Understanding 5G New Radio
Release 15/16 Standards
Keysight Technologies
Chaitanya Mukundan
AGENDA – 2 HOUR SESSION
• Technology Overview & Timelines
• Carrier Aggregation & Bandwidth Adaptation
• Numerology & Frame Structure
• Waveforms & Modulations
• Protocol Structure, Layers, Signals & Channels
• Beams, Beamforming & Beam Management
• Initial Access Procedure, Example Call Flows
• Network Architecture, Deployment Options
• New Features Coming in Rel-16
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Technology Overview
& Timeline
3
B R O A D R A N G E O F N E W S E R V I C E S A N D PA R A D I G M S
Amazingly Fast
Great Service in a
Crowd
Best Experience
Follows You
Ubiquitous Things
Communicating
Real-time & Reliable
Communications
eMBB
mMTC
URLLC
Mobile Broadband
Access
Massive
Machine Communication
Mission-Critical
Machine Communication
IoT
• All data, all the time
• 30 billion ‘things’ connected
• Ultra-high reliability
• 2 billion people on
social media
• Low cost, low energy
• Ultra-low latency
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5G
4G
3G
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Source for Spider Diagram: ITU: 5D/TEMP/390-E
ALIGNED WITH IMT VISION
• IMT 2020 are still defining specs
• IMT: International Mobile Telecommunications Initiative (by ITU)
Phase 1 – mid 2018
Phase 2 – mid 2020
• Focus on eMBB and low latency aspects
• Focus on mMTC and URLLC
• Minimized changes to core architecture (LTEEPC) – NSA operation initially
• Novel layers and architecture to allow full 5G
potential (vehicular and multicast services)
• 5G RAT - focus on “conventional” frequency
channels
• “mmWave” 28, 37, 39 GHz channels and
unlicensed spectrum
Rel-12
LTE-A
Rel-13
2015
2016
Rel-16
5G Phase 2
Rel-15
5G Phase 1
Rel-14
2017
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2018
2020
7
K E Y M I L E S T O N E S A N D C A R D I N A L D AT E S
Commercialization Announcements
2017 Milestone
Q4: Verizon Pilots 5GTF 28 GHz Fixed Wireless in 11 cities
2017 Milestone
Dec: 3GPP to 2017 to accelerate NSA 5G NR (NSA R15 completed)
2018 Milestones
Jun: 3GPP RAN Plenary SA
5G NR completed
2015 Milestones
Sept: 3GPP 5G Workshop
Nov: ITU WRC 15
Dec: 3GPP RAN Plenary
2015
2016
2018 Milestone
H2: VZ & ATT launch 2019 Milestone
5G NR Fixed mmWave Nov: ITU-WRC 19
2017
2018
2019
You are here
2021
R16
R15
Rel. 15
Rel-15
2020
Rel-16
Rel-17 & Beyond
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2022
•
Verizon: Fixed mmWave in 2018
•
AT&T: Fixed mmWave in 2018
•
T-Mobile: Sub-6 GHz 5G in 2019
•
Sprint: Sub-6 GHz 5G in 2019
•
KT: 5G in 2019
•
DOCOMO: 5G in 2020
•
China Mobile: 5G in 2020
•
Timelines more aggressive than in
previous generations
Scope and difficulty higher than in
previous generations
•
As of March 2019 with no scope
change:
• 3-month delay in Rel-16 and Late
Drop of Rel-15.
8
AT A G L A N C E – K E Y D I S T I N C T I V E F E AT U R E S
• 2 frequency ranges:
3GPP TS 38.521-2 Table 5.3.5-1
• FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz)
• Bands numbered from 1 to 255
• No longer can be commonly referred to as sub-6 GHz!
• FR2 (24.250 - 52.600 GHz) → Soon to be extended to 114.25 GHz
• Bands numbered from 257 to 511
• Commonly referred to as mmWave
• Scalability required for different use cases/frequency bands
FR2: NR band / SCS / UE Channel bandwidth
NR
SCS
50 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 400 MHz
Band kHz
60
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
n257
120
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
n258
120
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
n260
120
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
• Scalable numerology - sub-frame structure and component carrier bandwidth
• Introduction of mini-slots for low latency
• Channel bandwidths up to 400 MHz for single component carrier
• 3D Beamforming antennas - MU-MIMO steerable on per UE basis, massive MIMO
• Layer 3 (OTA) based on 4G but enhanced for control plane efficiency
• Lower layers / 5G NR greatly enhanced for the required data rates, latency, and efficiency
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Specification
Title
38.300
Overall Description
38.902
Study on New Radio Access Technology
38.211
Physical Channels and Modulation
38.212
Multiplexing and Channel Coding
38.213
Physical Layer Procedures for Control
38.214
Physical Layer Procedures for Data
38.321
NR Medium Access Control (MAC)
38.322
NR Radio Link Control (RLC)
38.323
NR Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
37.324
NR Service Data Protocol (SDAP)
38.331
NR Radio Resource Control (RRC)
24.301
Non-Access Stratum (NAS)
33.501
Security Architecture and Procedures for 5G
37.340
NR Multi-connectivity Overall Description
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RAN Plenary is responsible for all Radio Access Networks, including their internal structures and functions, of
systems for evolved GERAN, UTRAN, E-UTRAN, 5GC and beyond. All groups participate in plenary meetings.
