International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 1614–1621, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_168
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed
TITISARI, EMA Y
Brawijaya University, Doctoral Program of Civil Engineering Department, Malang, Indonesia
ANTARIKSA, AND WULANDARI. LISA D
Brawijaya University, Architecture Department, Malang, Indonesia
SURJONO
Brawijaya University, Urban and Regional Planning Department, Malang, Indonesia
ABSTRACT
In accordance with the conservation’s goal and relates to urban resilience of ecological-cultural aspect, so that the plan to develop Sumberawan Site should be adjusted to the user’s needs as well as awareness to environment. Objective of the research was to study community behavioral settings pattern objectively as tourism development base, which conforms to the supporting landscape. Areas of the research include temple, forest, springs, and pond as an entity. The research combined Page’s landscape identification model as well as Cosco and Laurens’s behavior mapping model. Cultural landscape identification method is used to identify landscape elements as physical setting of behaviors. Behavior mapping is used to determine the border of behavior setting. Variables of the research are behaviors and activities of individuals or community, physical environment arrangement (milieu), time, and synomorphy
(correlation between behavior and milieu). Results of the research showed ritual and non-ritual activities. Ritual activities take place around the temple, while non-ritual activities spread over the whole sites. Potencies that can be developed are religious tourism activities, study tour, religious tourism, and natural tourism. Study tour, religious and cultural tourism are centered on the temple to periphery of the guardrail. Natural tourism is centered at the area of pine forest. Such activities require environmental setting, which is supported by some elements, for example, http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1614 editor@iaeme.com

Enhancement Aesthetic Technology the Tourism Activities and Environmental Setting in
Sumberawan Temple: Managing Heritage Building According to the User’s Needs and the
Conservation’s Goals outdoor tourism activity and that could prevent any possibility of springs damage as the main supplier of water for the community.
Key words: Aesthetic Technology, Tourism Activities, Environmental, Sumberawan
Temple, Heritage Building.
Cite this Article: Titisari, Ema Y., Antariksa, Wulandari. Lisa D and Surjono,
Enhancement Aesthetic Technology the Tourism Activities and Environmental Setting in Sumberawan Temple: Managing Heritage Building According to the User’s Needs and the Conservation’s Goals, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology 10(4), 2019, pp. 1614–1621. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4
According to UN Habitat 2012, numbers of urban population in 2009 were equal to numbers of villagers [1]. The numbers keep increasing and it is presumed that urban population in the world in 2050 will increase 70% [2]. It affects on physical concentration and massive population in urban area [3] so that land use, human welfare, social equity and sustainability could not be avoided.
Resilience means ability of a system in facing any change and uncertainty without changing the basic-state [4]. The basic-states refer to function, structure, and identity [5]. The socio-ecological resilience system has three characters, such as: ability to transform, ability to adapt, and measurement of susceptibility against the predicted shocks, as well as the unexpected ones [6].
In urban resilience context, Ahern offered five urban resilience strategies as follow: multifunctionality, redundancy and modularization, (bio and social) diversity, multi-scale networks and connectivity, as well as adaptive planning and design [7]. Urban potencies must be utilized optimally, efficiently, and able to adapt to any disaster and changes. In the framework of socio-ecological resilience, the focus is not only based on the ecology, but also on the thought as a whole (equilibrium) between urban and coupled human-environment system [8].
The offered models, such as metaphor model [9] and community-based tourism [5] emphasize the importance of viewpoint agreement and synergy of the related parties.
The main control that creates urban resilience is human. In fact, resilience is an effort to return to equilibrium [2], [4], [10]. According to Runner & Morris [10], it is an old concept but it uses new term. This concept has been applied by community at pre-modern era or traditional community. Few things that can be used as inspiration include: setting spirituality as basic philosophy of life and conditioning mental, emotional, and physical aspects in equilibrium state. Human was born along with natural ability or resilience in four dimensions
(spiritual, mental, emotional, and physical). Human beings are able to return to the natural tendency, as long as they recognize the out of balance condition, they could find the cause, and know how to return to such equilibrium. By comprehending those three aspects, ability to transform and adapt could be achieved easily [10].
Analog with such condition, physical environment may have resilience if the agent who plays in it, has resilience character. Such condition should be supported by environment as place and setting activity. Today, Sumberawan site has endeavored to answer the challenge of urban community, as follows: how the old site could transfer the message from the past to modern community. The landscape layout approach should consider the objective of resilience, whether environmental and cultural resilience, as well as the community. For the http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1615 editor@iaeme.com

