Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1: Key Terms Abnormal Psychology The scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning. psychological disorder Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response. Clinical Significance behavior involving a measurable degree of impairment. -Must be: diagnostic predicts future behavior, behavior reflects dysfunction, behavior associated with distress to life. abnormal behavior Actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior. Statistical Definition of Abnormal Behavior Deviation from Average (not typical) Distress Definition of Abnormal Behavior personal suffering Societal Norms Definition of Abnormal Behavior is not a culturally expected response given the situation or context or it represents a violation of society's rules Impairment in Functioning Definition of Abnormal Behavior Inability to meet family, occupational, and social obligations Terms Synonymous with Psychological Disorder -abnormal behavior -psychological abnormality -mental disorder -mental illness -psychopathology A psychological dysfunction A psychological dysfunction refers to.. Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning Dysfunction -DSM definition: behavioral, psychological, and biological dysfunctions are all interrelated. The brain impacts behavior, and behavior impacts the brain. -Harmful Dysfunction: Wakefield (1992) -Internal mechanisms involved in mental disorders largely unknown, so cant weigh what may not be functioning properly The Four Characteristics of Stigma -Distinguishing label is applied -Label refers to undesirable attributes -people with the label are seen as different -people with the label are discriminated against =Stigma DSM-5 Harmful Dysfunc Definition this definition places primary emphasis on the consequences of certain behavioral syndromes -Mental disorders are defined by clusters of persistent, maladaptive behaviors that area associated with personal distress. Defining what is Abnormal/Harmful Dysfunction Harmful dysfunction -The condition results from an inability of some internal mechanism (mental or physical) to perform its natural function -the condition causes harm to person ----defined by the persons culture Aspects of Harmful Dysfunction Cognitive ----ex: thinking you are the president Emotional -----ex: fear of flowers Communicative ----inability to communicate with others Perceptive ----Auditory or visual hallucination Motivational ----lack of motivation to complete everyday tasks impairment causes distress to yourself and others -if the dysfunction is affecting your ability to work, your relationships, your daily routine -must take into account the context of a person's culture and background phobia Psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation. ATYPICAL OR NOT CULTURALLY EXPECTED Eccentric Individuals who have odd or unusual habits but do not have a mental illness. AN ACCEPTED DEFINITION prototype a typical profile. a pt may have only some features or symptoms of the disorder (minimum number) and still meet criteria for the disorder because his or her set of symptoms is close to the prototype. DSM-5 Psychopathology Scientific study of psychological disorders. Insanity a condition in which an individual suffers from an inability to tell right from wrong or control their behavior. Clinical and Counseling Psychologists have either the Ph. D., Psy. D., or Ed. D. degree Psychiatrists have the M.D. degree (give prescriptions) Psychiatric Social Workers have the M.S.W. degree Psychiatric Nurses have a variety of degrees including the M.S. and Ph. D. degrees Scientist- Practitioner (Boulder Model) a mental health professional who takes a scientific approad to their clinical work. Three forms of Boulder Model (Scientist-Practitioner) 1. Keeping up with the latest scientific developments in the field of psychopathology 2. Evaluating assessment and treatment procedures to make sure they are working 3. Conducting research CLINICAL DESCRIPTIONS Presenting complaint this is the problem that is the reason a person comes to a clinic Clinical Description the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a given psychological disorder. This includes the symptoms and the history of the problem. Prevalence the number of people in the population as a whole who have a particular psychological disorder at any given time Incidence the number of new cases of the disorder within a given time frame. For example, how many newly diagnosed cases are there per year. Course the particular symptom pattern demonstrated by a psychological disorder over time Chronic course symptoms that last a long time Episodic course symptoms come and go or get worse then better as time goes by Time-limited course symptoms will improve on their own with the passage of time Acute onset symptoms appear suddenly in a well defined period of time Insidious onset symptoms develop gradually over a longer period fo time Prognosis the predicted future course of a psychological disorder, what happens to the typical client with or without treatment Psychopathology in addition to being a term for psychological disorder, it is the field concerned with the scientific study of psychological disorders CAUSATION, TREATMENT & ETIOLOGY OUTCOMES