HI151 European Exploration and Spanish Colonization - Early discoveries: San Salvador - Exploration: Norse (of or relating to Scandinavia or its peoples or cultures) Why voyage late 1400s: generating great interest in conquering Increase in technology: Maps, charts, new navigational instruments - Technological Innovation: astrolabe (고대 그리스의 천제 관측기) Better able to voyage - Consolidation 통합 of political Power Emergence of group nation Powerful monarchs: Nations such as England, Portugal, Spain, Netherland Large scale effort to establish colonies Degree of internal stability; national self-consciousness – central government - Desire for New Routes to the Orient Better train routes to Asia During the 15th century, the Iberian Peninsula at the western end of the Mediterranean Sea became the focal point of European efforts to reach the riches of Asia by a sea route Long before 15th century, merchant class had already been trading in Far East More Europeans are willing to pay more money to purchase items from Asia such as jewels, perfumes Increase of demand in luxury items - Converting the “Heathen” Heathen = non-Christian The Europeans expected the natives to accept and embrace their beliefs and traditions – enforce Christianity Spain insisted their primary goal of colonization: to save the Indians from heathenism and prevent them from falling Protestantism 신교 Christianity This motive may not be sufficient – historically Europeans show hatred to “evils” – Christianity is one true religion for undertaking this voyage Europeans views of Native Indians: European newcomers concluded that Indian lacked genuine religion, or in fact worshiped the devil – Indians nature as a world of spirits and souls while European as just economic opportunity Despite Native Indians’ highly developed agriculture and wellestablished towns, Europeans described them as “nomads without settled communities” Early Efforts - Admiral Zheng He in btw 1405 and 2433 reached the coast of East Africa, but China did not feel the need for overseas expansion. - Every nation in Europe went their own way to expand Portugal lead in expansion to South Portugal, in the early 15th century, was one of the first European nations to unify, but had been plagued by its geographic isolation - Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 - 1460) The most influential figure in the rise of Portuguese maritime Numerous ships to Atlantic Ocean Henry began the sponsorship of a long series of exploratory ventures southward along the coast of Africa. A lucrative trade in slaves and gold quickly developed - Bartholomew Dias (1450 – 1500 [voyage of 1487]) Portuguese explorer, the First European mariner to round the. Southern tip of Africa: Sailing through India to reach southern tip of Africa Overland route closed in the 1450s due to the Ottoman Empire’s conquest of the remnants of the Byzantine Empire Opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia and increased trade with India and other Asian powers. - Cape of Good Hope The Cape of Good Hope is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula in South Africa. Dias’ ships rounded the perilous Cape of Good Hope and then sailed around Africa’s southernmost point, Cabo das Agulhas, to enter the waters of the Indian Ocean. - Vasco Da Gama (c. 1460 – 1524) Portuguese noble man: 1497 Lisbon to reach India and open a sea route from Europe to the East The western coast of Africa (rounding the cape of good hope) -> his expedition made numerous stops in Africa before reaching Calicut, India in 1498 - Marco Polo, Travels A Venetian merchant to journeyed across Asia to at the height of the Mongol Empire Traveled extensively to China – Silk Road Reported China is next East coast – may possible to find new route to China Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506) - If his expedition happened to be successful, he would be titled as lord of Ocean Sea Would receive 10% of the gold Deeply religious – he came to see his voyage to share Christian message Hoped to convert Asians to Christianity and enlist them in a crusade to redeem Jerusalem from Muslim control - He believed Europe, Africa, Asia covered more than half of the Earth He thought sailing west Europe would be easier to reach China than going around the Africa His estimation was incorrect – as result, his expedition was rejected to European countries – only Spain was willing to listen just because Spain was desperate find a short route to Asia. Portugal in trade and exploration. The monarchs agreed to support a westward voyage to China as well as name Columbus "admiral of the ocean seas" and governor of the lands he discovered. For his part, Columbus promised to spread the Christian faith to the people of the East and return with gold, silver, and spices. Lucky mistake Later on land by sailing from west - Amerigo Vespucci (1454 – 1512) Italian-born merchant and explorer who took part in early voyages to the New World on behalf of Spain around the late 15th century He named America Realized that the native inhabitants were distinct peoples, not residents of the East Indies as Columbus had believed Led to number of change in history - Most Europeans view America as obstacle to reach the far east - Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521)/ Francis Drake (1540 – 1596) Still exploring America primarily to find oceanic way to reach China and India faster Did not realize how large America continent was Spanish Colonization - Only nation viewed America as new land was Spain - Conquistadores 정복자 Colonial system proved to be significantly different from that of government established by England Vasco Nunez de Balboa in the isthmus of Panama and became first European to gaze upon the Pacific Ocean - Explanatory effort brought the digital increase in population - Native Americans Divided in 100 of tribes Those tribes are different from each other Heterogenous group of people - Nomadic groups Migrated to central and south America Quite effective using their resources of their environment The Spanish explorers encountered three major civilizations in the New World: the Incas in present-day Peru and the Mayans and Aztecs in Mexico and Central America. Aztec/ Maya: agriculture – enable tribes to live more stationary existence and in term to build huge beautiful cities with stones Cortes conquered the Aztec city, relying on superior military technology Francisco Pizarro conquered the great Inca kingdom in Peru 16th century, brutal treatment experience lack of resistance of European nations with diseases – reduction in native American population - Exchange Disease ex. Smallpox Native -> invaders: syphilis Invaders -> Native: malaria, smallpox, and measles Tobacco because Horses – first horses were brought to Spain Number of native tribes such as Apache, Comanche, horses are very important - 1607 English first colony in North America Spanish colony extended Southern California to New Zealand Managing the Empire - Haciendas (a large-scale farms) Controlled by Spanish landlords Tens of thousands of Indians to work in gold and silver mines -> result in the empire’s wealth - Spain total control over American Colony The Atlantic and Pacific oceans – America as highways for the exchange of goods and the movement of people Owned by wealth Spanish merchants (gold, silver) High level of administrative skills – successfully managed over 300 years – high bureaucratic government (관료주의) The main body in Spain for colonial administration Viceroys in Mexico and Peru and other local officials in America The Catholic Church in a significant role Decline As Spanish power declined in early 17th century, the local elite came to enjoy more and more effective authority over colonial affairs. Corruptions, lack in experience - Spain reforming the Empire Las Casas Indians no longer be enslaved in 1542 In 1550, Spain banned encomienda Repartimiento system replaced: residents of Indian village remained legally free and entitled to wages, but were still required to perform a fixed amount of labor each year Indians – not slave anymore – should have access to land , be paid and could not bought and sold Spain’s brutal treatment improved Bringing education, medical care, and European goods Las Casas’s writing 오해를 일으킴 -> the image of Spain as uniquely brutal and exploitative colonizer (Black legend) Contrasts with Great Britain Authority of English crown was remained pragmatic 실용주의 Unlike the English and French New World empires, Spanish America was essentially an urban civilization Centered in Mexico City where Aztec city was ruined Always superficial – rarely expand British government did not put great importance in North America Stiff resistance from colony who lives there – Self-government btw subsequent Latin America and North America Transition The Colonization Impulse in England - Initial effort in New World – feeble and pathetic John Cabot 1400-1499 By late 1490s, gained commission from King Henry 7th to make an expedition across the northern Atlantic Newfoundland, Cape Breton Island or southern Labrador Labrador Like Columbus, Cabot believed that he had reached Asia’s northeast coast Nova Scotia Incentives Change in the fortune of England merchant population First half: heavily involved in England war trade 1551: war trade industry set into major depression – fell off by 35percent -> soon realized that new necessary of new market -> adversity leads to innovation Trading overseas venture: landowners and middle classes who need an access to capitals Joint stock company Offering shares of stocks, the joint-stock company allowed several investors to pool their capital and share the risks and profits 16th and 17th century, proved to be widely successful in correcting variety of investors and by adding up small investments, they can enlarge projects such as creating trading company Virginia Company In 1606, King James I granted a charter 인가(승인)증을 부여 하다 to colonize Virginia to a joint-stock company called the Virginia Company of London I. Primary goal of King and the company: the promise of gold II. Secondary goal: finding a sea passage through the New World to Asia and Indies – spreading their influence and spreading Christianity