International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 1722-1731, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_181
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijciet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=04
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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THE MODEL OF MARITIME CULTURE AND
GOVERNMENT POLICY ON NATIONAL RESILIENCE
USING STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL (SEM)
Avando Bastari
Brawijaya University, Malang Indonesia
Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Laut, STTAL Surabaya, Indonesia
Abdul Hakim, Moeljadi and Tjahjanulin Domai
Brawijaya University, Malang Indonesia
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, Indonesia is a country with abundant marine resources. Natural wealth
in the sea until now has not been able to contribute to the prosperity of the nation. This
study aims to obtain a model that represents Indonesia maritime culture on government
policy in order to strengthen Maritime National Resilience. Government Policy is
needed to restore the vision and the mission of the Indonesia State, become a strong
maritime country that can prosper Indonesia people. Furthermore, the model and the
framework are prepared based on quantitative descriptive analysis with the aim of
describing the relationships between variables accompanied by indicators. The model
development carried out in this research is the Structural Equation Model (SEM)
approach. The results of the research get a new model in the form of a significant
relationship between Maritime Culture, Government Policy, and National Maritime
Resilience. The indicator of Maritime Culture variables found are Citizens Characters,
Economic Activity, Cultural Activities, and Maritime Traditions. The indicator of
Government Policy variable is Defence and Security Policy, Economy Policy,
Technology-Education Policy, and Socio-Cultural Policy. The Indicator of National
Resilience variable are Ideology aspects, Politics aspects, Economy aspects, Sociocultural aspects and Defence Security aspects.
Keyword: Structural Equation Model, National Resilience, Maritime Culture,
Government Policy
Cite this Article: Avando Bastari, Abdul Hakim, Moeljadi and Tjahjanulin Domai,
the Model of Maritime Culture and Government Policy on National Resilience Using
Structural Equation Model (SEM). International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 10(04), 2019, pp. 1722-1731
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1. INTRODUCTION
Indonesia’s maritime triumph can be seen from the history of the kingdoms that have existed
in the archipelago. The Kingdom of Sriwijaya Sumatera has a strong marine fleet, controls the
sea trade routes and levies taxes on the use of the sea [12]. Its influence over Southeast Asia
was strengthened by historical records that there was a close relationship with the Kingdom of
Campa which was located between Cambodia and Laos. The ancient Mataram kingdom in
Central Java [12], along with other kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Tarumanegara had built
the Borobudur Temple which in its relief walls can be seen images of sailboats with sturdy
screen poles and have used a wide rectangular screen. Various documents about the Indonesian
nation's maritime triumph in the past have been widely disclosed, but in its journey, the
maritime triumph experienced a dimming. There are at least two causes of this, namely past
Dutch colonial practices, and non-maritime development policies during the New Order
regime.
Restoring the maritime spirit is not easy, serious efforts are needed from all elements of the
nation. Optimization of UNCLOS 1982, which was the biggest opportunity for the island
nation, had to be carried out immediately, but the government's lack of attention and alignment
in the sea caused many losses, such as the release of Sipadan and Ligitan Islands in 2002 on
the grounds of "ineffective occupation" or abandoned areas. Some global and national issues
underlying the need for discussion of maritime culture in the context of national resilience
policies can be presented as follows:
1.1. National Issues
The role, potential, and opportunity of Indonesia to become a World Maritime Axis State needs
to be clearly formulated. One important aspect of Indonesia's maritime vision is Maritime
Culture. As the Indonesian nation, it must truly understand the importance of maritime culture
as the main foundation for achieving the maritime vision. The Indonesian nation must get used
to reading and writing it scientifically about the marine aspects of Indonesia, one of which is
the aspect of Maritime Culture. The maritime culture of the Indonesian people is a legacy of
local wisdom that can be spurred back to its glory, especially in supporting the National
Maritime Resilience.
The lack of policy alignments in the maritime sector, one of which is causing chaos in the
maritime sector which is actually a source of foreign exchange; the North Jakarta Reclamation
case in 2016 is a clear proof of the impartiality of government policymakers in supporting
maritime culture as part of the life of coastal fishermen communities [13]. Another thing is that
there are still many domestic ports in Indonesia that have not yet become International Standard
Hub Port, the ZEE, Exclusive Economic Zone is still neglected, the development of small
islands, especially in the border areas of the country, has not been completed, which requires
high funding and government commitment, as well as rampant illegal fishing practices. The
illegal drug, trafficking, illegal people, and increasing drug smuggling in Indonesia.
For this reason, the vision of the sea becomes a demand and need for the Indonesian people.
