International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 04, April 2019, pp. 899–911, Article ID: IJCIET_10_04_095
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
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EFFECT OF WASTE MARBLE POWDER AND
POLYPROPYLENE FIBER ON THE
PROPERTIES OF SELF-CURING CONCRETE
Mohammad Abid
ME Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India
Khushpreet Singh
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Chandigarh University, Punjab, India
ABSTRACT
Globally the value of water and natural resources is increasing day by day. From
that point of view, it is desired to put efforts to find out techniques to safeguard water
from wastage and utilize the waste materials. The utilization of these waste materials
could have a significant effect on hardened characteristics of the concrete. However,
the use of a self-curing chemical agent has a positive effect on concrete. The moisture
distribution from the atmosphere can also change the mechanical properties of
concrete. In this study, Polyethylene-glycol 400 was designated as a self-curing agent
along with waste marble powder and polypropylene fiber to determine the mechanical
characteristics of Self-curing concrete (SCC). The experimental investigation was
carried out for mix design of M30 grade in SCC with 1 % Polyethylene-glycol 400,
and (0.5, 1, 1.5) % of polypropylene fiber as in the concentration of cement. It also
defines the usage of different percentages, such as (5, 10, 15) % of waste marble
powder as a partial replacement of fine aggregate in an SCC. Various tests had been
conducted on hardened properties of SCC, such as [Compressive, Flexural, and
Tensile] strength, X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM) & Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) to evaluate the strength
properties of SCC. The results signify that the utilization of waste marble powder and
polypropylene fiber enhance the mechanical characteristics of self-curing concrete as
compared with controlled concrete of air-cured (C0) and moist cured (C0′). The
optimum values were 0.5 % of polypropylene fiber and 15 % of marble powder
enhanced the mechanical characteristics of self-curing concrete.
Key words: Self Curing concrete, Water retention, Polyethylene-glycol 400, Waste
Marble Powder & Polypropylene-Fiber.
Cite this Article: Mohammad Abid and Khushpreet Singh, Effect of Waste Marble
Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on the Properties of Self-Curing Concrete,
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology 10(4), 2019, pp. 899–911.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Production of industrial waste has become a major challenge, exigency to handle it by time
because it had generated a lot of waste and expand raw materials and an excessive amount of
energy [1]. However, different types of wastes can be utilized in a concrete product, such as
Fly-ash, Slag, Silica fume, Tire wastes and marble powder [2, 3, 4]. Many researchers have
investigated that the mineral admixtures improves some fresh and hardened concrete
properties that can be used positively and economically in concrete [5]. Waste marble
improves strength properties of the hardened concrete as an admixture material with cement
or as an aggregate in conventional concrete [4]. Usage of self-curing concrete helps for water
scarcity terrains. During the hydration of cement, concrete has to be continually cured to
avoid Self-desiccation [6]. In the case of traditional curing, such as for vertical structure
components is still a technical problem and it also escalates the cost and labor efforts [7]. Not
performing curing will definitely save water and the curing time, which would positively alter
the construction costs. Many researchers observed the failure of curing methods for high
strength concrete in high rise structures [8]. The water retention process performed by the
chemical agent like Polyethylene-glycol, which reduces the level of water evaporation from
the exterior surface of the concrete [6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. Most often two types of fiber are
utilized in concrete such as polypropylene-fiber, and steel fiber. Many researchers studied the
effect of polypropylene-fiber in concrete that enhances the properties of concrete like tensile
stress, fracture toughness, impact strength, thermal shock, resistance to fatigue, wear,
shrinkage, and durability, etc. Fiber minimizes the brittleness and improves the ductility
properties of the concrete [15, 16]. Many researchers also indicated an enhancement of
compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexure strength with high fiber volume. The
higher volume of fiber supports concrete to influence tension stabilization and elasticity [17].
2. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
Experimental study conducted to evaluate self-curing concrete with a chemical agent
Polyethylene-glycol 400 to ensure the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete by
using marble powder as a waste material incorporated with Polypropylene-fiber. Scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) was done to study the changes in microstructure at different
magnifications and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) was performed to identify and study the
crystalline material. The Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) was also conducted
to study the elemental analysis of the sample.
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Cement
The existing experimental study used the Ordinary Portland cement 43 grade conforming to
IS 269:1976. Table 1 shows the physical properties of cement used in self-curing concrete.
