MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
Net Working Capital
1
. During 1990, Mason Company’s current assets increased by $120, current liabilities
decreased by $50, and net working capital (E)
a. Increased by $70.
c. Decreased by $170.
b. Did not change.
d. Increased by $170.
CMA 1290 1-19
2
During the year, Mason Company's current assets increased by $130, current liabilities
decreased by $60, and net working capital (E)
A. Increased by $70.
C. Decreased by $190.
B. Did not change.
D. Increased by $190.
Gleim
3
A service enterprise's working capital at the beginning of January was $70,000. The following
transactions occurred during January:
Performed services on account
$30,000
Purchased supplies on account
5,000
Consumed supplies
4,000
Purchased office equipment for cash
2,000
Paid short-term bank loan
6,500
Paid salaries
10,000
Accrued salaries
3,500
What is the amount of working capital at the end of January? (M)
A. $80,500
C. $50,500
B. $78,500
D. $47,500
CIA 1193 IV-36
.
.
4
.
The following are the January 1 and June 30 balance sheets of a company:
Assets (in millions)
Jan. 1
Cash
$3
Accounts receivable
5
Inventories
8
Fixed assets
10
Total assets
$26
Accounts payable
$2
Notes payable
4
Accrued wages
1
Long-term debt
9
Stockholder's equity
10
Total liabilities and stockholder's equity
$26
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
June 30
$4
4
10
11
$29
$3
3
2
11
10
$29
From January 1 to June 30, the net working capital (M)
A. Decreased by $1 million.
C. Increased by $1 million.
B. Stayed the same.
D. Increased by $2 million.
CIA 1192 IV-52
Covenant Limitation
Maximum Loan Availment
*. It is the policy of Franz Corp. that the current ratio cannot fall below 1.5 to 1.0. Its current
liabilities are P400,000 and the present current ratio is 2 to 1. How much is the maximum level
of new short-term loans it can secure without violating the policy? (M)
a. P400,000
c. P266,667
b. P300,000
d. P800,000
RPCPA 1096
5
A firm's current ratio is currently 1.70 to 1. Management knows it cannot violate a working
capital restriction contained in its bond indenture. If the firm's current ratio falls below 1.40 to 1,
technically it will have defaulted. If current liabilities are $200 million, the maximum new
commercial paper that can be issued to finance inventory expansion is (M)
A. $80 million.
C. $150 million.
B. $370 million.
D. $280 million.
Gleim
6
A firm's current ratio is currently 1.75 to 1. Management knows it cannot violate a working
capital restriction contained in its bond indenture. If the firm's current ratio falls below 1.5 to 1,
technically it will have defaulted. If current liabilities are $250 million, the maximum new
commercial paper that can be issued to finance inventory expansion is (M)
A. $375.00 million.
C. $562.50 million.
B. $125.00 million.
D. $437.50 million. CMA 0683 1-8, 1292 1-23
7
Management of a company does not want to violate a working capital restriction contained in
its bond indenture. If the firm's current ratio falls below 2.0 to 1, technically it will have
defaulted. The firm's current ratio is now 2.2 to 1. If current liabilities are $200 million, the
maximum new commercial paper that can be issued to finance inventory expansion is (M)
A. $20 million.
C. $240 million.
B. $40 million.
D. $180 million.
Gleim
8
Iken Berry Farms has $5 million in current assets, $3 million in current liabilities, and its initial
inventory level is $1 million. The company plans to increase its inventory, and it will raise
additional short-term debt (that will show up as notes payable on the balance sheet) to purchase
the inventory. Assume that the value of the remaining current assets will not change. The
company’s bond covenants require it to maintain a current ratio that is greater than or equal to
.
.
.
.
Page 1 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
1.5. What is the maximum amount that the company can increase its inventory before it is
restricted by these covenants?
a. $0.50 million
d. $1.66 million
b. $1.00 million
e. $2.33 million
c. $1.33 million
Brigham
Maximum Cash Dividend
9
. MFC Corporation has 100,000 shares of stock outstanding. Below is part of MFC’s Statement
of Financial Position for the last fiscal year.
MFC Corporation
Statement of Financial Position – Selected Items
December 31, 1996
Cash
Accounts receivable
Inventory
Prepaid assets
$455,000
900,000
650,000
45,000
Accrued liabilities
285,000
Accounts payable
550,000
Current portion, long-term notes payable
65,000
What is the maximum amount MFC can pay in cash dividends per share and maintain a
minimum current ratio of 2 to 1? Assume that all accounts other than cash remain unchanged.
(M)
a. $2.05
c. $3.35
b. $2.50
d. $3.80
CMA 0697 1-16
Effect of Plant Expansion on Working Capital
10
. Shaw Corporation is considering a plant expansion that will increase its sales and net income.
The following data represent management’s estimate of the impact the proposal will have on
the company:
Current
Proposal
Cash
$ 100,000
$ 120,000
Accounts payable
350,000
430,000
Accounts receivable
400,000
500,000
Inventory
380,000
460,000
Marketable securities
200,000
200,000
Mortgage payable (current)
175,000
325,000
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Fixed assets
2,500,000
Net income
500,000
The effect of the plant expansion of Shaw’s working capital will be a(n) (M)
a. Decrease of $150,000.
c. Increase of $30,000.
b. Decrease of $30,000.
d. Increase of $120,000.
3,500,000
650,000
CMA 1292 1-22
11
. Finan Corporation's management is considering a plant expansion that will increase its sales
and have commensurate impact on its net working capital position. The following information
presents management's estimate of the impact the proposal will have on Finan.
Current
Proposal
Cash
$ 100,000
$ 110,000
Accounts payable
400,000
470,000
Accounts receivable
560,000
690,000
Inventory
350,000
380,000
Marketable securities
200,000
200,000
Fixed assets
2,500,000
3,500,000
Net income
500,000
650,000
The impact of the plant expansion on Finan's working capital would be (M)
A. A decrease of $100,000.
C. An increase of $100,000.
B. A decrease of $950,000.
D. An increase of $950,000. CMA 1286 1-29
. The Herb Salter Corporation is considering a plant expansion that will increase its sales and
net income. The following data represent management's estimate of the impact the proposal
will have on the company:
Current
Proposed
Cash
$ 120,000
$ 140,000
Accounts payable
360,000
450,000
Accounts receivable
400,000
550,000
Inventory
360,000
420,000
Marketable securities
180,000
180,000
Mortgage payable (current)
160,000
310,000
Fixed assets
2,300,000
3,200,000
Net income
400,000
550,000
The effect of the plant expansion on Salter's working capital will be a(n) (M)
A. Increase of $240,000
C. Increase of $230,000
B. Decrease of $10,000
D. Increase of $10,000
Gleim
12
Page 2 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCING POLICY
Moderate
13
. Wildthing Amusement Company’s total assets fluctuate between $320,000 and $410,000,
while its fixed assets remain constant at $260,000. If the firm follows a maturity matching or
moderate working capital financing policy, what is the likely level of its long-term financing? (E)
a. $ 90,000
d. $410,000
b. $260,000
e. $320,000
c. $350,000
Brigham
Conservative
23. Great Company has P8,000,000 in current assets, P3,500,000 of which are considered
permanent current assets. In addition, the firm has P6,000,000 invested in fixed assets. Great
Company wishes to finance all fixed assets and permanent current assets plus half of its
temporary current assets with long-term financing costing 15%. Short-term financing currently
costs 10%. Great Company’s earnings before interest and taxes are P2,200,000. Income tax
rate is 40%.
How much would Real Company’s earnings after taxes be under this financing plan?
A. P112,500
C. P225,000
B. P127,500
D. P85,000
Pol Bobadilla
Aggressive
49. Normal Company has total fixed assets of P100,000 and no current liabilities. The table below
displays its wide variation in current asset components:
1st Qtr
2nd Qtr
3rd Qtr
4th Qtr
Cash
P 20,000
P 10,000
P 15,000
P 20,000
Accounts receivable
66,000
25,000
47,000
88,000
Inventory
20,000
65,000
59,000
10,000
Total
P106,000
P100,000
P121,000
P118,000
If Normal’s policy is to finance all fixed assets and half the permanent current assets with longterm financing and the rest with short-term financing, what is the level of long-term financing?
(D)
A. P68,000
C. P150,000
B. P100,000
D. P155,625
Pol Bobadilla
Working Capital Policy Options
14
. Mason Company's board of directors has determined 4 options to increase working capital
next year. Option 1 is to increase current assets by $120 and decrease current liabilities by
$50. Option 2 is to increase current assets by $180 and increase current liabilities by $30.
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
Option 3 is to decrease current assets by $140 and increase current liabilities by $20. Option 4
is to decrease current assets by $100 and decrease current liabilities by $75. Which option
should Mason choose to maximize net working capital?
A. Option 1.
C. Option 3.
B. Option 2.
D. Option 4.
Gleim
15
. Jarrett Enterprises is considering whether to pursue a restricted or relaxed current asset
investment policy. The firm’s annual sales are $400,000; its fixed assets are $100,000; debt
and equity are each 50 percent of total assets. EBIT is $36,000, the interest rate on the firm’s
debt is 10 percent, and the firm’s tax rate is 40 percent. With a restricted policy, current assets
will be 15 percent of sales. Under a relaxed policy, current assets will be 25 percent of sales.
What is the difference in the projected ROEs between the restricted and relaxed policies? (M)
a. 0.0%
d. 1.6%
b. 6.2%
e. 3.8%
c. 5.4%
Brigham
Comprehensive
Questions 56 thru 61 are based on the following information.
Gitman
Irish Air Services has determined several factors relative to its asset and financing mix.

The firm earns 10 percent annually on its current assets.

The firm earns 20 percent annually on its fixed assets.

The firm pays 13 percent annually on current liabilities.

The firm pays 17 percent annually on long-term funds.

The firm's monthly current, fixed and total asset requirements for the previous year are
summarized in the table below:
Month
Current Assets
Fixed Assets
Total Assets
January
$45,000
$100,000
$145,000
February
40,000
100,000
140,000
March
50,000
100,000
150,000
April
55,000
100,000
155,000
May
60,000
100,000
160,000
June
75,000
100,000
175,000
July
75,000
100,000
175,000
August
75,000
100,000
175,000
September
60,000
100,000
160,000
October
55,000
100,000
155,000
November
50,000
100,000
150,000
December
50,000
100,000
150,000
Page 3 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
B. 3:1
56. The firm's monthly average permanent funds requirement is (E)
A. $100,000.
C. $140,000.
B. $57,500.
D. $157,500.
63. The firm's initial net working capital is
A. -$ 5,000.
B. $13,000.
57. The firm's monthly average seasonal funds requirement is (M)
A. $17,500.
C. $40,000.
B. $57,500.
D. $157,500.
65. If the firm was to shift $3,000 of current assets to fixed assets, the firm's net working capital
would _____, the annual profits on total assets would _____, and the risk of technical
insolvency would _____, respectively.