Titisari, Ema Y., Antariksa, Wulandari. Lisa D and Surjono environmental aspect, the objective is conserving the springs as source of life for villagers at
Toyomerto Village and its surroundings. For cultural aspect, the objective is to reinforce the prestigious-cultural root of the society and bequeath the glorious values as resilience strength of the human beings, under circumstance that could not avoid the impact of urban or modern culture that may have the opposite values.
This research was the preliminary stage of the main research, which was intended to create layout of the Sumberawan Site that will contribute to socio-ecology resilience of human and the environment, particularly that relate to water resources. The research integrated landscape identification model by Page et al. (11) and behavior mapping model by
Cosco [11] and Laurens [12]. The cultural landscape identification method by Page et al. was used to recognize and describe the cultural landscape elements, which have been used as physical setting of behavior or activity, while behavior mapping method was used to determine border of the behavior setting. It is required to integrate both of them in order to study kind and frequency of behavior, activity time, and their relationship with environmental setting. It is expected that results of the research will be useful for setting the Sumberawan
Site landscape, which is intended for socio-ecology resilience.
Behavior Setting is ecological unit that relate behavior and physical environment. Behavior setting has a space, which can be identified obviously, as well as temporal borders and their components that independently function as the supplemented eco-behavioral unit [13].
Physical environment is cultural landscape [14], as cultural ideas realization of the designer.
The space users have their own ideas and images about environment. The communication process between ideas of the designer and the space users will create behavior response and activity in utilizing and managing the space.
In this research, the cultural landscape elements were identified using cultural landscape identification model by Page et al. [15]. The cultural landscape elements become the setting for the occurred behaviors. After that, activity and behavior mapping were identified with behavior variable and individual activity or community by Cosco and Laurens [11], [12],
Physical environment layout (milieu), time, and synomorphy. Based on behavior mapping, the space use borders and its function will be analyzed.
According to Laurens [12], each agent of activity will occupy the setting in accordance with his/her activity character. Borders of the behavior setting may be form as physical, administrative, or symbolic borders. The research used Time Budget analysis and place centered mapping. Variables of the research include behavior pattern and activity of person/community, physical environment layout (milieu), time, and synomorphy (correlation between behavior and milieu). The selected time of the research was weekend (Saturday-
Sunday), special days (Thursday afternoon-Friday afternoon), and special days (Celebrations of Waisak , malam 1 Suro , and Tirta Amerta Sari ). Data was processed by behavior mapping method. The analysis was done by describing kinds of behavior, activity, physical environment layout, and analyzing synomorphy in order to obtain recommendation for environment arrangement, which support the socio-ecology resilience [16]. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1616 editor@iaeme.com

Enhancement Aesthetic Technology the Tourism Activities and Environmental Setting in
Sumberawan Temple: Managing Heritage Building According to the User’s Needs and the
Conservation’s Goals
According to results of identification on cultural landscape elements, characteristics of
Sumberawan site are as follow:

Historical-archeology characters of Singosari-Majapahit Era: temple

Historical-tradition characters: myth, legend, belief in air amerta and Kasurangganan , along with the whole traditions and rituals.

Characters as water resource: springs, sacred pond, big pond, and river, which are supported by forest and vegetations around it.

Natural landscape characters: panorama, fresh air, soundscape , trees shade, countryside nuance)
Those four characteristics are basics for activities at Sumberawan Site. Physical setting of
Sumberawan Site indicates the available space for diverse activities that conform to those related characteristics. The main physical characteristics are as follow:

Character of the building: stone construction, such as stupa temple, which is only found on temple area. Ornamental characters on the temple area, which are found on both sacred ponds, such as cave along with symbols of Majapahit Kingdom and local-Javanese belief ( Kejawen ).
Construction for meditation is wooden construction with natural nuance. Post for the caretaker and the warehouse of brick construction with shield roof and without ornament. Inn, gazebo, and stalls that have natural nuance and dominated with wooden materials.

Temple area is restricted by barbed wire. There are two sacred ponds in it and space for meditation, pray, temple, ground cover, open space for pray that facing to the temple, special construction for meditation, warehouse, and post for the caretaker.

Ground cover uses manila grasses along with vegetations around the temple area, which looks neat and well managed. While the ground covers outside the temple area is not well-managed, so that most of them are dried and died, and mixed with hard soil.

There are two accesses to enter the area, a path for about 500 meter length and smaller gate.
The second access is earth road for about 3 meter width as new access that can be passed through by car.

No electric and telephone networks. Communication can be done by mobile phone.

The construction group form clusters that conform to their zoning, such as temple cluster, inn cluster, space for meeting/preparation/rest, and parking lot, as well as stall cluster. Each cluster is in the same zoning that conforms to the related activity.

Big and old vegetations are around the temple area that closes to the springs/sacred ponds.
Dominance of pine trees is found in the forest, outside the temple area. Bamboos dominate the peripheral area of the site, particularly around the inn. Water vegetations are found on the big pond and around it outside the temple area. Rice-fields surround the site.

