International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 278–286, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_029
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
Scopus Indexed
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, DEFECTS AND
LEACHING BEHAVIOUR OF AN INNOVATIVE
ARTIFICIAL REEF FROM DIFFERENT FRUIT
PEELS WASTE REINFORCED RECYCLED
AGGREGATE CONCRETE FOR ESTUARINE
M. J. Suriani
School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,
21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
Z. Mohd Zin
School School of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,
21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
N. Mohamad
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia
(UTHM), Johor, Malaysia
M. Z. Siti Nazirah, C. K. Nurul Akma, S. Nur Ilyanie, and N. O. Zulaikha
School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu,
21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
This study enveloped an innovative uses of organic waste from local fruit peels
particle (FPP) reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) as a matrix from
construction waste as an artificial concrete reef for estuarine ecosystem. The conretes
composite cube with dimension 50 mm x 50 mm x 50 mm were prepared in a
percentages of 10%, 20% and 30% of fruit peels namely banana peels, mango peels,
pineapple peels, pumpkin peels to RAC respectively. The concrete cube without fruit
peels was used as control cube. The compressive strength of an artificial reef
concretes composite were carried out at 28 days. The total nutrient dispersed were
determined using total phosphorus (TP) test of the water samples in 6 days. While the
surface morphology was determined by canning electron microscopy (SEM). The
results showed that the range of compressive strength were 0.02 MPa to 0.21 MPa
for 10% FPP, 0.017 Mpa to 0.20 for 20% FPP and 0.008 Mpa to 0.031 MPa for 30%
FPP, respectively. The amount of TP leached from the articial concrete reef ranged
from 2.1 % to 7.3. % has been recorded. It also reported that the amount of nutrients
leached from an artificial reef increased gradually with time as more percentages of
fruit peels added to concrete composites. In the contrary, the compressive strength
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Compressive Strength, Defects and Leaching Behaviour of an Innovative Artificial Reef from
Different Fruit Peels Waste Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Estuarine
indicated decreases with the increased of fruit peels. It can be concluded that,
organic waste from the local fruit peels could be used as a potential sources of
nutrient, incorporated in an artificial concrete reef in estuarine ecosystem with some
extended research to enhance the compressive strength properties of an artificial reef
composite concretes.
Key words: Artificial reef, Defects, Estuarine, Recycled Aggregate Concrete, and
Waste
Cite this Article: M. J. Suriani, Z. Mohd Zin, N. Mohamad, M. Z. Siti Nazirah, C. K.
Nurul Akma, S. Nur Ilyanie and N. O. Zulaikha, Compressive Strength, Defects and
Leaching Behaviour of an Innovative Artificial Reef from Different Fruit Peels Waste
Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Estuarine, International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology 10(4), 2019, pp. 278–286.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4
1. INTRODUCTION
Waste is defined as the by-product of human and industrial activity that has no residual value.
Each year, millions of tonnes of waste are generated worldwide, partially through the
construction and demolition of buildings [1]. Waste is defined as the by-product of human
and industrial activity that has no residual value. However, these waste materials can be
recycled for new products. For instance, construction and plantation waste are considered to
have a good potential to be recycled. Therefore, the recycled waste will not only reduce the
environmental problem, but it will also contribute to new innovations and technology and also
maintain the limited natural resources.
Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) is the concrete that have been recycled from the
waste of construction. The use of RAC reinforced organic material can be useful for both
environmental and economic aspects. RAC is generally produced by the crushing of concrete
rubble, screening then removal of contaminants such as reinforcement, paper, wood, plastics
and gypsum [2]. Nowadays, it was reported that to produce an environmentally-friendly
concrete, crushing concrete is one of the common method to produce coarse aggregates.
Therefore, using the RAC can reduce the consumption of natural resources as well as disposal
of waste in landfill. An innovative uses of RAC in new concrete production appears to be an
effective utilization of concrete waste [3]. In marine applications, RAC was used to produce
artificial reefs.
