Computer Maintenance IP Addressing and Subnetting Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. 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All rights reserved. 2 Addressing Schemes Flat Hierarchical > Used by intranetworks > Used by internetworks > Used by layer 2 > Used by Layer 3 > Used in MAC address > Used by IP address > Is assigned statically based on the next available number or randomly > Is assigned dynamically based on you location • Social Security Number • Your Name • Phone System • ZIP Code Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 3 Network & Host numbers N = the Network Number that is assigned by the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) H = the Host Number that is assigned by the network administrator Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 4 Class A Addresses When written in a binary format, the first (leftmost) bit of a Class A address is always 0. An example of a Class A IP address is 124.95.44.15. The first octet, 124, identifies the network number assigned by ARIN. The internal administrators of the network assign the remaining 24 bits. An easy way to recognize whether a device is part of a Class A network is to look at the first octet of its IP address, which will range from 0-126. (127 does start with a 0 bit, but has been reserved for special purposes.) All Class A IP addresses use only the first 8 bits to identify the network part of the address. The remaining three octets can be used for the host portion of the address. Every network that uses a Class A IP address can have assigned up to 2 to-the-power-of 24 (224) minus 2 (or 16,777,214) possible IP addresses to devices that are attached to its network. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 5 Class B Addresses The first 2 bits of a Class B address are always 10 (one and zero). An example of a Class B IP address is 151.10.13.28. The first two octets identify the network number assigned by ARIN. The internal administrators of the network assign the remaining 16 bits. An easy way to recognize whether a device is part of a Class B network is to look at the first octet of its IP address. Class B IP addresses always have values ranging from 128 to 191 in their first octet. All Class B IP addresses use the first 16 bits to identify the network part of the address. The two remaining octets of the IP address can be used for the host portion of the address. Every network that uses a Class B IP address can have assigned up to 2 to-the-power of 16 (216) minus 2 (or 65,534) possible IP addresses to devices that are attached to its network. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 6 Class C Addresses The first 3 bits of a Class C address are always 110 (one, one, and zero). An example of a Class C IP address is 201.110.213.28. The first three octets identify the network number assigned by ARIN. The internal administrators of the network assign the remaining 8 bits . An easy way to recognize whether a device is part of a Class C network is to look at the first octet of its IP address. Class C IP addresses always have values ranging from 192 to 223 in their first octet. All Class C IP addresses use the first 24 bits to identify the network part of the address. Only the last octet of a Class C IP address can be used for the host portion of the address. Every network that uses a Class C IP address can have assigned up to 28 minus 2 (or 254) possible IP addresses to devices that are attached to its network. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 7 Address Ranges IMPORTANT!!! MEMORIZE Class A 0 - 126 Class B 128 - 191 Class C 192 - 223 127 is reserved for testing (loopback) Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 8 Converting to Binary > An IP Address is made up of 32 bits broken down into 4 Octets (8 bits each) > 11000000.00001100.00000101.10101010 or > 192.12.2.170 > This is known as the Dotted Decimal Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 9 Converting to Binary Convert these to decimal: 1. 11001100 = 204 2. 10101010 = 170 3. 11111111 = 255 4. 00110011 = 51 5. 01010101 = 85 6. 00111100 = 60 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 10 Network Number An IP address that ends with binary 0s in all host bits is reserved for the network address (sometimes called the wire address). Therefore, a Class A network number, 113.0.0.0 is the IP address of the network containing the host 113.1.2.3. A router uses a network's IP address when it forwards data on the Internet. As a Class B network example, the IP address 176.10.0.0 is a network address. The decimal numbers that fill the first two octets in a Class B network address are assigned and are network numbers. The last two octets contain 0s because those 16 bits are for host numbers, and are used for devices that are attached to the network. The IP address in the example (176.10.0.0) is reserved for the network address. It will never be used as an address for any device that is attached to it. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 11 Examples of Network Numbers What is the network number for this IP address? (1) 194.78.112.6 194.78.112.0 (2) 117.23.8.3 117.0.0.0 (3) 156.132.64.12 156.132.0.0 (4) 208.150.112.16 208.150.112.0 (5) 91.118.125.2 91.0.0.0 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 12 Broadcast Addresses 255 255 If you wanted to send data to all of the devices on a network, you would need to use a broadcast address. A broadcast occurs when a source sends out data to all devices on a network. To ensure that all of the devices on the network pay attention to the broadcast, the sender must use a destination IP address that all of them can recognize and will pick up. Broadcast IP addresses end with binary 1s in the entire host part of the address (the host field). A Class C address would have a broadcast of 196.112.17.255. A Class B address would have a broadcast of 152.16.255.255. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 13 Examples of Broadcast Addresses What is the Broadcast address for this IP address? (1) 194.78.112.6 194.78.112.255 (2) 117.23.8.3 117.255.255.255 (3) 156.132.64.12 156.132.255.255 (4) 208.150.112.16 208.150.112.255 (5) 91.118.125.2 91.255.255.255 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 14 Network Numbers and Broadcast Addresses > All 0’s in the host address is the Network Number > All 1’s in the host address is the Broadcast Address > These two addresses can never be used when assigning IPs. > When finding the number of useable host addresses, you will always subtract 2 (network & Broadcast). Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 15 Why Subnet? The primary reason for using subnets is to reduce the size of a broadcast domain. Broadcasts are sent to all hosts on a network or subnetwork. When broadcast traffic begins to consume too much of the available bandwidth, network administrators may choose to reduce the size of the broadcast domain. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 16 Subneting Subnet addresses include the Class A, Class B, or Class C network portion, plus a subnet field and a host field. The subnet field and the host field are created from the original host portion for the entire network. The ability to decide how to divide the original host portion into the new subnet and host fields provides addressing flexibility for the network administrator. To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits from the original host portion and designates them as the subnet field. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 17 IMPORTANT!!! You must always borrow at least 2 bits and you must always leave at least 2 bits: One for the network number and one for the broadcast. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 18 What is a Subnet Mask? Class B Default Subnet Mask 255.255.0.0 Class B Subnet Mask with 4 bits borrowed 255.255.240.0 The subnet mask (formal term: extended network prefix), tells the network devices which part of an address is the network field and which part is the host field. A subnet mask is 32 bits long and has 4 octets, just like an IP address. Bits are always borrowed from the leftmost available bit. To determine the subnet mask for a particular subnetwork IP address, follow these steps: (1)Express the subnetwork IP address in binary form. (2)Replace the network and subnet portion of the address with 1s. (3)Replace the host portion of the address with 0s. (4)Convert the binary expression back into dotted-decimal notation. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 19 Subnet Masks If you have a class C address: How many bits are used without subneting? 24 What is the subnet mask? 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 or 255.255.255.0 If you borrowed 4 bits, how many are used? 28 What is the subnet mask? 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 or 255.255.255.240 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 20 Examples of Subnet Masks What is the Subnet Mask for this IP address? (1) 194.78.112.6/28 255.255.255.240 (2) 117.23.8.3/10 255.192.0.0 (3) 156.132.64.12/20 255.255.240.0 (4) 208.150.112.16/30 255.255.255.252 (5) 91.118.125.2/16 255.255.0.0 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 21 Subnetting Borrowing 2 bits creates four possible subnets (2x2), but you must always remember that there are two reserved/unusable subnets. Each time you borrow another bit from the host field, the number of subnets created increases by a power of 2. The eight possible subnets that are created by borrowing 3 bits is equal to 23 (2 x 2 x 2). The sixteen possible subnets created by borrowing 4 bits is equal to 24 (2 x 2 x 2 x 2). From these examples, it is easy to see that each time you borrow another bit from the host field, the number of possible subnets doubles. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 22 Useable Subnets and Hosts MEMORIZE The formula for calculating USEABLE Subnets: 2b - 2 = useable subnets The formula for calculating USEABLE Hosts: 2u - 2 = useable hosts Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 23 Calculating Subnets and Hosts In a Class C network, if you borrow 3 bits What is the subnet mask? 255.255.255.224 How many usable subnets? 