"the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate technological processes and resources"

O educational technology refers:
 all valid and reliable applied education sciences
 Educational technology is the process of integrating technology into education in a positive manner that promotes a more diverse learning environment and a way for students to learn how to use technology as well as their common assignments.

O This concept is traced to the description of by Vannevar
Bush in 1945.
O Slide projectors were widely used during the 1950s in educational institutional settings.
O In the mid 1960s Stanford University psychology professors Patrick Suppes and Richard C.
Atkinson experimented with using computers to teach arithmetic and spelling via Teletypes to elementary school students in the Palo Alto Unified School District in California

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In 1971, Ivan Illich published a hugely influential book called, Deschoolig Society, in which he envisioned "learning webs" as a model for people to network the learning they needed. The 1970s and 1980s saw notable contributions in computer-based learning by Murray Turoff and Starr Roxanne
Hiltz.
O By the mid-1980s, accessing course content became possible at many college libraries. In computer-based training
(CBT) or computer-based learning (CBL), the learning interaction was between the student and computer drills or micro-world simulations.

O 1990s, teachers embarked on the method using emerging technologies to employ multi-object oriented sites, which are text-based online virtual reality systems, to create course websites along with simple sets of instructions for its students.
O By 1994, the first online high school had been founded. In
1997, Graziadei described criteria for evaluating products and developing technology-based courses that include being portable, replicable, scalable, affordable, and having a high probability of long-term cost-effectiveness

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According to a 2008 study conducted by the U.S Department of Education, during the 2006–2007 academic year about
66% of postsecondary public and private schools participating in student financial aid programs offered some distance learning courses.
O 2015 was the first year that private nonprofit organizations enrolled more online students than for-profits, although public universities still enrolled the highest number of online students. In the fall of 2015, more than 6 million students enrolled in at least one online course

O Synchronous learning occurs in real-time, with all participants interacting at the same time,
O asynchronous learning is self-paced and allows participants to engage in the exchange of ideas or information without the dependency of other participants′ involvement at the same time.

O “Collaborative learning” is an umbrella term for a variety of educational approaches involving joint intellectual effort by students, or students and teachers together. Usually, students are working in groups of two or more, mutually searching for understanding, solutions, or meanings, or creating a product.

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Development of higher-level thinking, oral communication, self-management, and leadership skills.
Promotion of student-faculty interaction.
Increase in student retention, self-esteem, and responsibility.
Exposure to and an increase in understanding of diverse perspectives.
Preparation for real life social and employment situations.

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technology monopolizes an activity.
Insufficient methods of teaching
Time Lost
Upkeep and Maintenance Expenses
Replacing books with e-books-
Extinct of good handwriting

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Since technology is not the end goal of education, but rather a means by which it can be accomplished, educators must have a good grasp of the technology and its advantages and disadvantages. Teacher training aims for effective integration of classroom technology.
O The nature of technology may unsettle teachers, who may experience themselves as perpetual novices.
Finding quality materials to support classroom objectives is often difficult. Random professional development days are inadequate.

O it is important that all programs responsible for preservice teacher training all graduates to effectively select, evaluate, and use appropriate technologies and resources to create experiences that advance student engagement and learning.
O leaders of teacher preparation programs to engage in concerted, programmatic shifts in their approach to pre-service teacher preparation.

O We Should identifies key challenges and solutions to the effective integration of technology in teacher preparation, provides guiding principles on how to move the field toward effective integration of technology in teacher preparation programs, and identifies areas of opportunity and collaboration for stakeholders across the field.

O Integrate digital devices into your assessment plan only if adding them improves the quality of the student learning experience.
Improving assessment management should be only a secondary consideration.

 Bringing technology to assessment processes can:
O allow students to submit assignments online
O give students more ways to learn and to demonstrate their learning
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O help staff reconsider learning and teaching approaches help staff assess in innovative ways
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O help staff give timely and more comprehensive feedback, and make it easier to manage large volumes of marking and administration

O if you improve assessment management using technologies, you also benefit students educationally..
O Plan carefully, and manage assessment-bytechnology to ensure that it enhances learning. Check also that it doesn't disadvantage students, especially students with a disability.

O Technology for assessment is used in many countries, and an example is the Organization for
Economic Co-operation and Development’s
Program for International Student Assessment
(PISA) test.

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Increases students’ motivation, self- esteem and selfconfidence in academic achievement.
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Supplies stimulating environments that encourage student involvement in the learning process
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Promotes higher-level thinking skills.
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Offers students diversity, self-paced learning and opportunities for individual growth and selfexpression

 Provides students with unique opportunities to apply skills and to interact with others in nonthreatening environments Changes teacher’s role into positive directions.
 Inspires students and teachers by making learning exciting and interesting
 Fosters the development of leadership abilities and teamwork
 Supports new instructional approaches: cooperative learning, inquiry approach, problembased learning, project-based learning and multiple intelligences