Artificial reefs generally provide hard surfaces where algae and invertebrates such
as barnacles, corals, and oysters attach. Artificial reefs can show quick increases in local fish
population rehabilitation, coral reef and algae growth. The artificial coral reef is fabricate for
estuarine ecosystem condition. Estuaries are transitional environments, the meeting place of
land, freshwater and marine ecosystems which is also claim as very productive natural habitat
for the flora fauna. These habitats can include tube mats, scallop beds, oyster reefs, crabburrowed mudflats, cockle beds, mussel beds, sponge gardens, kelp reefs and turfing algae.
Previously, in the artificial reef fabrication, they only use cement, water, sand and aggregate
for artificial reef fabrication. In this context, according to Noridah et al. (2016), even the
concrete has been found to be significant for artificial reef construction due to their properties
such as it does not easily degrade in seawater, can be made to have neutral pH, is easily
moulded, and not easily moved once in a place because they are heavy [4] . However, pure
concrete materials can be expensive and may later leach elements which can be toxic to
marine organisms. In this case, it can lead to destructive to the environment which is directy
can cause harm to the flora and fauna.
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M. J. Suriani, Z. Mohd Zin, N. Mohamad, M. Z. Siti Nazirah, C. K. Nurul Akma, S. Nur Ilyanie
and N. O. Zulaikha
Therefore, this research proposed an innovative uses of different fruit peels particle
reinforced RAC to replace the use of concrete and also this reearch manage to reduce the
plantation waste towards green, safety and health enviroments. The surface morphology, total
phophorus leached and compressive strength of the artificial reef concrete were determined in
this research.
2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
2.1. Preparation of cube concrete
Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) uses as matrix and fruit peel particles (FPP) used as
reinforcement to fabricate an artificial reef cube concretes. There were four types of FPP used
in this research namely banana peels particles (BPP), mango peels particle (MPP), pineapple
peels particle (PAPP) and pumpkin peels particle (PPP). A cube concretes are dried in a room
temperature for 28 days. There were different compositions in a weight percentage; 10%, 20%
and 30% used to determine an optimum composition of BPP reinforced RAC cube. Test cube
concretes were prepared by using hand mixing and the mould casting dimension is 50 mm x
50 mm x 50 mm.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
Figure 1 Shows the dried fruit peels particle waste reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) used in this
research (i) banana peels (ii) mango peels (iii) pineapples peels and (iv) pumpkin peel
2.2. Determination of Total Phosphorus Leached
The water sample before the cube concretes are put inside was taken as a control cube. The
constant wave parameter was applied in this test using small scale wave simulation tank.
Then, the water sample after the cube concretes were put inside was taken again to determine
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Compressive Strength, Defects and Leaching Behaviour of an Innovative Artificial Reef from
Different Fruit Peels Waste Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Estuarine
the total amount of organic compounds leached. The total amounts of an organic compounds
leached into a water were observed for each days after immerse in a 6 days. The
spectrophotometer was used to record the reading of organic compounds leached into a water.
2.3. Compressive Test
The compressive tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength of an artificial
cube concretes at 28 days of age. The correlation between weight percentages of BPP to RAC
towards compressive strength then analysed. There were six (6) cube concretes tested for each
different compositions of BPP to RAC cube.
2.4. Surface Morphology
Study of surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) model of Hitachi-S3400N was done to analyze the structure of FPP reinforced RAC.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Determination of Total Phosphorus Leached
The leaching behavior of the fruit peels particle (FPP) reinforced recycled aggregate concrete
(RAC) has been identified based on total phosphorus recorded from the reading of the
spectrophotometer. Figure 2 to Figure 4 shows the total phosphorus (TP) of different fruit
peels particle to RAC leached into water sample after 6 days immersion. The TP leached into
water in a range of 2.1% - 4.9% for 10% FPP to RAC, 2.5% - 5.6% for 20% FPP to RAC and
2.6% –7.3% to 30% FPP to RAC respectively. The highest TP leached is 7.3% by 30% BPP
to RAC at day 6 of immersion and the lowest amount of TP leached is by 2.1% by 10% PPP
to RAC at day 1 of immersion.
