osInternational Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 1753-1759, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_184
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=04
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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STUDY ON PERVIOUS CONCRETE
Busanaboyina Jagadish Chakravarti
Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering,V R Siddhartha Engineering
College,Vijayawada
Busanaboyina Sushmita
Plant Engineer, International Paper APPM Ltd, Rajahmundry
Dr.N.R Krishna Murthy
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,V R Siddhartha Engineering College,
Vijayawada
ABSTRACT
Most cities today are covered with impermeable areas. During heavy rains or
floods, water flowing to the surface causes inconvenience to users. In areas with a poor
drainage system, this leads to severe flooding in low areas. In this situation, it is
important that the surface is permeable. This is just the surface of the permeable
concrete. Permeable concrete should have more voids compared to conventional
concrete, which is achieved by the small amount or absence of fine aggregates. The
important feature of permeable concrete is its permeability. This property allows water
to enter the concrete. However, there are very limited standards for measuring this
property. In particular, there is still no clear laboratory test for measuring the
permeability of permeable concrete. We measure the unique property of permeable
concrete, i.e. its permeability, and also try to increase the strength of permeable
concrete without affecting the percolation properties. Experiments were performed on
blends of zero fine granules and water / cement ratios of 0.3 to 0.35. We also tested the
properties for small amounts of sand, namely 5%, 10% and 15% of the total aggregates,
to obtain the optimum water / cement ratio obtained in our tests. To test the
permeability used, the soil is replaced with a concrete sample of suitable dimensions.
For a fine zero aggregate it was observed that the percolation coefficient increases with
decreasing water / cement ratio of 0.32, at which the resistance is also comparatively
maximal. We therefore found that the optimum water / cement ratio for the permeable
concrete mix was 0.32.
Keywords: pervious concrete, permeability, soil permeability apparatus, effect on
strength, fine aggregate quantity
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Busanaboyina Jagadish Chakravarti, Busanaboyina Sushmita and Dr.N.R Krishna Murthy
Cite this Article: Busanaboyina Jagadish Chakravarti, Busanaboyina Sushmita and
Dr.N.R Krishna Murthy, Study on Pervious Concrete. International Journal of Civil
Engineering and Technology, 10(04), 2019, pp. 1753-1759
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1. INTRODUCTION
Paved areas are now everywhere in urban areas. However, we must consider their effects on
groundwater recharge. In fact, the black surfaces of the urban area are increasing day by day,
with large amounts of rainwater accumulating on insensitive surfaces such as car parks,
driveways and sidewalks, instead of seeping into the ground. This leads to an imbalance in the
natural flow of water and causes problems such as erosion, flooding, groundwater deficit and
pollution of the waters, as rainwater drips onto the surface. On the sidewalk everything is
absorbed, which is oil, grease, chemical, etc. One solution to these problems is to reduce the
installation of impermeable surfaces that prevent natural water from entering the floor. Instead
of impermeable surfaces, it is more advantageous to build them with permeable concrete.
Permeable concrete is an environmentally friendly building material that has been named
the best management practice for rainwater management by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
Permeable concrete is a type of special concrete with interconnected cavities, through
which water from precipitation and other sources can flow through directly with sufficient
strength. However, the resistance that permeable concrete can bear is insufficient to be used as
a coating material for normal roads. That is, it can be used as a coating material for parking
areas, low-traffic areas, residential streets and pedestrian areas. Instead of preventing the
ingress of water into the soil, a permeable covering facilitates the process by catching rainwater
in a network of cavities and penetrating into the underlying soil. Permeable concrete reduces
the drainage of paved areas, eliminating the need for a separate rainwater management system
such as sewers and significantly reducing the pressure on the sewers. As the permeable concrete
pavement acts as an infiltration basin and rainwater can penetrate into the soil over a large area,
this facilitates the replenishment of groundwater sources. A permeable concrete allows the
transmission of water and air into the root system, allowing trees to thrive. Even in developed
areas, it provides a solution to many rainwater problems.
In permeable concrete, the flow of water through cavities requires more voids than very
dense structures such as conventional concrete. Generally, in conventional concrete, a fine
aggregate is used to fill cavities between the coarse aggregate where, as with permeable
concrete, voids are required. Thus, the fine aggregate is completely removed or a small amount
is used. However, the absence of fine grains has an impact on the strength of the concrete.
