.
• A Central Place is a settlement which
provides one or more services for the
population living around it.
Explanation
of some
terms
• Simple basic services (e.g. grocery stores)
are said to be of low order. Specialized
services (e.g. universities) are said to be of
high order.
• Having a high order service implies there
are low order services around it, but not
vice versa.
• Settlements which provide low order
services are said to be low order
settlements.
Explanation
of some
terms
• Settlements that provide high order
services are said to be high order
settlements.
• The sphere of influence is the area under
the influence of the Central Place.
Details of the theory
Price
Quantity
Transport
cost
Details of the theory
Store price : Ps
Transport cost : Pd
Price : P
P = Ps + P d
(Ps)  (Qs)
Details of the theory
•
•
•
Customer near the store will not have to pay the transport cost (Pd=0),
will consume a Quantity of goods (Qs)
If the (Ps) increases to A, as well as increasing the (Pd), the (Qs) will
decrease to 0
If the Ps is constant, increasing the distance also means increasing the Pd
will reduce the (Qs)
Details of the theory
Threshold – The minimum
population needed to make a
service viable at a particular
place. If this size is not reached
then a particular activity will not
start or it will be closed down.
Range – This is the maximum
distance a consumer is willing
to travel to purchase good or avail
a service, beyond this distance
consumer will not travel as the
distance traveled for good/service
will outweigh the benefit.
Details of the theory
T<R
T=R
The store may operate well because the market
area is less than or equal to the service area
Details of the theory
T=R
The store is unable to operate because the market area
is larger than the service area.
Arrangement of the Central places/ settlements
In fact, very rarely exist a single
store, usually they exist in the
competitive relationship of
many stores.
Circular shape of the market
areas result in either un-served
areas or over-served areas
This is contrary to reality!
Arrangement of the Central places/ settlements
According to Christaller, if there is a
new center with new market area,
then the 2 market areas will
intersect
 The secant line will redefine the
boundaries of the two market areas
Thus, in an isotropic central
network the market regions will be
equilateral hexagons
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
• An important proposition in the theory of central locations is to lay out the hierarchical
principle of the cargo hub network
• Some functions that serve a central location determine the size of the center (service
function  size  market area threshold)
• The relation of central network :
a.
The marketing principle (K=3 system);
b.
The transportation principle (K=4 system);
c.
The administrative principle (K=7 system).
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
a. The marketing principle (K=3 system)
In the order of the triangle network, the seat of
the central position has the relationship of the
6 minimum central locations that will form a
larger center in principle:
k = 1/3+ 1/3+ 1/3+ 1/3+ 1/3+ 1/3+1 = 6/3+1 = 3
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
Meaning of the coefficient k is
the next three smaller sized
centers involve a larger central
location. Continuously, if we
follow the same principle we
obtain a larger central network
with a hexagonal threshold. all
have
vertices
which
smaller size centers.
are
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
b. The traffic principle (K=4 system)
The traffic principles states that the distribution of central places is most
favourable when as many important places as possible lie on one traffic
route between two important towns, the route being
established as
straightly and as cheap as possible. The more unimportant places may be
left aside. According to the transport principle, the central places would
thus be lined up on straight traffic routes which fan out from the central
point.
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
When
arranged
Central
places
according
to
are
the
traffic principle, the lower
order centers are located at the
midpoint of each side of the
hexagon rather than at the
corner.
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
•
The
market
area
according to the traffic
principles is larger than
the market area according
to the market principles
•
According
to
market
principles, the density of
distribution
higher
centers
is
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
Central networks hierarchical structure according to traffic principle
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
c. The administrative principle (K=7 system).
Administrative principles based on
separate divisions between regions
with different administrative
boundaries. Therefore, introvert
relations dominate extrovert relations.
k = (1+1+1+1+1+1)+1 = 6*1+1 =7
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
The market areas of the smaller
settlements are completely enclosed
within the market area of the larger
settlement. Since tributary areas cannot be
split administratively, they must be
allocated exclusively to a single higherorder place. Efficient administration is the
control principle in this hierarchy.
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
The distance between central locations in the systems according to 3
principles marketing, traffic and administration is determined by the formula.
𝒃=𝒂 𝒌
b: The distance between the central locations in the same size
a: The distance between the minimum central locations
k: The number of the following small central location
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
System of 3’s
System of 4’s
3 principles in the arrangement
of the central places
System of 7’s
Evaluation of Central-Place Theory
The pattern of cities predicted by central place theory may not hold because of
the failure to meet initial assumptions.