A. increase; decrease; increase
C. increase; decrease; decrease
B. decrease; increase; decrease
D. decrease; increase; increase
59. The firm's annual financing costs of conservative financing strategy is (M)
A. $22,775.
C. $29,750.
B. $26,075.
D. $21,175.
60. The firm's annual profits on total assets for the previous year was (M)
A. $20,000.
C. $23,625.
B. $21,500.
D. $25,750.
61. If the firm's current liabilities in December were $40,000, the net working capital was (E)
A. $140,000.
C. $10,000.
B. $60,000.
D. -$10,000.
Assets
Current assets
Fixed assets
Gitman
Liabilities & Equity
$10,000
Current Liabilities
$ 5,000
20,000
Long-term debt
12,000
Equity
13,000
Total
$30,000 Total
$30,000
The company earns 5 percent on current assets and 15 percent on fixed assets. The firm's current
liabilities cost 7 percent to maintain and the average annual cost of long-term funds is 20 percent.
62. The firm's initial ratio of current to total asset is _____.
A. 1:3
C. 2:3
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
C. $ 5,000.
D. $10,000.
64. The firm's initial annual profits on total assets is
A. $2,500.
C. $3,000.
B. $3,500.
D. $4,500.
58. The firm's annual financing costs of the aggressive financing strategy is (M)
A. $21,175.
C. $24,475.
B. $26,075.
D. $22,775.
Questions 62 thru 68 are based on the following information.
Flum Packages, Inc.
D. 3:2
66. If the firm was to shift $7,000 of fixed assets to current assets, the firm's net working capital
would _____, the annual profits on total assets would _____, and the risk of not being able to
meet current obligations would _____, respectively.
A. increase; decrease; increase
C. increase; decrease; decrease
B. decrease; increase; decrease
D. decrease; increase; increase
67. If the firm was to shift $2,000 of current liabilities to long-term funds, the firm's net working
capital would _____, the annual cost of financing would _____, and the risk of technical
insolvency would _____, respectively.
A. decrease; decrease; increase
C. decrease; increase; decrease
B. increase; increase; decrease
D. increase; decrease; decrease
68. The firm would like to increase its current ratio. This goal would be accomplished most
profitably by
A. increasing current liabilities.
C. increasing current assets.
B. decreasing current liabilities.
D. decreasing current assets.
CASH MANAGEMENT
Cash Conversion Cycle
29. A firm has an average age of inventory of 60 days, an average collection period of 45 days,
and an average payment period of 30 days. The firm's cash conversion cycle is ______ days.
(E)
Page 4 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
A. 15
B. 45
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
C. 75
D. 135
34. A firm has an average age of inventory of 101 days, an average collection period of 49 days,
and an average payment period of 60 days. The firm's cash conversion cycle is (E)
A. 150 days.
C. 112 days.
B. 90 days.
D. 8 days
Gitman
37. A firm has an average age of inventory of 20 days, an average collection period of 30 days,
and an average payment period of 60 days. The firm's cash conversion cycle is _____ days.
(E)
A. 70
C. -10
B. 50
D. 110
Gitman
16
. If the average age of inventory is 60 days, the average age of the accounts payable is 30
days, and the average age of accounts receivable is 45 days, the number of days in the cash
flow cycle is (E)
A. 135 days.
C. 75 days.
B. 90 days.
D. 105 days.
Gleim
17
. If the average days of inventory is 90 days, the average age of accounts payable is 60 days,
and the average age of accounts receivable is 65 days, the number of days in the cash flow
cycle is (E)
a. 215 days
c. 95 days
b. 150 days
d. 85 days
CMA 1284 1-20, RPCPA 1096
18
. For the Cook County Company, the average age of accounts receivable is 60 days, the
average age of accounts payable is 45 days, and the average age of inventory is 72 days.
Assuming a 360-day year, what is the length of the firm’s cash conversion cycle? (E)
a. 87 days
d. 48 days
b. 90 days
e. 66 days
c. 65 days
Brigham
19
. A growing company is assessing current working capital requirements. An average of 58 days
is required to convert raw materials into finished goods and to sell them. Then an average of
32 days is required to collect on receivables. If the average time the company takes to pay for
its raw materials is 15 days after they are received, then the total cash conversion cycle for this
company is (E)
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
A. 11 days.
B. 41 days.
Gitman
20.
C. 75 days.
D. 90 days.
CIA 0596 IV-53
Spartan Sporting Goods has $5 million in inventory and $2 million in accounts receivable. Its average daily sales are $100,000. The company’s payables deferral
period (accounts payable divided by daily purchases) is 30 days. What is the length of the company’s cash conversion cycle?
a. 100 days
b. 60 days
c. 50 days
d.
e.
(E)
40 days
33 days
Brigham
31. A firm purchased raw materials on account and paid for them within 30 days. The raw
materials were used in manufacturing a finished good sold on account 100 days after the raw
materials were purchased. The customer paid for the finished good 60 days later. The firm's
cash conversion cycle is ______ days. (M)
A. 10
C. 130
B. 70
D. 190
Gitman
87. A firm with a cash conversion cycle of 175 days can stretch its average payment period from
30 days to 45 days. This will result in a(n) _____ in the cash conversion cycle of _____ days.
(M)
A. increase, 15
C. increase, 45
B. decrease, 15
D. decrease, 45
Gitman
21
. Porta Stadium Inc. has annual sales of $40,000,000 and keeps average inventory of
$10,000,000. On average, the firm has accounts receivable of $8,000,000. The firm buys all
raw materials on credit, its trade credit terms are net 30 days, and it pays on time. The firm’s
managers are searching for ways to shorten the cash conversion cycle. If sales can be
maintained at existing levels but inventory can be lowered by $2,000,000 and accounts
receivable lowered by $1,000,000, what will be the net change in the cash conversion cycle?
Use a 360-day year. (M)
a. +105 days
d. -27 days
b. -105 days
e. -3 days
c. +27 days
Brigham
22
. Bully Corporation purchases raw materials on July 1. It converts the raw materials into
inventory by September 30. However, Bully pays for the materials on July 20. On October 31,
it sells the finished goods inventory. Then, the firm collects cash from the sale 1 month later on
November 30. If this sequence accurately represents the average working capital cycle, what
is the firm's cash conversion cycle in days? (D)
Page 5 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
A. 92 days.
B. 133 days.
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
C. 123 days.
D. 153 days.
c. -13 days
Brigham
Gleim
26
23
. You have recently been hired to improve the performance of Multiplex Corporation, which has
been experiencing a severe cash shortage. As one part of your analysis, you want to
determine the firm’s cash conversion cycle. Using the following information and a 360-day
year, what is your estimate of the firm’s current cash conversion cycle? (M)
Current inventory = $120,000.
Annual sales = $600,000.
Accounts receivable = $160,000.
Accounts payable = $25,000.
Total annual purchases = $360,000.
Purchases credit terms: net 30 days.
Receivables credit terms: net 50 days.
a. 49 days
d. 168 days
b. 193 days
e. 143 days
c. 100 days
Brigham
24
. Gaston Piston Corp. has annual sales of $50,000,000 and maintains an average inventory
level of $15,000,000. The average accounts receivable balance outstanding is $10,000,000.
The company makes all purchases on credit and has always paid on the 30th day. The
company is now going to take full advantage of trade credit and pay its suppliers on the 40th
day. If sales can be maintained at existing levels but inventory can be lowered by $2,000,000
and accounts receivable lowered by $2,000,000, what will be the net change in the cash
conversion cycle? (Assume there are 360 days in the year.) (M)
a. -14.4 days
d. -25.6 days
b. -18.8 days
e. -38.8 days
c. -28.8 days
Brigham
25
. Kolan Inc. has annual sales of $36,500,000 ($100,000 a day on a 365-day basis). On average,
the company has $12,000,000 in inventory and $8,000,000 in accounts receivable. The company
is looking for ways to shorten its cash conversion cycle, which is calculated on a 365-day basis.
Its CFO has proposed new policies that would result in a 20 percent reduction in both average
inventories and accounts receivables. The company anticipates that these policies will also
reduce sales by 10 percent. Accounts payable will remain unchanged. What effect would these
policies have on the company’s cash conversion cycle? (M)
a. -40 days
d. +22 days
b. -22 days
e. +40 days
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
. Jordan Air Inc. has average inventory of $1,000,000. Its estimated annual sales are 12 million and
the firm estimates its receivables conversion period to be twice as long as its inventory conversion
period. The firm pays its trade credit on time; its terms are net 30. The firm wants to decrease its
cash conversion cycle by 10 days. It believes that it can reduce its average inventory to $900,000.
Assume a 360-day year and that sales will not change. By how much must the firm also reduce its
accounts receivable to meet its goal of a 10-day reduction? (D)
a. $ 101,900
d. $ 333,520
b. $1,000,000
e. $
0
c. $ 233,333
Brigham
209.A firm has arranged for a lockbox system to reduce collection time of accounts receivable.
Currently the firm has an average collection period of 43 days, an average age of inventory of
50 days, and an average payment period of 10 days. The lockbox system will reduce the
average collection period by 3 days by reducing processing, mail, and clearing float. The
firm's cash conversion cycle _____. (E)
A. increases by 3 days
C. will not change
B. decreases by 3 days
D. is 93 days
Annual Savings
81. A firm has annual operating outlays of $1,800,000 and a cash conversion cycle of 60 days. If
the firm currently pays 12 percent for negotiated financing and reduces its cash conversion
cycle to 50 days, the annual savings is
A. $ 50,000
C. $ 6,000.
B. $200,000
D. $216,000.
Gitman
82. A firm has a cash conversion cycle of 60 days. Annual outlays are $12 million and the cost of
negotiated financing is 12 percent. If the firm reduces its average age of inventory by 10 days,
the annual savings is ______.
A. $104,000
C. $ 28,800
B. $144,000
D. $40,000
Gitman
Cash Flow
27
. FLF Corporation had income before taxes of $50,000. Included in the calculation of this
amount was depreciation of $6,000, a charge of $7,000 for the amortization of bond discounts,
and $5,000 for interest paid. The estimated pretax cash flow for the period is (M)
A. $50,000
C. $37,000
Page 6 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
B. $57,000
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
D. $63,000
Gleim
28
. RLF Corporation had income before taxes of $60,000 for the year 1991. Included in this
amount was depreciation of $5,000, a charge of $6,000 for amortization of bond discounts,
and $4,000 for interest expense. The estimated cash flow for the period is (M)
a. $60,000.
c. $49,000.
b. $66,000.
d. $71,000.