Table 1 Physical properties of Portland cement
Sr. no
1
2
3
4
5
6
Physical Properties
Fineness (%)
Consistency (%)
Initial setting time (min)
Final setting time (min)
Compressive Strength for 28
days (N/mm2)
Specific gravity
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900
Portland cement
1
31
116
253
46.8
3.14
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Effect of Waste Marble Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on the Properties of Self-Curing Concrete
Fig. 1 Partial size distribution of fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and waste marble powder
2.1.2. Fine aggregate
In this study, fine aggregate confirming to IS 383-1970 used. Sieve analysis was conducted to
determine the gradation of fine aggregate and particle size should be less than 4.75mm
according to IS code. Table 2 shows the physical characteristics of the fine aggregate used in
the present study of the self-curing concrete.
Table 2 Physical properties of Fine aggregate
Sr. no
1
2
3
4
5
6
Physical Properties
Fineness modulus (%)
Water absorption (%)
Bulk density (kg/liter)
Rodded Bulk density (kg/liter)
Percentage voids (%)
Specific gravity
Fine aggregate
2.88
2.04
1.48
1.76
43
2.60
2.1.3. Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate is used conforming to IS 383-1970. Table 3 shows the physical
characteristics of coarse aggregate used in concrete.
Table 3 Physical properties of coarse aggregate
Sr. no
1
2
3
4
5
6
Physical Properties
Fineness modulus (%)
Water absorption (%)
Bulk density (kg/liter)
Rodded Bulk density (kg/liter)
Percentage voids (%)
Specific gravity
Coarse aggregate
7.88
1.01
1.42
1.54
45.65
2.62
2.1.4. Polypropylene-Fibers
The manufactured PP-fiber is an artificial and thermoplastic product. Containing various
properties of high strength; enhance the durability, low modulus of elasticity, excellent
ductility, and low price [15, 18]. For current study 12mm length of mono-filament fiber is
used in the self-cured concrete. Table 4 shows properties of Polypropylene-Fibers in the
present study of the concrete mixture.
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Table 4 Shows the physical properties of PP-fiber
Sr. no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Properties
Product
Polymer
Length
Specific gravity
Melting range
Strength
Diamond length
Elongation
Thickness
Property Value
Synthetic polypropylene fiber
100% virgin PP home-polymer
Graded (10 to 20) mm
500-550 N/mm2
162-164 Co
10-12 mm
H (OCH2CH2) nOH
15-18 %
35-40µ
2.1.5. Polyethylene-glycol
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an abstract form of polymer ethylene oxide with the addition of
water in general formula H (OCH2CH2)nOH. PEG is one of the most common water-soluble
polymers, non-volatile, non-toxic, neutral, non-irritating, odorless and lubricating chemical
agent utilized in a variety of pharmaceuticals [13, 19]. After casting and finishing, the use of
water for curing purposes is eliminated in the concrete. So, economically it reduces the graph
of water in a construction site. In this experimental study, PEG-400 is used as a chemical
agent to avoid the chemical shrinkage, and leading to minimizing internal relative moisture
[20]. PEG-400 is commercially available in a variety of molecular weights from 300 g/mol of
107 g/mol [21]. Table 5 shows properties of PEG-400 in the present study of the concrete
mixture.
Table 5 Characteristics of polyethylene-glycol 400
Sr. no
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Physical Properties
Molecular weight (gm/mol)
PH
Appearance
Color
Hydroxyl value
Nature
Molecular formula
Density (gr/cm3)
Specific gravity
Property Value
400
>6
Clear liquid
White
300
Water soluble
H (OCH2CH2) nOH
1.125
1.12 at 27Co
2.1.6. Waste Marble Powder
In this study, locally available waste marble powder is used. Sieve analysis is conducted same
as on fine aggregate. Table 6 shows the physical properties of waste marble powder used in
self-cured concrete.
Table 6 Physical properties of waste marble powder
Sr. no
1
2
6
Physical Properties
Fineness modulus (%)
Water absorption (%)
Specific gravity
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Waste Marble Powder
3.52
0.4
2.67
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Effect of Waste Marble Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on the Properties of Self-Curing Concrete
3. MIX PROPORTIONS
For this experimental study, the mix design of M30 grade prepared according to IS
10262:2009. To find out the mechanical characteristics of fiber reinforced self-curing
concrete with waste marble powder (WMP). In all, eleven mix proportions performed, and the
first (C0 and C0′) was a control mix. Thus, C0 is air-cured, and C0′ mix is moist cured (water
pound) cured of a control concrete without (Polyethylene glycol 400, Polypropylene fiber and
marble powder). All mix proportions molded and tested indoor, and the room temperature
was about (22 ± 2) 0C. The volume of PEG-400 repetitively the same for all mix proportions
is 1 percent. According to various research papers, 1% of PEG 400 is the optimum value for
M30 concrete [22]. The percentage replacements of polypropylene-fiber with cement were
(0.5, 1, and 1.5) % and the percentage replacement of waste marble powder with fine
aggregate is (5, 10, 15) %. Certain proportions have been evaluated to determine the accurate
results. Table 7 illustrates the mix compositions of C0 (air-cured) and C0′ (moist-cured) of
controlled concrete with further mix proportions to find out the results of self-curing concrete.