RAN WG
Responsibilities
RAN1
Radio Layer 1
Specification of the physical layer of the radio interface – channels structures,
mapping transport channels to physical channels, multiplexing, modulation
schemes, etc
RAN2
Radio Layer 2 and Layer 3
Specification of the radio interface architecture and radio interface protocols –
interface between architecture and protocols
RAN3
Core, O&M Requirements
Overall architecture and radio interface protocols – defines next generation
interface protocols
RAN4
Radio Performance and Protocol
Development of UE and base station specifications, base station conformance
test specifications, and specifications for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
RAN5
Mobile Terminal Conformance Tests
Development of UE conformance test specifications including signaling and
protocol test cases, and inter-RAT procedures
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Frequency Band
LTE (Based on 3GPP Rel-15)
Sub-6 GHz
Max Bandwidth (CC)
20 MHz
Max CCs
Subcarrier Spacing
Waveform
5 (Rel-10) / 32 (Rel-12). 5 current implementation
15 kHz
CP-OFDM for DL; SC-FDMA for UL
Up to 256 QAM DL (moving to 1024 QAM);
Up to 64 QAM UL
Modulation
Max Number of
Subcarriers
Subframe Length
Latency (Air Interface)
New Radio (Based on 3GPP Rel-15)
FR1, FR2
FR1: 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100 MHz
FR2: 50, 100, 200, 400 MHz
8
2n · 15 kHz
CP-OFDM (DL); CP-OFDM and DFT-s-OFDM (UL)
Up to 256 QAM UL & DL
1200
3276
1 ms (moving to 0.5 ms)
10 ms (moving to 5 ms)
1 ms
1 ms
14 symbols (duration depends on SC spacing)
2, 4 and 7 symbols for mini-slots
LDPC (data); Polar Codes (control)
Beamforming
Up to 8x8
Front-loaded DMRS (UE-specific)
FDD, Static TDD, Dynamic TDD
Slot Length
7 symbols in 500 µs
Channel Coding
Initial Access
MIMO
Reference signals
Duplexing
Turbo Code (data); TBCC (control)
No beamforming
Up to 8x8
UE Specific DMRS and Cell Specific RS
FDD, Static TDD
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S I N G L E S P E C I F I C AT I O N C O V E R I N G F R 1 A N D F R 2
FR1 – Frequency Range 1
FR2 – Frequency Range 2
5G NR NSA and SA
5G NR NSA
450 MHz ~ 7125 MHz
e.g. 3.4 – 3.7 GHz, 4.4 – 4.9 GHz
24.520 GHz ~ 52.600 GHz
e.g. 39 GHz (3 GHz of spectrum),
28 GHz (800 MHz)
Bandwidth (cc)
Up to 100 MHz
Up to 400 MHz
Maximum CCs
8
8
8x8
2x2
2n · 15 kHz n = {0, 1, 2}
30 kHz (n=1, 2x LTE)
2n · 15 kHz n = {2, 3, 4, 5}; 60 kHz (n=2, 4x LTE)
120 kHz (n=3, 8x LTE), 240 kHz (n=4, 16x LTE)
DL: CP-OFDM / UL: CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM
DL: CP-OFDM / UL: CP-OFDM or DFT-s-OFDM
Subcarriers
3276
3276
Subframe length
1ms
1ms
Max @60 kHz SCS: 250µs
Max @240 kHz SCS: 62.5 µs
Spec
Frequency
DL MIMO
Numerology
(subcarrier spacing)
Waveform
Slot length (t)
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• For FR1, 100 MHz is the maximum channel
bandwidth specified
• For FR2, 50, 100, 200 and 400 MHz channel bandwidths are
specified
3GPP TS 38.521-1 Table 6.1-1
Channel Bandwidth
5 MHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
20 MHz
25 MHz
30 MHz
40 MHz
50 MHz
60 MHz
80 MHz
100 MHz
3GPP TS 38.521-2 Table 5.3.5-1
NR
Band
n257
n258
n260
NR Band / SCS / UE Channel Bandwidth
SCS
50 MHz 100 MHz 200 MHz 400 MHz
kHz
60
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
120
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
120
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
60
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
120
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
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NO ARBITRARY DECISION – DRIVEN BY PROPERTIES OF CHANNEL
FR1
FR2
Deployment
Scenario
Macro cells
High user mobility
Small cells
Low user mobility
MIMO Order
Up to 8x8
Typically 2x2
Number of
Simultaneous
Users
Tens of users
Large coverage
area
A few users
Small coverage area
Main Benefit
Spatial multiplexing, Beamforming for single
MU-MIMO
user
Channel
Characteristics
Rich multipath
propagation
A few propagation
paths
Spectral
Efficiency
High due to the
spatial multiplexing
Low spectral efficiency
(few users, high path
loss)
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Transmit diversity for
improved quality
MIMO multi-layer
transmission for higher
data rates
Multi-user MIMO (UL)
more users per cell
Spatial multiplexing
more users per cell
Beamforming to
increase received
power and SNR
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J U S T A N I N T R O : M O R E D I S C U S S E D L AT E R
• LTE coverage
• Large existing network deployment
• Wide coverage due to lower frequency range
• 5G network
• System deployment will take time
• Range is more restricted in higher frequency bands
• NSA - Dual Connectivity (DC) uses both systems for evolution,
reliability and geographical coverage
• Expectation: slow and smooth transition into 5G
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RAT
NSA
SA
Connection to both LTE and 5G
mandatory
Can work with 5G only (LTE not
necessary)
Control (Location Registration)
5G focused on U-Plane alone, LTE
used for control including call
origination/termination, location
registration, etc.
5G used for both U-Plane and CPlane
5G radio control parameters
5G radio control parameters
exchanged through LTE, functions
added to eNB
Paging Channels
UE monitors paging channels on LTE
Keysight World: 5G NR Standards
5G radio control parameters
exchanged through 5G
UE monitors paging channels
on 5G
18
5G NR SA
•
•
•
•
Device
monitors control channels for data scheduling
provides channel quality estimate to gNB
provides neighbor cell measurements
• Device
• performs RAN based notification area updates
when moving outside the notification area
• stores the AS context
•
•
•
•
•
NR
RRC Connected
Connection (de)activation
Suspend/Resume
Device
acquires SI
monitors paging
performs neighbor cell measurements
performs cell (re-)selection
NR
RRC Inactive
Connection Establishment
Connection
/Release
Failure
NR
RRC Idle
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5G NR SA
E-UTRA
RRC Connected
NR
RRC Connected
Handover
Connection (de)activation
Suspend/Resume
Connection
Establishment/Release
Reselection
NR
RRC Inactive
Connection
Failure
E-UTRA
RRC Idle
Connection
Establishment/Release
Reselection
NR
RRC Idle
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Carrier Aggregation &
Bandwidth Adaptation
21
• Maximum single-CC bandwidth is 400 MHz
• Maximum number of CCs is 8
NW Channel
BW
UE cat egory/capabilit y
Freq.
Freq.
