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INTRODUCTION- First three periods of Western Music History has its distinctive
characteristics, historical and cultural background
Medieval – Gregorian Chant is a type of music mainly used in early Christian church
Renaissance- Music is an important leisure activity. E.g.Imitative polyphony
Baroque- characterized by grand and elaborate ornamentation of sculptures, theaters, arts and music. Music genres were the
Concerto, the Fugue, the Oratorio and the Chorale.
Concerto- form of orchestral music that employs a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra.
Fugue- contrapuntal piece, developed mainly by imitative counterpoint
Oratorio- large scale musical composition for orchestra and voices that incorporates narratives on religious themes. Usually
written in the native language for the intended audience.
Chorale- musical compositions that resemble a harmonized version of hymnal tunes of the Protestant Church during the
Baroque era.
Music of the Medieval Period (700 – 1400)
 known as the Middle Ages or Dark Ages that started with the fall of the Roman Empire.
Characteristics of the Gregorian Chants:
a. monophonic
b. Free meter
c. Modal
d. Usually based on Latin liturgy e. Use of Neume notation
 Latter part of the Medieval Period, secular music which was not bound by Catholic traditions emerged. Most of these songs
were performed across Europe by groups of musicians called Troubadours.
 Troubadour Music:
a. Usually monophonic
b. Sometimes with improvised accompaniment
c. Tells of chivalry and courtly love
d. Originated in France
e. Written in the French language
Famous Composer of the Medieval Period:
1. Adam de la Halle - France, 1237 – 1288
Music of the Renaissance Period (1400 . 1600)
 Comes from the word \renaitre. which means rebirth.,revival., and rediscovery.
 Also known as the ”golden age” of acapella choral music
 Period of “looking back” to the Golden Age of Greece and Rome.
 Invention of printing paved the way for a wide distribution of renaissance compositions
 Emergence of the bourgeois class, renaissance music became popular as entertainment and activity for amateurs and the
educated
 Lute was the prominent instrument of the renaissance era
 Other historical facts is the discovery of the actual position of earth in the solar system by Copernicus
 Invention of compass creating a wider navigation not only of the lands but also of the oceans
Characteristics of Renaissance Music:
a. Mostly polyphoni
d. Imitation among the voices is common
b. Use of word painting in texts and music
e. Melodic lines move in a flowing manner
c. Melodies are easier to perform because these move along a scale with a few large leaps
Famous Composers of the Renaissance Period
1. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina- Rome, 1525 - February 2, 1594
2. Thomas Morley - 1557 – 1602
Music of the Baroque Period (1685 -1750)
 derived from the Portuguese word “barroco¨ which means “pearl of irregular shap”
 Great composers were George Friedrich Handel, Johann Sebastian Bach, Claudio Monteverdi, and Antonio Vivaldi.
 Arts highlighted grandiose and elaborate ornamentation.
 New instrumental techniques and changes in musical notation were developed.
 Major and minor tonality was also created in this period.
 Characteristics of Baroque Music:
a. Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental
b. Melodies are not easy to sing or remember
c. Primarily contrapuntal textures with some homophony
d. Dynamic contrast, alternation between loud and soft
e. Music genres , operas, oratorios, suites, tocatas, concerto grosso, fugue
f. Orchestra consists of strings and continuo
g. Harpsichord and organ are the keyboard instruments that are commonly used
Famous Composers of the Baroque Period
1. Johann Sebastian Bach - Born: Germany March 21, 1685, - Died: July 28, 1750
2. Antonio Vivaldi- Venice, March 4, 1678 to Vienna, July 28, 1741
3. George Friedrich Händel- - Germany, February 23, 1685, London, April 14, 1759
WESTERN CLASSICAL ARTS TRADITIONS
INTRODUCTION
Pre-historic art is classified into three periods such as; Paleolithic (Old Stone Age), Mesolithic(Middle Stone
Age), and Neolithic (New Stone Age) Eras.
Egyptian civilization was one of the early civilizations that have greatly contributed in the development of art, religion,
science, and technology of the world. Egyptian art is primarily religious in nature.
Ancient Greek art depicts naturalism. They portray human forms in a realistic and anatomically correct manner. Their art
has a conservative form with a very complex detail.
Roman art developed as a new source of artistic creativity much more progressive than the conservative Greek art. The diversity of its
form and its variety inspired the modern attitude in art.
Byzantine art was purposely made to glorify the Christian religion and to express its mystery. It is filled with spiritual
symbolism, illustrates a love of splendor. It was a combination of Eastern (decorative art forms) and classical Western art (naturalistic
art).
Romanesque art was characterized by its very vigorous style in painting and sculpture, lavishly decorated manuscripts, and
retained many basic features of Roman architectural styles. It was also greatly influenced by Byzantine art with a highly innovative
and coherent style.