III. The English assumed that the riches and native populations that the Spanish found in Mexico and Peru existed throughout the Americas Although English govt sponsored colonization, private invest companies were ones that create interest in New colonization – governing New World was up to people who actually colonize the land In late 1607, the Virginia Company landed near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay area on the banks of the James River – Jamestown, the first permanent English colony in the New World Catherine of Argon Competition with France, Spain allied with England to lead Spain to become first in colonization world In the 1530s when Henry VIII broke from the Roman Catholic Church so he could divorce Catherine, the efforts of English Protestant reformers gained official support and the once close relations between England and Spain broke down. I. The fact that Henry 7th decided to divorce Catherin, Spanish loyal made Spanish govn’t furious in term England became to vilify Spain with the devils since Spain was Catholic nation Real rivalry developing btw England and Spain – Queen Mary Tudor (Elizabeth I) embodied strong but pragmatic Protestantism that renewed the tensions between England and Spain I. The English began to plunder Spanish merchant ships – Cpt Francis captured a Spanish treasure ship and netted profits for his financial backers 재정적인 후원자 II. England attention over America – much of the wealth they stealing from Spain was coming from New world III. King Philip II of Spain was angered by the English raids on his ships and began to assemble an Armada of ships to invade England. One of his goals was to bring England back into the Catholic fold once and for all. In 1588, the Spanish Armada consisting of some 130 ships and 30,000 men sailed to the English Channel. The Dutch, who were themselves resisting Spanish rule, helped the English disrupt the Armada’s plans. The English fleet fought back with ships that were faster and more maneuverable and crushed the Armada. Then a series of storms scattered the remainder of the Spanish flotilla as it attempted to circle the British Isles, completing the destruction. This historically significant win for England ensured their naval dominance in the North Atlantic and built their confidence and their ambition to secure settlements in the New World. Inquisition By late 16th century, England had become anti-Spanish nation, willing to take economic risks to find new way of marketing - English Interest in the New World Took long time 1498 Enabling condition: Consolidation of Political power - English Royalty (no need to memorize) Henry 7th 1485 – 1509 begins the process of consolidation and continues to his son Henry 8th Elizabeth I under great monarch, England becomes strong enough to bring colonization overseas - A Use of America The Irish Model: similar enough to each other English regarded England as savior of the new world and regard other South to East European countries as imperial to themselves in culture, religion, and language North to west, England see them little different and think them as equally good settlement for English settlement While Henry 7th failed, Queen Elizabeth tried to take control over Irish - English concluded Irish were savage and unreasonable beast – pacify Ireland and repopulate the land with other English people Rather than seeking to absorb the Irish into English society, the English excluded the native population from a territory of settlement known as the Pale, where the colonists created their own social order North America – Jamestown (New world) As settlers, their goal was to transplant their way of life as much as possible The land was hot, humid, and mosquito-infested, and the settlers were mostly aristocrats and artisans who did not know how to farm, fish, or hunt. Instead, they spent much of their time searching for nonexistent gold. Sir Humphrey Gilbert 1539-1583 1567-70 sent to Ireland by Elizabeth I, capture as many as Irish people as they can and execute them – ruthlessly suppressed an uprising and began to elaborate plans for a Protestant colonization of Ireland Gilbert’s activity of Ireland was quite affective and was sent to New World – Gilbert saw North America as larger version of Ireland By the mid-1570s Gilbert began to apply his Irish colonization schemes to North America In 1577 he put forth a plan for seizing the Newfoundland fishing fleets of Spain, Portugal, and France; occupying Santo Domingo and Cuba; and intercepting the ships carrying American silver to Spain. The queen ignored his proposal but in 1578 granted him a six-year charter to settle “heathen lands not actually possessed of any Christian prince or people.” no idea how wide North America died before he ever managed to establish colonization in North America Ethnocentric Sir Walther Raleigh Under favor of Elizabeth I 1585 Colonization of Roanoke Off the coast of North Carolina, naming the region Virginia in honor of Elizabeth, the “Virgin King” Indicates how pathetic 한심한 English first attempt in New World English was unable to settle permanent settlement in New World during entire century - Common Feature: Mingling of Primitivism and Civilization Frontier territory that existed on primitive of English colonization Pervasiveness 충만함 of violence and disorder – historian of English minimize the savagery 만행 of England settlement Primitive and undevelopement: things are too primitive 원시의 to repeat European development Size of British North America unreasonable to expect civilization in such place – North America as dumping ground for criminals and poverty outcast – entitled to treat infuriated species of humanity as if those people (civilization in colony) as animals Those two extremes of savage exists in the minds of individual colonists One of the characteristics in early modern Europe’s colonization is almost equal to hierarchy and they tend to be very brutal when treating lower ranking Tendency of Europeans to modify things in a way they want The peopling of British North America - European population movement in 16th century then slowed down in middle of 17th century then speed up later in 17th century Creation of continuous series of new frontier settlement In no region of the world, intermingling is more dramatic than British America Widely diverse culture groups and races People from European main land and Africa African immigration represents special and complex story The Native American population Lifestyle Lived in hundreds of different tribes’ size from 2000 to 20,000 people I. Travels through the river and mountain – able to interact with one another II. Just off the coast of river or river valleys Villages and tribes Easter north America have variety languages and life sustaining activities, norther section of eastern north America – fishing, hunting animals South – farming by females Uses of land Tenuous – many native Americans have already died due to disease such viral hepatitis, smallpox Early 17th century, average population density of Appalachian Mountains 45 people for 100 squares of miles. Plenty of inhabitable lands native America unwilling to think of land as property – viewed land as resource that they had inherited from ancestors and sacred space – took more from the land than their day to day use probated nature Europeans tend to view in different terms – national world was commodity of owned and explored by human beings. Private property of basis of legal independence and material wealth and political status and serves as personal identity itself Difference in the way of native American and Europe inheritably led those groups to build different characteristics Europe social class – strictly built Unwavering belief in the superiority of their civilization Some settlers in British settler – peaceful coexistence with Native Americans but it was they who are entitle to pose that coexistence British government unlike the Spanish, English colonists were chiefly interested in displacing the Indians and settling on their land, NOT intermarrying with them, organizing their labor, or making them subjects of the crown The seventeenth century was marked by recurrent warfare between colonists and Indians. I. Native Americans adopt European costume and follow Christian and when denied European concluded their Natives are just like Irish people – set the tone for hatred and hostility – attempt to reproduce native America as how they are in Europe as possible – surrendering their own originality and accepting English laws and religion Spanish government They were brutal to native Indians at many moments, nevertheless, show citizenship within its empire to native Americans and very same rights and protections occurred emergence Creole culture “good deal” intermixing of Spanish and Native American culture of North America – egalitarian status 평등주의 Many eastern Indians initially welcomed the newcomers, or at least their goods I. Integrated into the Atlantic economy II. European metal goods changed their farming, hunting, and cooking practices – trade as Indians exchanged valuable commodities like furs and animal skins for worthless European trinket As the colonists achieved military superiority over the Indians, the profits of trade mostly flowed to colonial and European merchants Native American did not characteristically seek to engage who sale mescals of whole people Language difference btw Eastern and North America – did not view themselves as single people Confrontation with Europe Powhatan Confederacy Fail to achieve kind of organization to better defend against Europeans who were better organized and structured - The first Stage of people British North America (how and why come to British America in first quarter of 17th century) Geographical Mobility and the Labor Market Societies were characterized of high level of geographical mobility – constantly moving around in early modern Europe in search of better life With about population of 4million to 5million, England produced a far larger number of men, women, and children willing to brave the dangers of emigration to the New World because economic condition was so bad Between 1607 and 1700, North America