CMA 0692 1-26
Q
5. Suppose that the interest rate on Treasury bills is 6%, and every sale of bills costs $60. You
pay out cash at a rate of $800,000 a year. According to Baumol's model of cash balances,
what is Q?
A. $17,376
D. $50,000
B. $20,000
E. $40,000
C. $10,000
B&M
29
. Shown below is a forecast of sales for Cooper Inc. for the first 4 months of the year (all
amounts are in thousands of dollars).
January
February
March
April
Cash sales
$ 15
$ 24
$18
$14
Sales on credit
100
120
90
70
On average, 50% of credit sales are paid for in the month of sale, 30% in the month following
the sale, and the remainder is paid 2 months after the month of sale. Assuming there are no
bad debts, the expected cash inflow for Cooper in March is (M)
A. $138,000
C. $119,000
B. $122,000
D. $108,000
CMA 1295 1-8
Baumol’s Model of Cash Balances
Number of Conversions
7. Suppose that the interest rate on Treasury bills is 6%, and every sale of bills costs $20. You
pay out cash at a rate of $400,000 a month. According to Baumol's model of cash balances,
how many times a month should you sell bills?
A. 30
C. 7
B. 20
D. 4
B&M
6. Suppose that the interest rate on Treasury bills is 4%, and every sale of bills costs $40. You
pay out cash at a rate of $1,000,000 a quarter. According to Baumol's model of cash
balances, how many times a quarter should you sell bills? (Approximately.)
A. 20
C. 12
B. 22
D. 11
B&M
4. Suppose that the interest rate on Treasury bills is 6%, and every sale of bills costs $60. You
pay out cash at a rate of $800,000 a year. According to Baumol's model of cash balances,
how many times a year should you sell bills?
A. 20
C. 50
B. 35
D. 15
B&M
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
8. Suppose that the interest rate on Treasury bills is 6%, and every sale of bills costs $20. You
pay out cash at a rate of $400,000 a month. According to Baumol's model of cash balances,
what is Q?
A. $16,000
D. $43,000
B. $24,000
E. $57,000
C. $31,000
B&M
Float
Availability Float
18. On an average day, a company writes checks totaling $1,500. These checks take 7 days to
clear. The company receives checks totaling $1,800. These checks take 4 days to clear. The
cost of debt is 9%. What is the firm's availability float?
A. $10,500
C. $1,800
B. $7,200
D. None of the above
B&M
Disbursement Float
17. On an average day, a company writes checks totaling $1,500. These checks take 7 days to
clear. The company receives checks totaling $1,800. These checks take 4 days to clear. The
cost of debt is 9%. What is the firm's disbursement float?
A. $10,500
C. $1,800
B. $1,500
D. None of the above
B&M
20. H. Pottamus, Inc., has $2 million on deposit with the bank. It now writes checks for $100,000
and $200,000 and deposits a check for $80,000. Two weeks later it learns that the $200,000
check and $80,000 check have cleared. What is the company's disbursement float?
A. $300,000
C. $100,000
B. $220,000
D. -$100,000
B&M
Net Float
Page 7 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
19. On an average day, a company writes checks totaling $1,500. These checks take 7 days to
clear. The company receives checks totaling $1,800. These checks take 4 days to clear. The
cost of debt is 9%. What is the firm's net float?
A. $300
C. $2,100
B. $3,300
D. $1,200
B&M
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
B. $350
D. $40,000
Gleim
Questions 2 and 3 are based on the following information.
CIA 0595 IV-45 & 46
A company has a 10% cost of borrowing and incurs fixed costs of $500 for obtaining a loan. It has
stable, predictable cash flows, and the estimated total amount of net new cash needed for
transactions for the year is $175,000. The company does not hold safety stocks of cash.
30
. Assume that each day a company writes and receives checks totaling $10,000. If it takes 5
days for the checks to clear and be deducted from the company's account, and only 4 days for
the deposits to clear, what is the float? (E)
A. $10,000
C. $(10,000)
B. $0
D. $50,000
CMA 0694 1-24
31
. Average daily collection of checks for a firm is $40,000. The firm also writes on the average
$35,000 of checks daily. If the collection period for checks is 5 days, calculate the net float. (E)
A. $25,000
C. $175,000
B. $40,000
D. $200,000
Gleim
32
. Jumpdisk Company writes checks averaging $15,000 a day, and it takes five days for these
checks to clear. The firm also receives checks in the amount of $17,000 per day, but the firm
loses three days while its receipts are being deposited and cleared. What is the firm’s net float
in dollars? (E)
a. $126,000
d. $ 24,000
b. $ 75,000
e. $ 16,000
c. $ 32,000
Brigham
Annual Savings
12. As part of a union negotiation agreement, the United Clerical Workers Union conceded to be
paid every two weeks instead of every week. A major firm employing hundreds of clerical
workers had a weekly payroll of $1,000,000 and the cost of short-term funds was 12 percent.
The effect of this concession was to delay clearing time by one week. Due to the concession,
the firm
A. realized an annual loss of $120,000.
C. increased its cash cycle.
B. realized an annual savings of $120,000. D. decreased its cash turnover.
Gitman
Opportunity Cost
33
. What is the opportunity cost of keeping a cash balance of $2 million, if the daily interest rate is
0.02% and the average transaction cost of investing money overnight is $50? (E)
A. $50
C. $400
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
34
. When the average cash balance of the company is higher, the <List A> the cash balance is
<List B>.
List A
List B
A.
Opportunity cost of holding
Higher
B.
Total transactions costs associated with obtaining
Higher
C.
Opportunity cost of holding
Lower
D.
Total costs of holding
Lower
35
. If the average cash balance for the company during the year is $20,916.50, the opportunity
cost of holding cash for the year will be
A. $2,091.65
C. $8,750.00
B. $4,183.30
D. $17,500.00
Lock Box Service
Increase in Average Cash Balance
36
. CMR is a retail mail order firm that currently uses a central collection system that requires all
checks to be sent to its Boston headquarters. An average of 5 days is required for mailed
checks to be received, 4 days for CMR to process them and 1½ days for the checks to clear
through its bank. A proposed lockbox system would reduce the mail and process time to 3
days and the check clearing time to 1 day. CMR has an average daily collection of $100,000. If
CMR should adopt the lockbox system, its average cash balance would increase by (E)
a. $250,000.
c. $650,000.
b. $400,000.
d. $800,000.
CMA 1286 1-30
37
. DLF is a retail mail order firm that currently uses a central collection system that requires all
checks to be sent to its Boston headquarters. An average of 6 days is required for mailed
checks to be received, 3 days for DLF to process them, and 2 days for the checks to clear
through its bank. A proposed lockbox system would reduce the mailing and processing time to
2 days and the check clearing time to 1 day. DLF has an average daily collection of $150,000.
If DLF adopts the lockbox system, its average cash balance will increase by (E)
A. $1,200,000
C. $600,000
Page 8 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
B. $750,000
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
D. $450,000
Gleim
Daily Income (Loss)
24. Assume that the average number of daily payments to a lock-box is 200, the average size of
the payment is $1,000, the rate of interest per day is 0.02% (i.e., 0.0002), the savings in mail
time is 2 days, and the savings in processing time is 1 day. What is the daily return from
operating the lock-box?
A. $80
C. $120
B. $100
D. $130
B&M
Increase in Annual Income (Loss)
38
. What are the expected annual savings from a lockbox system that collects 200 checks per day
averaging $500 each, and reduces mailing and processing times by 2.0 and 0.5 days,
respectively, if the annual interest rate is 6%? (E)
A. $250,000
C. $6,000
B. $12,000
D. $15,000
Gleim
39
. A firm has daily cash receipts of $300,000. A bank has offered to provide a lockbox service
that will reduce the collection time by 3 days. The bank requires a monthly fee of $2,000 for
providing this service. If money market rates are expected to average 6% during the year, the
additional annual income (loss) of using the lockbox service is (E)
A. ($24,000)
C. $30,000
B. $12,000
D. $54,000
Gleim
40
. Foster Inc. is considering implementing a lock box collection system at a cost of $80,000 per
year. Annual sales are $90 million, and the lockbox system will reduce collection time by 3
days. If Foster can invest funds at 8%, should it use the lockbox system? Assume a 360-day
year. (E)
a. Yes, producing savings of $140,000 per year.
b. Yes, producing savings of $60,000 per year.
c. No, producing a loss of $20,000 per year.
d. No, producing a loss of $60,000 per year.
CMA 1295 1-14
41
. Cross Collectibles currently fills mail orders from all over the U. S. and receipts come in to
headquarters in Little Rock, Arkansas. The firm’s average accounts receivable (A/R) is $2.5
million and is financed by a bank loan with 11 percent annual interest. Cross is considering a
regional lockbox system to speed up collections that it believes will reduce A/R by 20 percent.
The annual cost of the system is $15,000. What is the estimated net annual savings to the firm
from implementing the lockbox system? (M)
a. $500,000
d. $ 55,000
b. $ 30,000
e. $ 40,000
c. $ 60,000
Brigham
42
. A company has daily cash receipts of $150,000. The treasurer of the company has
investigated a lock box service whereby the bank that offers this service will reduce the
company’s collection time by four days at a monthly fee of $2,500. If money market rates
average 4% during the year, the additional annual income (loss) from using the lock box
service would be (E)
a. $6,000.
c. $12,000.
b. $(6,000).
d. $(12,000).
CMA 0694 1-19
43
. A banker has offered to set up and operate a lock box system for your company. Details are
given below. Estimate the annual savings.
Average number of daily payments
325
Average size of payments
$1,250
Daily interest rate
0.021%
Saving in mailing time
1.3 days
Saving in processing time
0.9 days
Bank charges
$0.30
Assume 250 processing days per year. (M)
A. $3,273
C. $23,500
B. $22,675
D. $47,000
Gleim
44
. Cleveland Masks and Costumes Inc. (CMC) has a majority of its customers located in the
states of California and Nevada. Keystone National Bank, a major west coast bank, has
agreed to provide a lockbox system to CMC at a fixed fee of $50,000 per year and a variable
fee of $0.50 for each payment processed by the bank. On average, CMC receives 50
payments per day, each averaging $20,000. With the lockbox system, the company's
collection float will decrease by 2 days. The annual interest rate on money market securities is
6%. If CMC makes use of the lockbox system, what would be the net benefit to the company?