UE cat egory/capabilit y
NW Channel BW
Single-Carrier Operation
Multi-Carrier Operation
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• Component Carriers may be in the same band and adjacent
• Or they could be in the same band, non-contiguous
• Or in different bands
Band B – mmWave (28 GHz)
Band A – sub-6 GHz
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• RRC Connection and Registration only performed on Primary Component Carrier (PCC)
• Control channels (PDCCH and PUCCH) on Primary CC
• Data channels (PDSCH and PUSCH) on all component carriers
SCC
PDSCH
(optional PDCCH)
SCC
PCC
SCC
PDCCH and PDSCH
SCC
PCC
SCC
PUCCH and PUSCH
Downlink
SCC
PUSCH
Uplink
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C O R E S E T 3 8 . 2 11 - 7 . 3 . 2 . 2
Description
Resource
Element (RE)
Same as LTE: the smallest unit of the resource grid is made up of one SC in frequency domain
and one OFDM symbol in time domain
Physical Resource
Block (PRB)
12 subcarriers (same in every numerology)
Resource Element
Group (REG)
One REG is made up of one PRB in frequency domain and one OFDM symbol in time domain
REG Bundles
REG bundle = X * REGs
Control Channel
Element (CCE)
CCE = X * REG bundles
Control Resource
Set (CORESET)
A CORESET is made up of multiple PRBs in frequency domain and 1, 2 or 3 OFDM symbols in
time domain
Both frequency region and time domain region of a coreset can be defined by RRC signaling
message (38.331 v15.1.0)
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CONTIGUOUS PHYSICAL RESOURCE BLOCKS (PRBS)
• An Initial Bandwidth Part is signaled by PBCH
• It contains CORESET (Control Resource Set) and PDSCH
• The bandwidth part may or may not contain (Beamforming) SS/PBCH block
• Reserved resources can be configured within the bandwidth part
• One or multiple bandwidth part configurations for each component carrier can be semi-statically
signaled to a UE
• Only one BWP in DL and one in UL is active at a given time
• Other configuration parameters include:
• Numerology: CP type, subcarrier spacing
• Frequency location: the offset between BWP and a reference point within cell BW
• Bandwidth size: in terms of PRBs
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B A N D W I D T H PA R T U S E C A S E S
1. Supporting Reduced UE Bandwidth Capability
2. Supporting Reduced UE Energy Consumption
Overall carrier
Overall carrier
BWP # 2
BWP
BWP # 1
3. Supporting Different Numerologies
Overall carrier
4. Supporting Non-contiguous Spectrum
Overall carrier
BWP # 1
(num erology # 1)
BWP # 2
(num erology # 2)
5. Supporting Forward Compatibility
Overall carrier
BWP # 1
BWP activation/deactivation:
BWP # 2
Som et hing com plet ely unknown
• UE may be configured with up to 4 DL and 4 UL bandwidth parts
?
• Activation by dedicated RRC signaling
BWP
Som et hing new and not yet defined
• Activation/deactivation by DCI with explicit indication
• Activation/deactivation by a timer for a UE to switch its active DL BWP to a default BWP
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• The UE may be configured with additional supplemental uplink
• An additional lower frequency band UL carrier
• Enhances data rate and deployment range in NSA mode
• Improve performance at cell edge in SA mode
• Supplemental uplink is different from carrier aggregation
because the UE may transmit on
• The supplemental uplink OR
• UL component carrier
(but not on both at the same time)
Operating
Band
n80
n81
n82
n83
n84
n86
Uplink (UL)
BS Receive / UE Transmit
1710 – 1785 MHz
880 – 915 MHz
832 – 862 MHz
703 – 748 MHz
1920 – 1980 MHz
1710 – 1780 MHz
Downlink (DL)
BS Transmit / UE Receive
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Keysight World: 5G NR Standards
Duplex
Mode
SUL
SUL
SUL
SUL
SUL
SUL
28
Numerology & Frame Structure
29
S C A L A B L E S U B - C A R R I E R S PA C I N G ( S C S ) - Δ F
FR1 Operation
Initial
Access
max, µ
subframe, µ
µ
Δf = 2µ·15 kHz
Cyclic Prefix
0
15 kHz
Normal
275
1
1
30 kHz
Normal
275
2
2
60 kHz
Normal, Extended
275
4
µ
Δf = 2µ·15 kHz
Cyclic Prefix
2
60 kHz
Normal, Extended
275
4
3
120 kHz
Normal
275
8
4
240 kHz
Normal
138
16
5
480 kHz
Normal
69
32
N RB
N slot
Data
FR2 Operation
Initial
Access
Keysight World: 5G NR Standards
max, µ
N RB
subframe, µ
N slot
Data
30
• Sub-carrier spacing = 2μ x 15 kHz
• Slot is 14 symbols - slot length decreases as subcarrier spacing increases
µ
Subcarrier spacing
Slot length
Number of slots
per subframe
0
15 kHz
1 ms
1
Outdoor large cell <3 GHz
1
30 kHz
500 μs
2
Outdoor small cell >3 GHz
2
60 kHz
250 μs
4
Indoor wideband cell 5 GHz
Small cell above 6 GHz
3
120 kHz
125 μs
8
Very small cell 28 GHz
4
240 kHz
62.5 μs
16
Indoor very small cell
mmWave
31.25 μs
32
500 µs
250 µs
Keysight World: 5G NR Standards
1 ms
FR1
120 kHz
120 kHz
120 kHz
FR2
120 kHz
120 kHz
120 kHz
120 kHz
15 kHz
SCS
120 kHz
30 kHz
SCS
60 kHz
SCS
30 kHz
SCS
60 kHz
SCS
480 kHz
60 kHz
SCS
5
60 kHz
SCS
1 ms
Usage
125 µs
31
FRAME STRUCTURE & NUMEROLOGY
Slot structure is flexible to provide for better
spectrum utilization
SUBFRAME
1 ms
15
kHz
SLOT
14symbols
• SCS: 15 kHz*2n
• Frame: 10 ms
• Subframe: Reference period of 1 ms
1 ms
30
kHz
SLOT
14 symbols
• Slot (slot based scheduling)
SLOT
14 sym
• Slot length scales with the subcarrier spacing
• 7, 4 or 2 OFDM symbols, can start immediately
S LO T
120
kHz
125 µs
• Minimum scheduling unit
240
kHz
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S LO T
• Mini-Slot (non-slot based scheduling)
250 µs
14 s
• One possible scheduling unit
60
kHz
14 s
• 14 OFDM symbols, or 12 with extended CP
500 µs
62.5 µs
32
FDD AND TDD SLOTS, AND A MIX OF
Slot Format Indication (SFI) informs the UE of the current format (56 formats defined)
• Downlink only (Slot Format 0, used in FDD)
• Uplink only (Slot Format 1, Used in FDD)
• Flexible: Downlink and Uplink (static, semi-static (RRC) or dynamically scheduled (DCI))
Examples:
Downlink symbols
Uplink symbols
FDD at 700 MHz
TDD at 3 GHz
TDD at 28 GHz
UL
symbols
DL symbols
DL symbols
UL
DL symbols
UL
……
Not tied to the frame
Mini-slot
structure
(2,4,7 symbols)
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LTE – Fixed FDD or TDD operation
Downlink data
Downlink data
Uplink Ack
<-------- 1 ms sub-frame -------->
5G NR – Self-contained Integrated Sub-frame
Control
User Data
Ack
Control
Downlink-centric SF
User Data
Ack
Uplink-centric SF
• Data is transmitted preceded by the grant for the acknowledgement: the entire process is complete
within a single time transmission interval (TTI).