was not the destination of the majority of these emigrants I. 180,000 settled in Ireland and about the same number migrated to the West Indies, where the introduction of sugar cultivation II. The population of England’s mainland colonies quickly outstripped that of their rivals The Chesapeake are the tobacco-producing colonies of Virginia and Maryland developed a constant demand for cheap labor Atlantic Ocean as a highway, uprooted farmers and unemployment workers, such people began to move to British America. Majority of settlers are more than half of sum of 1500 came as indentured servitude and children Indentured servants contract in which they agree to work for someone else for 4-7 years or their children to reach 21 received passage to move to north American – migrated worker (only difference is that migrated worker don’t work under contract) Like slaves, servants could be bought and sold, could not marry without the permission of. Heir owner, were subject to physical punishment Unlike slaves, servants could look forward to a release from bondage -after their period of labor, servants would receive a payment known as “freedom dues” and become free members of society Given the high death rate and meager freedom due, many servants found the reality of. Ife in the New World less appealing than they had anticipated Land and Liberty Access to land played many roles in seventeenth-century America Land = the basis of liberty Owning the land gave men control over their own labor and the right to vote Each colony was launched with a huge grant land from the crown, either to company or to a private individual known as a proprietor Effort to escape religious persecution In search of relief from religious persecution and opportunity of building new community in their particular vision of God’s will Pilgrims 청교도 and Puritans I. While the Pilgrims were Separatists, the Puritans were non-separating Congregationalists -- they believed the Church of England was the one true church and they were loyal to England, but not in the way they worshipped. They believed that "New England" worship and practice would be an example for Old England and the world. Pilgrims 1620 I. 1608 one to Netherland before reached America II. The Pilgrims for the most part was of the poor class. Not all on the Mayflower came for religious reasons, some came for better economic opportunities III. Settled in Plymouth Puritan 1629 - 1639 I. More than 20,000 migrated to Boston, MA due to religious concern (upper middle class) II. Relocation of religion group was not limited to the pilgrims and puritans but people who seeking heaven comprise of the members colonization III. Settled in Salem and Boston Forced Migration of population of Variety of social forces such as cultures The second stage - First stage Stage in which people are in economic desperation, desire to enjoy religious freedom from persecution, compelled by officials of their own towns - Motives for migrating Last quarter of 17th century, colonies were beginning to draw European colonies Witness grow of agriculture and commerce - Population growth - Sources of population Natural growth – number of births exceeded the number of deaths Immigration from new areas in Europe such as Ireland and Germany Values and Social Structure in the Early American Colonies - Virginia 1607 English’s first permanent colony: The Jamestown Colony It was not for sure for long time Virginia’s going to be successful colony 1609 John Smith, one of the colonist’s first leaders, imposed a regime of forced labor on company lands “He that will not work, shall not eat” 1618 headright system Awarding fifty acres of land to any colonist who paid for his own or another’s passage Anyone who brought in a sizable number of servants would immediately acquire a large estate 1619 House of Burgesses: the first elected assembly in colonial America I. Nathaniel Bacon’s rebellion 1624 It finally hit the tobacco production as exports crop and accepted as valuable land 1617 the first profitable staple crop in English America People settle in the Virginia after 1624 should not been seen as random – attract members of subculture that was composed of individuals who are ambitious and highly materialistic – men scramble that was characterized by every individual his or her gain every farmer planted the tobacco – wealthy by growing tobaccos – looking out for number one – unrestraint in self-advance determined the structure of Virginia -> stable community Individualism and competitiveness characterize low population density in Virginia – tobacco had effect of creating land hungers in colony of Virginia – colonists stand out along the river of Virginia and bought lands as much as they can Individualistic forming relationship with own colonists – physically separate themselves from other people – self impose isolation shape the society that emerged in colony tobacco farmers typically carry their products to England by shipping from England or other European countries pattern of commerce: there was no real demand nor demand for the middle man that is to say merchants, shop keepers who usually made up the population in the marketing towns – no towns were developed in 17th century – few towns emerged in 18th century characteristically little better rug shop – village life simply did not exist in Virginia Sellers felt toward one another – farmers are rarely able to figure out what their neighbors are thinking – prevailing distrust affected political life in Virginia – people who possess political power in Virginia simply use their power to advance their monetary life – intrusion on their independent with their unwanted sacrifice for the colony gov’t -> Wide spread of diverse population Social Ramifications Dependent labor force: tobacco farming in 17th and 18th century as a labor intense job – only been done by hand and it would possible in 1620s for single individuals who work very hard 2000 tobacco products for year – 500 pounds for leaf 0 sold 100 to 150 pounds in Europe – only way to get rich in Virginia is to supply large number of workers to their farms 1620 to last quarter 17th century – farmers were able to employ indentured servants – enable those servants to get passage to north America – if they survive -> they could achieve plans and spiraling planner – wages are much higher in North America compare to England – without indentured contract, servants were unable to leave England – legally control over their workers over reasonable amount of time – servants are bound to their masters until the contract is over – indentured contracts are bought and sold Harsh condition for servants – half of indentured servants population died before their term of indentured contract is over – competitive impact of social life in colony America – advantage for other servants if one servant die loosen the competition I. Early 1610s Virginia was basically a death trap due to Powhatan Indians, the pervasive disease and violence, and the winter of starvation II. Untenable for poorly supplied former servants to try and defend a specious land claim in the interior regions of Virginia - Puritanism Massachusetts Bay 1620s and 1630s, Charles I seemed to be moving toward a restoration of Catholic ceremonies and the Church of English dismissed Puritan ministers and censored their writings Many Puritans decided to emigrate – they hoped to escape what they believed to be the religious and worldly corruptions of English society Massachusetts Bay company by puritans John Calvin 1509 – 1564 Queen Elizabeth was tolerant to the Puritans whereas James and Charles the first are not The world, Calvin taught, was divided between the elect and the damned, but no one know who was destined to be saved, which already been determined by God. Leading a good life and prospering economically might be indications of God’s grace Idleness and immoral behavior as signs of damnation Church of England (Anglican Church) England experience hosting significant economic problem -> dislocation of England and inflammation and depression Well advised to leave the England and migrate to New England Atonement 보상 God is infinitely transcending that is God rain over the created universe – perfectly just and incomprehensible – God’s way is not raised for humanity Puritans considered religious belief a complex and demanding matter and urged believers to seek the truth by reading the bible and listening to sermons by educated ministers, rather than devoting themselves to sacraments administered by priests Human being inheritably sinful – all human beings are born self-centered rather than god-centered – lack the will of rejoices – all men and women are radically alienated from the god In the face of situation, God’s infinite mercy has chosen to confirm salvation on some individuals whom God has been chosen or predestined – by virtue of Jesus’s sacrifice on the cross – For puritans, no individual can simply choose to faith of salvation – puritans are concerned not question of individual salvation but reconstructing their society that form of God’s will as closely as possible John Winthrop Distinguished “Natural liberty” vs. “A liberty to do evil” -> false idea “moral liberty” – a liberty to that only which is good True freedom: “subjection to authority” To puritans, liberty meant that the elect had a right to establish churches and govern society, not that others could challenge their beliefs or authority - The Pilgrims at Plymouth 1620 the mayflower, carryin g 150 settlers and crew, embarked from England Landed in Cape Cod, hundred miles north to Virginia Colony of Plymouth Before the landing, Maryflower Compact -> the adult men going ashore agreed to obey “just and equal laws” enacted by representatives of their own choosing The half population of first settlers died during the first winter and the remaining colonists survived only through the help of local Indians First Thanks Giving – celebrating their survival with Indian allies - Great Migration “Communal Hierarchicalism” 1629 the Massachusetts Bay Company was founded by a group of London merchants who hoped to further the Puritan cause and turn a profit through trade with the Indians By 21,000 Puritans