Use 365 days per year. (M)
A. $59,125
C. $50,000
B. $60,875
D. $120,000
CMA Samp Q1-6
Optimal Lock-Box Alternative
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Page 9 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
45
. Newman Products has received proposals from several banks to establish a lockbox system to
speed up receipts. Newman receives an average of 700 checks per day averaging $1,800
each, and its cost of short-term funds is 7% per year. Assuming that all proposals will produce
equivalent processing results and using a 360-day year, which one of the following proposals
is optimal for Newman? (M)
CMA 0697 1-13
a. A $0.50 fee per check.
c. A fee of 0.03% of the amount collected.
b. A flat fee of $125,000 per year.
d. A compensating balance of $1,750,000
46
. A firm has daily cash receipts of $300,000 and is interested in acquiring a lockbox service in
order to reduce collection time.
 Bank 1's lockbox service costs $3,000 per month and will reduce collection time by 3
days.
 Bank 2's lockbox service costs $5,000 per month and will reduce collection time by 4
days.
 Bank 3's lockbox service costs $500 per month and will reduce collection time by 1 day.
 Bank 4's lockbox service costs $1,000 per month and will reduce collection time by 2
days.
If money market rates are expected to average 6% during the year, and the firm wishes to
maximize income, which bank should the firm choose? (M)
A. Bank 1.
C. Bank 3.
B. Bank 2.
D. Bank 4.
Gleim
Other Cash Management Systems
Change in Profit (Loss)
*. QRS makes large cash payments averaging P17,000 daily. The company changed from using
checks to sight drafts which will permit it to hold unto its cash for one extra day. If QRS can
use the extra cash to earn 14% annually, what annual peso return will it earn? (E)
a. P652.10
c. P6.52
b. P6,521.00
d. P2,380
RPCPA 1097
47
. What is the benefit for a firm with daily sales of $15,000 to be able to reduce the collection
period by 2 days, given an 8% annual opportunity cost of funds? (M)
A. $2,400 annual benefit.
C. $600 annual benefit.
B. $1,200 annual benefit.
D. $7,500 annual benefit.
Gleim
48
. A firm has daily cash receipts of $100,000 and collection time of 2 days. A bank has offered to
decrease the collection time on the firm’s deposits by two days for a monthly fee of $500. If
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
money market rates are expected to average 6% during the year, the net annual benefit loss)
from having this service is (M)
a. $3,000
c. $0
b. $12,000
d. $6,000
CMA 0696 1-12
49
. A firm has daily cash receipts of $200,000. A commercial bank has offered to reduce the
collection time by 3 days. The bank requires a monthly fee of $4,000 for providing this service.
If money market rates will average 12% during the year, the additional annual income (loss) of
having the service is (M)
A. $(24,000).
C. $66,240.
B. $24,000.
D. $68,000.
CMA 0683 1-7
50
. A firm has daily cash receipts of $300,000. A commercial bank has offered to reduce the
collection time by 2 days. The bank requires a monthly fee of $3,000 for providing this service.
If the money market rates will average 11% during the year, the annual pretax income (loss)
from using the service is (M)
A. $(30,000)
C. $66,000
B. $30,000
D. $63,000
Gleim
Point of Indifference
51
. Average daily cash outflows are $3 million for Farms Inc. A new cash management system
can add 2 days to the disbursement schedule. Assuming Farms earns 10% on excess funds,
how much should the firm be willing to pay per year for the cash management system. (E)
a. $6,000,000.
c. $1,500,000.
b. $3,000,000.
d. $600,000.
CMA 1295 1-3
52
. Troy Toys is a retailer operating in several cities. Its individual store managers deposit daily
collections at a local bank in a noninterest-bearing checking account. Twice per week, the
local bank issues a depository transfer check (DTC) to the central bank at headquarters. The
controller of the company is considering using a wire transfer instead. The additional cost of
each transfer would be $25; collections would be accelerated by two days; and an annual
interest rate paid by the central bank is 7.2% (0.02% per day). At what amount of dollars
transferred would it be economically feasible to use a wire transfer instead of the DTC?
Assume a 360-day year. (M)
CMA 1294 1-17
a. It would never be economically feasible. c. Any amount greater than $173.
b. $125,000 or above.
d. Any amount greater than $62,500
Page 10 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
53
. Best Computers believes that its collection costs could be reduced through modification of
collection procedures. This action is expected to result in a lengthening of the average
collection period from 28 days to 34 days; however, there will be no change in uncollectible
accounts. The company's budgeted credit sales for the coming year are $27,000,000, and
short-term interest rates are expected to average 8%. To make the changes in collection
procedures cost beneficial, the minimum savings in collection costs (using a 360-day year) for
the coming year would have to be (M)
A. $30,000.
C. $180,000.
B. $360,000.
D. $36,000.
CMA 1292 1-20
54
. Best Computers believes that its collection costs could be reduced through modification of
collection procedures. This action is expected to result in a lengthening of the average
collection period from 30 to 35 days; however, there will be no change in uncollectible
accounts, or in total credit sales. Furthermore, the variable cost ratio is 60%, the opportunity
cost of a longer collection period is assumed to be negligible, the company's budgeted credit
sales for the coming year are $45,000,000, and the required rate of return is 6%. To justify
changes in collection procedures, the minimum annual reduction of costs (using a 360-day
year and ignoring taxes) must be (M)
A. $375,000
C. $125,000
B. $37,500
D. $22,500
Gleim
Checking Accounts
55
. Kemple is a newly established janitorial firm, and the owner is deciding what type of checking
account to open. Kemple is planning to keep a $500 minimum balance in the account for
emergencies and plans to write roughly 80 checks per month. The bank charges $10 per
month plus a $0.10 per check charge for a standard business checking account with no
minimum balance. Kemple also has the option of a premium business checking account that
requires a $2,500 minimum balance but has no monthly fees or per check charges. If
Kemple’s cost of funds is 10%, which account should Kemple choose?
a. Standard account, because the savings is $34 per year.
b. Premium account, because the savings is $34 per year.
c. Standard account, because the savings is $16 per year.
d. Premium account, because the savings is $16 per year.
CMA 0697 1-20
Economic Conversion Quantity (ECQ)
Optimum Conversion Size
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
47. Gear Inc.. has a total annual cash requirement of P9,075,000 which are to be paid uniformly.
Gear has the opportunity to invest the money at 24% per annum. The company spends, on the
average, P40 for every cash conversion to marketable securities.
What is the optimal cash conversion size?
a. P60,000
c. P55,000
b. P45,000
d. P72,500
Pol Bobadilla
Average Cash Balance
56
. A company uses the following formula in determining its optimal level of cash.
2bt
C*=
i
If b = fixed cost per transaction
i = interest rate on marketable securities
t = total demand for cash over a period of time
This formula is a modification of the economic order quantity (EOQ) formula used for inventory
management. Assume that the fixed cost of selling marketable securities is $10 per
transaction and the interest rate of marketable securities is 6% per year. The company
estimates that it will make cash payments of $12,000 over a one-month period. What is the
average cash balance (rounded to the nearest dollar)? (E)
a. $1,000
c. $3,464
b. $2,000
d. $6,928
CMA 0696 1-10
47. Mott Co. has a total annual cash requirement of P9,075,000 which are to be paid uniformly.
Mott has the opportunity to invest the money at 24% per annum. The company spends, on the
average, P40 for every cash conversion to marketable securities.
What is the optimum average cash balance?
a. P60,000
c. P45,000
b. P55,000
d. P27,500
Pol Bobadilla
MARKETABLE SECURITIES
Current Price
57
. Assuming a 360 day year, the current price of its $100 U.S. Treasury bill due in 180 days on a
6% discount basis is (E)
a. $97.00
c. $100.00
b. $94.00
d. $93.00
CMA 0694 1-26
. Hendrix, Inc. is interested in purchasing a $100 U.S. Treasury bill and was presented with the
following options:
58
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Page 11 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
Due Date
Discount Rate
Option 1
180 days
6%
Option 2
360 days
3.5%
Option 3
120 days
8%
Option 4
240 days
4.5%
If Hendrix wishes to buy the Treasury bill at the lowest purchasing price, which option should
be chosen, assuming a 360-day year? (M)
A. Option 1.
C. Option 3.
B. Option 2.
D. Option 4.
Gleim
Annually Compounded Rate of Return
4. The discount on a 91-Treasury bill is 5.2%. What is the annually compounded rate of return?
A. 4.8%
C. 5.4%
B. 5.2%
B&M
5. The discount on a 91-Treasury bill is 5.65%. What is the annually compounded rate of return?
A. 5.2%
C. 5.6%
B. 5.9%
D. 5.5%
B&M
6. The discount on a 91-Treasury bill is 4.83%. What is the annually compounded rate of return?
A. 4.83%
D. 5.13%
B. 4.78%
E. 5.0%
C. 1.22%
B&M
Economic Conversion Quantity
Questions 98 and 99 are based on the following information.
Gleim
Snobiz, Inc. has $2 million invested in Treasury bills yielding 8% per annum; this investment will
satisfy the firm's need for funds during the coming year.
. If it costs $50 to sell these bills, regardless of the amount, how much should be withdrawn at a
time? (E)
A. $50,000
C. $250,000
B. $100,000
D. $500,000
59
. If Snobiz, Inc. needs $167,000 a month, how frequently should the CFO sell off Treasury bills?
(M)
A. About every 3 days.
C. About every 15 days.
B. About every 9 days.
D. About every 18 days.
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
Yield on Floating-rate Preferred Stock
18. If the short-term commercial paper rate is 10% and the corporate tax rate is 35%, what yield
would a corporation require on an investment in floating-rate preferred stock? Assume the
default risk is the same as for commercial paper.
A. 15.2%
C. 7.3%
B. 10.0%
D. 6.6%
B&M
19. If the short-term commercial paper rate is 6% and the corporate tax rate is 35%, what yield
would a corporation require on an investment in floating-rate preferred stock? Assume the
default risk is the same as for commercial paper.
A. 6.0%
C. 9.2%
B. 39%
D. 4.4%
B&M
20. If the short-term commercial paper rate is 8% and the corporate tax rate is 35%, what yield
would a corporation require on an investment in floating-rate preferred stock? Assume the
default risk is the same as for commercial paper.