It can be concluded that the amounts of TP released into water increased with the
increased of amount of fruit peels particle and the total amounts of TP also increased with the
period of immersion from day 1 to day 6. The results depicted the same trend presented on the
graph for total amounts (%) of phosphorus leached into water for different fruit peels particle
at 10% 20% and 30% respectively. The increased TP leached give a positive effect to the
nutrient release which is good for the marine ecosystem. Therefore, the higher total
phosphorus leached into the water will lead the higher chances the of the fish family to start
their habitat at that place.
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS LEACHED (%)
TOTA L PHO SPHO RUS LEACHE D VS DAY FO R 1 0 %
FRUI T S TO RAC
20
4.9
15
4.2
3.6
3.1
2.5
10
5
2.6
2.9
3.3
3.4
2.1
2.4
4.6
3.1
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.7
3.9
4.1
3.33
3.8
4.23
4.8
4.8
0
1
2
Pumpkin
3
DAY
Mango
4
PIneapple
5
6
Banana
Figure 2 Shows TP of 10% fruit peels particle to RAC leached into water sample after 6 days immersion
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M. J. Suriani, Z. Mohd Zin, N. Mohamad, M. Z. Siti Nazirah, C. K. Nurul Akma, S. Nur Ilyanie
and N. O. Zulaikha
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS LEACHED (%)
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS LEACHED VS DAY FOR 20% FPP
TO RAC
25
5.6
20
15
3.2
3.4
10
5
3.5
3.7
3.8
2.5
2.87
1
2
5
4.6
4
5.3
4.4
4
3.6
3.8
3.9
4
4.3
3.8
4.1
4.7
5.5
4
5
6
5
0
Pumpkin
3
DAY
Mango
Pineapple
Banana
Figure 3 Shows TP of 20% fruit peels particle to RAC leached into water sample after 6 days
immersion
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS LEACHED VS DAY FOR 30% FPP
TO RAC
30
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS (%)
7.3
25
20
4.5
15
5
6.5
5.7
6
4.1
4.3
4.1
4.3
4.6
5
4.5
3.8
4
10
3.8
3.9
4.3
4.6
5
3.4
5.2
2.63
1
2
3
4
5
5.6
6.3
0
Pumpkin
DAY
Mango
Pineapple
6
Banana
Figure 4 Shows TP of 30% fruit peels particle to RAC leached into water sample after 6 days
immersion
3.2. Compressive Test
As report by Noridah et al., (2006), the compressive strength of the reef can be influenced by
the properties and the amount of the agricultural waste used and the properties of the recycled
aggregate [5]. Also, in their study [3], it has been reported that increased percentage of
peanuts shell in the concrete resulted with decreased strength of the concrete. This study
revealed that the compressive strength of FPP reinforced RAC are in a range of 0.026 MPa 0.21 MPa for 10% FPP to RAC, 0.017 MPa - 0.2 MPa of 20% BPP to RAC and 0.014 MPa –
0.031 MPa of 30% BPP to RAC, respectively. 10% BPP to RAC shows the highest value of
compressive strength with 0.21 MPa. While the lowest value of compressive strength is 0.008
MPa for 30% PAPP to RAC. As depicted in Figure 4, it can be concluded that the
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Compressive Strength, Defects and Leaching Behaviour of an Innovative Artificial Reef from
Different Fruit Peels Waste Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Estuarine
compressive strength are decreased with the increased of weight percentages (wt %) of FPP.
This is happen may be because some manufacturing defects as has been occurred. As reported
by Suriani et al.[6], [7] defects typically occur during the commercial production of
composites and can be caused by batch to-batch variations in the prepreg and sometimes by
the manual construction known as a ‘lay-up’. In composite materials, variability could arise
from differences in the prepreg tack level during lay-up as a result of variable resin content.
Composites can contain a number of defects introduced during manufacturing such as, voids,
resin-rich zones, pockets of undispersed cross-linker, misaligned fibres and regions where
resin has poorly wetted the fibres which can considerably increase the likelihood of composite
failure. While in this study, with the increasing of FPP weight percentages in all cube
concretes had decreased the compressive strength because of the lesser bonding between
interfacials adhesion may also cause by the defects occurred [8]. Naidu et al., in their study on
characterisation and mechanical properties of banana peel reinforced composite reported on
the same trend of decreasing on the mechanical properties caused by voids occurred [9].