to Massachusetts -> a flow of population = the Great Migration Great Migration established the basis for a stable and thriving society Compare with colonists in Virginia and Maryland, New England settlers were older and more prosperous and the number of men and women more equally balanced Occupationally Farmers consist the largest number of the populations but there is also number of urban artisans Obligation to rebuild their society and government in understanding of Puritan’s view under their God – their special theological translation Communal Hierarchicalism Central Puritan social vision All levels of society exist proper order by God Gave individual clearly defined over place in Puritan society Interdependent community of people who willingly bound together in conception of Christian love Puritans rejected idea that society is collection of individuals Puritans require people formally apply to become a member of the town People in the town are very suspicious of outsiders, threat to the harmony of the community Early years of settlement, puritans banish people such as Africans or troublemakers out of the town Efforts Puritans to transform to reality Just price laws “unsury” laws Massachusetts General Court Resist the idea of issuing grants land to the individuals instead grant lands to the leaders who had already succeed in bring in a lot of people and establish community of the groups Fluster of the communal Hierarchicalism Puritans mocked the town of England into the Massachusetts bay – church in the center and houses on the periphery – farmlands outside of the town – trying inflect hierarchy in their town – Puritans use Town meeting as means of developing consensus of social policy People talk and talk until some kind of more fundamental consensus is reached Town meeting tend to be very harmonious Change, Values, and Social Structure: The case of Massachusetts Bay - Provoking people to change their values and beliefs in alteration of social structure - The changing basis of Church Membership Puritans of MA decide while everybody will be accepted and required to attend church services with full church membership who god has been elected as salvation Membership problem: acknowledge that only God knows to save who is among the saints 1633 Puritans of MA bay concluded that they limit to their church membership to the people who have experienced conversion Variety of different forms – Damascus Ex. Saul is persecution of Christ – structed by light – switched name to Paul -> conversion experience happens in voice inside Process that begin with person’s consciousness of God and Bible Puritans quick to admit that the church procedures are not full prove of who is eligible for the church member Ensuring they thought that the church membership will correspond as closely as possible who is willing to be god’s saint Puritans thought their immigration to MA bay is very important event and thus people who move to MA Bay are chosen under God’s salvation Troubling: Less than decade (first decade of the settlement), bare majority pop of the town are becoming the members of the church in MA bay -> First decade was the peak of the Puritan church members and as time goes by it declined Many puritans themselves religious piety and zeal declined -> given the settlements, overall religious devotion declined, which is natural because cross session of individual born in MA bay happen to born in MA Bay – cyclical tension Massachusetts bay people They were others! The decline in percentage of church member became not simply religious issue but also social problem because puritans are committed to idea that members of the church should govern not just the church but the larger society. People who are eligible to govern the society would become small population that their ability to govern the larger society was compromising Roger Williams - Let’s cut the society loose – Abandoning society His most important contribution to American thought is generally regarded as is advocating of the separation of church and state. In his writings he carefully detailed the roles of the church and the state and how they occupied separate realms. Churches functioned within the state but were no more an integral part of the state than were corporations organized to conduct business. Whatever happened within the structure of a church should have nothing to do with the business of the state. Conversely, the state should have no right to interfere with the business of the church, or with the practices of individuals in their relationship to the divine. He believed strongly that people of all faiths – Christian, Jewish, Muslim, or faiths practiced by Indians – should be allowed to follow their own consciences without any outside interference whatsoever. Williams did not favor of separation in MA because he was not anxious to free the state from the dictate of the church – his goal is to purify the church from the larger society Most puritans opposed Williams’s proposal – William was forced to move to Rhode Island Rhode Island, received charter from London, became beacon of religious freedom – heaven for Dissenters (Protestants who persecuted in other colonies) Shrinking population of church member gradually and it became big problem later on 1660s Puritan leaders of MA bay realized that something should be done to fix this issue to maintain powerful influence on the society God rather than human being who initiated the salvation and conversion experience to become a church member Make change the criteria of church membership – change in values I. Number of children did not experience conversion experience (determinant experience of becoming church member) and became adult – then what is there status to be? + what about their kids’ status going to be II. Synod of 1662 – describing meeting of clergies in the colony – church continues to practice of refusing the children who are baptized but not yet having conversion experience = nothing changes -> once became adult, those children of church member will be allowed to attend church affair if they agree to understand in their Christian in puritan doctrine and live in Godly odds – this will give them half way membership, which will allow them to let their children baptized and right to vote = “Halfway Covenant” III. Number of churches in MA bay simply abandoned the practice of determinant conversion experience as becoming church membership – by 1700 the idea of Puritans is replaced by MA -> church is institution of given territorial unit and similar to the concept of Angelical church – by about 1700s almost 80% of the town people in MA are members of the church The erosion of the Puritan social ethic Changing Settlement Patterns By 1700 families in many of the town MA are chosen as matter of convenience to move out to their farm land – moving further away from the church – separate church and tax issues Disharmony in many communities – town meeting became increasingly turmoil fair. Disputes between Merchants and Puritans Merchants: primarily merchants who engage in international trade <- local store keepers as well -> the increasing power of merchant community was result of changing occurrence of economics – people of MA bay had establish the fur trade and it was pretty valuable product – New immigrants from England are consistently bringing additional revenue to the colony – 1640 the turmoil England civil war slowed down the immigration – supply of animal became small and as well as fur trade slow down – merchants in MA bay are forced to find new markets and exports – economic life began to rebuild by fishing, timber 목재, and grain Triangular trade – successful trade led increase the power of merchants Loss of Puritan Political Power Puritans who are in charge of MA bay frequently denounces the merchants but they are aware that merchants are tasking great MA bay economic avenue Puritan leaders gradually abolished the mercantile laws – merchants made same assumption that their possession of superior wealth and social status ought to entitle them as political power as well Tension – 1684 response to steady complaints from merchants – 1691 colony received new charter that made MA bay loyal colony and several import new vision – allow Anglicans to the bay + determinant of basis of territory rather than church membership -> increase political power to merchants = more like European countries – gov’t became separate from religious concern of MA bay by end of 1700 The origin of Slavery - 1660: white settlers in Virginia began to make legal distinction between white and black. In the Americas, slavery was based on the plantation, an agricultural enterprise that brought together large numbers of workers under the control of a single owner In the new world, slavery would come to be associated with race, a concept that drew a permanent line between whites and blacks Spread of tobacco cultivation led Chesapeake planters to turn to the transatlantic trade in slaves – many advantages As Africans, they could not claim the protections of English common law Slaves’ terms of service never expired – never become a population of unruly landless men Accustomed to intensive agricultural labor, and they had encountered many diseases known in Europe and developed resistance to them Black will be slavery and their children will be property of their masters If you are black and not slave, you can’t be in Virginia Rationally mixed marriage forbidden Category of human property – black people and their descendants 1700s flows of black Africans -> views of them were slaves from Africa Economic consideration Chattel slavery: refer to movable property Labor of indentured services were cheaper than that of slaves in the beginning Indentured servants seem more economically efficient Constraints of Market Production Indenture servants became tenable – it’s good for indentured servants because they live more and able to finish their service and become free Not good for landowners: More freed man survive, then more people in the tobacco market -> decline in price in tobacco products which escalate the demand for labor – land price goes up as well Newly free indentured services felt necessary