Big and small rivers have been built and the natural one still exists on the site. Big pond at the west side of the temple is still natural and covered by water vegetations. Big pond at the south side has been built as fresh water provider.

Stalls are at the periphery of the site under the trees.

Specific features, such as statues that symbolize the story of air amerta ( Dewi Danwantari, naga Basuki , and turtle). http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1617 editor@iaeme.com

Titisari, Ema Y., Antariksa, Wulandari. Lisa D and Surjono
Figure 1 Characteristic of Sumberawan Site
Results of Behavior Mapping is presented in Figure 2 and 3.
Figure 2 Special Event and Special Occasion
Figure 3 Weekend at Saturday-Sunday / Holiday http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1618 editor@iaeme.com

Enhancement Aesthetic Technology the Tourism Activities and Environmental Setting in
Sumberawan Temple: Managing Heritage Building According to the User’s Needs and the
Conservation’s Goals
Activities at each zone are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 Physical Activities at Each Zone
Table 2 Relationship between Physical Setting and Activity
Activities, which are accommodated in Sumberawan Site, can be divided into 2 categories, ritual activities that relate to religion and traditional, as well as non-ritual activity.
At one time, those activities may occur at the same location. For example, the visitors perform activity simultaneously with Waisak , personal ritual, Tirta Amerta Sari , and ritual of 1 Suro .
Development of the site utilization as tourism object relates to the area image ( air amerta ,
Kasurangganan , forest, and springs) show tendency of meaning, which is caught by the space users today, as well as tendency of the occurring activity. At the beginning, the site was only used for ritual activity. Tourism activity shows the development of types and numbers. The tourism type also conforms to development of the community’s life style, for example, natural tourism and cultural tourism. Artistic performance is one of cultural tourism forms. Natural tourism activity is supported by photographic spot layout. The visitors may use panorama, air, soundscape, vegetation, and suburban atmosphere as natural recreation object.
Location of the ritual activity is centered at the temple, sacred pond, small house temple, field, and stones in front of the temple. Fences at the temple area and the landscape layout have become the significant borders. Forest at the south side will accommodate the overflowing visitors during ritual activity at the temple area. The edge of the big pond is used http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 1619 editor@iaeme.com

Titisari, Ema Y., Antariksa, Wulandari. Lisa D and Surjono as bathing place for visitors who want to clean up from “disease” as they believe the merit of air amerta . Forest area and inn become the central place for non-ritual activity, particularly for recreation. Non-ritual activities are as follow: take a stroll, sits at the forest or temple area, photography, training and education program/training/boy scouts, physical exercises, meeting, eating, research, artistic performance and festival, conservation, and study-tour. Ritual activities include pray/meditation by the top stone pile, at the yard in front of (north) the temple, small house temple for meditation, in Amerta pond, bathing/washing ritual at both sacred ponds, and ritual at the graveyard (including maintenance the grave).
Lighting has become restriction of activity. Due to no lighting and electricity at night
(particularly on Thursday night or
Malam Jum’at and nights during bulan Suro ), Sumberawan
Site is used for ritual activities, no visitors except the interested party who perform the ritual.
It occurs except during festival or entertainment events at night, such as dance-drama performance and special ritual tourism. Artistic performances at Sumberawan Site are activities that relate to site image ( air amerta, Kasurangganan , and springs). The blending of ritual and tourism activities occurs at malam 1 Suro .
Sumberawan Site is potential to be developed to give contribution toward the establishment of socio-ecology resilience. As ancient inheritance, temple may offer inspiration about local values that relate to awareness toward the need of water resource conservation. Strategies in utilizing and developing the site in accordance with result of analysis above are directed in accordance with Ahern’s strategies (2) as follow:

Activities at Sumberawan Site are developed in accordance with multi-functionality concept, such as: ritual and non-ritual activities.

The ritual activity zone is the temple area, while the tourism activities include the whole site by arranging the borders, such as: physical border, time restriction, and symbolic restriction.
These borders are intended for site security, conservation of ancient construction (temple), borders that support water source (springs) conservation, and to regulate the space use for different functions.

Focus on bio-and-social diversity is based on potency in utilizing the site in accordance with its supporting power. It has been realized that Sumberawan’s springs is essential resources for environment. Its use for tourism activity should not violate restriction of water resource conservation. As well as the temple as conservation object of ancient construction, its use should improve social comprehension about local values.

The use of Sumberawan site has involved various related parties and required unanimity of views and synergy. Local communities become the basic for activity development due to they inherit those local values.

Temple and the performed traditions should be described in the form of relationship among human beings, which totally depends on God. Verticality concepts in temple, ritual, tradition, and myth are basic awareness to manage the universe (particularly water source) as the essential lifeblood. Tradition and culture become the cultural landscape character of
Sumberawan Site.
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Conservation’s Goals
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