A. 5.8%
C. 4.6%
B. 5.3%
D. 4.4%
B&M
RECEIVABLES MANAGEMENT
Accounts Receivable Balance
*. JBJ Company’s account balance at June 30, 1987 for account receivables and related
allowances for doubtful accounts were P600,000 and P3,000 respectively. Aging of accounts
receivable indicated that P48,000 of the June 30, 1987 receivable may be uncollectible. Net
realizable value of accounts receivable were: (E)
a. P597,000
c. P539,000
b. P552,000
d. none of these
RPCPA 1087
61
. The Irwin Corporation has $3 million per year in credit sales. The company's average day's
sales outstanding is 40 days. Assuming a 360-day year, what is Irwin's average amount of
accounts receivable outstanding? (E)
A. $500,000
C. $250,000
B. $333,333
D. $75,000
Gleim
60
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
49. A company has sales of $1,800,000 (70% are credit), a gross profit ratio of 55%, an accounts
receivable turnover of 12 times, and an inventory turnover of 4 times. The average accounts
receivable balance is
Page 12 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
a. $202,500
b. $247,500
*.
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
c. $315,000
d. $450,000 ($105,000)
L&H
Ten Q’s Inc. has an inventory conversion period of 60 days, a receivable conversion period of
35 days, and a payment cycle of 26 days. If its sales for the period just ended amounted to
P972,000, what is the investment in accounts receivable? (Assume 360 days a year.) (E)
a. P85,200
c. P94,500
b. P72,450
d. P79,600
RPCPA 0595
62
. For the Flesher Company, the average age of accounts receivable is 48 days, the average age
of accounts payable is 32 days, and the average age of inventory is 59 days. Assume a 360day year. If McIntyre's annual sales are $2,050,200, what is the firm's investment in accounts
receivable? (E)
A. $96,000
C. $182,240
B. $336,005
D. $273,360
Gleim
95. Collectrite Company sells on terms 3/10, net 30. Total sales for the year are P900,000. Forty
percent of the customers pay on the tenth day and take discounts, the other 60 percent pay,
on average, 45 days after their purchases.
What is the average amount of receivables?
A. P70,000
C. P77,200
B. P77,500
D. P67,500
Pol Bobadilla
66
. A firm averages $4,000 in sales per day and is paid on an average, within 30 days of the sale.
After they receive their invoice, 55% of the customers pay in cash while the remaining 45%
pay by credit card. Approximately how much would the company have in accounts receivable
on its balance sheet on a given date? (M)
a. $4,000
c. $48,000
b. $120,000
d. $54,000
CMA 1294 1-22
*.
63
. For the Fratzie Company, the average age of accounts receivable is 48 days, the average age
of accounts payable is 32 days, and the average age of inventory is 60 days. Assume a 360day year. If Fratzie's annual sales are $2,870,280, what is the firm's investment in accounts
receivable? (E)
A. $127,567
C. $478,381
B. $382,704
D. $637,839
Gleim
Simba Corp., whose gross sales amounted to P1,200,000 sold on terms of 3/10, net 30. The
collections manager estimated that 30% of the customers pay on the 10th day and take
discounts; 40% on the 30th day; and the remaining 30% pay, on the average, 40 days after the
purchase. If management would toughen on its collection policy and require that all nondiscount customers pay on the 30th day, how much would be the receivables balance? (M)
a. P60,000
c. P70,000
b. P80,000
d. Zero
RPCPA 0595
67
64
. The company sells 10,000 units at a unit selling price of 66 annually. Assume that the average
collection period is 25 days. After the credit policy is well established, what is the expected
average accounts receivable balance for the company at any moment in time, assuming a
365-day year? (E)
A. 684.93
C. 27,123.30
B. 1,808.22
D. 45,205.48
CIA 0594 IV-36
65
. Jackson Distributors sells to retail stores on credit terms of 2/10, net/30. Daily sales average
150 units at a price of $300 each. Assuming that all sales are on credit and 60% of customers
take the discount and pay on day 10 while the rest of the customers pay on day 30. The
amount of Jackson’s account receivable is (D)
a. $1,350,000.
c. $900,000.
b. $990,000.
d. $810,000.
CMA 1295 1-6
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
. Ruth Company currently has $1,000,000 in accounts receivable. Its days sales outstanding
(DSO) is 48 days. The company wants to reduce its DSO to the industry average of 32 days
by pressuring more of its customers to pay their bills on time. The company’s CFO estimates
that if this policy is adopted the company’s average sales will fall by 10 percent. Assuming that
the company adopts this change and succeeds in reducing its DSO to 32 days and does lose
10 percent of its sales, what will be the level of accounts receivable following the change?
Assume a 360-day year. (M)
a. $600,000
d. $900,000
b. $666,667
e. $966,667
c. $750,000
Brigham
Days Receivable
68
. An organization offers its customers credit terms of 5/10 net 20. One-third of the customers
take the cash discount and the remaining customers pay on day 20. On average, 20 units are
sold per day, priced at $10,000 each. The rate of sales is uniform throughout the year. Using a
360-day year, the organization has days sales outstanding, to the nearest full day, of
Page 13 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
A. 13 days.
B. 15 days.
*.
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
C. 17 days.
D. 20 days.
CIA 1195 IV-7
Hakuna Inc. sells on terms of 3/10, net 30 days. Gross sales for the year are P2,400,000 and
the collections department estimates that 30% of the customers pay on the 10th day and take
discounts; 40% pay on the 30th day; and the remaining 30% pay, on the average, 40 days
after the purchase. Assuming 360 days per year, what is the average collection period. (M)
a. 40 days.
c. 20 days
b. 15 days.
d. 27 days.
RPCPA 0595
69
. Clauson, Inc. grants credit terms of 1/15, net 30 and projects gross sales for next year of
$2,000,000. The credit manager estimates that 40% of their customers pay on the discount
date, 40% on the net due date, and 20% pay 15 days after the net due date. Assuming
uniform sales and a 360-day year, what is the projected days’ sales outstanding rounded to
the nearest whole day? (M)
a. 20 days.
c. 27 days.
b. 24 days.
d. 30 days.
CMA 0697 1-9
Carrying Cost on Accounts Receivable
94. The Tempo Company has an inventory conversion period of 60 days, a receivable conversion
period of 30 days, and a payable payment period of 45 days. The Tempo’s variable cost is
60% and annual fixed costs of P600,000. The current cost of capital for Tempo is 12%.
If Tempo’s annual sales are P3,375,000 and all sales are on credit, what is the firm’s carrying
cost on accounts receivable, using 360 days year?
A. P281,250
C. P20,250
B. P168,750
D. P56,250
Pol Bobadilla
Days Receivable & Average Accounts Receivable Balance
70
. Sixty percent of Baco's annual sales of $900,000 is on credit. If its year-end receivables
turnover is 4.5, what is the average collection period and the year-end receivables,
respectively (assume a 365-day year)? (M)
A. 81 days and $120,000.
C. 73 days and $108,000.
B. 73 days and $120,000.
D. 81 days and $200,000.
Gleim
Questions 48 and 49 are based on the following information.
CIA 0594 IV-35 & 36
A company sells 10,000 skateboards a year at $66 each. All sales are on credit, with terms of 3/10,
net 30, that is, a 3% discount if payment is made within 10 days; otherwise full payment is due at
the end of 30 days. One half of the customers are expected to take advantage of the discount and
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
pay on day 10. The other half are expected to pay on day 30. Sales are expected to be uniform
throughout the year for both types of customers.
71
. A company sells 10,000 skateboards a year at $66 each. All sales are on credit, with terms of
3/10, net 30, which means three percent discount if payment is made within 10 days;
otherwise full payment is due at the end of 30 days. One half of the customers are expected to
take advantage of the discount and pay on day 10. The other half are expected to pay on day
30. Sales are expected to be uniform throughout the year for both types of customers. What is
the expected average collection period for the company?
A. 10 days.
C. 20 days.
B. 15 days.
D. 30 days.
72
. Assume that the average collection period is 25 days. After the credit policy is well established,
what is the expected average accounts receivable balance for the company at any point in
time, assuming a 365-day year? (E)
A. $684.93
C. $27,123.30
B. $1,808.22
D. $45,205.48
Collection Efficiency
28. A firm has annual sales of $365 million. Currently, customers take an average of 60 days to
pay. If the collection period can be permanently reduced by one day and the cost of capital is
10%, what is the increase in company value?
A. Zero
C. $500,000
B. $100,000
D. $1 million
B&M
Aging of Accounts Receivable
Questions 160 & 161 are based on the following information.
Gitman
A breakdown of Teffan, Inc.'s outstanding accounts receivable dated June 30, 2003 on the basis of
the month in which the credit sale was initially made follows. The firm extends 30-day credit terms.
Month of Credit Sale
Accounts Receivable
June, 2003
$ 410,000
May, 2003
340,000
April, 2003
270,000
March, 2003
200,000
February, 2003 or before
100,000
Total
$1,320,000
160.Accounts receivable over 90 days total
Page 14 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
A. $200,000.
B. $470,000.
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
C. $300,000.
D. $100,000.
161.An evaluation of the firm's collection efforts based on the aging schedule would suggest
A. poor credit management.
C. superior credit management.
B. satisfactory credit management.
D. overzealous collection efforts.
Customer Default
29. The default rate of Demurrage Associates' new customers has been running at 10%. The
average sale for each new customer amounts to $800, generating a profit of $100 and a 40%
chance of a repeat order next year. The default rate on repeat orders is only 2%. If the
interest rate is 9%, what is the expected profit from each new customer?
A. $88.70
D. $43.25
B. $47.75
E. $50.83
C. $101.00
B&M
30. The default rate of Don's new customers has been running at 20%. The average sale for each
new customer amounts to $500, generating a profit of $200 and a 30% chance of a repeat
order next year. The default rate on repeat orders is only 5%. If the interest rate is 6%, what
is the expected profit from each new customer?
A. $152.50
C. $275.00
B. $149.53
D. $100.00
B&M
Seasonal Dating
Questions 10 and 11 are based on the following information.
CIA 1194 IV-29 & 30
Effective September 1, a company initiates seasonal dating as a component of its credit policy,
allowing wholesale customers to make purchases early but not requiring payment until the retail
selling season begins. Sales occur as follows:
Date of Sale
Quantity Sold
September 1
300 units
October 1
100 units
November 1
100 units
December 1
150 units
January 1
50 units

Each unit has a selling price of $10, regardless of the date of sale.

The terms of sale are 2/10 net 30, January 1 dating.

All sales are on credit.

All customers take the discount and abide by the terms of the discount policy.
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS


All customers take advantage of the new seasonal dating policy.
The peak selling season for all customers is mid-November to late December.
73
. For the selling firm, which of the following is not an expected advantage of initiating seasonal
dating?
