Building The Ultimate You: Absorption - The process or action by which one thing absorbs or is absorbed by another. Cell- The smallest unit of living things. Circulatory system- The closed network in the body through which blood and the materials in it travel. Data- Facts that are collected by observation or experimentation from which theories are sometimes derived. Digestive system- The parts of the body of an animal that take part in the digestion of food. Elastic- The ability of a material to return to its former shape after being bent or stretched. Excretion- The ways in which living things get rid of their wastes from their cells, tissues, and organs. Feedback- The process by which a system controls itself by using its own output. Hierarchical- Belonging to any system of things ranked one above another. Homeostasis- A stable, normal internal condition that is maintained in a living thing even though changes take place in the environment. Impulse- An electrical and chemical signal passed along a nerve cell to another nerve call or to a muscle, or from a sensory organ to the brain. Mechanism- A system of causally interacting parts and processes that produce one or more effects. Model- To make a particular part or feature of the world easier to understand, define, quantify, visualize, or simulate by referencing it to existing and usually commonly accepted knowledge. Multicellular- Describing an organism that consists of many cells. Muscle- The tissue in humans and animals that can change in size and making the body move when stimulated by nerves. Muscular system- A system that permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. Neural- Of or relating to a nerve or the nervous system. Negative feedback- A reaction that causes a decrease in function. It occurs in response to a stimulus. Nervous system- The system of nerves and nerve centers in an animal or human, including the brain, spinal cord and nerves. Nutrient- Components in foods that an organism uses to survive and grow. Objectivity- The idea that scientists, in attempting to uncover truths about the natural world, must aspire to eliminate personal biases, a priori commitments, emotional involvement, etc. Organ- A group of cells or tissues in an organism that performs a particular function. Organ system- A group of organs that work together to perform a particular function. Positive feedback- The output enhances the original stimulus. Regulate- Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of any biological process, quality or function. Reliable- The degree of stability exhibited when a measurement is repeated under identical conditions. Respiratory system- The group of organs, tissues, and tubes by which air enters and leaves the body and oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged. Stimulus- Something that excites or causes a living organism, or part of an organism, to respond—that is, to do something, such as to move or grow. Tissue- A group of similar cells working together to perform a particular function. You Are What You Eat: Aerobic: requiring oxygen Amino acid: organic compounds that combine to form proteins, the building blocks of life Anaerobic: relies on energy sources other than oxygen Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP): a compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to two phosphate groups. ADP is formed when one phosphate group detaches and releases energy Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP): a compound consisting of an adenosine molecule bonded to three phosphate groups. ATP provides the energy needed by our cells for physiological processes Backbone (hydrocarbon): series of covalently bounded carbon atoms that create the continuous chain of the molecule Bond: the force that holds atoms together to form compounds Carbohydrate: a large molecule of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that is a major source of energy for animals Carbon dioxide: gas composed of two oxygen atoms bonded to one carbon atom used by producers in photosynthesis Chemical equation: a symbolical representation of what happens when two atoms come in contact with one another Chemical process: a method or means of somehow changing one or more chemicals or chemical compounds Chemical reaction: A process in which atoms of the same or different elements rearrange themselves to form a new substance Compound: a substance composed of two or more chemical elements Covalent bond: Electronegativity: a measure of the ability of an atom in a molecular substance to attract electrons to itself. Endergonic: a metabolic or chemical process that results in a net increase in energy Energy: capacity of a physical system to do work, has many forms: chemical, kinetic, mechanical Exergonic: a metabolic or chemical process that releases energy Glucose: sugar formed by plants as a product of photosynthesis, essential to living organisms Hydrocarbon: any chemical compound that consists of only hydrogen and carbon Ionic bond: a type of chemical bonding that is the result of a transfer of electrons from one atom to another, typically between metal and nonmetal atoms Law of Conservation of Mass: the scientific law that states that mass cannot be gained or lost in a chemical reaction and that matter cannot be created or destroyed Lipid: large molecules necessary for living organisms; provide stored energy and make up the cell membrane Macromolecule: large molecules necessary for life. Examples include carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids Molecule: a group of chemical elements bonded together Net transfer: involve chemical components being "transferred" from one phase or set of phases to others Nucleic acid: large molecules that contain genetic information Oxygen: chemical element which is necessary for cellular respiration and therefore, life Photosynthesis: the process by which producers use the energy of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen Product: new material(s) formed as a result of a chemical reaction Protein: a nutrient found in food that is made of many amino acids joined together, essential for normal cell structure and function Reactant: substance(s) present at the start of a chemical reaction Sugar: any of numerous soluble carbohydrates (as glucose or sucrose) that occur naturally especially in plants. Transfer: The conversion of one form of energy into another, or the movement of energy from one place to another Transform: to change in form, appearance, or structure Valence electrons: electrons located in the outermost electron shell of an atom, which participate in chemical bonding Decoding Your Future: Chromosomes - A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. Coding regions - that portion of a gene's DNA or RNA, composed of exons, that codes for protein. The region is bounded nearer the 5' end by a start codon and nearer the 3' end with a stop codon. Crossing Over – when regions of similar chromosomes swap places during the process of meiosis; contributes to the genetic variation within sex cells and therefore offspring Daughter cell - A cell that is the offspring of a cell that has undergone mitosis or meiosis. The term "daughter" does not indicate the sex of the cell. DNA - A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins. Environmental factors - Environmental factor or ecological factor or ecofactor is any factor, abiotic or biotic, that influences living organisms Gene - A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). Genetic material - refers to those materials found in the nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasm, which play a fundamental role in determining the structure and nature of cell substances, and capable of self-propagating and variation. Genetic variation - Variations of genomes between members of species, or between groups of species thriving in different parts of the world as a result of genetic mutation. Inherited traits - A trait or character that is genetically inherited or passed down from generation to generation. Meiosis - A form of cell division happening in sexually reproducing organisms by which two consecutive nuclear divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) occur without the chromosomal replication in between, leading to the production of four haploid gametes (sex cells), each containing one of every pair of homologous chromosomes (that is, with the maternal and paternal chromosomes being distributed randomly between the cells). Multicellular organism - Having or consisting of many cells or more than one cell to perform all vital functions. Mutation - A permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene or a chromosome; the process in which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome. Noncoding regions - components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences. Parent cell -The cell giving rise to daughter cells by cell division. Population -A group of organisms of one species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time Probability - The likelihood of an event to occur Proteins - A molecule composed of polymers of amino acids joined together by peptide bonds. It can be distinguished from fats and carbohydrates by containing nitrogen. Other components include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and sometimes phosphorus. Replication - The process of duplicating or producing an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand such as DNA Sexual reproduction - A mode of reproduction involving the fusion of female gamete (ovum) and male gamete (spermatozoon), which forms a zygote that potentially develops into genetically distinct offspring. Specialized cells - Some cells in multicellular organisms are modified to carry out a particular function, such as transporting a certain substance or executing a specific task Traits - Characteristics or attributes of an organism that are expressed by genes and/or influenced by the environment. Superbugs: Adaptation – a trait that increases an organism's likelihood of survival and/or reproduction in an environment Adaptation - changes in the distribution of traits within a population over time due to natural selection (this definition is stressed within the NGSS) Antibiotic – an agent that destroys and/or kills bacteria Antibiotic resistance – the ability of a bacterium to survive in the presence of an antibiotic that would normally destroy and/or kill it Asexual reproduction – the process by which individuals inherit all of their chromosomes from a single parent, thus being genetically identical to that parent Bacteria – single celled prokaryotic organism Distribution – the number of individuals with a certain trait in a population Evolution – the process whereby a population changes over time Mutation – a change in the DNA of an organism Natural selection – the process whereby organisms with heritable traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more often than others within the population Population – a group of the same type of species living in a common area Proliferation – the increase in the number of something Variation – difference; a different form of something Its All Relative: Amino acid – organic compounds that combine to form proteins, the building blocks of life Anatomical – of or relating to body structure(s) Ancestry – the origin or background of something Beneficial – having a positive effect Biological – relating to living organism Branch – to divide into two or more smaller parts Common ancestry – two or more organisms who are related by a single ancestor Descent- Derivation from an ancestor; lineage Development- the act or process of growing or causing something to grow or become larger or more advanced DNA sequence- A succession of letters that indicate the order of nucleotides within a DNA (using GACT) Embryological- dealing with the formation, development, structure, and functional activities of embryos Evolve- To change over time Flock- A large number of animals, especially birds, sheep or goats Fossil record- The totality of fossils, both discovered and undiscovered, and their placement in fossil-containing rock formations and sedimentary layers Gel electrophoresis- a method for separation and analysis of macromolecules and their fragments, based on their size and charge Gene- a segment of DNA that codes for amino acids, determines organisms traits Group behavior- System of behaviors and psychological processes occurring within a social group or between social groups Herd- A social grouping of certain animals of the same species Migrate- The physical movement by animals from one area to another Species- The largest group of organisms in which two individuals are capable of reproducing fertile offspring Swarm- A behavior exhibited by organisms of similar size which aggregate together Top Predators: Abiotic factors – A nonliving condition or thing, as climate or habitat that influences or affects an ecosystem and the organism in it: Abiotic factors can determine which species of organisms will survive in a given environment. 