2b-2= ? 23 (8) - 2 = 6 usable subnets How many useable hosts per subnet? 2u-2= ? 25 (32) - 2 = 30 usable hosts Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 24 Subnets vs. Hosts The more subnets you create, the fewer hosts each subnet will have. Class C Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 25 Boolean Operations The term "operation," in mathematics, refers to the rules that define how one number combines with other numbers. Decimal number operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. There are related, but different, operations for working with binary numbers. The basic Boolean operations are AND, OR, and NOT. > AND is like multiplication. > OR is like addition. > NOT changes 1 to 0, and 0 to 1. In order to route a data packet, the router must first determine the destination network/subnet address by performing a logical AND, using the destination host's IP address and subnet mask. The result will be the network/subnet address. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 26 ANDing Find the network address for this class B IP: 180.160.120.8/18 What’s the subnet mask? Change IP to binary Change SM to binary AND function Convert back to decimal Network address 255.255.192.0 10110100 . 10100000 . 01111000 . 00001000 11111111 . 11111111 . 11000000 . 00000000 10110100 . 10100000 . 01000000 . 00000000 180.160.64.0 Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 27 Private Addresses > There are certain addresses in each class of IP address that are not assigned. These addresses are called private addresses. Private addresses might be used by hosts that use network address translation (NAT), or a proxy server, to connect to a public network, or by hosts that do not connect to the Internet at all. > Many applications require connectivity within only one network, and do not need external connectivity. In large networks, TCP/IP is often used, even when network layer connectivity outside the network isn’t needed. Banks are good examples. They may use TCP/IP to connect to automatic teller machines (ATMs). These machines do no connect to the public network, so private addresses are ideal for them. Private addresses can also be used on a network where there are not enough public addresses available. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 28 Private Addresses 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 The private addresses can be used together with a network address translation (NAT) server. Either a NAT or proxy server provides connectivity to all hosts in a network that has relatively few public addresses available. By agreement, any traffic with a destination address within one of the private address ranges will NOT be routed onto the Internet. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 29 9 essential questions to ask before finding IPs 1. What class is it? 2. Determine how many bits you must borrow to create the desired number of subnets (if applicable). 3. Determine the possible and usable subnets. 4. Determine how many possible and usable hosts you have in each subnet. 5. Determine the Default Mask. 6. Determine the Subnet Mask. 7. Determine the IP address range (increment) of each subnetwork. It is always the possible number of hosts. 8. Determine the network and broadcast address for each useable subnetwork. 9. Determine the usable range for each subnetwork. Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 30 A class C address with 4 bits What class is it? Class C Determine how many bits you must borrow to create the desired number of subnets (if applicable). 4 Determine the possible and usable subnets. 24 (16) - 2 = 14 usable Determine how many possible and usable hosts you have in each subnet. 24 (16) - 2 = 14 usable Determine the Default Mask. 255.255.255.0 Determine the Subnet Mask. 255.255.255.240 Determine the IP address range (increment) of each subnetwork. 16 Determine the network and broadcast address for each useable subnetwork. Completed IP chart Determine the usable range for each subnetwork. Completed IP chart Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 31 An IP address of 196.112.48.12/29 What class is it? Class C Determine how many bits you must borrow to create the desired number of subnets (if applicable). 5 Determine the possible and usable subnets. 25 (32) - 2 = 30 usable Determine how many possible and usable hosts you have in each subnet. 23 (8) - 2 = 6 usable Determine the Default Mask. 255.255.255.0 Determine the Subnet Mask. 255.255.255.248 Determine the IP address range (increment) of each subnetwork. Completed IP chart Determine the network and broadcast address for each useable subnetwork. 8 Determine the usable range for each subnetwork. Completed IP chart Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2017. All rights reserved. 32