• TTI = # of symbols * symbol length
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Waveforms & Modulations
35
Waveform:
• Downlink: CP-OFDM
• Uplink: CP-OFDM + DFT-s-OFDM
(Discrete Fourier Transform
spread OFDM)
• CP-OFDM targeted at high
throughput scenarios
• DFT-s-OFDM targeted at power
limited scenarios
Multiple Access:
• Orthogonal Multiple Access
(OFDMA)
• Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access
(NOMA) not supported in Rel-15, but
being considered in Rel-16
Coding:
• Orthogonal Multiple Access (OFDMA)
• Network selects coding scheme to
match instantaneous channel
conditions
• Optimization of capacity with a
reasonable BLER
• Reduction of latency but possibly
lower throughput rate (some
methods take longer to encode)
• eMBB Traffic - Low Density Parity
Check (LDPC)
• PBCH & Control - Polar Code
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π/2-BPSK - 1 bit per symbol
Q
Q
Q
-1,1
1
0
I
-1,-1
16-QAM - 4 bits per symbol
0001
0011
0000
0010
I
1,-1
64 QAM - 6 bits per symbol
Q
I
0010 0100
1,1
I
Q
256 QAM - 8 bits per symbol
QPSK - 2 bits per symbol
3GPP 38.101- requirements for EVM
I
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Modulation for
PDSCH
EVM %
BPSK
30
QPSK
17.5
16 QAM
12.5
64 QAM
8.0
256 QAM
3.5
37
Protocol Structures, Layers,
Signals & Channels
38
5 G N R P R O T O C O L L AY E R S
• Higher protocol layers based on LTE
• User data all IP
Application
• Registration, mobility, session management,
handovers
NAS
IP
• Additions for lower layer enhancements
(beamforming)
RRC
SDAP
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
Control Plane
User Plane
• Enhancements to security in NAS and PDCP
• Service Data Adaptation Protocol: new protocol
layer to take care of QoS
• PHY sees the largest area of change
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User Plane
Control Plane
NAS
(IP user data)
SDAP
QoS
Management
PDCP
Compression
Integrity
Ciphering
RLC
RRC
SI
Paging
RRC
Compression
Integrity
Ciphering
Radio Bearers
ARQ
ARQ
Logical Channels
MAC
HARQ
HARQ
Transport Channels
PHY
Channel
Coding
Channel
Coding
Channel
Coding
Channel
Coding
Physical Channels
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Application
• New SDAP layer for QoS management in User Plane
• Mapping between QoS flow and data radio bearer and
marking QoS flow ID in DL and UL packets, all the way to 5GC
• PDCP duplication configuration: “legs” added
• Map PDUs to more than 1 logical channel (duplicated PDCP
PDUs) would be sent over different component carriers
• RLC/MAC
• Support for beam management procedures and transmission
modes using different numerologies and/or TTI duration
• Reduction of processing latency:
Concatenation is performed in MAC by placing the MAC headers
immediately in front of the corresponding MAC SDUs
Hence, no concatenation required in RLC
Keysight World: 5G NR Standards
NAS
IP
RRC
SDAP
PDCP
PDCP
RLC
RLC
MAC
MAC
PHY
PHY
Control Plane
User Plane
41
CHANNEL TYPES
RLC
Logical Channels
Define the type of data to be transferred: traffic (user
data), paging messages, dedicated control information…
Transport Channels
Define how the information will be carried to the
physical layer and the characteristics of the data: error
protection, channel coding and CRC, data packet size…
Physical Channels
Characterized by their timing and access protocols
(ex: random access channels), data rates (ex: traffic
channels)…
MAC
PHY
Radio Link
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Downlink
Uplink
PHYSICAL CHANNELS & SIGNALS
NR Channels/Signals
PUSCH
PUSCH-DMRS, PUSCH-PTRS
PUCCH
PUCCH-DMRS
PRACH
SRS
PDSCH
PDSCH-DMRS, PDSCH-PTRS
PBCH
PBCH-DMRS
PDCCH
PDCCH-DMRS
CSI-RS
PSS
SSS
Description
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
LTE Equivalent
PUSCH
PUSCH-DMRS
Physical Uplink Control Channel
Physical Random Access Channel
Sounding Reference Signal
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PUCCH
PRACH
SRS
PDSCH
PDSCH-DMRS
Physical Broadcast Channel
Physical Downlink Control Channel
Channel-State Information Reference Signal
Primary Synchronization Signal
Secondary Synchronization Signal
PBCH
PDCCH, EPDCCH
EPDCCH-DMRS
CSI-RS
PSS
SSS
Red = New NR channels/signals vs. LTE
Note: LTE ONLY channels such as PCFICH, PHICH, C-RS, etc. are not shown
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L O G I C A L , T R A N S P O R T, A N D P H Y S I C A L C H A N N E L S
Logical
Channels
BCCH
PCCH
CCCH DCCH DTCH
Transport
Channels
BCH
PCH
DL-SCH
Physical
Channels
DCI
PBCH
PDSCH
PMCH
SFI
PDCCH
Logical
Transport
Physical
BCCH – Broadcast Control Channel
BCH – Broadcast Channel
PBCH – Physical Broadcast Channel
PCCH – Paging Control Channel
PCH – Paging Channel
PDSCH – Physical Downlink Shared Channel
CCCH – Common Control Channel
DL-SCH – Downlink Shared Channel
DCCH – Dedicated Control Channel
DTCH – Dedicated Traffic Channel
DCI – Downlink Control Information
PDCCH – Physical Downlink Control Channel
SFI – Slot Format Indicator
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L O G I C A L , T R A N S P O R T, A N D P H Y S I C A L C H A N N E L S
Logical
Channels
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
Control information can be carried
in PUSCH and PUCCH
Transport
Channels
Transport
Channel
Physical
Channels
Channel Name
RACH
UL-SCH
UCI
(Uplink Control
Information)
PRACH
PHY
Channel
PUSCH
PHY channel Name
PUCCH
Purpose
User data, Channel reports, RRC setup
information
UL-SCH
Uplink Shared
Channel
PUSCH
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
RACH
Random Access
Channel
PRACH
Physical Random Access Channel Initiates connection
UCI
Uplink Control
Information
PUCCH
PUSCH
Physical Uplink Control Channel
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Channel reports, HARQ-ACK, Scheduling
Request
45
Signals
Channels
PSS, SSS: Primary and secondary synchronisation signals
PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel
DM-RS: Demodulation Reference signals (for PDSCH/PDCCH, PBCH)
PDCCH: Physical Downlink Control Channel
PT-RS: Phase Tracking Reference Signal (for PDSCH)
PDSCH: Physical Downlink Shared Channel
CSI-RS: Channel State Information Reference Signal