CIA 1194 IV-29
A. Reduced storage costs.
C. Attractive credit terms for customers.
B. Reduced credit costs.
D. Reduced uncertainty about sales volume.
74
. For sales after the initiation of the seasonal dating policy on September 1, total collections on
or before January 11 will be
A. $0
C. $6,860
B. $6,370
D. $7,000
CIA 1194 IV-30
Change in Credit Terms
Prime Rate
75
. The high cost of short-term financing has recently caused a company to reevaluate the terms
of credit it extends to its customers. The current policy is 1/10, net 60. If customers can borrow
at the prime rate, at what prime rate must the company change its terms of credit in order to
avoid an undesirable extension in its collection of receivables? (E)
A. 2%
C. 7%
B. 5%
D. 8%
Gleim
Effect on Accounts Receivable Balance
76
. A firm sells on terms of 2/10 net 60. It sells 1,000 units per day at a unit price of $10. On 60%
of sales, customers take the cash discount. On the remaining 40% of sales, customers pay, on
average, in 70 days. What would be the impact on the balance of accounts receivable if the
firm initiates a more aggressive collection policy and is able to reduce the average payment
period to 60 days for those customers not taking the cash discount? (Assume sales levels are
unaffected by the change in policy.) (E)
A. Decrease by $4,000.
C. Decrease by $240,000.
B. Decrease by $40,000.
D. Decrease by $280,000. CIA 1196 IV-44
77
. A company plans to tighten its credit policy. The new policy will decrease the average number
of days for collection from 75 to 50 days and will reduce the ratio of credit sales to total
revenue from 70% to 60%. The company estimates that projected sales will be 5% less if the
proposed new credit policy is implemented. If projected sales for the coming year are $50
million, calculate the dollar amount of accounts receivable of this proposed change in credit
policy. Assume a 360-day year. (M)
Page 15 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
a. $3,817,445 decrease.
b. $6,500,000 decrease.
*.
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
c. $3,333,334 decrease.
d. $18,749,778 increase.
CMA 1294 1-24
Prest Corp. plans to tighten its credit policy. Below is the summary of changes:
OLD
NEW
Average number of days collection
75
50
Ratio of credit sales to total sales
70%
60%
Projected sales for the coming year is P100 million and it is estimated that the new policy will
result in a 5% loss if the new policy is implemented. Assuming a 360-day year, what is the
effect of the new policy on accounts receivable? (M)
a. Decrease of P13 million.
c. Decrease of P5 million.
b. No change.
d. Decrease of P 6.67 million. RPCPA 0596
. Dartmoor Company’s budgeted sales for the coming year are $40,500,000, of which 80% are
expected to be credit sales at terms of n/30. Dartmoor estimates that a proposed relaxation of
credit standards will increase credit sales by 20% and increase the average collection period
from 30 days to 40 days. Based on a 360 day year, the proposed relaxation of credit
standards will result in an expected increase in the average accounts receivable balance of
(M)
a. $540,000
c. $900,000
b. $2,700,000
d. $1,620,000
CMA 1292 1-21
78
48. Real Company’s budgeted sales for the coming year are P50,000,000 of which 75% are
expected to be credit sales at terms of n/30. Real estimates that a proposed relaxation of
credit standards will increase credit sales by 20% and increase the average collection period
from 30 days to 40 days. Based on a 360-day year, the proposed relaxation of credit
standards will increase average accounts receivable balance by: (E)
a. P1,200,000
c. P1,875,000
b. P3,125,000
d. P5,000,000
Pol Bobadilla
. Flyn Company's budgeted sales for the coming year are expected to be $50,000,000, of which
75% are expected to be credit sales at terms of n/30. Flyn estimates that a proposed
relaxation of credit standards will increase credit sales by 25% and increase the average
collection period from 20 days to 30 days. Based on a 360-day year, the proposed relaxation
of credit standards will result in an expected increase in the average accounts receivable
balance of (M)
A. $520,840
C. $2,083,340
B. $1,822,930
D. $3,906,270
Gleim
79
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
*.
Numero 1 Co.’s budgeted sales for the coming year are P96 million, of which 80% are
expected to be credit sales at terms of n/30. The company estimates that a proposed
relaxation of credit standards would increase credit sales by 30% and increase the average
collection period form 30 days to 45 days. Based on a 360-day year, the proposed relaxation
of credit standards would result to an increase in accounts receivable balance of (M)
a. P6,880,000
c. P2,880,000
b. P1,920,000
d. P6,080,000
RPCPA 0595
80
. Cannon Company has enjoyed a rapid increase in sales in recent years, following a decision to sell on
credit. However, the firm has noticed a recent increase in its collection period. Last year, total sales
were $1 million, and $250,000 of these sales were on credit. During the year, the accounts receivable
account averaged $41,096. It is expected that sales will increase in the forthcoming year by 50
percent, and, while credit sales should continue to be the same proportion of total sales, it is expected
that the days sales outstanding will also increase by 50 percent. If the resulting increase in accounts
receivable must be financed externally, how much external funding will Cannon need? Assume a
365-day year.
a. $ 41,096
d. $106,471
b. $ 51,370
e. $ 92,466
c. $ 47,359
Brigham
New Accounts Receivable Balance
81
. Ruth Company currently has $1,000,000 in accounts receivable. Its days sales outstanding (DSO)
is 50 days. The company wants to reduce its DSO to the industry average of 32 days by
pressuring more of its customers to pay their bills on time. The company’s CFO estimates that if
this policy is adopted the company’s average sales will fall by 10 percent. Assuming that the
company adopts this change and succeeds in reducing its DSO to 32 days and does lose 10
percent of its sales, what will be the level of accounts receivable following the change? Assume a
365-day year.
a. $576,000
d. $900,000
b. $633,333
e. $966,667
c. $750,000
Brigham
Incremental Investment in Accounts Receivable
*. Slippers Mart has sales of P3 million. Its credit period and average collection period are both
30 days and 1% of its sales end as bad debts. The general manager intends to extend the
credit period to 45 days which will increase sales by P300,000. However, bad debts losses on
the incremental sales would be 3%. Costs of products and related expenses amount to 40%
Page 16 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
exclusive of the cost of carrying receivables of 15% and bad debts expenses. Assuming 360
days a year, the change in policy would result to incremental investment in receivables of (M)
a. P24,704.
c. P701,573.
b. P65,000.
d. P9,750.
RPCPA 1095
144.A firm is considering relaxing credit standards, which will result in annual sales increasing from
$1.5 million to $1.75 million, the cost of annual sales increasing from $1,000,000 to
$1,125,000, and the average collection period increasing from 40 to 55 days. The bad debt
loss is expected to increase from 1 percent of sales to 1.5 percent of sales. The firm's
required return on investments is 20 percent. The firm's cost of marginal investment in
accounts receivable is (D)
A. $5,556.
C. $12,153.
B. $9,943.
D. $152,778.
Gitman
Expected Discounts Taken
*. The Liberal Sales Co. budgeted sales for the coming year are P30 million of which 80% are
expected to be on credit. The company wants to change its credit terms from n/30 to 2/10,
n/30. If the new credit terms are adopted, the company estimates that cash discounts would
be taken on 40% of the credit sales and the new uncollectible amount would be unchanged.
The adoption of the new credit terms would result in expected discount availed of in the
coming year of (E)
a. P600,000
c. P480,000
b. P288,000
d. P192,000
RPCPA 0596
82
. Price Publishing is considering a change in its credit terms from n/30 to 2/10, n/30. The
company’s budgeted sales for the coming year are $24,000,000, of which 90% are expected to
be made on credit. If the new credit terms are adopted, Price estimates that discounts will be
taken on 50% of the credit sales; however, uncollectible accounts will be unchanged. The new
credit terms will result in expected discounts taken in the coming year of (M)
a. $216,000
c. $240,000
b. $432,000
d. $480,000
CMA 1292 1-19
83
. Catfur Publishing is considering a change in its credit terms from n/20 to 3/10, n/20. The
company's budgeted sales for the coming year are $20,000,000, of which 80% are expected to
be made on credit. If the new credit terms are adopted, Catfur management estimates that
discounts will be taken on 60% of the credit sales; however, uncollectible accounts will be
unchanged. The new credit terms will result in expected discounts taken in the coming year of
(M)
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
A. $288,000
B. $480,000
C. $360,000
D. $600,000
Gleim
Pretax Cost of Carrying Additional Investment in Receivables
*. Mr. S. Mart assumed the presidency of Riches Corp. He instituted new policies and with
respect to credit policy, below is a summary of relevant information:
Old Credit Policy
New Credit Policy
Sales
P1,800,000
P1,980,000
Average collection period
30 days
36 days
The company requires a rate of return of 10% and a variable cost ratio of 60%. Using a 360day year, the pre-tax cost of carrying the additional investment in receivables under the new
policy would be (M)
a. P4,800
c. P3,000
b. P2,880
d. P4,080
RPCPA 1096
. The following information regarding a change in credit policy was assembled by the Wilson
Wax Company. The company has a required rate of return of 11% and a variable cost ratio of
50%. The opportunity cost of a longer collection period is assumed to be negligible.
Old Credit Policy
New Credit Policy
Sales
$4,600,000
$4,960,000
Average collection period
30 days
35 days
The pretax cost of carrying the additional investment in receivables, assuming a 360-day year,
is (M)
A. $5,439
C. $13,778
B. $10,878
D. $98,890
Gleim
84
85
. The following information regarding a change in credit policy was assembled by the Wilson
Wax Company. The company has a required rate of return of 10% and a variable cost ratio of
60%.
Old Credit Policy
New Credit Policy
Sales
$3,600,000
$3,960,000
Average collection period
30 days
36 days
The pretax cost of carrying the additional investment in receivables, using a 360-day year,
would be (M)
A. $5,760.
C. $8,160.
B. $9,600.
D. $960.
CMA 1289 1-16
Effect on Before Tax Profit (Loss)
Page 17 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
138.A firm is analyzing a relaxation of credit standards that is expected to increase sales 10
percent. The firm is currently selling 400 units at an average sale price per unit of $575, and
the variable cost per unit is $400 at the current sales volume. The average cost per unit is
$425. What is the additional profit contribution from sales if credit standards are relaxed? (E)
A. $23,000
C. $6,000
B. $16,000
D. $7,000
Gitman
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
*.
31. Terry's Place is currently experiencing a bad debt ratio of 4%. Terry is convinced that, with
looser credit controls, this ratio will increase to 8%; however, she expects sales to increase by
10% as a result. The cost of goods sold is 80% of the selling price. Per $100 of current sales,
what is Terry's expected profit under the proposed credit standards?
A. $26.0
C. $13.2
B. $15.4
D. $25.6
B&M
32. Tom's Toys is currently experiencing a bad debt ratio of 6%. Tom is convinced that, with
tighter credit controls, he can reduce this ratio to 2%; however, he expects sales to drop by 8%
as a result. The cost of goods sold is 75% of the selling price. Per $100 of current sales, what
is Tom's expected profit under the proposed credit standards?