to rip the planters or plant on undesirable land such as place far from river or frontier End of the Royal Africa Company’s monopoly on the English slave trade – opening the door to other traders and reducing the price of imported African slaves Lessened Attractiveness of Indentured Servitude Potential competition Declining Supply Chesapeake – 1680 the number of servants coming from England decline 3% in year but demand for servants were growing 3%in year – Decline in birthrate in England + improving economic situation in England – Increasing competition for indentured servants – in result, in decisive shift that destined to have profound implication of future of North America – 1690s More black slaves than white indentured servants in Chesapeake Bacon’s rebellion: To avert the further rise of a rebellious population of landless former indentured servants, Virginia’s authorities accelerated the shift to slaves on the tobacco plantation - Why Black servants become status of slave (Transition to African Labor) Spaniards were holding Africans as slaves over hundred years Gave England ready-gave model Black Africans who are brought to North America and were considered to be slavery for life Slaves did not have to be replaced as often as indentured services Slaves men and women – self producing supply of working force Slaves were never given freedom, which advantage to planter because they do not have to worry about future working force Slave code of 1705 The House of Burgesses enacted a new slave code Slaves were property, completely subject to the will of their masters and, more generally, of the white community - Racism – Ethnocentric Racism – An ideology based on the belief that some races are inherently superior to others and entitled to rule over them “race” – the idea that humanity is divided into well-defined groups associated with skin color – modern concept that had not fully developed in the seventeenth century. The English described the Irish, Native Americans, and Africans in remarkably similar language as savage, pagan, and uncivilized often comparing them to animals 16th 17th century: period when Europeans are coming to contact Africans – the language that they are using made the image of dirty, corrupted, evil – Africans’ appearance were very different from the beauty and virtue of what white people typically thought Sufficient account of initial enslavement Viewed Africans were “enslavable” in a way that poor Englishmen were not Africans were savages that African display series of behavioral and attitudinal trade that are very different from that of Europeans such as religion, body gestures, sexuality English, in particular, ethnocentric to cultural differences – they regard those differences as profoundly important and view it in hierarchical way. They interpreted that Africans are unsocialized When in late 17th century, black slavery in North America became economically beneficial and view them in degrading matter 17th century colonist who discovered African slavery put more emphasize on the simple fact that Africans are not white - Impact of Slavery on Southern Society Widened Social Stratification Not all white farmers were able to purchase slaves Transition occurred -> indentured servants to slaves Poor farmers vs. Rich farmer More and more lands are used to tobacco products and majority white farmer found themselves in best agricultural land As time goes, rich goes more rich and poor goes more poor Attended by dramatic increase class tension Poor farmers vs. Rich farmer in south remained muted Existence of group of slaves who constituted in order that existed apart from white people Greater Harmony Among Whites Retention of Exploitation and Violence as Way of Life John Woolman (1720 – 1772) Women assaulted that no human beings are saint enough to power of other human beings Anti-slavery The Colonial Social Structure in Theory and Reality - The social order In New England and the. Idle Colonies, expanding trade made possible the emergence of powerful upper class of merchants Throughout British America, men of prominence controlled colonial government. Virginia: the upper class was so tightly knit and intermarried so often that the colony was said to be governed by a “cousinocracy” Anglicization Rather than thinking of themselves as distinctively American, the American colonies became more and more English – a process historians call “Anglicization.” They sought to demonstrate their status and legitimacy by importing the latest London fashions and literature, sending their sons to Britain for education Governing Assumptions Society an Interdepend 서로 의지하는 Web Deferential society and politics Interdepend web would fit together harmoniously Did not fit into the reality as how it’s actually fit into the colony Colonies Realities Absence of Established Aristocracy No stable aristocracy existed in colonies of British of North America – after few years of Virginia’s history, all people became free population of mainland of north America. Virtually all of the free people are either farmers, trade people, or artisans. – Nothing terrible surprising about absence of European aristocrats <- nothing to motivate European aristocrats to move over to the British Colony Inevitably, most of leaders are farmers – wise management of land + smaller members of wealthy merchant class who characteristically who during the early years of colonies existence had succeed establish ongoing or monopolistic trade network with England or other parts of Europe + some wealthy individuals explore political power -> benefits such as large land holding + gave them monopoly to fur trade with Native American Second half 17th century, group of wealthy individuals emerged in most of British colonies -> they attempted to put themselves in political leadership -> By the end of 17th century, individualism in Virginia (life in other colonies were similar as well) undermined any efforts to unite as group and view their concerns in unified perspective. + wealth tend to be fragile and tenuous 17th and early 18th, virility of wealth going up and down of social order, social distinction based on wealth remained insecure. Social Tensions and the Emergence of Defense and Democracy Bacon’s Rebellion 1676 + Leisler’s Rebellion 1689 Between members of upper class; None of these rebellions was rising democratic revolution -> simply challenging the notion of particular people who claim “why you should be leader?” After about 1720, the social order of American colonies became somewhat more stable -> the ways of lives by members of aristocracy continue to good deal of movement in individuals to leaders of colonial society -> social fluidity -> politics confusing mere in colonial America -> once it became clear, upper class rule lower class – members of upper class held almost all public offices in colonies <consistent pattern A nature of purpose of democracy was somewhat same but little different of ours – laws of government should be made by elected people but majority people in British people did not view Political leader as simple as representative but view as leader with respect Throughout the colonial period, large number of colonists found possible to achieve economic independent in genuine reality – only relative few members of merchants were able to become fabulous money -> persistence shortage of skilled artisans in British America -> wages of 30% higher in North American colonies than in Europe. 1700 the material standard livings in free whites was higher in British America than anywhere else in the world. If we look at the lower end, Agriculture played central role. Abundance of food shaping colicky physic American people Optimism – no matter how many bad things happen, they won’t starve The Family Importance: considered to be model for all forms of social form. Often refer Family as little commonwealth It was families that all social order began and that acceptance of general concept of hierarchy with + idea that Family is more important than social order in American colonies even more than Europe Patriarchalism in Theory Male control over wife and children No justification Bible as set as social order Women and the Household Economy 18th century – the family was the center of economic life i. The division of lab or along gender lines solidified. ii. Women’s work was clearly defined, including cooking, cleaning, sewing, making butter, and assisting with agricultural chores The indecency of the small farmer depended in considerable measure on the labor of dependent women and children As the population grew and the death rate declined, free women were expected to devote their lives to being good wives and mothers. As colonial society became more structured, opportunities that had existed for women in the early period receded Married women – no legal right to legal earning, not allowed to possess property, who lost children in separation of divorce Husbands are obligated to love and respect their wives when taken seriously : women characteristically playing social role that are absolutely crucial to success of colonial households – production of food and clothing, bearing children Patriarchalism in Practice Child labor to increase the maximum working hour Children were breaking away from the parent earlier compare to Europe Desirability of Hierarchy Reasonably coherent society would possess hierarchical structure – in every viable society, distinct levels of status, dignity, and clear defined place – 17th century MA bay Egalitarianism – not shared or valued by British American Hierarchy is Unitary Structure People who enjoy would also enjoy superior status in other areas too. People who are wealthy would be superiorly educated and well governed the society -> place leadership in both public and private affairs -> deferential in character -> low ranked people had tendency to accept their superior ranked people The power to rule – right of those blessed with wealth and prominence to dominate others. They viewed society as a hierarchical structure in which some men were endowed with greater talents than others and were destined to rule Freedom from labor was the mark of the gentleman Poverty in the