Basic characteristics of Gothic art styles reinforce symbolic meanings. The church symbolizes the transcendence of the
soul, and the underlying philosophy is to create buildings of height and light.
PREHISTORIC ERA
Paintings from the Pre-historic Era -Paintings were found inside the caves which may have been their way of
communicating with each other. It may also be for religious or ceremonial purposes. Dominant features composed mainly of animals,
human figures and abstract design. Some sections have been identified inside the cave such as: The Great Hall of the Bulls, The
Lateral Passage, TheShaft of the Dead man, The Chamber of Engravings, The Painted Gallery, and the Chamber of Felines
Paintings from Ancient Egypt - Purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the deceased afterlife place pleasant. . It
emphasizes the importance of life after death and the preservation of the knowledge of the past.
Paintings from Classical Greek Era - Paintings were most commonly found in vases, panels and tomb. It depicts natural
figures with dynamic compositions. Most of the subjects were battle scenes, mythological figures, and everyday scenes. It reveals a
grasp of linear perspective and naturalist representation.
Most common methods of Greek painting:
1. Fresco- method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied plaster usually on a wall surfaces.
2. Encaustic– developed to use by Greek ship builders, who used the hot wax to fill the cracks of the ship.
> Vase painting - Kerch Style also referred to as Kerch Vases are red-figured pottery named after the place
> Panel Painting- paintings on flat panels of wood. It can be either a small, single piece or several panelsjoined together.
> Tomb / Wall Painting - popular during the classical period. It uses the method frescos either tempera (water-base) or
encaustic (wax). It has a sharp, flatly outlined style of painting and because it uses water-based materials, very few samples survived.
Paintings from the Romantic Era - paintings have a wide variety of subjects, animals, everyday life, still life, mythological
subjects, portraits and landscapes.
 Mosaic- an art process where an image is created using an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stones.
PAINTINGS FROM MEDIEVAL ERA
Byzantine Painting - lively styles of paintings which had been invented in Greek and Rome lived on in Byzantium .
Romanesque Painting - largely placed mosaics on the walls of the churches that follows a strict frontal pose.
Paintings from the Gothic Era- Paintings have been confined in the illumination of manuscript pages and the painting of
frescoes on the walls of churches in cosmopolitan style, elegant, mannered and sophisticated.
 Stained glass windows were created to transform the vast stone interiors with warm and glowing color and at the same time
to instruct Christians in their faith.
SCULPTURES FROM THE CLASICAL PERIOD
Greek Sculptures - Greek sculptures had finally evolved and showed all the points of human anatomy and proportion.
One of the most popular styles of the greek sculptures was the Hellenistic style.
Roman Sculptures - made of monumental terra-cotta. A reliefs in the Great Roman triumphal columns .
ByzantineSculptures -Dominant themes in Byzantine sculptures are religious, everyday life scenes, and motifs from nature.
Animals were used as symbols (dove, deer, peafowl) while some had acrostic signs (form of writing in which taking the first letter;
syllable or word of different lines and putting them together it can be read a message) that contained a great theological significance.
Romanesque Sculptures - Famous sculptural pieces are reliquaries, altar frontals, crucifixes, and devotional images. Small
individual works of art were generally made of costly materials for royal and aristocratic patrons.
Gothic Sculptures -Have a greater freedom of style .
ARCHITECTURE FROM THE EARLY AGE
Pre-Historic Architecture - Man has developed a form of architecture based on megaliths (a big rock) from the Greek word
lithos (stone) and megas (big). Three main types of megalith stones: Menhir, Dolmens and Cromlech.
Egyptian Architecture - developed during the pre-dynastic period 4,000BC.
Greek Architecture - Temples consisted of a central shrine or room in an aisle surrounded by rows of columns.
Roman Architecture- built sturdy stone structures both for use and to perpetuate their glory.
Byzantine Architecture -Mosaic decoration was perfected by the Byzantines.
Romanesque Architecture - Doorways of Romanesque’s churches are often grand sculptured portals. Wood or metal doors
are surrounded by elaborate stone sculpture arranged in zones to fit architectural elements
Gothic Architecture - Design included two new devices: pointed arch which enabled builders to construct much higher
ceiling vaults and stone vaulting borne on a network of stone ribs supported by piers and clustered pillars.
Community & Environmental Health
INTRODUCTION- It covers social issues and problems regarding the
threats of community and environmental destruction and get involved
in programs advocating community and environmental health.
LESSON 1: THE CONCEPTS OF COMMUNITY AND
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
Health -state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity and the ability to lead a socially and economically productive life.”
Community - defined as a sociological group in a large place sharing one environment.
Community Health - the art and science of maintaining, protecting and improving the health of all the
members of the community through organized and sustained community efforts.