1 Aerobic - (of an organism or tissue) requiring the presence of air or free oxygen for life. 1 Anaerobic - (of an organism or tissue) living in the absence of air or free oxygen. 1 Autotroph - An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances using light or chemical energy. 1 Biodiversity – The number, variety, and genetic variation of different organisms found within a specified geographic region. 1 Biomass – The amount of living matter in a given habitat, expressed either as the weight of organisms per unit area or as the volume of organisms per unit volume of habitat. 1 Biotic factors– A living thing, as an animal or plant that influences or affects an ecosystems.1 Carbon cycle – The circulation of carbon atoms in the biosphere as a result of photosynthetic conversion of carbon dioxide into complex organic compounds by plants, which are consumed by other organisms: the carbon returns to the atmosphere in the form of carbon dioxide as a result of respiration, decay by fungi, bacteria, etc., and combustion of fossil fuels. 1 Carrying capacity – The maximum population size that can be regularly sustained by an environment; the point where the population size levels off in the logistic growth model.2 Ecosystem – The community living in an area and its physical environment.2 Energy – The ability to bring about changes or to do work.2 Energy flow – The movement of energy through a community via feeding relationships.2 Extinction – The act or process of dying out; disappearance of a species from the Earth.1 Habitat destruction – Process by which the natural environment of an organism is degraded or fragmented; primary threat to the survival of many species. Heterotroph - An organism requiring organic compounds for its principal source of food.1 Inorganic – Not having the structure or organization characteristic of living bodies; noting or pertaining to compounds that are not hydrocarbons or their derivatives.1 Invasive species – An introduced species that is not native to a specific location and has a tendency to damage the environment and economy Matter – Anything that has mass and occupies space.2 Metabolism – The sum of all chemical reactions (energy exchanges) in cells.3 Organic – Characteristic of, pertaining to, or derived from living organisms; noting or pertaining to a class of chemical compounds that formerly comprised only those existing in or derived from plants or animals, but that now includes all other compounds of carbon.1 Overexploitation – harvesting species from the environment at rates faster than they can naturally repopulate; harvesting beyond sustainable yield. Overpopulation – The number of organisms in an ecosystem exceed its carrying capacity. Population – A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time and sharing a common gene pool. A group of potentially interbreeding organisms in a geographic area.2 Resource - Materials from the environment that provide benefit to organisms and is necessary for survival. Speciation – The formation of new species as a result of geographic, physiological, anatomical, or behavioral factors that prevent previously interbreeding populations from breeding with each other.1 Species – One or more populations of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated in nature from all other organisms. Populations of individuals capable of interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring.2 Trophic levels – Any class of organisms that occupy the same position in a food chain, as primary consumers, secondary consumers, and tertiary consumers.1 Building The Ultimate You: Absorption Cell Circulatory system Data Digestive system Elastic Excretion Feedback Hierarchical Homeostasis Impulse Mechanism Model Multicellular Muscle Muscular system Neural Negative feedback Nervous system Nutrient Objectivity Organ Organ system Positive feedback Regulate Reliable Respiratory system Stimulus Tissue You Are What You Eat: Aerobic Amino acid Anaerobic Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Hydrocarbon Backbone Bond: Carbohydrate Carbon Dioxide Chemical Equation Chemical Process Chemical Reaction Compound Covalent Bond Endergonic Energy Exergonic Glucose Hydrocarbon Ionic Bonds Law of Conservation of Mass Lipid Macromolecule Molecule Net Transfer Nucleic Acid Oxygen Photosynthesis Product Protein Reactant Sugar Transfer Transform Valence Electrons Decoding Your Future: Chromosomes Coding Regions Crossing Over Daughter Cell DNA Environmental Factors Gene Genetic Material Genetic Variation Inherited Traits Meiosis Multicellular organism Mutation Noncoding Regions Parent Cell Population Probability Proteins Replication Sexual reproduction Specialized Cells Traits Superbugs: Adaptation Adaptation Antibiotic Antibiotic Resistance Asexual Reproduction Bacteria Distribution Evolution Mutation Natural Selection Population Proliferation Variation Its All Relative: Amino acid Anatomical Ancestry Beneficial Biological Branch Common Ancestry Descent Development DNA Sequence Embryological Evolve Flock Fossil Record Gel Electrophoresis Gene Group Behavior Herd Migrate Species Swarm Top Predators: Abiotic Factors Aerobic Anaerobic Autotroph Biodiversity Biomass Biotic Factors Carbon Cycle Carrying Capacity Ecosystem Energy Energy Flow Extinction Habitat Destruction Heterotroph Inorganic Invasive Species Matter Metabolism Organic Overexploitation Overpopulation Population Resource Speciation Species Trophic levels