colonies As the colonial population expanded, access to land diminished rapidly, especially in long-settled areas, forcing many propertyless males to seek work in their region’s cities or in other colonies. Half of the wealth at mid-century was concentrated in the hands of the richest 10 percent of the population The better-off colonists generally viewed the poor as lazy, shiftless, and responsible for their own plight The middle Ranks What distinguished the mainland colonies from Europe was the wide distribution of land and the economic autonomy of most ordinary free families – two-thirds of the free male population were farmers who owned their own land Cultural Warfare in the Eighteenth Century - Two different views of nature faculty Many Americans did not participate in cultural conflict during 18th century - The Great Awakening 1720 Middle colonies hope that revival of religion to soon take the place and alter the way of life -> 1739 hope about to be realized The revival tour of George Whitefield 1741 – 1770 South Carolina -> Maine Found himself preaching in open fields to several thousands of people at the time. Message focused in idea that individuals’ experience (spiritual rebirth) that would attended by emotionally intense shattering encounter of particular individual with the god -> adopt emotional preaching styles – each new conversions -> editing sizable number of converts in the middle colonies and later on the South as well -> Revivals appear to be intensify piety of already members of the churches Awakening – short lived phenomenon but impact and influence were great impact – heart rather than head Clergies supported revival -> increasing number of clergies became critical of awakening because colonists who converted began to criticize pastor. James Davenport 1710 – 1757 Congregational clergyman Began career as traveling minister -> Long Island and embarked revival tour to Connecticut – marked capacity in eccentric behavior – dropping in homes of local clergy unannounced examining the sate of their soul – burning classic religious texts -> building another pile that was made of fancy gowns and jewelries Succeed in inciting against the legislators. Successes and Cultural Significance Excess - Defending the Awakening Johnathan Edwards 1703 – 1753 Congregationalist Regarded orthodox doctrine that humanity is totally helpless is objectionable and horrible concept -> not on board to traditional doctrine Delightful conviction -> turning to divine creators of all face > sins of the glory divine being -> emotionally charge event is conversion experience – he rejoiced god’s sovereignty – 1721 – 1726 served as pastor at churches at New York and Connecticut and tutor at Yale – associate pastor -> chief pastor at Norther MA church – experience of clergy gave him experience nature of religious – acknowledge it series of unfortunate accesses -> revival of religion itself extraordinary – come to experience terror that was entirely appropriate and under the justice of God – skim of redemption that is revealed in the Bible -> individuals began to enjoy loving relationship to God -> display deep humility before God and deep love for Christ and pursue of holy life and RESPECT the established enthusiastic order (would not disrupt the churches) Soloman Stoddard 1643 – 1729 Northampton The Enlightenment in America - Authority of human liberty - Possibility of genuine human progress - Compacity of human beings to shape their own actions - General Precepts - Idea of the Enlistment sometimes attack Christianity – Christian Frame work: Many partisans of enlightenment place particular emphasis that universe operate in universal order - Dealing with reality of use of reason of senses - Theology and philosophy: partisans of enlightenment is different from awakening -> reason and empirical observation to the theology – embrace more modest and supplement truth for human reason – reason was particularly valuable with association of enthusiasm Isaac Newton John Locke In politics, Locke is best known as a proponent of limited government. He uses a theory of natural rights to argue that governments have obligations to their citizens, have only limited powers over their citizens, and can ultimately be overthrown by citizens under certain circumstances. He also provided powerful arguments in favor of religious toleration. The enlightenment and theology Enthusiasm Charles Chauncy Belief was bilby important Chauncy emerged as the leading advocate for liberal religion during the Great Awakening, when he led the opposition to religious enthusiasm. His Seasonable Thoughts was one of the most influential criticisms of revivalistic preaching. Chauncy stressed the disorder of the Awakening to the extent that he seemingly rejected any role for the affections in religion. While his opponent Jonathan Edwards* carefully distinguished between valid spiritual emotions and selfindulgent "enthusiasm,"· Chauncy argued that the only sure and orderly basis tor religion was reason. Chauncy is said to have wished that Paradise Lost were available in prose, so that he could understand it. He prayed that he might not dilute his preaching with oratory, a prayer that one Boston humorist said was amply fulfilled. Chauncy's love of reason and order led him to a number of related theological positions. Because humanity was endowed with reason, Chauncy believed people could do much through good works to secure their salvation. God must be reasonable, because his creation, humanity, was. Chauncy justified the ways of God to man by describing a benevolent deity who was willing to save all people, and he put these ideas into an unpublished manuscript, known to its readers as "the pudding." It circulated privately for three decades before Chauncy published it in 1784 as The Mystery Hid from Ages and Generations. In it he argued that God regarded punishment as redemptive. The Lord did punish men and women for their sins after death, but in time they were purified and worthy of heaven. Such thoughts were attractive in an age that tended to measure divine justice by human reason. - Number of doctrines such as “original sin” came up significant set of revision of Puritan’s proposal -> enlightenment says this is unnecessary that misinterpretation of the book - Awakening vs. Enlightening The Enlightenment and Moral Philosophy - Crucial role in determining the character - People in Europe and Hawaii are convinced that character is most important in determining the course of most identity - Reason and will of individuals with proper training instruction - Most enlightenment thinkers concludes to look at source of moral impulses, human consciousness should be measured Human character is something that should be developed through life long practice of moral discipline and learning Purpose of life is achieving the happiness and associate happiness with economic success and independent - Benjamin Franklin For Franklin, the self-interested pursuit of material wealth is only virtuous when it coincides with the promotion of the public good through philanthropy and voluntarism—what is often called “enlightened self-interest.” He believed that reason, free trade and a cosmopolitan spirit serve as faithful guides for nation-states to cultivate peaceful relations. Within nation-states, Franklin thought that “independent entrepreneurs make good citizens” because they pursue “attainable goals” and are “capable of living a useful and dignified life.” In his autobiography, Franklin claims that the way to “moral perfection” is to cultivate thirteen virtues (temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility) as well as a healthy dose of “cheerful prudence.” Franklin favored voluntary associations over governmental institutions as mechanisms to channel citizens’ extreme individualism and isolated pursuit of private ends into productive social outlets. Not only did Franklin advise his fellow citizens to create and join these associations, but he also founded and participated in many himself. Franklin was a staunch defender of federalism, a critic of narrow parochialism, a visionary leader in world politics and a strong advocate of religious liberty. Personify American Enlightenment Move to Philadelphia – enormous success -> became most popular author + news paper writer -> retire 42 so he can devote himself in intellectual -> inventors – stove, clock, musical instruments -> became world famous scientists -> most important works of period Political leader Morality – major problem moral philosophy -> people do not always to what is right Approach that associate with mentality of engineers: problem can solved by planning and practicing - Dramatic indication that heterogeneous became by the last quarter of 18th century - John Bunyan - Experiments and Observations on Electricity - American Philosophical society Governing the Empire - Imperial Organization Characteristics Limited – regulation of commerce -> great interest of Great Britain colony - Mercantilism Having the State of mother country of that imperial, exercise systematic control over the commercial of the citizens Nations states not individual -> the amount of wealth in economic universe is fixed -> economic growth of contemporary economic role did not work – amount of wealth fixed -> buy taking wealth of another nations = zero sum gain – in order to prevent its wealth by taken by another country, states -mother country’s gov’t – exercise the control the economic practice of the citizen – ultimate goal: attainment of as much self-sufficiency as possible -> nation can avoid dependence on neighbor rival nation -> export more to other nations than importing goods from the other nation – views in a systematic economic nationalism -> necessary for colonies produce complementary goods + mother country’s virtual monopoly so as much trade as possible with only between mother country and its colony – colonies are distinctly secondary in always - Navigation Acts 1660, English gov’t pass a lot of laws that ensure the monopoly of colonies providing and producing goods -> series of navigation act Colonies good can be only sent to its mother country – Great Britain -> tobacco, cotton, rice, indigo, and