Environmental Health - determined by physical, chemical, biological, social and psychosocial factors in the surrounding
environment.
Lesson 2 : Community Health Problems
Problems in the Philippines
1. POLLUTION means any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of
water, air and/or land resources
2. AIR POLLUTION means any alteration of the physical, chemical and biological properties of
the atmospheric air
3. WATER POLLUTION means any alteration of the physical, chemical, biological, or
radiological properties of a body of water resulting in the impairment of its purity or quality.
4. NOISE POLLUTION is the excessive sound that causes hearing loss, stress, fatigue,
irritability, tension, headaches, and high blood pressure.
5.SOIL POLLUTION is chiefly caused by chemicals in pesticides, such as poisons that are used to kill agricultural pests like insects
and herbicides that are used to get rid of weeds.
6.DEFORESTATION is the destruction of big areas of forests
7.FLASH FLOOD is a sudden flood of great volume, caused by a heavy rain
8.SOIL EROSION happens when soil and rock are moved from one place to another by wind, water, and gravity
9.Coral Reefs- are diverse underwater ecosystems built from calcium carbonate secreted by corals.
Environmental Law: Pollution Control is all about combating pollution in the Philippine setting.Pertinent laws environmental safety and health protection
1. P.D. 389(P.D. 705) –Forestry Reform Code - emphasizes the sustainable utilization of forest resources.
2. P.D. 704 – Preservation of optimum productivity of fishery resources conservation and protection).
3. P.D. 1219 – Providing for the protection of coral ecosystems.
4. P.D. 1067 – Water Code of the Philippines - adopts adequate measures to conserve and regulate the
use of water and provides other policy guidelines on water quality , management of water resources.
5. P.D. 463 – Amended the Mining Act of 1936. Requires all mining lease holders to comply with Pollution Control Laws and
regulations and provide for penalties for noncompliance.
6.P.D. 984 – The Pollution Control Law
7. P.D. 825 – Prohibits the improper disposal of garbage
8.P.D. 856 – Sanitation Code - places the responsibility on the local government units for the solid waste management in their area of
production.
9. R.A. 8749 – Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999- provides for a comprehensive air pollution control policy.
EFFECTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Environmental Problems
EFFECTS
Deforestation
Soil erosion Landslides , Greenhouse effect Denuded upland
Silting of rivers and dams, Degraded watershed
Flooding , Destruction of corals along the coast
Flash Floods
Causes of diseases such as Cholera and other water borne diseases
Loss of life, Contamination of drinking water ,Destruction of Sewage System
Destruction of dams and destruction of levees
Soil Erosion
Unproductive use of farmland ,Difficulty in raising of livestock ,Silting of artificial lakes ,Loss
of soil and vegetation which causes climate changes
Oil Spill
Suffocation of marine mammals ,Death of trees from oil in roots
Coral Reef Degradation
Loss of edible reef fish ,Reduction of species diversity and richness
Alteration in the size structure of target species
Illegal Mining
Water poisoning of all the living things in it ,Destruction of beautiful coral reefs ,Barenness of
land
PHYSICAL EDUCATION- VOLLEYBALL OFFICIATING
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CODE OF ETHICS OF AN OFFICIATING OFFICIALS
Strictly impose the rules
6.Make objective and firm decisions
Ensure deportment and conduct
7.Keep self updated
Detach oneself from the delegation
8.Condemn unsporting behavior
Compliments all participants in their effort
9.Ensure the spirit of the game is not lost
Publicly encourage rule changes
PRINCIPLES OF OFFICIATING
Uniformity of Interpretation of the rules
Observe the play from a close vision
Must Rule on the acts completed
4.Carrying out of Policies/rules
5.Must See total scene
6.Make decisions according to your own jurisdiction
OFFICIATING OFFICIALS IN VOLLEYBALL
a. Referee - The first referee is the overall in charge and stands on the raised platform, positioned at the side of the court
across from the team benches. He is the person to starts the game by whistling and signaling the server to serve the ball.
Second referee’s main responsibility is to assist the first referee and communicate effectively with players and coaches at
the team bench area. The second referee (or umpire) stands on the ground on the opposite side of the
court from the first referee.
b.
The scorekeeper creates official records of the games. Keeps an eye on the individual serving the ball to track the
rotation and notify referees of potential lapses. He tracks points, player substitutions, sanctions and time-outs.
c.
Line judges work with the referees in making judgment calls. They are designated, usually in opposite corners. Use
flags to signal when a ball is in or out, hits the antennae of the net, or when the server commits a foot fault, or steps
outside the line as they serve.
Line judge” Inside”
Line judge”Outside”
ILLEGAL SERVICE
NET FAULT
Substitution
Administrative Call to serve
BLOCKING FAULT
Outside
FOUR HITS/TOUCHES
8 Seconds violation