Table 7 Composition of Self-curing concrete
Mix Cement Water
F.A
NO (kg⁄m3) (kg⁄m3) (kg⁄m3)
C.A
(kg⁄m3)
C0
C0'
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
1093.22
1093.22
1088.35
1088.35
1088.35
1083.48
1083.48
1083.48
1081.35
1081.35
1081.35
425.7
425.7
423.57
423.57
423.57
421.44
421.44
421.44
419.31
443.25
443.25
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
664.92
664.92
661.96
661.96
661.96
659.00
659.00
659.00
658.01
658.01
658.01
PEG- PPPP400 Fiber Fiber
(%)
(%) (kg⁄m3)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
1
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.13
2.13
2.13
4.26
4.26
4.26
6.39
6.39
6.39
Waste
Marble
Powder
(%)
5
10
15
5
10
15
5
10
15
Waste
Marble
Powder
(kg⁄m3)
33.10
66.20
99.30
32.95
65.90
98.85
32.90
65.80
98.70
4. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
4.1. Compressive strength
The compressive strength of SCC investigated for 7, 14, and 28 days after casting of concrete
in the compressive machine. Cube specimens of size (150 x 150 x 150) mm according to IS
10262:1082 were used for casting. Experimental investigation shows high value of 33.89 MPa
for D3 concrete proportion. The specified value of D3 increased to 23.02 % & 14.81 %
against air-cured (without curing) & moist cured samples of control concrete. Fig. 2 shows
different mix proportions compared with control concrete. However, the value found from an
experimental investigation that 37.29 MPa for D3 is a high value of all mix proportion after
14 days of testing. In Comparison to control concrete the value of the D3 mix proportion
increased to 21.16 % & 13.36 % against C0 (air-cured) & C0′ (moist cured) samples of
controlled concrete. Fig. 2 also illustrates the 28 days compressive strength of fiber reinforced
self-cured concrete. The results evaluated on the various mix proportions of the concrete. It is
observed that the 15% of the waste marble powder with 0.5 % polypropylene fiber enhance
with self-cured agent by utilizing 1 % of PEG-400. The maximum strength of D3 mix
proportion obtained the value of 41.13 MPa. Meanwhile, the value of D3 is increased to 22.37
% & 13.66 % as compared to control concrete samples of C0 & C0′.
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Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
Mohammad Abid and Khushpreet Singh
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
7 days
14 days
28 days
C0
C0′
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
Mix Proportions
Fig. 2 Compressive Strength of M30 for 7, 14, & 28 days
4.2. Flexural Strength
Flexural strength was performed as per IS 10262:1082 code. The flexural strength of the
concrete specimens was determined after (7, 14, and 28 days) period. Fig. 3 illustrates the
flexural strength of all mix proportion on 7 days testing. Addition of waste marble powder
(WMP) and PP-fiber significantly increased the flexural strength. The results show the
highest value out from all trail mixes on 7 days flexural strength is for D3 i.e. 6 MPa. The
optimum value for WMP is 1.5 % and for PP-fiber is 0.5%. As compared to C0 and C0′, of
controlled concrete the enhancement percentage of D3 is about 59.5 % & 36.67 %. The
maximum value for 14 days observed is D3 mix i.e. 6.13 MPa. After comparing with
controlled concrete sample C0 and C0′ the percentage increase is 24.14 & 33.44 %. Fig. 3
also showing 28 days of flexural strength for all mixes proportions of a self-curing concrete.
In general, proper distribution of PP-fiber and the micro finer properties of the waste marble
powder maintain control concrete to enhance their hardened characteristics of the concrete.
The results illustrate for 28 days that D3 has got 6.48 MPa as the highest value when
compared to C0 and C0′. The percentage increase for D3 is 24.69 % & 16.98 %.
