A Brief Overview of Some Important Plant Facts Ch. 3.2
1.
In general, why are plants important?
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2.
They are producers
They are the basis of ecosystems
Therefore plants allow for diversity
Why do humans need plants?
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3.
Medicine
Clothing
Paper
wood
List some threats plants face.
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4.
Habitat destruction
Invasive species
Pollution
Climate change
How many plant species are estimated to exist?
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5.
270 000
p 88 Where do plants tend to live?
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6a
Some are aquatic and most of those who are, are classified as are fresh water
Name one “pro” and one “con” of plants living on land.
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6b
Pro: Lots of CO2 con: lots of potential for water loss
How did plants adapt the negative aspect of living on land?
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7.
They have a waxy cuticle and their openings (stoma) are in protected positions ie in high, direct sun plants,
they are on the leaf undersides
Explain the plant’s stomate.
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An opening, mostly on leaves, which allows gases to diffuse into and out of leaves.
The opening is regulated by two guard cells
skip to SEED PLANTS
8.
Differentiate between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
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Gymnosperms: conifers (pine, spruce, junipers, cedars)
Angiosperms > flowering plants
9.
Define the terms pollen, ovule, seed, cone, flower, fruit and cotyledon (identify to which
category of plant each belong).
Pollen: haploid male gamete
Ovule: haploid female gamete contained within
Seed: a structure which contains an embryo, and food supply surrounded by a protective outer
seed coat
Cone: conifer reproductive structure produces either pollen or ovules
Flower: angiosperm reproductive structure which produces pollen and/or ovules
Fruit: mature ovary of an angiosperm which contains seeds
10.
Answer Question # 6
A
6. when animals feed on plant fruits – they carry the seeds with them in their digestive tracts. Upon
excretion the seed is deposited away from the parent and therefore do not compete for
resources and are “planted” in manure (the feces).
Some Important Plant Fact
A Brief Overview of Some Important Animal Facts Ch. 3.3
11.
Why are nonhuman animals important?
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22.
We can learn about ourselves
Useful in pollination
From where do scientists believe that animals evolved?
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33.
From colonial flagellates, whose hollow centre may have evolved into the digestive tract.
(700 million years ago) another key feature was the evolution of a nervous system for
co-ordination.
Differentiate between bilateral and radial symmetry. Which do humans exhibit?
=bilateral symmetry
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Bilateral symmetry is when the left and right sides are mirrored ex a dog
Radial symmetry are when an organism can be divided into multiple identical wedged
ex an octopus
44.
What are germ layers and how do they relate to tissues and organ systems?
h. 3.2
Ectoderm = outer layer ie skin, scales, hair feathers, nails, shells
Mesoderm = middle layer ie circulatory system, reproductive system, excretory system,
musculature system
Endoderm = inner layer ie gut (digestive system)and some associated organs
A Brief Overview of Some Important Animal Facts
Ch. 3.3 continued...
5.
skip to p 102: Pathogens and Vectors
a.
Differentiate between the terms: pathogen and vector
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Pathogen is anything which causes disease – includes bacteria, protists and fungus (ALSO VIRUS)
VECTOR = an intermediate in the life cycle of a disease like the mosquito carries West Nile or the parasite
causing sleeping sickness (the
b.
Trypanosomoa brucei gambiense)
Most parasitic disease is caused by a protist ex. Malaria and amoebic dysentery
BUT... there are some animal parasites common in humans.
Research the origin, prevention and symptoms of:
a) tapeworm: What Is a Tapeworm?
Tapeworms are flat worms that live in a person's digestive tract. They can grow to more than 82 feet
(30 meters) and live as long as 30 years.
Tapeworms are parasites. As you probably know from biology class, parasites are organisms that live
in, or on, other organisms (called "hosts"). Parasites take their nutrients from the host, sometimes
depriving the host of nutrition.
Tapeworms get into the body when a person eats or drinks something that's infected with a
worm or its eggs. Once inside the body, the tapeworm head attaches to the inner wall of the
intestines. The tapeworm feeds off the food that the host is digesting. It uses this nutrition to grow.