Etiology refers to the cause or causes of a psychological disorder, it almost always involves multiple factors including biological, psychological, and social factors Treatments procedures used to eliminate or alleviate psychological disorders Outcomes how well the treatments work Structure of Psyche Id strong sexual and aggressive feelings wants everything now. Piece of the mind that develops the earliest. -The thing that drives the id is the libido - Operates to the pleasure principle HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR Supernatural Model model that proposes that psychological disorders are caused by agents outside of our bodies or social environment. These agents could be divinities, demons, spirits, magnetic fields, or the moon and planets. Examples of supernatural explanations of abnormal behavior Mass Hysteria - large scale outbreaks of strange behavior Exorcism - religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body. supernatural traditions -demons and witches -stress and melancholy -moon and stars Demons and witches during this time, bizarre behavior of people afflicted with psychological disorders was seen as the work of the devil and witches. it followed that individuals possessed by evil spirits were probably responsible for any misfortune experienced by people in the local community, which inspired drastic action against the possessed stress and melancholy - view that insanity was a natural phenomenon caused by mental or emotional stress, and that it was curable -Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses symptoms such as despair and lethargy were often identified by the church with the sin of acedia or sloth -common treatments were rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy environment Treatments for possession -not always connected with sin but may be seen as involuntary and the possessed individual as blameless. - exorcisms at least have the virtue of being painless and sometimes worked - in the middle ages if an exorcism failed, some thought that steps were necessary to make the body uninhabitable by evil spirits, and many people were subjected to confinement, beatings and other forms of torture Mass Hysteria phenomenon in which people in groups share the same fear, delusion, abnormal behavior, or even physical symptoms as a result of psychological processes and suggestion - whole groups of people in Europe during the middle ages were simultaneously compelled to run out in the streets, dance, shout rave, and jump around in patterns Modern Mass Hysteria demonstrate the phenomenon of emotion contagion in which the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us -if someone nearby becomes frightened or sad, chances are that for the moment you also feel fear or sadness. The Moon and the Stars comments - Paracelsus, suggested that movements of the moon and stars had profound effects on people's psychological functioning -speculation that the gravitational effects of the moon on bodily fluids might be a possible cause of mental disorders -inspired the word lunatic (derived from luna or moon) Biological traditions Hippocrates and Galen the development the consequences Hippocrates Greek physician (460-377BC) is considered the father of modern Western medicine -suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease. -Greek/Roman physicians who developed a humoral theory of mental and physical disorders. Disorders are caused by an imbalance of four humors or bodily fluids. Hippocratic-Galen Approach: humoral theory of disorders Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was linked to four bodily fluids/humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. He thought blood came from the heart, black bile from spleem (immune system), phlegm from brain, yellow and black bile from liver. A disease occurred when there was too much or too little of one of the humors. Ex: depression caused by too much black bile Humoral theory of disorders Which theory was the first example of associating psychological disorders with "chemical imbalance"? Treatments of humoral theory bloodletting, inducing vomit, altering environmental conditions (reducing heat) Galen Roman physician (129-198AD) who adopted the ideas of Hippocrates and developed them further Hippocratic-Galenic approach the humoral theory, normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm. Sanguine Excess of blood Warm hearted volatile, optimistic, easy-going Choleric Excess of yellow bile quick to angry, assertive, quick to action Phlegmatic Excess of phlegm slow to action, lethargic, calm humoral theory: Blood the heart humoral theory: black bile the spleen humoral theory: yellow bile the liver humoral theory: phlegm the brain during the 19th century during the 19th century what reinvigorated the biological traditions from Hippocrates and Galen? the discovery of the nature and cause of syphilis strong support from well-respected American psychiatrist John P. Grey syphilis The cause of syphilis a disorder characterized by delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur, gradual physical and intellectual decline, paralysis, and death, is linked to long-term infection by the microorganism that causes syphilis advanced syphilis A sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you, that you are God, as well as other bizarre behaviors. Psychosis An impaired ability to perceive reality to the extent that normal functioning is difficult or not possible. Two symptoms are hallucinations and delusions. General Paresis infection of the central nervous system by the spirochete Treponemal pallidum, which destroys the brain tissue; marked by eye disturbances, temors, and disordered speech as well as severe intellectual deterioration and psychotic symptoms John P. Grey most influential American psychiatrist of the time thought the causes of insanity were always physical; therefore, mentally ill should be treated as physically ill, with rest diet, proper room temperatures and ventilation -under his leadership, conditions in hospitals improved and became more humane institutions Emil Kraepelin classification/diagnosis of disorders -one of the 1st to distinguish between different disorders, seeing that they have different age of onset, symptoms, and cause. The Development of Effective Biological Treatments Insulin Shock Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Neuroleptics Benzodiazepines (antianxiety drugs or anxiolytics) Antidepressants Describe the early biological treatments electric shock crude surgery (remove parts of brain) insulin major/minor tranquilizers Insulin Shock Therapy inject large amounts of insulin into patients, which would put them in a coma. Many believed this worked for a long time, but the symptoms were really just less-severe because they were in a coma. 1930s Theory of Disorder 1. Insulin Shock Therapy 2. Lobotomies 2. Electric Convulsive Therapy (still used today) 1950s Theory of Disorder 1. psychotropic medications became available 2. neuroleptics 3. tranquillizers Psychotropic Medications work on how we think, act, and behave Neuroleptics Reserpine + psychosis Tranquillizers Benzodiazephines, anti-anxiety, anxiolytic medications Psychological Model model that proposes that the causes of psychological disorders are psychological, social, and cultural. That is experiential factors. Consequences of biological tradition -increased hospitalization ("untreatable conditions") -increased role of science in psychopathology Psychological tradition rise of moral therapy -involved more human treatment of institutionalized patients -encouraged and reinforced social interaction psychosocial approach Treatment practice that focuses on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. Psychosocial approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods. Moral therapy Moral Therapy psychosocial approach to treating mental disorders that stressed treating parents normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction. influential during 1st half of 19th century -moral: psychological, emotional factors -treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged normal social interactions -relationships were carefully nurtured, individual attention emphasized positive consequences for appropriate interactions and behavior; and restraint and seclusion were eliminated -developed by Philippe Pinel & Jean-Baptiste Pussin Asylum reform and decline of moral therapy declines in the mid-19th century -increased number of patients (immigrants & homeless) = "mental hygiene movement" (Dorothea Dix) -staffing problems -outcome = decreased treatment efficiency mental hygiene movement Mid-19th century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY psychological view the belief that mental disorders are caused by psychological and emotional factors rather than organic or biological ones -frustration, depression, anger, failure -Anton Mesmer Used hypnosis to treat hysteria -Induced mental symptoms in healthy patients -Convincingly demonstrated that mental disorders could have psychological origin -The Nancy School: Jean-Martin Charcot, remove symptoms through hypnosis -Breuer and Freud: -Mental illness caused by early, unresolved traumatic experiences -Anna O and "the talking cure" (as she talked freely she mentioned events that had been forgotten and relieved emotional distress) -Conflicts between wishes and societal constraints -Catharsis and the Cathartic Method -Behavorism: -Believed research should be limited to what was testable and observable -A reaction to Freud -Believed that both normal and abnormal behavior resulted from reinforcements present in particular environments ---------------------------Sigmund Freud Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the ** id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ** ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and **superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do). Anton Mesmer Believed that the healing of physical ailments came from manipulation of people's bodily fluids. His technique of mesmerism was used with hypnotism. Franz Anton Mesmer -applied knowledge of magnetism and electricity to study mental states -believed that animal "magnetism" could treat hysteria -success was actually due to the power of suggestion -created hypnosis (originally known as "mesmerism") patients suffered from hysterical disorders, Mesmer was inducing a trancelike state in his patients and that this state was causing their symptoms to disappear, hypnosis