Therefore, the mixture should be prepared so that the hardened concrete has the required
permeability without further adversely affecting the strength of the concrete.
After curing, density and porosity are the important properties to study, as they relate to
strength and permeability. The generally stated porosity range for the drained concrete is
between 15% and 30%, depending on the compaction method used, in addition to the
proportions of the mixture. The density of the permeable concrete varies between 1600 kg / m3
and 2000 kg / m3. The permeability depends on the material size and the laying processes.
2. MIX DESIGN
There is no IS standard for designing the proportion of permeable concrete mix. However,
several researchers have implemented arbitrary design method based on the selection of a
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Study on Pervious Concrete
particular aggregate / cement ratio for the required target strength (applicable only to 20 mm
aggregates).
Some researchers have put together the design mix based on their previous experience.
For the design of permeable concrete, there is a standard code in the USA, namely
ACI522R-10, which implies an absolute volume concept and is based on a single variable
b / b0 .
We tried to design the mixture based on IS-10262 by making some changes in the total
aggregate volume and water / cement ratio (instead of dividing the volume of the aggregate
into the volume of fine and coarse aggregate, in the end we fully assimilated it ). The cement
paste content is a determining factor in the design of the concrete mix, which relates to the
water cement value. If the water / cement ratio is higher, since only cement is used, the mortar
is deposited after casting. When the water / cement ratio is lower, the cement paste does not
form a sufficient bond between the aggregates. Therefore, it must be sufficiently maintained.
We have deduced from previous studies that the permeable concrete contained the maximum
water -cement ratio of 0.35; We have therefore carried out experiments for different types of
mixtures with water cement ratios between 0.30 and 0.35 (with fine aggregate zero), and
conducted strength, permeability and porosity tests to find out the optimum water cement ratio
which gives a good balance of strength and permeability.
W/C
Weight of cement (Kg/m3)
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.30
531.4285
547.0588
563.6363
581.2500
600.0000
620.0000
Weight of water
(Lt)
186
186
186
186
186
186
Weight of aggregates
(Kg/m3)
1742.2897
1728.8924
1714.6831
1699.5857
1683.5142
1666.3714
For M20 concrete with 20mm graded aggregate
W/C
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.30
Weight of
cement
(Kg)
5.9121
6.0860
6.2704
6.4664
6.6750
6.8975
Weight of
water (Lt)
2.0692
2.0692
2.0692
2.0692
2.0692
2.0692
Weight of
aggregates
(Kg)
19.3829
19.2339
19.0758
18.9078
18.7290
18.5383
Weights required for one thousand cc mould and three 150mmX 150mm X 150 mm cubes
(0.010125m3)
And after we tested the proportions of the mixture with water cement ratios of 0.30 to 0.35,
we found that the optimum water cement ratio was 0.32. In the proportion of mixing in
anticipation of increasing the strength, without affecting the permeability of the concrete so
that it can be used as normal paving material.
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Busanaboyina Jagadish Chakravarti, Busanaboyina Sushmita and Dr.N.R Krishna Murthy
Fine aggregate (%)
5
10
15
Weight of fine
aggregate (Kg)
0.945
1.890
2.836
Weight of coarse aggregate
(kg)
17.960
17.017
16.071
3. TESTING PROCEDURE
The main objective of our study is to test the permeability of permeable concrete and change
the resistance without compromising permeability. Since the main feature of permeable
concrete is permeability, we must measure the permeability. However, there is no standard for
testing the permeability of permeable concrete in the laboratory. We have learned that there is
a standard test method for measuring permeates concrete infiltration according to ASTMC
1701, which tests the performance of permeable concrete in the laboratory.
We have therefore tried to test the percolation of permeable concrete using a general
permeable device which is used to test soil permeability when the bottom of this device is
replaced by a permeable concrete sample of suitable size. The test is carried out under constant
head conditions. The dimensions of a sample are 100 mm in diameter and 127 mm in height.
The test is carried out after 6 days of curing. The compressive strength test is carried out on a
universal testing machine after curing for 7 days. This is followed by a porosity and
permeability test divided by the porosity. As we know, the porosity is given by the volume of
the voids divided by the total volume
(n) = volume of voids/ Total volume and
Volume of voids = V-𝑉𝑠
Where 𝑉𝑠 is volume of solids, we first calculated the volume of the specimen casted for the
permeability test and then we calculated the volume of solid based on the Archimedes principle
i.e., volume of the object immersed (here it is equal to volume of solids).