• DM-RS for acquisition of PBCH, PDCCH and PDSCH
• DM-RS for PBCH is spread over the same bandwidth as the PBCH (on the same symbols)
• CSI-RS for connected state beam management
• Refinement of the beam when a UE is in the connected state (and moving)
• PT-RS is for phase tracking and phase noise compensation
• Fine time and frequency tracking
• Path delay spread and Doppler spread
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38.331-5.2.1 AND 38.213-4.1
• Minimum System Information (TTI every 80 ms)
• MIB: minimum system information is carried onto PBCH
• Payload 32 bits (+24 bits Polar Coding CRC)
• Modulation QPSK
• Remaining Minimum System Information (TTI every 160 ms)
• Rest of RMSI carried on PDSCH
• Numerology used for RMSI indicated in PBCH payload
• Other System Information
• On-Demand system information delivery
• Carried on PDSCH using the same numerology as the RMSI
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UE
gNB
Minimum System Information
always present and broadcast periodically
Other System Information
optionally present and broadcast periodically
On-Demand Other System Information
broadcast or dedicated signalling
47
Message
Purpose
SIB 1
Defines the scheduling of other system information blocks and contains information required for initial
access
SIB 2
Contains cell re-selection information, mainly related to the serving cell
SIB 3
Contains information about the serving frequency and intra-frequency neighboring cells relevant for
cell re-selection
SIB 4
Contains information about other NR frequencies and inter-frequency neighboring cells relevant for
cell re-selection
SIB 5
Contains information about E-UTRA frequencies and E-UTRA neighboring cells relevant for cell reselection
SIB 6
Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) primary notification
SIB 7
Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) secondary notification
SIB 8
Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS) warning notification
SIB 9
Contains information related to GPS time and Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
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Signals
Channels
DM-RS: Demodulation Reference signals (for PUSCH/PUCCH)
PUCCH: Physical Uplink Control Channel
PT-RS: Phase Tracking Reference Signal (for PUSCH)
PUSCH: Physical Uplink Shared Channel
SRS: Sounding Reference Signal
PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel
• DM-RS: Provides synchronisation and uplink channel estimation
• Separate DMRS for PUSCH and PUCCH
• Sent in 1 or 2 symbols every timeslot for PUSCH
• SRS: Sent by the mobile upon request of the gNB to allow uplink channel estimation when no other
transmissions are scheduled (on PUSCH or PUCCH)
• Periodicity and subframe offset are configurable
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Beams, Beamforming & Beam
Management
50
Question: Is it better to have high gain or low gain antenna?
The plan to introduce cellular services in frequency
bands >6 GHz is driving an abrupt and
unprecedented change in how devices and systems
have to be designed, operated and tested.
The Friis propagation equation predicts
losses at mmWave frequencies:
• To overcome these losses and provide a realistic link
budget, it is necessary to use high gain antennas
comprised of multiple elements at both ends of the link
• High gain antennas create narrow beam width signals
• Radio propagation at mmWave is very different: very
sparse and spatially dynamic, unlike rich multipath with
Rayleigh fading
Path Loss ~ f 2
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BEAMSTEERING VS. BEAMFORMING
• The simplest use of large antenna arrays at the base station is beamsteering
– create narrow beams within the cell to direct signals to specific locations,
possibly with reflections involved
• A key difference between beamsteering and beamforming is steering only
needs to know the direction of the user while beamforming requires precise
real-time channel state information (CSI)
• To then exploit the channel, beamforming requires full digital control of
the amplitude and phase of every antenna element while beamsteering
can be done using simple analog phase shifters
• In a predominantly line of sight channel with several users in different
locations, beamforming would simultaneously generate a beam towards each
user much like beamsteering
Beamforming
Beamsteering
• The benefits of beamforming become more apparent as the channel becomes
more scattered, which is when simpler beamsteering is less effective
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D O W N L I N K S Y N C H R O N I Z AT I O N S I G N A L ( S S ) B L O C K S , B U R S T S , A N D S E T S
SS Block
1 symbol PSS
1 symbol SSS
2 symbols PBCH
SS Burst
One or multiple SS Block(s)
SS Burst Set
One or multiple SS Burst(s)
Transmission is periodic (20 ms
by default)
Confined within a 5 ms window
SS Burst Set Periodicit y (20 m s)
SS Burst Set
PSS = Primary Synchronization Signal
SSS = Secondary Synchronization Signal
...
SS Block
SS Block
SS Block
...
SS Burst
SS Block
...
SS Block
SS Block
SS Block
SS Block
...
PBCH = Physical Broadcast Channel
SS Burst
SS Block
SS Block
SS Block
SS Block
...
SS Burst
SS Block
SS Block
SS Block
SS Block
SS Burst
5 m s window
(half-fram e)
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BEAM SWEEPING
SS Block 1
SS Block 2
SS Block 3
SS Block 4
SS Block 5
Time
• All SSB are transmitted on the same single-antenna port
• Each SSB within a SS Burst Set is potentially
transmitted on a different beam
• The same beam pattern is repeated for each SSB
within the SS Burst Set period (20 ms by default)
• The UE identifies a SSB within the Burst Set by using:
• The time index carried by the PBCH DMRS
• The rest of the SSB index carried by the PBCH data
• The best SSB is used to respond to with the PRACH
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SS Block 1
SS Block 2
SS Block 3
SS Block 4
SS Block 5
Tim e
P
S
S
P
B
C
H
S
S
S
P
B
C
H
SS Block
Mapping bet ween DL SS Blocks and corresponding UL resources for
PRACH
DL
SS Block 1
DL
SS Block 2
DL
SS Block 3
DL
SS Block 4
...