came from him Sigmund Freud -argued that disorders were due to unconscious conflicts and were to be drawn out under hypnosis -used free association -this was the beginning of the type of therapy called psychoanalysis Josef Breuer -found the talking cure to be useful in treating Anne O. -argued that disorders were due to unconscious conflicts and were to be drawn out under hypnosis -used free association -this was the beginning of psychoanalysis Catharsis telling with emotional from unconscious mind to release tension Unconscious Mind Part of Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory; the unconscious mind is a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Cathartic Method release of emotional tension by reliving and talking about even STRUCTURE OF THE MIND Ego (Reality principle) (secondary process) operates with the reality principle: trying to balance what is reasonable based on what's there (tries to slow down ID) Superego (Morality principle) Worked with the morality principle- develops last- abides by societal norms, what culture and family tells u) Ego balances ID and superego so u can navigate what to do Thanatos is the drive towards aggression and death Intrapsychic Conficts The struggle between the id, ego, and superego; meant to be regulated by the ego. Defense Mechanisms Caused by the ego due to the anxiety brought on by Intrapsychic Conflicts; Defined as a common pattern of behavior, often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation. Types of Defense Mechanisms Denial - refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others. Displacement - Transfers a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually less-threatening, object or person. Projection - Falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object. Rationalization - Conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving by incorrect explanations. Reaction Formation - Substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones. Repression - Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from the conscious awareness. Sublimation - Directs potentially maladaptive feeling or impulses into a socially acceptable behavior. Psychosexual Stages of Development Concept of the sequence of phases a person passes through during development; each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time. Oral (0-1) - first stage of personality development the libido is centered in a baby's mouth. It gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its id demands. Which at this stage in life are oral, or mouth orientated, such as sucking, biting, and breastfeeding. Anal (1-3) - The libido now becomes focused on the anus and the child derives great pleasure from defecating. The child is now fully aware that they are a person in their own right and that their wishes can bring them into conflict with the demands of the outside world (i.e. their ego has developed). Phallic (3-6) - sensitivity now becomes concentrated in the genitals and masturbation (in both sexes) becomes a new source of pleasure. The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear which Freud called the Oedipus complex (in boys) and the Electra complex (in girls). Latency (6-Puberty) - No further psychosexual development takes place during this stage (latent means hidden). The libido is dormant. Freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed during the latent stage and sexual energy can be sublimated (re: defense mechanisms) towards school work, hobbies and friendships. Genital (Puberty to Adulthood) - Begins in puberty; It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-toone relationship with another person in our 20's. Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self pleasure like during the phallic stage. Fixation stuck in one of Freud's stages oedipus rex Freud named the complex after the character in Sophocles' Oedipus Rex who accidentally kills his father and marries his mother. Castration Anxiety father then punishes son by cutting off his penis- helps keep son in check from trying to caress his mother Freud asserted that all young boys relive this fantasy when genital self-stimulation is accompanied by images of sexual interactions with their mothers. These fantasies, in turn, are accompanied by strong feelings of envy and perhaps anger toward their fathers, with whom they identify but whose place they wish to take. Furthermore, strong fears develop that the father may punish that lust by removing the son's penis. Oedipus Complex Happens young boys; Characterized by sexualizing mother, castration anxiety, and identification. Electra Complex Happens in young girls Briefly, the girl desires the father, but realizes that she does not have a penis. This leads to the development of penis envy and the wish to be a boy. The girl resolves this by repressing her desire for her father and substituting the wish for a penis with the wish for a baby. The girl blames her mother for her 'castrated state' and this creates great tension. The girl then represses her feelings (to remove the tension) and identifies with the mother to take on the female gender role. penis envy -Penis envy (German: Penisneid) is a stage theorized by Sigmund Freud regarding female psychosexual development[1], in which young girls experience anxiety upon realization that they do not have a penis. -Freud considered this realization a defining moment in a series of transitions toward a mature female sexuality and gender identity. In Freudian theory, the penis envy stage begins the transition from an attachment to the mother to competition with the mother for the attention, recognition and affection of the father.