A. $15.2
D. $27.0
B. $23.0
E. $21.2
C. $19.0
B&M
33. Toni's Catering is currently experiencing a bad debt ratio of 5%. Toni is convinced that, with
looser credit controls, this ratio will increase to 10%; however, she expects sales to increase
by 20% as a result. The cost of goods sold is 90% of the selling price. Per $100 of current
sales, what is Toni's expected profit under the proposed credit standards?
A. $0
C. $10
B. $12
D. $5
B&M
86
. A company with $4.8 million in credit sales per year plans to relax its credit standards,
projecting that this will increase credit sales by $720,000. The average collection period for
new customers is expected to be 75 days, and the payment behavior of the existing customers
is not expected to change. Variable costs are 80% of sales. The firm’s opportunity cost is
20% before taxes. Assuming a 360-day year, what is the company’s profit (loss) on the
planned change in credit terms? (M)
a. $0
c. $144,000
b. $28,800
d. $120,000
CMA 0696 1-13
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
The Sales Director of Can Can Co. suggests that certain credit terms be modified. He
estimates the following effects:
 Sales will increase by at least 20%.
 Accounts receivable turnover will be reduced to 8 times from the present turnover of 10
times.
 Bad debts, now at 1% of sales will increase to 1.5%.
Sales before the proposed changes is at P900,000. Variable cost ratio is 55% and desired
rate of return is 20%. Fixed expenses amount to P150,000.
Should the company allow the revision of its credit terms? (M)
a. Yes, because income will increase by P64,800 (P68,850).
b. Yes, because losses will be reduced by P78,800.
c. No, because income will be reduced by P13,000.
d. No, because losses will increase by P28,000.
RPCPA 0594
Effect on After Tax Profit (Loss)
*. Wasting Resource Co. has annual credit sales of P4 million. Its average collection period is 40
days and bad debts are 5% of sales. The credit and collection manager is considering
instituting a stricter collection policy, whereby bad debts would be reduced to 2% of total sales,
and the average collection period would fall to 30 days. However, sales would also fall by an
estimated P500,000 annually. Variable costs are 60% of sales and the cost of carrying
receivables is 12%. Assuming a tax rate of 35% and 360 days a year, the incremental change
in the profitability of the company if stricter policy would be implemented would be (D)
a. Zero as the positive and negative effects offset each other.
b. A reduction in net income by P70,000.
c. A reduction in net income by P38,350.
d. A reduction in net income by P35,400.
RPCPA 0597
. Lawson Company has the opportunity to increase annual sales $100,000 by selling to a new
group of customers. Based on sales, the uncollectible expense is expected to be 15% and
collection costs will be 5%. The company’s manufacturing and selling expenses are 70% of
sales, and the effective tax rate is 40%. If Lawson accepts this opportunity, the company’s
after tax profit will increase by (M)
a. $4,000.
c. $10,000.
b. $6,000.
d. $9,000.
CMA 1290 1-30
87
. Parkison Company can increase annual sales by $150,000 if it sells to a new, riskier group of
customers. The uncollectible accounts expense is expected to be 16% of sales, and collection
costs will be 4%. The company's manufacturing and selling expenses are 75% of sales, and its
88
Page 18 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
effective tax rate is 38%. If Parkison accepts this opportunity, its after-tax income will increase
by (M)
A. $2,850
C. $7,500
B. $4,650
D. $8,370
Gleim
*.
Crest Co. has the opportunity to increase annual sales by P1 million by selling to new riskier
customers. It has been estimated that uncollectible expenses would be 15% and collection
costs 5%. The manufacturing and selling costs are 70% of sales and corporate tax is 35%. If
it pursues this opportunity, the after tax profit will (M)
a. Increase by P35,000.
c. Increase by P65,000.
b. Increase by P97,500.
d. Remain the same.
RPCPA 0596
Return on Equity
89
. Daggy Corporation has the following simplified balance sheet:
Cash
$ 25,000
Current liabilities
$200,000
Inventories
190,000
Accounts receivable
125,000
Long-term debt
300,000
Net fixed assets
360,000
Common equity
200,000
Total assets
$700,000
Total claims
$700,000
The company has been advised that their credit policy is too generous and that they should
reduce their days sales outstanding to 36 days (assume a 365-day year). The increase in cash
resulting from the decrease in accounts receivable will be used to reduce the company’s longterm debt. The interest rate on long-term debt is 10 percent and the company’s tax rate is 30
percent. The tighter credit policy is expected to reduce the company’s sales to $730,000 and
result in EBIT of $70,000. What is the company’s expected ROE after the change in credit
policy?
a. 14.88%
d. 18.38%
b. 16.63%
e. 16.25%
c. 15.86%
ROE
Credit Policy Options
90
. A firm currently sells $500,000 annually with 3% bad debt losses. Two alternative policies are
available. Policy A would increase sales by $500,000, but bad debt losses on additional sales
would be 8%. Policy B would increase sales by an additional $120,000 over Policy A and bad
debt losses on the additional $120,000 of sales would be 15%. The average collection period
will remain at 60 days (6 turns per year) no matter the decision made. The profit margin will be
20% of sales and no other expenses will increase. Assume an opportunity cost of 20%. What
should the firm do? (M)
A. Make no policy change.
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
B. Change to only Policy A.
C. Change to Policy B (means also taking Policy A first).
D. All policies lead to the same total firm profit, thus all policies are equal.
Gleim
Comprehensive
Questions 96 & 97 are based on the following information.
Pol Bobadilla
Smart, Inc. is considering changing its credit terms from 2/15, net 30, to 3/10, net 30 in order to
speed up collections. At present, 40% of Smart’s customers take the 2% discount. Under the new
terms, discount customers are expected to rise to 50%. Regardless of the credit terms, half of the
customers who do not take the discount are expected to pay on time, whereas the remainder will
pay 10 days late. The change does not involve a relaxation of credit standards; therefore bad debt
losses are not expected to rise above their present 2% level. However, the more generous cash
discount terms are expected to increase sales from P2 million to P2.6 million per year. Smart’s
variable cost ratio is 75%, the interest rate on funds invested in accounts receivable is 9%, and the
firm’s income tax rate is 40%.
96. The incremental carrying cost on receivable is (M)
A. P843.75
C. P8,889
B. P643.75
D. P6,667
97. The incremental after tax profit from the change in credit terms is (D)
A. P68,493
C. P65,640
B. 60,615
D. P57,615
Questions 140 thru 143 are based on the following information.
Gitman
Caren's Canoes is considering relaxing its credit standards to encourage more sales. As a result,
sales are expected to increase 15 percent from 300 canoes per year to 345 canoes per year. The
average collection period is expected to increase to 40 days from 30 days and bad debts are
expected to double the current 1 percent level. The price per canoe is $850, the variable cost per
canoe is $650 and the average cost per unit at the 300 unit level is $700. The firm's required
return on investment is 20 percent.
140.What is the firm's additional profit contribution from sales under the proposed relaxation of
credit standards? (E)
A. $2,250
C. $9,000
B. $6,750
D. $69,000
141.What is the cost of marginal investments in accounts receivable under the proposed plan? (M)
Page 19 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
A. $1,817
B. $1,867
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
C. $1,733
D. $1,617
142.What is the cost of marginal bad debts under the proposed plan? (E)
A. $383
C. $3,315
B. $765
D. $5,100
143.What is the net result of implementing the proposed plan? (M)
A. + $3,952
C. + $2,083
B. - $3,868
D. - $2,083
Questions 165 thru 170 are based on the following information.
Gitman
Dizzy Animators, Inc. currently makes all sales on credit and offers no cash discount. The firm is
considering a 3 percent cash discount for payment within 10 days. The firm's current average
collection period is 90 days, sales are 400 films per year, selling price is $25,000 per film, variable
cost per film is $18,750 per film, and the average cost per film is $21,000. The firm expects that
the change in credit terms will result in a minor increase in sales of 10 films per year, that 75
percent of the sales will take the discount, and the average collection period will drop to 30 days.
The firm's bad debt expense is expected to become negligible under the proposed plan. The bad
debt expense is currently 0.5 percent of sales. The firm's required return on equal-risk investments
is 20 percent.
165.What is the firm's marginal profit contribution from sales under the proposed plan of initiating
the cash discount?
A. $22,500
C. $62,500
B. $40,000
D. $100,000
166.What is the marginal investment in accounts receivable under the proposed plan?
A. $1,234,375
C. $1,567,300
B. $1,382,500
D. $1,841,570
169.What is the cost of the marginal cash discount?
A. $768,750
C. $307,500
B. $300,000
D. $230,625
170.What is the net result of increasing the cash discount?
A. +$33,750
C. +$128,750
B. -$33,750
D. -$58,750
Factoring
Annual Cost of Financing
91
. A company enters into an agreement with a firm that will factor the company’s accounts
receivable. The factor agrees to buy the company’s receivables, which average $100,000 per
month and have an average collection period of 30 days. The factor will advance up to 80% of
the face value of receivables at an annual rate of 10% and charge a fee of 2% on all
receivables purchased. The controller of the company estimates that the company would save
$18,000 in collection expenses over the year. Fees and interest are not deducted in advance.
Assuming a 360-day year, what is the annual cost of financing? (M)
a. 10.0%
c. 14.0%
b. 12.0%
d. 17.5%
CMA 0696 1-30
Proceeds
92
. A firm often factors its accounts receivable. Its finance company requires a 6% reserve and
charges a 1.4% commission on the amount of the receivables. The remaining amount to be
advanced is further reduced by an annual interest charge of 15%. What proceeds (rounded to
the nearest dollar) will the firm receive from the finance company at the time a $100,000
account due in 60 days is factored? (M)
A. $92,600
C. $90,285
B. $96,135
D. $85,000
Gleim
93
167.What is the cost of marginal investment in accounts receivable under the proposed plan?
A. $313,460
C. $246,875
B. $276,500
D. $368,314
168.What are the savings of marginal bad debts under the proposed plan?