Tapeworms are made up of segments, and they get longer by growing new segments. Each segment
can reproduce by making thousands of eggs. Since tapeworms can have more than 3,000 segments,
that's a lot of opportunity to spread.
New segments grow at the head of the tapeworm, pushing older segments to the end of the line,
where they break off. These segments, along with the eggs they contain, pass out of the digestive
tract in the host's feces (poop). If the infected feces aren't disposed of in a sanitary way — like down a
flush toilet — they can get into the soil or water.
Tapeworm segments can live for months in the environment, waiting for a host to come along.
Animals like cows or pigs that eat grass or nose around in the soil can pick up tapeworm segments or
eggs. When the tapeworm reaches the animal's intestine, the attach-and-grow cycle begins again.
If all of that sounds pretty scary (not to mention disgusting), there is some good news: Most
tapeworm infections are easy to treat.
b) pin worm: Pinworm is an intestinal infection caused by tiny parasitic worms. One of the most
common roundworm infections, pinworm infections affect millions of people each year, particularly
school-age kids.
If your child develops a pinworm infection, try not to worry. Pinworms don't cause any harm (just
itching), and it won't take long to get rid of them. And people who have pinworms aren't dirty — kids
can get pinworms no matter how often they take a bath.
How Pinworm Infections Spread
Pinworm infections (also known as "seatworm infection," "threadworm infection," "enterobiasis," or
"oxyuriasis") are contagious.
Pinworms get into the body when people ingest the microscopic pinworm eggs. These eggs can be
found on contaminated hands and surfaces, such as:
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bed linens
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towels
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clothing (especially underwear and pajamas)
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toilets
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bathroom fixtures
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food
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drinking glasses
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eating utensils
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toys
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kitchen counters
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desks or lunch tables at school
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sandboxes
The eggs pass into the digestive system and hatch in the small intestine. From the small intestine,
pinworm larvae continue their journey to the large intestine, where they live as parasites (with their
heads attached to the inside wall of the bowel).
About 1 to 2 months later, adult female pinworms travel from the large intestine to the area around
the rectum. There, they will lay new pinworm eggs, which trigger itching around the anus.
When someone scratches the itchy area, microscopic pinworm eggs transfer to their fingers.
Contaminated fingers can then carry pinworm eggs to the mouth, where they are go back into the
body, or stay on various surfaces, where they can live for 2 to 3 weeks.
6a What development allowed vertebrates to conquer land? (move onto)
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7b
A waterproof amniotic egg (a bird egg has an amniotic membrane on the interior of the
shell)
Internal fertilization (in mammals the amniotic membrane remains around the
developing fetus
Name 2 mammals which lay shelled eggs.
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Platypus and echidna
8.
Study the phylogenetic tree for deuterostomes...
a)
Name the closest animal to a reptile
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b)
List the features which distinguish an amphibian from a reptile.
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8
Aves (birds)
Amniotic and waterproof skin
Arthropods= segmented bodies; chitin exoskeletons; complete digestive, excretory and
circulatory systems; insects are the only members which can fly
Annelida= most internal organs are segmented (one per segment); have complete
digestive tracts (only one in the organism); gas is exchanged through the skin or gills;
most locomote with help from bristles for traction.
Mollusca= have three main unsegmented body parts (foot, visceral mass and mantle
which secretes the shell; most have a file like radula for scraping; some have no shell;
they have complete digestive, circulatory systems and gills.
Rotifera= aquatic; use cilia to dirtect food to ouths; most are fresh water; no respiratory
or circulatory systems
9.
What is the key feature of a vertebrate?
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10.
Well defined head and enlarged brain
The majority of vertebrates fall into what category?
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fish
11.
What features allowed vertebrates to survive on land?
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12.
Protective skin, enhanced lungs, circulatory system, internal fertilization and those
shelled eggs outlined in #6
In what ways do vertebrates show advantage over invertebrates?
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13.
Advanced complex organ systems, complex behaviours, large size
What special feature of birds and mammals has enhanced their ability to survive cold?
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Maintain a warm body temperature