Flexural Strength (N/mm2)
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
7 days
3.00
14 days
2.00
28 days
1.00
0.00
C0
C0′
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
Mix Proportions
Fig. 3 Flexural Strength of M30 for 7, 14, & 28 days
4.3. Split Tensile Strength
To determine the split tensile strength, IS 10262:1082 was used. The split strength of the
concrete specimens was determined after (7, 14, and 28 days) period. The split tensile strength
of 7 days is shown in Fig. 4. The result signified that the highest value of self-curing in trail
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Effect of Waste Marble Powder and Polypropylene Fiber on the Properties of Self-Curing Concrete
mix is for D3 i.e. 3.31 MPa. Thus, when compared with the controlled concrete sample of C0
and C0′, D3 was shown a percentage increase as 37.76 % & 34.14 %. For 14 days testing all
specimens obtained higher values than the controlled concrete samples. When compared D3
(3.65 MPa) with C0 and C0′, of controlled concrete the improvement in percentages observed
is 44.38 % & 33.70 %. Fig. 4 also shows the results for 28 days split tensile strength of a selfcuring concrete. The achieved value of D3 shows the optimum percentages of WMP & PPfiber. The results illustrated that D3 obtained 3.81MPa strength. When, Compared with C0
and C0′, the improvement percentage for D3 is 39.63 % & 32.55 %.
Split tensile Strength (N/mm2)
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
7 days
2.00
14 days
1.50
28 days
1.00
0.50
0.00
C0
C0′
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
Mix Proportions
Fig. 4 Split tensile Strength of M30 for 7, 14, & 28 days
(a) Before preparation of mix
(b) During preparation of mix
(c) After casting of samples
Fig. 5 Different images demonstrating the lab works
Table 8 Result for M30 grade of a Self-curing concrete
Mix
No
C0
C0′
Trail Mix
PEG400
(%)
PPFiber
(%)
-
-
Waste
Marble
Powder
(%)
-
Compressive
Strength (N/mm2)
7
days
14
days
Split Tensile
Strength
(N/mm2)
Durations
Flexural strength
(N/mm2)
28
days
7
days
14
days
28
days
7
days
14
days
28
days
26.09 29.4 31.93
28.87 32.31 35.51
2.04
2.18
2.03
2.42
2.3
2.57
2.43
3.8
4.65
4.08
4.88
5.38
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D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.5
0.5
0.5
1
1
1
1.5
1.5
1.5
5
10
15
5
10
15
5
10
15
26.44
25
33.89
30.33
28.71
28.4
25.18
23.84
31
33.71
32.24
37.29
33.67
34.51
35.09
32.93
31.82
35.11
35.93
35.04
41.13
37.44
37.93
38.33
35.78
34.93
38.98
2.62
2.61
3.41
2.94
2.19
2.97
2.48
2.64
3.13
2.82
3.28
3.65
3.25
3.08
3.4
3.06
3.36
3.43
2.94
3.45
3.81
3.42
3.36
3.5
2.94
3.47
3.64
4.88
5.38
6
5.63
4.9
3.63
3.58
3.6
3.38
5.28
5.4
6.13
5.38
5.48
3.88
3.13
3.78
4.88
5.9
6.33
6.48
6.08
5.63
5
4.2
5.15
5.38
4.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) & Energy Dispersive X-Ray
Spectroscopy (EDS)
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been used to investigate the internal or
microstructure of complex element for many years. Thus, EDS is used to determine the
chemical composition of the materials. For the current study, 7-10 mm samples were coated
with carbon and evaluated for SEM and EDS by applying landing energy of 20 KW. The
SEM analysis was conducted for control concrete C0′ and the optimum value of a self-curing
concrete of D3 mix proportion. For C0′ (moist cured) the investigation describes that during
the cement hydration and low water-cement ratio micro-cracks are widely present in the
sample. The width of cracks in a sample shown in Fig. 6, are (817, 786.9, 531.2, 497.9, 414.9)
nm. Capillary cracks reduce the durability and strength of the concrete. In D3 mix shown in
Fig. 7 utilization of PP-fiber reduced the micro-cracks. However, Fig. 7 shows that the
capillary cracks present in the sample. Thus, the capillary cracks can be reduced with the
proper vibration of the concrete. Fig. 8, and 9 determined the EDS examined for both C0′
(moist cured) control concrete and D3 mix of the self-curing concrete.
Weak bound in ITZ
Cracks in Paste
Cross link C-S-H gel
Aggregate
Mortar
Voids
ITZ
Cracks in Void
Fig. 6 Scanning electron microscopy for C0′ of control concrete
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Cross link of C-S-H gel
PP-Fiber
Void
PP-Fiber
Crack in Void
Fig. 7 Scanning electron microscopy for D3 of a self-curing concrete
Table 9 EDS result for C0′ mix of control concrete.
