Republic of the Philippines University of Southern Mindanao College of Engineering and Information Technology Department of Civil Engineering Kabacan, Cotabato CENG 425 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING S.Y. 2018-2019 Summer ASSIGNMENT _3_ Name: Dela Cerna, Clint Richard A. Date: June 20,2019 Background Information Goal 14: Life Below Water The world’s oceans – their temperature, chemistry, currents and life – drive global systems that make the Earth habitable for humankind. How we manage this vital resource is essential for humanity as a whole, and to counterbalance the effects of climate change. Over three billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods. However, today we are seeing 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks overexploited, reaching below the level at which they can produce sustainable yields. Oceans also absorb about 30 percent of the carbon dioxide produced by humans, and we are seeing a 26 percent rise in ocean acidification since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Marine pollution, an overwhelming majority of which comes from land-based sources, is reaching alarming levels, with an average of 13,000 pieces of plastic litter to be found on every square kilometer of ocean. The SDGs aim to sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal ecosystems from pollution, as well as address the impacts of ocean acidification. Enhancing conservation and the sustainable use of ocean-based resources through international law will also help mitigate some of the challenges facing our oceans. Republic of the Philippines University of Southern Mindanao College of Engineering and Information Technology Department of Civil Engineering Kabacan, Cotabato CENG 425 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING S.Y. 2018-2019 Summer ASSIGNMENT _3_ Name: Dela Cerna, Clint Richard A. Date: June 20,2019 Policies and Laws Marine Life Protection Act Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are marine or estuarine areas set aside to protect or conserve marine life and habitat. The Marine Life Protection Act (MLPA) was signed into law in 1999 and mandated the redesign of a statewide system of marine protected areas (MPAs) that function to the extent possible as a network. In August 2004, the California Resources Agency, California Department of Fish and Game [effective January 1, 2013, California's Department of Fish and Game was renamed the Department of Fish and Wildlife], and Resource Legacy Fund Foundation signed a memorandum of understanding that both launched the MLPA Initiative and began its implementation along the central California coast. Among other actions, the MLPA Initiative established the MLPA Blue Ribbon Task Force, the Master Plan Science Advisory Team (SAT), a statewide stakeholder interest group, and a MLPA Initiative staff. The goals of the MLPA are: Goal 1: To protect the natural diversity and abundance of marine life, and the structure, function, and integrity of marine ecosystems. Goal 2: To help sustain, conserve, and protect marine life populations, including those of economic value, and rebuild those that are depleted. Goal 3: To improve recreational, educational, and study opportunities provided by marine ecosystems that are subject to minimal human disturbance, and to manage these uses in a manner consistent with protecting biodiversity. Goal 4: To protect marine natural heritage, including protection of representative and unique marine life habitats in California waters for their intrinsic value. Goal 5: To ensure that California's MPAs have clearly defined objectives, effective management measures, and adequate enforcement, and are based on sound scientific guidelines. Goal 6: To ensure that the MPAs are designed and managed, to the extent possible, as a component of a statewide network. Republic of the Philippines University of Southern Mindanao College of Engineering and Information Technology Department of Civil Engineering Kabacan, Cotabato CENG 425 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING S.Y. 2018-2019 Summer ASSIGNMENT _3_ Name: Dela Cerna, Clint Richard A. Date: June 20,2019 Research Journals -Shipwrecks off North Carolina, U.S. coast harbor tropical migrants Tropical and subtropical fish are taking up residence on shipwrecks and other sunken structures off the North Carolina coast. This pattern may continue or even accelerate in coming years given predictions of warming oceans under climate change, a new study co-led by Duke University scientists suggests. "The artificial reefs created by these structures may be acting as stepping stones for fish that are moving northward and living at the edge of their geographic range, or beyond it, in search of suitable habitat," said Avery B. Paxton, a visiting scholar at the Duke University Marine Laboratory, who was lead author of the study. "Globally, there is broad evidence that many tropical fish species are shifting their ranges poleward and to deeper waters in response to changing ocean conditions, and