UL 1
UL 2
UL 3
UL 4
Sam e Tx beam
direct ion as in
t he DL Tx
beam
TRxP
X
P
P
Rx PSS, SSS and PBCH
PRACH Transm ission
UE
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S Y N C H R O N I Z AT I O N , R A N D O M A C C E S S A N D U E - S P E C I F I C B E A M F O R M I N G
gNB
Wide Coverage
UE
Beam-sweeping
transmission
Beam-sweeping
transmission
Beam-sweeping
reception
UE-specific
selected beam
Synchronization Signals
System Information
Basic information for all UEs
Random Access Preamble
Random Access Response & System
Information
Single-beam
or Beamsweeping
Required only for UEs after random access
UE-Specific
Coverage
UE-specific
beamforming
Data and control channels
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MOBILITY AND THE CHALLENGE OF DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS
Search
Acquisition
Tracking
Feedback
Connected
High Gain
Tracking
Refinement
Switch
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T H E I M P O R TA N C E O F S T E E R I N G
• Not having beam refinement is
like having a race car with no
steering wheel
• It could be pointed in one
direction at the race start
• But a mobile environment looks
more like Monte Carlo and at
each corner the car without a
steering wheel would crash
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A set of L1/L2 procedures to acquire and maintain a set of TRxP(s) and/or UE
beams that can be used for DL and UL transmission/reception, which include at least
the following aspects:
• Beam sweeping: operation of covering a spatial area, with beams transmitted and/or received
during a time interval in a predetermined way
• Beam determination: for TRxP(s) or UE to select its own Tx/Rx beam(s)
• Beam measurement: for TRxP(s) or UE to measure characteristics of received beamformed
signals
• Beam reporting: for UE to report information of beamformed signal(s) based on beam
measurement
• Beam refinement (in connected state only)
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EXAMPLE: NEW REQUIREMENT IN REL -15 FROM DEC 2018 (38.810)
• Beam correspondence (BC) between gNB and UE is the ability of the UE to select a suitable beam
for UL transmission based on DL measurements with or without relying on UL beam sweeping
Beam Correspondence
Downlink (DL)
No Beam Correspondence
Uplink (UL)
Downlink (DL)
• BC can occur autonomously by the UE or with gNB assistance (UL beam management) by
presenting both SSB and CSI-RS signals
Autonomous
With Assistance
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• The network and device will use beamforming
antennas (maybe as low as 12 degrees?)
• Narrow beams increase the received power
(Signal-to-Noise) level
• Beams to different UEs can re-use the same
time and frequency resources
• All common and dedicated channels are
transmitted (and received) over beams
• Beams are bilateral for (t, f, (x,y,z)) – TDD
operation only
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• mmWave has great potential (spectrum!)
• mmWave signals do not bend around corners (diffract) and are easily blocked or attenuated
• mmWave signals do bounce (reflect) readily giving rise to local scattering (multipath)
• mmWave signals act more like light rays so can be directed using special antennas
• Path loss through the air is much greater at mmWave than at LTE bands
• Changing from 1 GHz to 28 GHz path loss increases by 28 dB over 1 m
Cables are lossy and expensive, galvanic connectors may not
be exposed/available, 3GPP requires FR2 tests to be radiated
Therefore, testing will be mostly performed over the air
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Initial Access Procedure,
Example Call Flows
63
• SRB 0 - for RRC CCCH messaging (common signalling, not assigned to UE)
• During RRC Connection setup and re-establishment
• SRB 1 - for high priority DCCH messages
• Carries RRC messages
• Also NAS messages if SRB 2 is not yet established
• SRB 2 - for lower priority DCCH messages
• Carries NAS messages
• Established after security has been configured
• SRB 3 - for DCCH messages for Secondary Node (SN) in Dual Connectivity
• SRB 3 is established and changed by the Secondary Node
• Carries SN RRC Reconfiguration and SN Measurement Report messages
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LT E A N C H O R - A D D N R
• SI only sent on the Master Node (MN)
• Only Frame timing and Frame Number is sent
on the Secondary Node
• Master Node sends RRC Connection
Reconfiguration to the UE for adding NR
• UE performs Initial Access Procedure on NR cell
Secondary Node addition (EN-DC)
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Network
gNodeB
UE
• RNTI: Radio Network Temporary
Identifier.
• C-RNTI – Cell RNTI
1. Random Access Preamble
(Random identity)
2. Random Access Response
(Timing advance, random identity
C-RNTI, uplink grant)
RA
RAR
3. RRC message
(C-RNTI)
4. RRC message
(Contention Resolution with C-RNTI)
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UE LTE
Connected
gNB
Connected
LTE Attach
Procedure
LTE Attach
Complete
NR Initial Access, Msg1-Msg4
NR Add
Successful
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PROTOCOL R&D TOOLSET (PRT)
Turn NR Cell ON,
SSB ON
UE beam search
and PRACH
Initial Access,
Msg1-Msg4
Attach
Procedure
NR Attach
Complete
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NAS Messages
NAS
KNAS int
Integrity
KNAS enc
Encryption
• Data Correctness - protected by Integrity: “can’t
change the content”
• Data Confidentiality - protected by Encryption
(cyphering) – “only I can read/understand” the
message
Encapsulation
User Plane
Data
RRC messages
PDCP
KRRC int
Integrity
KUP int
Integrity
KRRC enc
Encryption
KUP enc
Encryption
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Network Architecture,
Deployment Options
71
BOTH NSA AND SA
• NR or LTE RAN?
• NR or LTE Core?
• UP and CP
Courtesy of Eriksson
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S TA R T W I T H N S A
Rel-15 Early Drop (December 2017)
• NR NSA – eNB as master node
• 4G Core Network (EPC)
• Enhanced LTE (eLTE)
Rel-15 (June 2018)
• 5G Core Network
• Enhanced LTE (eLTE)
• NR SA and NSA Combinations
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OPTIONS 3/3A/3X
• Dual Connectivity with EPC: E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)
• Master Node: eNB (LTE)
• Secondary Node: gNB (5G NR)
x2 interface
No load-sharing
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PDCP split
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OPTIONS 7/7A/7X
• Dual Connectivity with NG-RAN: NG-RAN E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (NGEN-DC)
• Master Node: ng-eNB (eLTE) – eNB evolved (eLTE)
• Secondary Node: gNB (5G NR)
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OPTIONS 4/4A
• Dual Connectivity with NG-RAN: NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)
• Master Node: gNB (5G NR)
• Secondary Node: ng-eNB (eLTE)
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AMF/UPF
AMF/UPF
5GC
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
NG
• AMF - Access and Mobility
Management Function
• UPF - User Plane Function
NG
Xn
NG-RAN
gNB
gNB
Xn
Xn
Xn
ng-eNB
ng-eNB
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5GC AND NG-RAN RESPONSIBILITIES
gNB or ng-eNB
AMF
SMF
NAS Security
Inter Cell RRM
UE IP address
allocation
RB Control
Mobility Connection Cont.
