Study Guide – Exam 2
Chapter 14
Terminology (Infection versus colonization)
•“Infection” means presence of organization and multiplication. Active
infection
•“Colonization” means establishing a presence. BUT NOT CAUSING
DISEASE. EITHER OR DISEASE CAUSING OR NOT
•Commensalism: THERE BUT HOST AND BACTERIA ARE
BENIFITING WACH OTHER NOT HURTING EACH OTHER
•Parasitic relationship
Chapter 19
Acute Coronary Syndrome
•ECG changes
–T-wave inversion
–ST-segment depression or elevation
–Abnormal Q wave
•Serum cardiac markers
–Proteins released from necrotic heart cells
ºMyoglobin, creatine kinase, troponin
Cardiomyopathy – types
–Genetic: hypertrophic and arrhythmogenic
right ventricular
–Mixed: dilated and restrictive
–Acquired: myocarditis; peripartum
cardiomyopathy
Mechanism of Transmission
•Dilated Cardiomyopathy
–Characteristics
–Manifestations
–Treatment
•Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular
Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)
•Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Disease Course
•Incubation stage
–Pathogens active replication
–No s/sx
•Prodromal stage
–s/sx start to appear, may be fatigue,
–Tired, malaise
–Cannot pinpoint problem
•Acute stage
–Maximum impact / all s/sx
–Massive proliferation
•Convalescent stage
–Starting to recovery. Body starts to eliminate it and repair
•Resolution stage
Congenital Infeciton
Congenital infections affect the unborn fetus or newborn infant. They are
generally caused by viruses that may be picked up by the baby at any time
during the pregnancy up through the time of delivery.
Viral infection and Cancer
•Viral RNA or DNA synthesis
•Viral enzymes
•Viral binding to cells
Ischemic Coronary vessel disease
Stable versus unstable angina
•Chronic stable angina
–Pain when the heart’s oxygen demand increases
–
•Silent myocardial ischemia
–Myocardial ischemia without pain
–
•Variant/vasospastic angina
–Pain when coronary arteries spasm
Aortic / Mitral Valve Disorders
•Stenosis: The valve will not open all the way.
–It is harder to force blood through it.
Study Guide – Exam 2
•Production of the protein coats (capsids) of new viruses
–Targets RNA or DNA synthesis/ stop replication
–Will hear murmur of blood shooting through the narrow
opening when the valve is open.
•Regurgitation: The valve will not close all the way.
–It leaks when “closed.”
–Will hear a murmur of blood leaking back through when
the valve should be closed.
Bacteria
•Prokaryotes—cells without nuclei and other membrane-bound organelles
•Contain RNA and DNA
–Single chromosome and plasmids
•Cytoplasmic membrane and cell wall
•Produce biofilms: sticky surfaces
–Help them stick together and protect each other.
•Use hosts for food and shelter
•They can replicate on their own, bacteria can live on something that is not
living.
•C-diff lives on surface up to 5-7 days
•They make their own colonies to survive
•Some of flagile that help them move around.
•Diff characteristics to help them survive
•Host for food and shelter
•Asexual
•Only lipoprotein coat
•
Chapter 20
Virulence factors
•Make an infection more likely to cause disease
–Toxins: exotoxins and endotoxins
–Adhesion factors help the infective organism stick to the body.
–Evasive factors help keep the immune system from killing the infective
agent.
–Invasive factors help the spread
Left versus right sided heart failure
•: disease producing potential of microrgansim. What is the potential for
this microbe to cause disease. Can depend of organism.
Chapter 15
Shock
Determinants of Cardiac Output
Innate versus Adaptive Immunity
Study Guide – Exam 2
Immune Cells
•Regulatory cells control the immune response
–T helper cells
–T suppressor cells
–Antigen-presenting cells
•Guards. Carry the organism to be killed
–
•Effector cells then carry out the attack on antigen
–T cytotoxic (or killer T) cells
–B cells (produce antibodies)
–Leukocytes: engulf. Kill bacteria
Immunization
Cell mediated immunity
•Attacks specific microbes (antigens)
•Develops after exposure to specific antigen
•Mechanisms include:
–Humoral immunity – Antibodies from B cells
–Cell-mediated immunity – T cells
Complement System
•Mediators' on innate immunity and humural
•Circulating in an inactive form until they are needed.
•They work in diff pathways to give the response needed
•Classical pathway antibodies
** Also - Material covered during exam review**
Study Guide – Exam 2
•Lectin when no antibodies
MHC molecules
•Epitopes attached to cell surface MHC molecules
àsignals T cells
àAntigen-Presenting Cells ex macrophages
Chapter 16
HIV
•EIA (enzyme immunoassay)
–First test
–Antibody test
–IgG; IgM and IgG; HIV antibody and P24 antigen
•Western Blot
–Confirmation test
–Antibody test
Study Guide – Exam 2
–Less sensitive, more specific; lower rate of false positives
•PCR testing
–Tests viral load
–Detect RNA
Tolerance
•In autoimmunity, self-tolerance breaks down and the immune system
attacks self-antigens à destroys body tissues.
Hypersensitivity types
Transplant rejection
Type IV reaction
Direct pathway CD4
Study Guide – Exam 2
GVHD
Chapter 18
Cholesterol
Chol 200
LDL less than 100
Hdl greater than 40
Study Guide – Exam 2
Blood pressure / HTN
Study Guide – Exam 2
•Systolic pressure—ventricle contracts
•Diastolic pressure—ventricle relaxes
•Pulse pressure = systolic − diastolic
•Mean arterial pressure = 1/3 systolic + 2/3 diastolic
•Cardiac output (CO) = heart rate × stroke volume
•Blood pressure = CO × total peripheral resistance
Medications
Atherosclerosis
•Monocytes attach to the endothelium à macrophages.
•Macrophages release free radicals à oxidized LDL.
•Macrophages ingest oxidized LDL à foam cells.
–Release growth factors cytokines
•WBCs, platelets, and vascular endothelium release chemicals that
promote plaque formation.
•Plaques block the arteries.
Study Guide – Exam 2
Venous Disorders / PVD
•Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)—atherosclerotic blockages
−Large arteries (not coronary, aortic arch, brain)
•Thromboangitis Obliterans (Buerger disease)— nonatherosclerotic
inflammation and thrombosis
−Small- and medium-sized arteries and veins
•Raynaud Phenomenon—intense vasospasm
−Arteries, arterioles in the fingers and toes
−Hyperactivity of the sympathetic system
Discoloration in hand
PAD
Aneurysms
Outpocket usually caused by HTN usually happens at the bifurcations
Can get them in the brain anywhere in the body
Most abdominal
Aorta
s/sx or near area infected
Dissection when there is a tear but going into another lining
Get blood flow dripping through the vessel
True and false aneurysms
Study Guide – Exam 2