what we see on these reefs seems to fit that pattern," she said. One of the most surprising findings of the study is that the tropical and subtropical fish observed off North Carolina exhibit a strong preference for hanging out on human-made structures versus natural rocky reefs found nearby, noted J. Christopher Taylor, a research ecologist at NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science and a co-author of the study. "It could be that the zooplankton and smaller fish these species eat are more plentiful on artificial reefs. Or it could be that human-made reefs' complex structures give the fish more nooks and crannies where they can evade predators. We're still trying to figure it out," Taylor said. The fishes' preference for artificial habitats suggests networks of the human-made structures -which are already commonly found up and down the East Coast and in other waters worldwide -- could act as underwater corridors the fish use to reach the habitats they need to survive, said Paxton, who also works with CSS Inc. under contract to NOAA's National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science. Republic of the Philippines University of Southern Mindanao College of Engineering and Information Technology Department of Civil Engineering Kabacan, Cotabato CENG 425 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING S.Y. 2018-2019 Summer ASSIGNMENT _3_ Name: Dela Cerna, Clint Richard A. Date: June 20,2019 Paxton, Taylor and their colleagues published their peer-reviewed paper May 6 in Nature Communications Biology. To do the study, teams of scuba-diving scientists conducted population and species counts at 30 artificial and natural reefs off the N.C. coast between 2013 and 2015. To track seasonal differences in fish populations, most of the reefs were visited four times a year. Republic of the Philippines University of Southern Mindanao College of Engineering and Information Technology Department of Civil Engineering Kabacan, Cotabato CENG 425 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING S.Y. 2018-2019 Summer ASSIGNMENT _3_ Name: Dela Cerna, Clint Richard A. Date: June 20,2019 -Human-made reefs: A compelling diving alternative Artificial, human-made reefs can be more attractive to divers than nearby natural coral formations and can help mitigate potential reef damage, according to a new study by Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) researchers. The paper, published in the Journal of Environmental Management, examines artificial coral reefs as "recreational ecosystem services," offering a new methodology to evaluate the aesthetic, behavioral and attitudinal aspects of which artificial reefs around the world can be evaluated. "This new approach takes into account divers' preferences and needs alongside physical preservation of natural reefs," says Dr. Yaniv Belhassen of BGU's Department of Hotel and Tourism Management on the Eilat Campus. "Artificial reefs are only effective if divers continue to be drawn to them." Artificial reefs, concrete structures, sunken ships, and even submerged subway cars are increasingly being used around the globe to attract recreational divers, for both environmental and commercial reasons. The Tamar Reef, an artificial reef project begun in 2006, is a collaboration between BGU researchers and Jordan to restore the local reef culture in the Red Sea. Students and faculty from both countries work together in studying the artificial reef and how it affects the marine ecology in the area. Special nurseries were established to regenerate lost coral species and augment coral diversity. Small fragments developed into large corals and were planted on the artificial reefs. The researchers examined diving habits and behavior around Eilat's natural and artificial reefs. According to study, the average diver density at the artificial reef was higher than at the two nearby natural knolls, and the Tamar reef effectively diverts divers from natural knolls. Secondly, the study found that regarding attitudes toward natural versus artificial reefs, divers consider the artificial reefs more appropriate for training, but they feel less relaxed around them. According to the research, the sunken ship, Satil, is Eilat's most popular dive spot. Republic of the Philippines University of Southern Mindanao College of Engineering and Information Technology Department of Civil Engineering Kabacan, Cotabato CENG 425 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING S.Y. 2018-2019 Summer ASSIGNMENT _3_ Name: Dela Cerna, Clint Richard A. Date: June 20,2019 Sources United Nations Development Programme: Goal2014_20Life20below0water20_20UNDP.html National Park Services, National Seashore: Laws&Policies_MarineLifeProtectionActPointReyesNationalSeashore(U.S.NationalParkService).html ScienceDaily: Human-madereefs_Acompellingdivingalternative--ScienceDaily.mhtml ScienceDaily: ShipwrecksoffNorthCarolina,U.S.coastharbortropicalmigrants_Artificialreefsarepreferred habitatfortropicalfishsearchingforfavorablehabitat--ScienceDaily.mhtml