increasing long last goods – English merchants the advantage over other merchants -> American merchant has to go trough the England then England will collect money in case merchants from other countries have to pay that extra fee Products that are absolutely necessary such as salt or items that are not compete with English goods - Wool Act England secure the passage of colonial manufactory – 1699 demand of wool merchants – you can produce your own wool goods but you cannot sell to other countries Interdependent -> agricultural commodities Government and Politics - Common features of colonial political Life Structure Minimal exercise power in colonies -> each colonies has governor that appointed by the king and exercise authority with approval of English crown -> two houses of legislation – lesgistrators representative assemblies and primary group of will of the colonies and secure the people with laws Broad Franchise Right to vote very widely to males of each of the colonies – end 17th century North America was limited to the males who impose the prosperity requirement – Property requirement in “America was greater than Britain -> In colonies somewhere between 1/2 and 3/4 were holding enough property for voting Rule by Elites Political life in North America was dominated by “gentle men”, small group of individuals who public spirit and education and wealth gave them right to pursue the common goods > natural leaders so right to hold political right as well Deference: Most important political division is not between the social classes – rather the important political division was rival faction of the groups led the members of elites and support by electrets Factionalism 당파주의 People who enjoy the access the gov’t was able to acquire wealth – contracts, commercial charters -> late 17 and 18th century, rival fraction engage in bitter struggles over who is going to enjoy control over the gov’t or political power Highly unstable – membership of each group changes frequently – as time went on, the fraction gradually stabilize around the ongoing section and economical rivalry – loyalty, religion, ethnicity as well – right to govern and if other challenge them -> they view challenging as illegitimate - Royal Governors vs. Local Elites Ineptness of Governors Glorious Revolution 1689 Lord Cornbury, right Cornbury like other royal governor was corrupt self serving individual -> coming to public ceremony wearing full dress -> illustrate obvious indifference to colonic public opinion The issue of Patronage Try to win local by giving patron Many royal gov’t found that they do not have enough patron to govern the town Try to prevent local gov’t to put in the position of any leadership + put members of royal governor in the powerful position (get rid of the personnel who has been in the position) successful material consideration in most cases human nature and political ideology “Real Whig”: British writers formulating sizeable body during middle of 17th century and continue to elaborate about human nature in politics throughout the 18th century Individuals are imperfect creature, so need gov’t support but at the same time because they are imperfect, they will abuse the gov’t help Cato’s Letter by John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon: political leaders will every effort to corrupt and distress people over whom they exercise authority – stronger the gov’t the greater the danger in liberty – terronity is always the threat – people remain internally visual, so they protect their liberty Real Whigs, using patronage, political leaders can buy loyalty of representative of people from electives and turn remove constituency why colonists believe their leaders should be economically wealthy (independent men) so they are less likely to be succumbed from bribe American colonists applies Whig’s reasoning and those attempts to use patronage have the effect of threat and jeopardizing the way of their life – a lot less worried about danger of using patronage During the course of late 17th and early 18th, gov’t in the companies tend to operate two distinct antagonistic level Local level Level that consists by external British left the colonies alone, Americans regard themselves as loyal British member 1763 the colonies tend to interprets those changes and indigitated of threatening their liberty The coming of American Revolution - The significance of the American Revolution Serve to reinforce long belief that they are destined to serve as Beacon of the liberty By middle of 18th century, it is impossible for the United States become one nation -> British colonial Americans did not have single culture, people It was idea of American people boundary American finally became to separate themselves from the Great Britain namely conviction that the mother country was exerting control over their freedom 1763 beginning of imperial crisis between soldiers from great Britain and north Americans - England’s strategic position as of 1763 Pontaiac’s rebellion 1763 Put down by the British troops but those attacks had profound impact on the British policy proclamation cause colonies doubt that why does British gov’t put more favorable decision to Native Americans not to the colony people Proclamation of 1763 - Imperial Financial Reorganization British Motives – English debt doubled National debt: as of 1763 GB national debt was so large, English gov’t force to spin half of their national budget to pay off the debt – some kind of revenue increase in taxes of their citizen – American colonies ought to be asked to pay greater share in running the empire Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Quartering Act Way the American colonies respond to these acts: colonists interpreted those measure as policy of denying the rights of colonists as British citizen as citizen of British can be only taxed by their local gov’t Americans are evidence evil attempt in part of GB gov’t Identify historical significance of key terms listed Answer one of the following questions - Compare and contrast - Imagine you are member of… - Feel free agree or disagree in evidence of lectures or the readings Imperial Financial reorganization - British Motives Colonies, why French no longer issue, wonder why British want to keep their troops in the colony Real wigs that creation of standing army was a common method that would be use to crush resistance to illegal and unconstitutional scheme intimidate British gov’t was not all together irrational protection colony over-reacting? Epic struggle of construct gov’t that would build natural right of people to enjoy their liberty and property and American colonists are convicted that most important guarantee of natural right is maintained and insisted their own representative assemble bodies who are charge with task to protect rights British north America (right to property) render the property rights meaningless if gov’t takes it without their consent if parliament was given authority to tax colony then more and more tax hurten to colonies of British north Americans English voters who voted the parliament the parliament was now intimating colonies liberty - Debating the limits of Parliamentary Authority People in Great Britain and colonies are basic agreement that they were on the same page on issue of gov’t representative and consent clear, two people actually thought of both of issue somewhat differently virtual representation: each and every member of the parliament vs. Colonists convinced them that the legislator are faithful their interest only if property holders have voted for them. Elected representative speaks only for the people who elected in district line. Parliament right to regulate American colonists with principle with mercantilism colonists denied to let parliaments to take their property because legislation for the purpose was tax and they believed they do not have right to tax whatsoever 1764 American colonists tried to establish distinction that proved to be very subtle. Control their internal fair and while remaining citizen of Great Britain itself Parliament denied any formula for colonists to run their own affair. Principle of Supremacy Parliament - Sugar Act 1764 in U.S. colonial history, British legislation aimed at ending the smuggling trade in sugar and molasses from the French and Dutch West Indies and at providing increased revenues to fund enlarged British Empire responsibilities following the French and Indian War. Actually a reinvigoration of the largely ineffective Molasses Act of 1733, the Sugar Act provided for strong customs enforcement of the duties on refined sugar and molasses imported into the colonies from non-British Caribbean sources. - Stamp Act 1765 The Stamp Act was passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765. The new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed. The money collected by the Stamp Act was to be used to help pay the costs of defending and protecting the American frontier near the Appalachian Mountains - Quartering Act 1765 Quartering Act, (1765), in American colonial history, the British parliamentary provision (actually an amendment to the annual Mutiny Act) requiring colonial authorities to provide food, drink, quarters, fuel, and transportation to British forces stationed in their towns or villages. Resentment over this practice is reflected in the Third Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which forbids it in peacetime. - Declaratory Act (1766) Americans are too busy celebrating the stamp act that they did not view the declaratory act. Parliament affirmed its authority to govern the American colonies in all cases whatsoever. Stamp act as matter of expedience. Parliament mollified the recalcitrant colonists by repealing the distasteful Stamp Act, but it actually hardened its principle in the Declaratory Act by asserting its complete authority to make laws binding on the American colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” This crisis focused attention on the unresolved question of Parliament’s relationship to a growing empire. - Townshend Duties 1767 - Tea Act - The Road to War Political violence: Broadening the base of the resistance movement demonstration of public virtual also women in American colony participated and it is significant that colonist always consider the politics to lay outside. Revolutionary movement Radical colonial newspaper: convince the readers that British is embark to enslave the colonies “Enslavement” very shrewd rhetorical method to make other north American to join them Rejecting Parliamentary Authority - Committee of Correspondence Group to share with other American protestors way of martialing support to American protests declared 1772 that Parliament’s taxing colonies’ property reconcilable and rights were given each citizen by the British constitution - Quebec ACT 1774 Greatest departure from British corruption with Catholic - First Continental Congress 1774 - Intolerable (Coercive) Acts 1774 Meeting in Philadelphia. Matter of expedience – no right to regulate trade 1774 compromise measure between conservatives and more radical members who wish to cut parliament 1775 British prepare to engage in force. 