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
W/C
Coefficient of
permeability
(k)
(cm/sec)
Porosity
(n)
Coefficient of
percolation(Kp)
(cm/sec)
Compressive
strength
(N/mm2)
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.30
0.0243
0.0283
0.0231
0.0229
0.0223
0.0155
0.2926
0.3778
0.3606
0.2540
0.2549
0.2668
0.0830
0.0749
0.0640
0.0902
0.0858
0.0580
8.88
11.11
12.44
13.33
11.77
10.66
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Co-efficient of percolation in cm/sec
Study on Pervious Concrete
0.1
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.0858
0.0902
0.083
0.0749
0.064
0.058
0.3
0.31
0.32
0.33
W/C Ratio
0.34
0.35
Graph showing variation of W/C Ratio v s coefficient of percolation in cm/sec
We can observe that as the W / C ratio decreases, the percolation values decrease to a W /
C ratio of 0.33 and reach their maximum value at a W / C ratio of 0.32, and then a downward
trend follows. If we lower the W / C ratio, the cement content increases, filling gaps between
the aggregates and leading to a downward trend in permeability. As we increase the W / C
ratio, the cement content of the mixture increases while the weight of the coarse aggregate
continues to decrease (as per our interpretation), resulting in an increase in strength until the
cement content is sufficient to bind the aggregates, although the cement content increases and
The resistance decreases due to the decrease in the coarse aggregate content. 5.2 We have
therefore concluded that the W / C ratio of 0.32 is optimal. When we know the optimum W /
C ratio, we try to increase the strength of the concrete without compromising permeability. We
therefore introduce small amounts of the fine aggregate, namely 5%, 10% and 15%, and check
the strength and permeability.
Fine aggregate Coefficient of percolation
Compressive
(%)
(Kp) (cm/sec)
strength (N/mm2)
5
0.2340
14.81
10
0.2053
15.11
15
0.1099
16.00
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Coefficient of Percolation in
cm/sec
Busanaboyina Jagadish Chakravarti, Busanaboyina Sushmita and Dr.N.R Krishna Murthy
0.234
0.25
0.2053
0.2
0.15
0.1099
0.1
0.05
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Fine Aggregate in Percentage
0.2
Compressive Strength in
N/mm2
Graph shows Fine aggregate in percentage v s coefficient of percolation in cm/sec
17
16
16
15.11
14.81
15
14
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Fine Aggregate in Percentage
0.2
Graph shows Fine aggregate in percentage v s compressive strength in N/mm2
The permeability can also be expressed as Lug eon value (3). Typically, the buffer test is
an in-situ test to determine the hydraulic conductivity of rock masses. This is a continuous head
test that takes place in an isolated part of the borehole. Constant pressure of water is injected
through a slotted hydraulic conductivity, expressed in Lug eons, into the rock mass. The Lug
eon value is defined as the water loss of one liter per minute per meter of borehole and equals
about 1x10-7. It can be calculated for different pressures according to the following formula:
Lug eon value = water taken in test (1/min) x1.0Mpa/ (Test pressure)
W/C
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.30
Coefficient of
percolation (Kp)
(cm/sec)
0.0830
0.0749
0.0640
0.0902
0.0858
0.0580
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Lugeon value
734.5
697.8
670.0
827.0
650.0
634.0
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Study on Pervious Concrete
Since the value of the membrane indicates the water loss for the rock strata, we have
determined that the performance of the permeable concrete should be measured with the same
values. In the permeability test of the constant head, we consider the head as the test pressure
and the drain as well as the extracted water and express it in Lug eon.
6. CONCLUSION
The permeameter used to test soil permeability can also be used to measure the permeability
of permeable concrete.
In order to achieve M20 in pervious concrete, IS: 10262 can be used with minor
modifications of the design process.
As the water-cement ratio decreases, the permeability decreases and the resistance
increases. With a water / cement ratio of 0.32, we can achieve optimum strength and
permeability. Therefore, we can assume that 0.32 is the optimum ratio between cement and
water for draining concrete.
Even without the addition of admixtures, we can almost reach M15 in raw concrete.
By adding small amounts of fines, we can reach M20, but the concrete seepage is reduced.
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