[2] The parallel reaction of a boy's realization that women do not have a penis is castration anxiety. neuroses all nonpsychotic psychological disorders that Freud believed resulted from underlying unconscious conflicts, the anxiety they produce, and the implementation of defense mechanism Psychoanalytic Model Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces. The Facets of the Psychoanalytic Model 1. The Structure of the mind and the distinct functions of personality that sometimes clash with one another. 2. The defense mechanism with which the mind defends itself from the conflicts. 3. The stages of psychosexual development that contribute to our inner conflicts. Parts of Mind according to the Psychoanalytic Model Id - the unconscious psychic entity present at birth representing basic drives; operates according to the pleasure principle as a primary process that is irrational, emotional, and irrational for avoiding pain and maximizing pleasure focusing on factors like sex, aggression, selfishness, and envy. Ego - the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives; operates according to the reality principle as a secondary process characterized by rational, logical thought. Superego - the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society; operates according to the moral principles, and can be thought of as a conscious of sorts. Psychodynamic Approach Theoretical approach that grew out of Freud's model of personality and behavior Behavior and emotions are result of unconscious mental processes Needs, wishes, desires Emphasizes early childhood experiences Structure of consciousness Conscious- everything that's in ur mind rn (EX: where ur going after class) Preconscious- everything that is just below ur conscious level of thought (somewhat accessible, but not in ur mind rn (what goes on in ur dream) Unconscious- ur traumas, instincts, passions LATER DEVELOPMENT IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THOUGHT Introjection, one of many defense mechanisms posited by Sigmund Freud, occurs when a person internalizes the ideas or voices of other people. This behavior is commonly associated with the internalization of external authority, particularly that of parents. Introjection is the opposite of projection. Projection occurs when a person projects feelings or characteristics onto another person. Introjection, which is common among children and parents, occurs when a person internalizes the beliefs of other people. A child might take on elements of parents’ personalities or beliefs by adopting their political ideology, concept of right and wrong, or ideas about sex. When people introject, they identify with a person or object so strongly that they cannot separate that person or object from themselves. While everyone learns from the external world and takes on elements of other people’s beliefs and ideas, introjection occurs with minimal thought. A woman who adopts her friends’ views, after they have been carefully explained and considered, is not introjecting, but a child who reflexively adopts a parent’s views without thought can be said to be introjecting. Introjections involve attitudes, behaviors, emotions, and perceptions that are usually obtained from influential or authoritative people in one’s life. They are neither digested nor analyzed; they are simply adopted as a part of one’s personality as concepts that one considers should be believed or behaviors that one thinks ought to be followed. Introjections do not involve an individual’s personal integrity or morality. PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPHY free assocation patients are instructed to say whatever come to mind without the usual socially required censoring dream analysis therapist interprets the content of dream, reflecting the primary-process thinking of the id, dream reveal internal conflicts psychoanalst term for "therapist" in psychoanalytic psychotherapy transference patients come to relate to the therapists much as they did to important figures in childhood (i.e. parents). If they love their parents, they may fall in love with therapist or resent therapist if they resented their parents psychodynamic psychotherapy conflicts and unconscious processes are emphasizedand efforts are made to identify trauma and defense mechanism as in psychoanalytic therapy. but therapists use an eclectic mixture of tactics with a social and interpersonal focus. What is a better form of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy? Therapy with themes of psychoanalysis, but shorter and more goal-oriented Focus on: - Emotional expression - Avoidance and other cognitive or behavioral patterns - Past experience - Therapeutic relationship - Wishes, dreams, fantasies HUMANISTIC THEORY -Humanistic theory emphasizes the positive, optimistic side of humanity; Maslow's self-acualization -Self-actualization concern is with others; peak experiences, miracles (Ghandi, Mother Theresa) -Person Centered Therapy Finding true self. -anxiety -mild depression -Carl Rogers -hierarchy of needs Unconditional Positive Regard According to Rogers, a crucial attitude for the client-centered therapist to adopt toward the client, who needs to feel complete acceptance as a person in order to evaluate the extent to which current behaviour contributes towards self-actualization. Empathy The ability to understand and share the feelings of others. THE BEHAVIOURAL MODEL Explanation of human behaviour (including dysfunction) based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology, which brings the systematic development of a more scientific approach to psychological aspects of psychopathology (e.g. classical conditioning, systematic desensitization, operant conditioning). Explain the Behavioral model and its contributions. Behaviorism gave psychology credibility as a science even though it often ignored the brain and only looked at things that are measurable and observable. Examples: systematic desensitization, reinforcement, shaping, conditioning 3 characteristics of behavioral model Explanation of human behavior (dysfunction), based on principals of learning and adaptation, experimental Pavlov's Classical Conditioning dog associating bell to food (salivating) Classical Conditioning (Pavlov) A fundamental learning process where an event (US) that automatically elicits a response (UR), is paired with another stimulus event (neutral stimuli). After repeated pairings the neutral stimuli (CS) becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response (CR). Example of classical conditioning 1 US: dentist drill UR: pain, hurt CS:dentist chair, dentist, seeing tools, sound of drill CR: anxious Example of classical conditioning 2 US: food UR: salivate CS: bell CR: salivate types of conditioned stimuli people places emotions sight hearing How to undo classical conditioning with Pavlov's dogs present the bell without the food (extinction) the dog will learn that the bell does not indicate food Skinner's Operant Conditioning showing that something WE do can affect environment (rats and lever) central to psychopathology; behavior operates on the environment Operant Conditioning asserts that learned behavior is a function of its consequence -Positive reinforcement -Negative reinforcement -Punishment -Extinction BF SKINNER N OPERANT CONDITIONING law of effect behavior that is followed by satisfying consequences will be repeated, behavior that is followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged skinner principle of reinforcement principle of reinforcement positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement; positive punishment; negative punishment reinforcement an increase in behavior because of the consequences that behavior produced punishment a decrease in behavior because of the consequences that behavior produced positive reinforcement behavior results in something added that leads to an increase in behavior examples: buying a drink praise good grades for studying getting a raise at work positive punishment behavior results in something added that leads to a decrease in behavior examples: speeding fines shock collar spanking points on license negative reinforcement behavior results in something taken away that leads to an increase in behavior take something away to increase behavior "escape" "avoidance" can escape something in a maladaptive way -abnormal behavior is often found in negative reinforcement examples: good grades, no chores no final for good grades get out of jail early for good behavior beeping to put seat belt on escape annoyance of alarm, increase behavior of turning off alarm negative punishment behavior results in something taken away that leads to a decrease in behavior examples: time out (from reinforcement) getting grounded take phone away example child is crying and mother is embarrassed -give child candy and embarrassment is removed -negative reinforcement from mother's side because take away embarrassment and increase behavior of giving child candy -positive reinforcement from child's side because add candy and increase behavior of acting out From and To positive reinforcement: from okay to happy positive punishment: from happy or okay to sad negative reinforcement: from sad to happy or okay negative punishment: from happy or okay to sad abnormal behavior is often found in.... negative reinforcement "Sit Down" Study -child gets out of seat a lot and disturbs other people -as a result, teacher cannot teach well -reprimand child by yelling "sit down" -end result: child is out of seat more often than in the beginning negative reinforcement in sit down study -increase behavior of yelling "sit down" -frustration is removed positive reinforcement in sit down study -increase behavior of child getting out of seat -adding the yelling of the teacher initial idea was positive punishment: (add yelling to decrease behavior of child getting out of seat) Stimulus control -events that happen prior to the occurrence of behavior that influence the likelihood of the behavior -"prompting" / "queuing" ex: time of day, smoking, drinking Abnormal Psychology Chapter 2: Key Terms