1775 First armed British soldiers were settled in Boston Creating a new Policy - Nation building undertaken by American; nature of good gov’t practice; modify during the course of new national republic - The republican revolution - Power and Liberty Human beings were easily corruptible when they are position of political power. While political power was necessary, political power also constitute the potential threat to the people’s liberty Individuals try to increase their own power by the bribing other power in liberty Struggle between the government leader who attempt to increase their power and people who looking for liberty The survivor of liberty is rare; when power and corruption destroyed, their city can be reconstructed all over again. New structure of government: systems of government that would protect and preserve the liberty of the people; They would be best served in creating republican forms opportunity to create their republican polonies New government institution predicated in new radical thinking: people are the government the State is entity prior to alongside with people: - Republican principles Sovereignty in the people Distrust of Government Government not to be trusted: necessary to protect the rule from their rulers State Constitution - Representation Actual representation Aught to reflect the view of people in the particular territory that this assembly encompasses Orientation of legislator would change when ideas and interest change: principle of actual representation is ideal way of ensuring the views of people who source of sovereignty in republic - Threat of fundamental law 1776 Former bills of rights: rights of citizen Measure of carefulness that ascertain over the powers of government Making sure those constitution ought to be written document: how to create constitution that would be set of from different bases on change in day to day activities at the state level – yardstick = state constitution legislators has to come up something that prevent state constitution falling into corruption MA: 1776 After members of constitution has been drafted, it was people who give the approval 1780s other sates follow the MA way of constitution 13 separate states - 1776 – 1787: Colonies long distrust of loyal gov’t magnify their disillusionment with the English king. strict limitation on power of those government gave most of the power to legislators who appear to be bodies of accountable to the people this formula was undermined by the fact the legislators are engaged in self-serving corruption to acquire greater power this corrupt of legislators convincing the people that legislator bodies are anymore trustworthy than other constitutional bodies state constitution increase the power growing awareness of key to effectiveness is creating of BALANCE system. - Distribution of Power Mixed constitution real genius of English gov’tal’s three social order – monarchy, nobility, and people (democracy) – two of three elements made up England mixed constitution monarchy, nobility did not exist in American colonies. Since AC lacked the traditional gov’t, how could deprive the people of the liberty the Balance not of social order but rather in the power of government itself The Articles of Confederation Small in size because republic need to response to the will of the people + Homogeneous in their demographic population Most American assumes that only proper unit is individual state: disabuse ourselves that American colonies are single unit viewed as 13 separate revolution that happened to be connected one another and by the share belief of republican revolution alliance that allow the America to unite, while leaving their power - Rationale Articles of Confederation: more or less constitution basis for its authority. 1776: Congress passed them very next year and ratified by the states next year. The United States of America is more like treaty among the separate states. Its states freedom, independence, jurisdiction; forbade the states to making treaties, declaring the war American need not want much of the government outside of heir providence because they already have their government Failed attempt to create the national government Problems with the Confederation - Ineffectiveness of articles Confederation - Financial Borrow money, and grant currency without backing currency up credit with no guarantee of sovereignty Depression of currency year made impossible for individuals to make financial for future and routine economic transaction Continental confederation: 5% duty on goods that are being imported into United States – money would have enabled to congress to pay off the debt All of the states had to agree before any such amendment can pass: states reluctantly agree the confederation currency in paying taxes - Commercial Articles of Confederation: states had to act as unit given mercantile doctrine: couple of the states refuse to let congress deal as one unit Imposed new restriction with formal colonies: if the new American states going to have any on commercial agreement, they have to represent in United front. Each states, lacking the economic power, attempt to protect its individual trade rules. hardship to variety of different people - Domestic Shay’s Rebellion: 1785 effort to liquate heavy public death in American revolution: MA heavy tax which hit the states of farmer who are already in debt to fall hardship: foreclose the farms of farmers who had back taxes paying 1786 Revolutionary, Shay rebels with farmers attempted to take over arsenal. 1787 MA successfully manage the issue. The symbolic importance of the rebellion. Indication of social chaos and how MA solve the issue became good example. Discerning aftermath of this disconcert: Politicians who are sympathetic to Shay won the elections. They enact the legislation, in which property of rights were confirmed. Irony: It was precisely issue of property rights. - Revision of articles of confederation was inevitable Inappropriate to relating to commerce apart from the relation of articles of confederation - The Constitutional Convention Larger convention that is on task of associated with government under the confederation: 1787 authorized the delegates who are meet in the Philadelphia 51 individuals did much more than simply revise of articles of confederation and created document that became structure of the United States: Counter Revolution Delegates: well-educated and highly experienced in American Politics: Men of property and considerable high social and economic status, which gave them a right of political status; distrust the locally oriented who holding power in states because graven self-interest and cosmopolitan view shared by older elite; well known and well educated individual as their representative Virginia plan by James Madison: Lower houses are elected by the people and upper house (senates) elected by the lower house. The decision to have members of legislators. How to portion the representatives in senates: proportion to each states but smaller states rejected recommending each states have equal number of representatives but requires :2 senators as one to vote national legislator Concern the way that representation in smaller states Compromise eliciting the taxes from the individual states State government to national government in shifting power. Separate and balance that the power given by the legislators, executives, judicial branch and those powers would be interconnected no single branch would be able to act independently, so work together. Documents ought be ratified by state electives during rising state constitution, the state ratification convention is best way and making the fundamental law practical reason: weakening the power of state government, some state legislators may well oppose the state constitution.: contrast to AOC, only 9 out of 13 states need to agree to pass the document - Debate over ratification Republic meant to be small in homogeneous geographical territory: sates are smaller than national government if larger government is created, it could not effect Lack bill rights and months pass more and more opposition to the constitution came to focus this concern: Thomas Jefferson suggested that constitution needs to have Bill right 1788 9 states ratified constitution: problem, as of June 1788, Neither of New York and Virginia have not voted for constitution and they were two of largest states in the US. June of 1788 Virginia ratify and so did in July New York. Antifederalists: as a group, the leaders of Antifederalist less distinguished than the supporter of constitution. Individual who interest and influence and no match for support of constitution. Eloquent in social status. Only offer was confederation that frankly is all not that different from Articles of Confederation. Near success of antifederalists indicate that how frightening national republic was as of 1787 and 1788. Many Americans are no longer willing to assume wisdom of natural aristocrats. Reform movement: nation government tend to exhibit great difficulty to handle national problems It fail to resolve any definitive way. Alternate embodiment of people’s loyalty toward national government.