Furthermore, the properties of the recycled aggregate also influence the compressive
strength of the reef. A report by Tavakoli and Soroushian (1996) studied compressive strength
of concretes made with two different sources for RCA side-by-side. It is found that while
RCA also reduces concrete compressive strength due to higher water absorption of the
aggregate and the weak residual mortar layer [10]. Other than that, according to Noridah et al.
(2016), any form of particles from any waste materials added to the mixture of concrete will
also influence its compressive strength because it causes less bonding between the cement,
sand and aggregate [4].
Compressive Strength (MPa)
Compressive Strength Vs Percentage FPP to RAC
0.3
0.25
0.256
0.245
0.21 0.2
0.2
0.15
0.082
0.1
0.05
0.026
0.017
0.014
0.04
0.021
0.013
pumpkin
mango
0.08
0.059
0.03
0.008
0.031
0
pineapple
banana
FPP to RAC (%)
Control
10%
20%
30%
Figure 5 Shows compressive strength of FPP to RAC at different percentage
3.3. Surface Morphology Scanning Electron Microscopy
There were three types of defects determined in RAC reinforced FPP due to manufacturing
process, such as voids, weak interfacial adhesion or lesser bonding between matrix and
concrete (matrix) not dispersed well. Suriani et al. (2012) in their study also determined the
defects occurred in kenaf reinforced epoxy due to manufacturing process. In this study, the
defects were determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and it had been
summarized in Table 1. This study has concluded that the types of defects had affected the
compressive failures, such as matrix crack, fruit peels particle breakage, fruit peels particle
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and N. O. Zulaikha
pull-out, chip-off at panel edges and finally the reduction in the compressive strength of
concrete. It can be predicted earlier due to the types of manufacturing defects. Table 1 shows
the prediction of the types of failures through determination of defects.
Table 1 Types of manufacturing effects and failure
Type of Manufacuring Defects
Failures
Voids
Weak interfacial adhesion/lesser bonding
Matrix cracks
Fruit peels particle breakage/pull-out
Concrete (matrix) not dipersed well
Chip-off at panel edges
Figure 6 depicted the manufacturing defects and compressive failure of FPP reinforced
RAC.
Void
(i)
BPP to RAC
Matrix not
dispersed well
(ii)
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MPP to RAC
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Compressive Strength, Defects and Leaching Behaviour of an Innovative Artificial Reef from
Different Fruit Peels Waste Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete for Estuarine
Matrix crack
(iii)
PAPP to RAC
FPP/Particle pullout
(iv) PPP to RAC
Figure 6 Shows surface morphology of (i) 30 % BPP to RAC, (ii) 30% MPP to RAC, (iii) 30% PAPP
to RAC and (iv) 30% PPP to RAC respectively
4. CONCLUSION
This research has approved the use of different fruit peels particle reinforced RAC concrete as
an artificial reef with the present of organic compound leached to the water that provided a
direct or indirect impact to estuarine ecosystem. The TP leached to the water by different fruit
peels particle has been compared. BPP to RAC shows the highest amount of TP leached of
7.3 % and PPP to PAPP shows the lowest TP reached of 5.0 %. TP leached in PPP to RAC
and MPP to RAC is 6.3 % and 5.6 % respectively. Therefore, this research on innovative uses
of different fruit peels particle reinforced RAC is significantly solved one of nation issues on
agriculture waste management and pollution, contributes to a green and sustainable estuarine
ecosystems, enhances health and safety lifestyle and gives the good economic impact as well
to the nation. Further study on the surface morphology of the artificial reef manufacturing
defects may resulted a better understood on compressive strength of the artificial reef
concretes from fruit peels particle reinforced RAC.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to all staff at Maritime Technology Laboratory, Universiti Malaysia
Terengganu (UMT) for their supports through conducting and completing this research study.
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and N. O. Zulaikha
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