Idle State Mobility
Handling
PDU Session
Control
Radio Admission Control
Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
UPF
Mobility Anchoring
PDU Handling
Internet
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• AMF Access and Mobility
Management Function
• SMF Session Management
Function
• UPF User Plane Function
78
• Layer 3 - Radio Resource Control (RRC)
• Allocation and control of radio bearers (RB control)
• Dynamic radio resource management and scheduling
• Radio Mobility Management
• Measurement reporting and Handover control
• Layer 2
• Encryption and integrity check
• Ensuring reliable data transfer, control of data throughput
• Layer 1
• Modulation and Coding, RF transmission/reception
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gNB or ng-eNB
Inter Cell RRM
RB Control
Mobility Connection Cont.
Radio Admission Control
Measurement
Configuration & Provision
Dynamic Resource
Allocation (Scheduler)
79
• NAS Control plane functions related to the network attachment
• Registration (Attach)
• Authentication
AMF
• Control of ciphering and integrity checking
NAS Security
• Signalling to establish a PS session
• Negotiation of QoS parameters
Idle State Mobility
Handling
• Tracking Area Updates in Idle mode
• Mobility support in Active mode (handovers)
• Determination of the Session Management Function
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• Session Management
• Allocation of IP address to the device
• Control of policy enforcement and Quality of Service
• Selection and control of User Plane Function (UPF)
• Steering of traffic at the UPF to the appropriate destination
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SMF
UE IP address
allocation
PDU Session
Control
81
• Routes user data to the appropriate gNB (or ngeNB) as the mobile moves
• Routes data to the external Packet Data Network
• QoS handling for user plane (data rate
enforcement)
• Packet inspection (policy rule enforcement)
UPF
Mobility Anchoring
PDU Handling
• Traffic usage reporting
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New Features Coming in Rel-16
83
JUST A SELECTION OF WI AND SI
• Work Items (WI)
• NR-U (Unlicensed Spectrum)
• IAB (Integrated Access Backhaul)
• 2-Step RACH
• C-V2X (Vehicle to Vehicle, Infrastructure or
Pedestrian) – Newly Added WI
• Enhancements for NR URLLC (Ultra Reliable Low
Latency Communications) - Newly Added WI
• Study Items (SI)
• NOMA (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access)
• NTN (Non-terrestrial Network)
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NR-U (WI): SCENARIOS
•
Both FR1 and FR2 are considered
• Additional functionality needed (beyond existing specifications
for licensed spectrum) in the following deployment scenarios:
Scenario A Example:
Scenario
Description
A
Carrier aggregation between licensed band NR
(PCell) and NR-U (SCell)
B
Dual connectivity between licensed band LTE
(PCell) and NR-U (PSCell)
C
Stand-alone NR-U
D
A stand-alone NR cell in unlicensed band and UL
in licensed band
E
Dual connectivity between licensed band NR and
NR-U
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N R - U ( W I ) : P H Y S I C A L L AY E R A S P E C T S
• LBT - Listen before Talk
• Mechanism for which an equipment applies CCA before using the channel
• CCA - Clear Channel Assessment
• Evaluation of presence/absence of other signals
• Channel access cannot be done in bandwidths larger than 20 MHz due to regulatory constraints
• Activate/transmit the whole or part of a BWP(s) depending on the outcome of LBT procedure
• Subcarrier spacing for control and data channels supporting 15 kHz, 30 kHz, and 60 kHz
• NR-U Discovery Reference Signal (DRS)
• Possible extension of PRACH, PUCCH and PUSCH format(s) to support NR-U operation
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Node
Node
Donor
(DgNB)
Fiber Optic
Core
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• Donor node (DgNB)
• A node connected to wired backhaul
can be considered as a donor node
(DgNB) and transport of data for a
target UE may traverse multiple hops of
backhaul links
• Access link
• A link between an access UE and an
IAB node or IAB donor (LA,DL or LA,UL)
Towards donor...
Parent Node
IAB Node
Child Node
UL Parent BH (L P,UL)
UL Child BH (LC,UL)
DL Parent BH (L P,DL)
DL Child BH (LC,DL)
DL Access (LA,DL)
• Backhaul link
• A link between an IAB node and an IAB
child node (LC,DL or LC,UL) or IAB parent
node (LP,DL or LP,UL)
UL Access (LA,UL)
UE
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2-STEP RACH (WI): MESSAGES A AND B
• This simplified RACH procedure reduces RACH overhead and access delay/latency
• A new msgA consists of:
• Preamble
• Data
• UE sends msgA via an enhanced physical random access channel (PRACH)
• msgA includes both 4-step RACH procedure msg1 and msg3
• In response to the UE request: network sends msgB using PDCCH and PDSCH
RACH Message
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GP
RACH Preamble
CP
msgA (preamble+data):
CP
• Message includes both 4-step RACH procedure msg2 and msg4
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NOMA (SI):NO NOMA WI FOR REL-16 WILL BE DEFINED
• NOMA is mainly aimed to be used in UL
• Attractive feature for mMTC applications: improves system load capability
• The most significant gain of NOMA over MU-MIMO can be achieved in the following scenarios:
• Contention-based, grant-free transmission
• Small data transmission from RRC_INACTIVE state
• Both grant-based and grant-free NOMA to be studied:
• Grant-based NOMA is supported at least for eMBB scenario
• Grant-free NOMA is supported at least for mMTC scenario
• Grant-free NOMA can be considered for eMBB scenario
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V2X: USE CASES
• Software Update
• Real-Time Situational Awareness & High-Definition Map
• Vulnerable Road User (VRU)
• Platooning
• Cooperative Maneuvers of Autonomous Vehicles for
Emergency Situations
• Remote Automated Driving Cancellation (RADC)
• Automated Intersection Crossing
• Autonomous Vehicles Parking by Remote Driving
• High Definition Sensor Sharing
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V2X (SI→WI): SIDELINK
• The access link (i.e. DL/UL) is used for communication
between gNB and UEs
• The sidelink is used for communication between UEs
• This is the link used for V2X in LTE and NR
• NR V2X will support: unicast, groupcast and broadcast
• For unicast: HARQ feedback and HARQ combining are
supported
• For groupcast: HARQ feedback and HARQ combining are
supported
Access Link
• NR V2X is expected to work in licensed & unlicensed bands
• NR-V2X sidelink should be able to operate:
• Out of coverage
• Partial coverage
• In-coverage
Sidelink
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V 2 X ( S I → W I ) : B R O A D C A S T, G R O U P C A S T A N D U N I C A S T D E F I N I T I O N
Node-S
Local Manager
Node-S
Local Manager
DCI-R (G-RNTI)
Data
Data
Node-S
Local Manager
Node-R
Node-T
Node-R(s)
Node-S
Local Manager
Node-T
DCI-R (U-RNTI)
DCI-R (B-RNTI)
Data
Data
Node-T
Node-R(s)
Node-T
Node-R
Three Parties
Communication Diagram
Unicast
Groupcast
Broadcast
• Node-S can be gNB/eNB or another vehicle.