Element
C
N
O
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
Cl
K
Ca
Fe
Total
Mass (%)
54.59 ± 2
8.52 ± 5.53
16.15 ± 2.71
0.08 ± 0.37
0.36 ± 0.33
14.79 ± 0.98
1.37 ± 0.42
1.58 ± 0.42
0.17 ± 0.25
nd
1 ± 0.48
1.38 ± 0.88
100
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Atom (%)
66.03 ± 2.42
8.84 ± 5.55
14.66 ± 2.46
0.05 ± 0.24
0.22 ± 0.2
7.96 ± 0.53
0.71 ± 0.22
0.74 ± 0.2
0.07 ± 0.1
nd
0.36 ± 0.17
0.36 ± 0.23
100
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Fig. 8 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) C0′ of control concrete
Table 10 EDS result for D3 mix of Self-curing concrete.
Element
C
O
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
Cl
K
Ca
Fe
Total
Mass (%)
54.22 ± 4.65
28.20 ± 8.99
8.42 ± 2.25
1.35 ± 1.31
3.70 ± 1.36
2.19 ± 1.08
nd
0.17 ± 0.57
1.09 ± 0.71
nd
0.67 ± 1.2
100
Atom (%)
64.87 ± 5.57
25.33 ± 8.08
5.26 ± 1.41
0.80 ± 0.77
1.97 ± 0.72
1.12 ± 0.55
nd
0.07 ± 0.23
0.40 ± 0.26
nd
0.17 ± 0.31
100
Fig. 9 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) D3 of Self-curing concrete
4.5. X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD)
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is used for identifying and measuring the mass fractions of
various crystalline single-phase minerals, chemical composites, porcelain or other engineering
materials. XRD can also categorize the multiple phases in micro-crystalline mixtures. Test
samples were passed from 325-micron sieve [23], and tested after 28 days. Fig. 10 & 11
shows the XRD graph for chemical compositions of moist cured (C0′) & D3 mix proportion
of a self-curing concrete. The graph illustrated that for both samples, the maximum value is
SiO2 as a main component. The minor chemical components are Ca(OH)2, MgO, Tobermorite
Ca5Si6O16(OH)2, K-Phase (Ca-fedorite) Ca7Si16O38(OH)2, Aluminosilicate (Al2SiO5), and
Kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4. The presence of SiO2 indicates the improvement of mechanical
characteristics of the concrete. The functions of nano-particles SiO2 is to accelerate C-S-H gel
for enhancement of Ca(OH)2 quantity, particularly in the initial period of hydration of cement
of samples. Further, SiO2 functions as nano-filler, to recover the pore surfaces in the concrete
[24].
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Fig. 10 X-ray diffraction array of controlled concrete of C0′
Fig. 11 X-ray diffraction array of D3 mix proportion
5. CONCLUSIONS

The use of polyethylene glycol in a self-curing concrete enhance the mechanical
characteristics of concrete beneath air curing condition. Furthermore, the chemical
agent retained the water for hydration of the cement process resulting in a reduction of
pores, voids, and the cement paste bond force with aggregate was higher as compared
with controlled concrete.

An addition of marble powder and polypropylene fiber significantly enhanced the
mechanical characteristics of self-curing concrete as shown in Table 8. The content of
15 % of waste marble powder and 0.5 % of polypropylene fiber is the optimum values
for a self-curing concrete.

The combination of waste marble powder in self-curing concrete enhances the
hardened characteristics of concrete. However, the combination of cement and marble
powder forms the better bond force among marble powder, cement paste, and
aggregate as shown in Fig. 7 of SEM analysis for self-curing concrete samples.
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
In the present study, using of waste marble powder with PP-fiber increase the
compressive strength of a self-curing concrete. The optimum value determined was for
D3 mix proportion obtained 41.13 MPa for 28 days. As compared with C0 & C0′, of
controlled concrete the improved value of D3 was (22.37 & 13.66) %.

The test results reported that utilization of polypropylene fiber enhances the flexural
and split tensile strength of self-curing concrete as compared to controlled mixes of
air-cured (C0) or moist cured (C0′) as signified in Table 8. The optimum value of D3
mix proportion when compared with C0 & C0′ of controlled concrete shows
percentage increase as (37.76 & 34.14) % and (39.63 & 32.55) % respectively.

Usage of PEG-400 saves 2-3 m3 of water for 1m3 of concrete and waste marble
powder reduces the extraction of an excessive amount of sand.

SEM images have shown weak ITZ and cracks on samples of controlled concrete,
which were very minimal in the self-cured concrete samples.

After performing the XRD, the results signify the highest intensity value of SiO2 for
D3 as compared to the controlled concrete.
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