Production costs may vary not only because of economies of scale but
also by natural resource endowments (i.e. not a homogeneous plain)
Transportation costs are not equal in all directions
Rural markets (initially households) are not evenly distributed
Non economic factors (culture, politics, leadership) may be important
but not evenly distributed
Competitive practices may lead to freight absorption and phantom
freight (other forms of imperfect competition)
Evaluation of Central-Place Theory
What are the
advantages of
central place
theory?
Evaluation of Central-Place Theory
a. W.Christaller has developed a hexagonal pattern of 7 central points
(settlements) in southern Germany. It has been applied and developed in
regional planning in countries, especially in the Socialist countries of Eastern
Europe and the former Soviet Union.
b. Two categories “threshold” and “range” of a shopping center are still valid
and serve as a theoretical basis and application for the organizational
problems of public service center
c. The CPT suggests separating the 3 relational principles: trading, traffic
and administration in a shopping center
Modeling Urbans
51
Modeling Urbans:
Development is based on:
• History of development urban.
• Experiences of urban development.
• Theories of urbanism.
52
development trends
of modeling urbans
Satellite cities and New urbans
Traffic Corridor
Hierarchies
Multiple Nuclei
53
Satellite cities and New urbans
54
Satellite cities and New urbans
55
Traffic Corridor
56
Traffic
Corridor
• Stresses the importance
of transportation
corridors.
• Sees growth of various
urban activities as
expanding along roads,
rivers, or train routes.
57
Urban hierarchies
58
Urban Hierarchies
• formed according to the
laws of nature
• applied in most countries
59
Urban Hierarchies
Settlement type
Settlement size
Recreational facilities
Recreational activities
Village
500-3000
Local pub
Community Hall
Quiz
Keep fit
Fishing
Small town
3000-10000
Cinema
Parks
Leisure Centre
Restaurants
Large town
50,000+
Regional teams stadia
Library
Swimming pool
Major/capital city
1,000,000+
National stadia
National sports facilities and coaching
Theatres
Opera
Art Galleries
60
Multiple Nuclei Model
• Suggested by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman in
1945.
• Maintained a city developed with equal intensity around
various points .
• The CBD was not the sole generator of change.
61
Multiple
Nuclei Model
• Stresses the importance
of multiple modes of
activity, not a single
CBD. Ports, airports,
universities attract
certain uses while
repelling others.
62
Multiple
Nuclei Model
Central Business district (CBD) :- The CBD still
exists as the primary nucleus, but multiple
small business districts developed,
distributed around the metropolitan area.
Some of these newer areas compete with
the CBD for traditional businesses like
banks, real estate and insurance companies.
63
Multiple
Nuclei Model
Wholesale Light Manufacturing :- These
businesses are more consumer-oriented
and near residential areas. Manufacturing
goods that need small amounts of raw
materials and space develop in this area.
64
Multiple
Nuclei Model
Low Class Residential :- Next to the industrial
corridors are the lower- or working-class
residential zones.
People who live here tend to be factory
workers and live in low-income housing.
65
Multiple
Nuclei Model
Medium Class Residential :- This residential area
is a bit more desirable because it is located
further from industry and pollution. People
who work in the CBD have access to good
transportation lines, making their commute
easier. The middle- class sector is the
largest residential area.
66
Multiple
Nuclei Model
High Class Residentia :- High-class
residential sectors tend to be quiet,
clean, and have less traffic that the other
ones.
67
Multiple
Nuclei Model
Heavy Manufacturing :- This node is occupied
by factories that produce material that is
heavy like chemicals, steel, industrial
machinery. Mining and oil refining
industries also can be found in this node
68
Multiple
Nuclei Model
Outlying Business :- This district competes with
the CBD for residents who lived in nearby
middle and high-class neighborhoods
offering similar services and products as the
CBD. Businesses found in this node are
malls, airports, colleges and community
businesses.
69
Multiple
Nuclei Model
Outlying Residential Area:- These residential
areas are usually single-family homes on a
small plot of land on the outskirts of the
city. They tend to be laid out on roads with
cul- de-sacs instead of following the
traditional grid pattern.
70
Multiple
Nuclei Model
Industrial Area :- This is a community created
and zoned for industrial sources on the
outskirts of the city.
71
Thank for listening