The marine vision is outlined in Indonesia's vision as a World Maritime Axis in Southeast Asia,
namely Indonesia as a maritime country that is sovereign, advanced, independent, strong, and
capable of contributing positively to the security and peace of the region and the world in
accordance with national interests.
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The Model of Maritime Culture and Government Policy on National Resilience Using Structural
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1.2. International Issues.
The development of global and international regions cannot be separated from related issues
with policy and strategic competition between the United States as a trans-regional force, and
Iran in the Persian Gulf, China in the South China Sea, North Korea on the Korean peninsula,
and ASEAN as a force main region. This is certainly related to the policies that are
implemented and contributes to the strategic competition between trans-regional and regional
forces in the Middle East and the Asia Pacific region, especially in the maritime sector
including cultural issues within it [10].
To anticipate this, Indonesia, which has the Vision of the World Maritime Axis, is
considered necessary to pay attention to a comprehensive constellation of relations between
countries in Asia and various initiatives in the global region, such as the ASEAN Community,
One Belt One Road (OBOR) of the People's Republic of China, Act East from India and ReBalance from America. In this regard, the vision of the World Maritime Axis can only
synergize with various initiatives in accordance with national interests and in order to
contribute and contribute positively to peace. The Vision of the World Maritime Axis can be
realized if there are appropriate, effective and competitive supporting policies and programs.
Marine development programs are spread in various ministries/institutions.
1.3. Problem Statements.
A policy model is needed to restore maritime culture in Indonesia so that it can strengthen
national resilience. Furthermore, the problem statement can be formulated as follows: "How to
formulate a model that describes the influence of Maritime Culture on Government Policy in
the Maritime field, to strengthen the Maritime National Resilience". From the description of
the problems that have been explained previously, that de facto Indonesia is a country with 2/3
of its territory is an ocean with abundant marine resources. Natural wealth in the sea until now
has not been able to contribute to the prosperity of the nation. This cannot be separated from
the shifting maritime culture into an agrarian culture to support the interests of the colonial
authorities. Government policy is needed to restore the vision of the Indonesia state to become
a strong maritime country.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Indonesia Maritime Culture
Indonesia maritime culture can be dissected through the meaning of the definition of culture
itself. Culture has the meaning, "The whole idea, action, and the work of human beings are
made their own through the learning process" [9]. In the English dictionary, the Oxford
Advanced Learner for Dictionaries (2010) says maritime means "connecting to sea or near the
sea." Which means to connect to the sea or near the sea. The word maritime is etymologically
actually derived from Latin, namely maritime or mare which means sea. It can be said that a
word arrangement in which there is a maritime word relates to the sea.
Maritime culture starts with the concept of a maritime state [2]. The Maritime State is a
country that is in the territorial area of a vast sea and is able to utilize all the potential of the
sea, including fisheries, marine, mining, marine tourism and even national defense. All of this
management lead to the welfare of the people in prospering a nation and state. Furthermore,
the concept of a maritime country can be explained in 4 (four) things as follows: (a) a maritime
country is a country consisting of island islands, (b) a maritime country is a country consisting
of people who work at sea and coastal areas, (c) a maritime country is a country surrounded by
sea and waters. (d) a maritime country is a country capable of utilizing all the potential of the
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sea, including fisheries, maritime affairs, mining, tourism and even national defense for the
sake of national and state interests [4].
Interpretation of culture is formed on collective ownership because culture becomes a value
that is agreed upon and lived together by a group of people. So maritime culture is the whole
idea that is able to produce actions and behaviors that belong to a collective that lives and lives
close to the sea. The discussion of this will lead us to the landscape of the order of society
living with a culture of fishing. Thus, it is not an exaggeration to say that the essential nature
of the Indonesian state is maritime [3].
2.2. National Resilience
Indonesian National Resilience is a dynamic condition of the Indonesian nation which
encompasses all aspects of an integrated national life, containing tenacity and resilience that
contains the ability to develop national power, in facing and overcoming all challenges, threats,
obstacles and disturbances that come from outside and within, for guarantee the identity,
integrity, survival of the nation and state and the struggle to achieve national goals (Indonesia
Ministry of Defense, 2015). In an effort to achieve national goals, the Indonesian people are
always faced with various forms of challenges, threats, obstacles, and disturbances, both
directly and indirectly endangering the integrity, identity, survival of the nation and state. For
this reason, it requires tenacity and resilience that contains the ability to develop national
strength in aspects and dimensions of national life called National Resilience. The essence of
Indonesia's national resilience is the tenacity and resilience of the nation which contains the
ability to develop national power, to be able to guarantee the survival of the nation and the state
in achieving national goals.