• Function of Node-S is to coordinate the resource usage within a local area
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V2X (SI→WI): SIDELINK PHYSICAL CHANNELS
• The following channels are at least defined for NR V2X:
• PSSCH
• PSCCH (at least carries information necessary to decode PSSCH)
Packet 1
Packet 2
• PSFCH (contains sidelink feedback control information transport
V4
channel (SFCI))
V8
• NR V2X sidelink synchronization includes at least the following:
• S-SSB: NR SSB structure as the starting point
• Sidelink PSS and SSS (S-PSS and S-SSS)
• PSBCH
V3
• Periodic transmission of S-SSB is supported
V6
V1
• Sidelink SSB should be designed to be distinguishable from NR SSB
• Different frequency position and different relative time positions
• Half-Duplex restriction:
• Once UE is in the transmission mode, it is not able to receive
• This could significantly reduce the packet reception ratio (PRR)
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V7
V2
V5
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E N H A N C E M E N T S F O R N R U R L L C ( S I → W I ) : J U S T I F I C AT I O N
• In Rel-15, the basic support for URLLC was introduced with:
• TTI structures for low latency
• Methods for improved reliability
• Rel-15 enabled use case improvements
• Such as AR/VR (i.e. entertainment industry)
• FR1 and FR2, TDD and FDD are eligible for enhancements to NR URLLC
• The study item in Rel-16 is focusing on the following items:
• Higher reliability and higher availability
• Time synchronization
• Short latency ~ 0.5 to 1 ms
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ENHANCEMENTS FOR NR URLLC (SI →WI): NEW USE CASES
Use Case
Reliability
Latency
# of UEs
(per cell)
Traffic Model
Description
Transport Industry
99.999%
5 ms
30
Periodic
Remote driving
99.9999%
5 ms
8
80 bytes
Power distribution
Grid fault
Outage management
99.999%
15 ms
8
250 bytes
Periodic
Differential protection
Factory automation
99.9999%
2 ms
40
20 bytes
Periodic
Motion control
Rel-15 use case
(e.g. AR/VR)
99.999%
1 ms
20
256 bytes
AR/VR
Power Distribution
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NTN (SI): EXAMPLES OF NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
• Satellite access network whose
service link operates below 6 GHz
frequency bands allocated to
Mobile Satellite Services (MSS)
and complemented with the
terrestrial access network served
by the same or independent core
networks
Handheld
Device
Spaceborne
Platform
Service link
Gateway
Feeder link
Core
Network
Public
Data
Network
Terrestrial
Component
Handheld
Device
Spaceborne
Platform
Service link
Gateway
Feeder link
Core
Network
Terrestrial
Component
Core
Network
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Public
Data
Network
Public
Data
Network
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U N D E R S TA N D I N G T H E R O A D A H E A D
• Standards will continue to evolve through
Rel-16 and beyond: your test solutions
need to be flexible and scalable
• Higher frequencies, wider channel
bandwidths, and dual connectivity
increase the number of test cases and
test complexity
• mmWave and MIMO introduce new OTA
test requirements for 5G NR devices and
base stations
• New initial access and control procedures
will require more testing
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• 3GPP – Third Generation Partnership Project
• OFDM – Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
• SS-RSRQ – SS Reference Signal Received Quality
• 5G NR – 5th Generation New Radio
• PBCH – Primary Broadcast Channel
• SS-SINR – SS Signal-to-Noise and Interference Ratio
• BI – Beam Index
• PBCH DMRS – PBCH Demodulation Reference Signal • SSS – Secondary Synchronization Signal
• BLER – Block Error Rate
• PDSCH – Physical Downlink Shared Channel
• TRS – Tracking Reference Signal
• BW – Bandwidth
• PRACH – Physical Random Access Channel
• TX – Transmitter
• CPE – Customer Premise Equipment
• PRB – Physical Resource Block
• UE – User Equipment
• CSI-RS - Channel State Information Reference Signal • PSS – Primary Synchronization Signal
• DL – Downlink
• QoE – Quality of Experience
• eNB – eNodeB
• QoS – Quality of Service
• FCC – Federal Communications Commission
• RACH – Random Access Channel
• gNB – gNodeB
• RAN – Radio Access Network
• KPI – Key Performance Indicator
• RAT – Radio Access Technology
• MAC – Media Access Control
• RRC – Radio Resource Control
• MCS – Modulation and coding scheme
• SCS – Sub-carrier spacing
• MIMO – Multiple Input Multiple Output
• SRS (UL) - Sounding Reference Signal
• mmWave – Millimeter-wave
• SSB – Synchronization Signal Block
• NEM – Network Equipment Manufacturer
• SS-RSRP – SS Reference Signal Received Power
• UL – Uplink
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5G Boot Camp: 5GNR Technology overview
5G Network Test
Drive Test and Analytics
UE Emulation & Load Test
Network Simulation & Test
5G Signaling Validation Test
5G NR Protocol Validation
Radio Signaling Test
5G NR Conformance Test
Physical Layer Design and Test Solutions
System-Level Simulation
Parametric Signal Test
Component Characterization
RF and mmWave OTA Test
Keysight World: 5G NR Standards
Digital Conformance Test
Manufacturing Test Automation
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• 3GPP Webpage www.3gpp.org
• Keysight Solutions www.keysight.com/find/5G
• Testing 5G NR Device OTA Throughput
Download Application Note
• Copy of these slides
www.keysight.com/find/5GBootCampPresentations
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