Based on the understanding of the relationship between humans and the surrounding nature,
it is obtained a relatively static mapping in 3 natural aspects (three determinants), namely
Geography position, Natural resources and Demography, while based on the understanding of
human relations in social life, an agreement is obtained that in the conception of Indonesian
National Resilience all aspects of life nationally mapped in 5 social aspects (five determinants)
which are dynamic and considered dominant, namely: ideology, politics, economics, social and
cultural, defense and security. The 3 natural aspects, when combined with 5 social aspects, will
be 8 aspects (eight determinants) which is a comprehensive mapping model of the Indonesian
national life system. The 8 aspects (eight determinants) is one another in a comprehensive and
integrated manner to form national and community behavior.
2.3. Government Policy
Government policy concept can be defined in various forms. There are several opinions which
state that policy is the output of a political system. The policy is a means of action by the
government with the aim to attenuate or promote certain phenomena that occur in the
community. A policy can outline a rule, provide a principle that directs the action, implements
roles and responsibilities, reflects the values and principles and intentions of a country. Policies
can be applied to all levels of government (federal, provincial, and regional), communities,
organizations, businesses and schools [6].
The definition of the concept of government policy is a phenomenon that occurs in a short
and fast time in the real time span. So that the policy is defined as the strategic direction agreed
by the government to address a problem that has been identified [1]. The policies involve
behavior and intentions and actions. Policies have results that may not have been predicted
before. Policy refers to purposive actions, policies emerge from a process over time that allows
and organizational relations [11].
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The Model of Maritime Culture and Government Policy on National Resilience Using Structural
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Government policy is a series of decisions that are established and implemented by the
government that has a specific purpose for the public interest. Furthermore, the government
policy must have the ability of entrepreneurial marketing with five main indicators, namely,
the frequency of product diversification, the level of product diversity, the ability to establish
relationships with medium-sized businesses, the ability to establish relationships with large
businesses, and the level of activity seeking business info [7].
The policy as a series of actions/activities proposed by a person, group or government in a
particular environment where there are obstacles (difficulties) and opportunities for the
implementation of the proposed policy in order to achieve the objectives wherein the policymaking process for the public, the government is demanded not only to give birth to good
policies but also policies that are passed through the process of involving citizens based on
citizens preferences, namely the policy-making process that is based on people's choices [8].
2.4. Structural Equation Model (SEM)
The method used in this study is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). SEM is a statistical
technique to study causal relationships between unobservable variables which are currently
widely used in various fields. The latent variable is a variable that is formed or explained by
an indicator (observable variable). Another name for the latent variable is the factor or construct
variable [5]. While other names of observable variables are measurement variables, indicator
variables, or manifest variables. In principle, the SEM method is a combination of regression,
factor analysis, and path analysis.
The proposed stages of Structural Equation Modeling into 7 (seven) steps, as follows [5]:
a. Development of a theory-based research model.
b. Development of path diagram analysis to show causality relationships.
c. Conversion of the path diagram (path diagram) becomes a structural equation model.
d. Selection of input matrices and estimation techniques for the proposed model.
e. Assess the identification of structural models used.
f. Estimated evaluation of the goodness of the model with the Goodness of Fit criteria.
g. Interpretation and modification of the research model.
The Goodness of Fit index is a reference for measuring the level of compatibility between
the two models. The seven steps above are technically the application will vary from one
another depending on the software used. The most widely used computer software by
researchers to conduct SEM analysis is AMOS, PLS, and LISREL. In this study, the software
used for data analysis is SPSS 23 and AMOS 23.0. SPSS is used for analysis of research
instructional data and for the preparation phase of data as data input material for the AMOS
23.0 program.
3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Variable of Maritime Culture (X1)
Variable of Maritim Cultural measures how much influence Maritime Maritime activity has on
maritime State Defense. Cultural variables are measured using indicators:
X11 = Citizen Character
X12 = Economic Activity
X13 = Cultural Activities and Maritime Traditions
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Figure 1. The Model of Maritim Culture Variables
(X11 = Citizen Character ; X12 = Economic Activity ; X13 = Cultural Activities and Maritime
Traditions)
Table 1. The Goodness of Fit - Maritime Culture Model
Goodness
of Fit
CHI-SQUARE
RMSEA
GFI
CFI
CMIN/DF
Goodness
Standards
Low
≤ 0.080
≥ 0.900
≥ 0.900
≤ 2.000
The Calculation
Results
0.370
0.006
1.000
1.000
1.692
Conclusion
Fit
Fit
Fit
Fit
Fit
3.2. Variable of Government Policy (Y1)
Government policy is defined as a policy programmed to be run by the government in a
maritime cultural perspective to support national maritime resilience. Government policy is a
latent and dependent variable. Latent variables Government policies are measured using the
following indicators:
Y11 = Government Policy on Defence and Security
Y12 = Government Policy in the Economy
Y13 = Government Policy in Technology and Education
Y14 = Government Policy in Socio-Culture
The Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) model and the results of processing Government
Policy latent variables are as follows:
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The Model of Maritime Culture and Government Policy on National Resilience Using Structural
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Figure 2. The Model of Government Policy Variables
(Y11 = Government Policy on Defence and Security; Y12 = Government Policy in the Economy; Y13
= Government Policy in Technology and Education; Y14 = Government Policy in Socio-Culture)
Table 2. The Goodness of Fit - Government Policy Model
Goodness
of Fit
CHI-SQUARE
RMSEA
GFI
CFI
CMIN/DF
Goodness
Standards
The Calculation
Results
Conclusion
Low
≤ 0.080
≥ 0.900
≥ 0.900
≤ 2.000
89.50
0.068
0.927
0.932
1.904
Fit
Fit
Fit
Fit
Fit
3.3. Variable of National Resilience (Y4)
The National Resilience of Maritime Sector is measured using the following indicators:
Y41 = Ideology aspect
Y42 = Political aspect
Y43 = Economy aspect
Y44 = Socio-Culture aspect
Y45 = Defence-Security aspect
The Confirmatory Factor Analysis model and the results of processing data on the Latent
National Resilience Variables in the Maritime Field are as follows:
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Avando Bastari, Abdul Hakim, Moeljadi and Tjahjanulin Domai
Figure 3. The Full Model of National Maritime Resilience for Latent Variables
(Y41 = Ideology aspect ; Y42 = Political aspect ; Y43 = Economy aspect ; Y44 = Socio-Culture
aspect ; Y45 = Defence-Security aspect)
Table 3. The Goodness of Fit - National Maritime Resilience Model
Goodness
of Fit
Goodness
Standards
The Calculation
Results
Conclusion
CHI-SQUARE
Low
148.00
Fit
RMSEA
≤ 0.080
0.23
Fit
GFI
≥ 0.930
0.933
Fit
CFI
≥ 0.900
0.992
Fit
CMIN/DF
≤ 2.000
1.104
Fit
4. CONCLUSION
From the results of data processing on the variables used in the research model of cultural
influence on the national maritime resilience system using the SEM (Structural Equation
Model) method, the model has been tested using empirical data, the test results show that the
model meets all the requirements of Goodness of Fit , so it can be concluded that the model
has been fit and feasible to use, with the following conclusions:
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a. The variable Maritime Culture has a significant influence on the Government Policy
Variables in strengthening the National Security of the Maritime field, with the following
formulations:
Government Policy = 0.542 * Maritime Culture
b. Government Policy Variables have a significant influence on the National Maritime
Resilience Variable. Indications of significant influence are indicated by a large value of
loading factors and significant probability. The relationships that can be formulated are as
follows:
National Maritime Resilience = 0.813 * Government Policy
c. Cultural variables have an indirect effect on the system of National Maritime Resilience
through Government Policy. This is indicated by the value of the loading factor of the direct
effect of Cultural Variables on the National Resilience Variables in the Maritime Sector which
is smaller than the value of the loading factor of the influence of Cultural Variables on the
National Resilience Variables in the Maritime Sector through Government Policy.
National Maritime Resilience = 0.207 * Maritime Culture
d. The study produced findings that the Cultural variables and Government Policy variables
had a significant influence on the Maritime Resilience National System. The results showed
that the influence of cultural variables on the national maritime resilience system would be
stronger if followed by government policy (as a mediating variable) oriented to maritime
culture.
National Maritime Resilience = 0.813 * Government Policy + 0.207 * Maritime
Culture
The results of the study can be used as a reference in formulating a strategy to improve the
system of National Maritime Resilience which involves Government Policy in the fields of
economics, Defense and Security, Education and Technology, and socio-cultural oriented to
maritime culture. For this reason, the right strategy to improve the system of National
Resilience in the Maritime Sector is to make policies related to economic activities. Other
policies that must be of concern are those related to defense and security which will be able to
guarantee the security of economic activities, especially in the maritime sector and maintain
the maritime natural resource potential to support economic activities.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors greatly acknowledge the support from Brawijaya University Malang and Sekolah
Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Laut STTAL Surabaya Indonesia for providing the necessary
resources to carry out this research work. The authors are also grateful to the anonymous
reviewers and journal editorial board for their many insightful comments, which have
significantly improved this article.
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