A. $500,000
C. $10,000
B. $50,000
D. $5,000
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
. A firm that often factors its accounts receivable has an agreement with its finance company
that requires the firm to maintain a 6% reserve and charges 1% commission on the amount of
receivables. The net proceeds would be further reduced by an annual interest charge of 10%
on the monies advanced. Assuming a 360-day year, what amount of cash (rounded to the
nearest dollar) will the firm receive from the finance company at the time a $100,000 account
that is due in 90 days is turned over to the finance company? (M)
A. $93,000
C. $83,700
B. $90,000
D. $90,675
CMA 0694 1-29
Page 20 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
94
. A firm often factors its accounts receivable. The finance company requires an 8% reserve and
charges a 1.5% commission on the amount of the receivable. The remaining amount to be
advanced is further reduced by an annual interest charge of 16%. What proceeds (rounded to
the nearest dollar) will the firm receive from the finance company at the time a $110,000
account that is due in 60 days is turned over to the finance company? (M)
A. $81,950.
C. $96,895.
B. $83,630.
D. $99,550.
CMA 0683 1-13
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
subsequently defaulted. The company has 3,000 accounts on its books, none of which has yet
defaulted.
96
. Calculate the total number of expected defaults, assuming no repeat business is on the
horizon. (M)
A. 795
C. 135
B. 201
D. 66
97
95
. Gatsby, Inc. is going to begin factoring its accounts receivable and has collected information
on the following four finance companies:
Required Reserves Commissions
Annual InterestCharge
Company A
6%
1.4%
15%
Company B
7%
1.2%
12%
Company C
5%
1.7%
20%
Company D
8%
1.0%
5%
Which company will give Gatsby the highest proceeds from a $100,000 account due in 60
days? Assume a 360-day year. (D)
A. Company A.
C. Company C.
B. Company B.
D. Company D.
Gleim
Discounting of Notes Receivable
*. On September 15, 19x7, LTW Corporation accepted from a customer a P100,000, 90-day,
20% interest-bearing note dated the same day. On October 15, 19x7, LTW discounted the
note at the Western Bank at 23% discount. The customer paid the note at maturity. Based on
a 360-day year, what amount should LTW report as net interest revenue from the note
transaction? 1 (D)
a. P975
c. P5,000.
b. P20,000.
d. P4,025.
RPCPA 1097
Comprehensive
Questions 204 through 206 are based on the following information.
Gleim
Flesher, Inc.'s credit manager studied the bill-paying habits of its customers and found that 90% of
them were prompt. She also discovered that 22% of the slow payers and 5% of the prompt ones
1
21P100,000 x 20% x 90/360) = P5,000
P105,000 x 23% x 60/360) = 4,025
Net interest revenue
975
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
. Given average revenues from sales of $1,200 and the cost of sales of $1,100, what is the
average expected profit or loss from extending credit to slow payers? (M)
A. $100 profit.
C. $220 loss.
B. $164 loss.
D. $264 loss.
98
. Given revenues from sales of $1,200 and the cost of sales of $1,100, what would the average
level of revenues that makes it worthwhile to extend credit to slow payers? (M)
A. $1,364.00
C. $1,410.26
B. $1,389.74
D. $1,510.26
SHORT-TERM CREDIT
Trade Credit
Cash Discount
*. On cash discounts, all of the following statements do not apply except (E)
a. If a firm buys P10,000 of goods on terms of 1/10, net 30 and pays within the discount
period, the amount paid would be P9,000.
b. The cost of not taking a cash discount is always higher than the cost of a bank loan.
c. With trade terms of 2/15, net 60, if the discount is taken the buyer receive 45 days of
credit.
RPCPA 0597
d. The cost of not taking the discount is higher for terms of 2/10, net 60 than for 2/10, net 30.
Free Trade Credit
99
. Phillips Glass Company buys on terms of 2/15, net 30. It does not take discounts, and it
typically pays 30 days after the invoice date. Net purchases amount to $720,000 per year. On
average, how much “free” trade credit does Phillips receive during the year? (Assume a 360day year.) (E)
a. $30,000
d. $60,000
b. $40,000
e. $70,000
c. $50,000
Brigham
Page 21 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
Non-free Trade Credit
*. Bachoy & Co. buys on terms 2/10, net 30, but generally does not pay until 40 days after the
invoice date. Its purchases total P2,160,000 per year. Assuming 360 days a year, the amount
of “non-free” trade credit used by the company on the average each year is (M)
a. P180,000
c. P60,000
b. P240,000
d. P120,000
RPCPA 0595
22. If a company purchases merchandise on terms of 2/10, n/30, the cash discount available is
equivalent to what annual nominal rate of interest (assuming a 360-day year)?
a. 2%
c. 36%
b. 24%
d. 72%
K, W & W
100
103
. Phranklin Pharms Inc. purchases merchandise from a company that gives sales terms of 2/15,
net 40. Phranklin Pharms has gross purchases of $800,000 per year. What is the maximum
amount of costly trade credit Phranklin could get, assuming they abide by the suppliers credit
terms? (Assume a 360-day year.) (M)
a. $87,111.20
c. $54,444.50
b. $32,666.70
d. $52,266.67
Brigham
Accounts Payable Balance
101
. Your firm buys on credit terms of 2/10, net 45, and it always pays on Day 45. If you calculate
that this policy effectively costs your firm $157,500 each year, what is the firm’s average
accounts payable balance? (M)
a. $1,234,000
d. $625,000
b. $75,000
e. $750,000
c. $157,500
Brigham
c.
3%
Brigham
. When a company offers credit terms of 2/10, net 30, the annual interest cost, based on a 360day year, is (E)
A. 24.0%.
C. 36.0%.
B. 35.3%.
D. 36.7%.
CMA 0691 1-6, 0697 1-8
104
. When a company offers credit terms of 3/10, net 30, the annual interest cost based on a 360day year is (E)
A. 36.7%
C. 37.1%
B. 24.5%
D. 55.6%
Gleim
105
. If a firm's credit terms require payment within 45 days but allow a discount of 2% if paid within
15 days (using a 360-day year), the approximate cost or benefit of the trade credit terms is (E)
A. 2%.
C. 48%.
B. 16%.
D. 24%.
CMA 0692 1-23
Annual Nominal Rate
19. The cost of giving up a cash discount under the terms of sale 1/10 net 60 (assume a 360-day
year) is (E)
A. 7.2 percent.
C. 14.7 percent.
B. 6.1 percent.
D. 12.2 percent.
Gitman
*.
If a firm purchases raw materials from its suppliers on a 2/10, n/60 cash discount basis, the
equivalent annual interest rate (using a 360-day year) of foregoing the cash discount and
making payment on the 60th day is (E)
a. 36.7%
c. 73.5%
b. 14.7%
d. 12.2%
RPCPA 0596
20. The cost of giving up a cash discount under the terms of sale 5/20 net 120 (assume a 360-day
year) is (E)
A. 15 percent.
C. 15.8 percent.
B. 18.9 percent.
D. 20 percent.
Gitman
106
. If a firm purchases raw materials from its supplier on a 2/10, net 40, cash discount basis, the
equivalent annual interest rate (using a 360-day year) of forgoing the cash discount and
making payment on the 40th day is (E)
A. 2%
C. 24.49%
B. 18.36%
D. 36.72%
Gleim
102
. Your company has been offered credit terms on its purchases of 4/30, net 90. What will be the
nominal cost of trade credit if your company pays on the 35th day after receiving the invoice?
(E)
a. 30%
d. 87%
b. 300%
e. 156%
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
107
. Using a 360-day year, what is the opportunity cost to a buyer of not accepting terms 3/10, net
45? (E)
A. 55.67%
C. 22.27%
B. 31.81%
D. 101.73%
CMA 0694 1-20, 1294 1-18
Page 22 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
*.
Mamimili, Inc. purchased an item on credit with terms of 3/10, n/45. Based on a 360-day year,
the company’s annual interest cost of foregoing the cash discount and making payment on the
last day of the credit period is (E)
a. 24.00%
c. 24.74%
b. 31.81%
d. 30.86%
RPCPA 1095, 1096
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
46. If a firm purchases raw materials from its supplier on a 3/10, n/50 term, the approximate
annual interest rate (using 360-day year) of giving up a cash discount and making payment on
the 60th day is
a. 22.27. percent
c. 18.37 percent
b. 27.84 percent
d. 14.69 percent
Pol Bobadilla
*.
Three suppliers of Ma Corp. offer different credit terms. Core Co. offers terms of 1½ /15, net
30. Doug Corp. offers terms of 1/10, net 30. Ernst Inc. offers terms of 2/10, net 60. Ma Corp.
would have to borrow from a bank at an annual rate of 12% in order to take any cash
discounts. Which one of the following would be the most attractive for Ma Corp. (Assume 360
days a year.) (M)
a. Purchase from Core Co., pay in 15 days and borrow any money needed from the bank.
b. Purchase from Core Co. pay in 30 days and borrow any money needed from the bank.
c. Purchase from Ernst Inc., pay in 60 days and borrow any money needed from the bank.
d. Purchase from Doug Corp. and pay in 30 days.
RPCPA 0595
*.
Software Center, Inc.’s new controller is reviewing the company’s cash management. Below
are relevant information regarding trade credits from the suppliers of the company:
Suppliers
Average Monthly Purchases
Credit Terms
Tech Co.
P 100,000
Net 30
Computech
300,000
2/10, n/30
Compuworks
1,000,000
5/10, n/120
So-wares
600,000
3/10, n/45
The company uses a 360-day year. Assume that all of the suppliers can supply any and all of
the requirements of Software and can provide unlimited credit line to the company and that the
company can have only one supplier. With a cost of bank borrowing of 18% per annum, which
supplier should Software choose? (D)
a. Compuworks due to the longest credit term of 120 days.
b. Computech due to cost of trade credit of 36.7%.
c. Compuworks due to the highest trade discount at 5%.
d. Tech Co. due to no discount policy.
RPCPA 1096
108
. Richardson Supply has a $100 invoice with payment terms of 2/10, net 60. Richardson can
either take the discount or place the funds in a money market account paying 6% interest.
Using a 360-day year, Richardson's cost of not taking the cash discount is (M)
A. 12.2%.
C. 6.4%.
B. 8.7%.
D. 6.2%.
CMA 0687 1-28
109
. What effective interest rate is charged to a purchaser receiving terms of 5/10, net 60 if the
purchaser fails to take the discount and pays in 60 days? (E)
A. 30.64%
C. 38.40%
B. 36.60%
D. 45.39%
Gleim
110
. Dixie Tours Inc. buys on terms of 2/15, net 30. It does not take discounts, and it typically pays
35 days after the invoice date. Net purchases amount to $720,000 per year. What is the
nominal cost of its non-free trade credit? (E)
a. 17.2%
d. 36.7%
b. 23.6%
e. 50.6%
c. 26.1%
Brigham
111
. A firm is offered trade credit terms of 3/15, net 45. The firm does not take the discount, and it
pays after 67 days. What is the nominal annual cost of not taking the discount? (E)
a. 21.41%
d. 23.48%
b. 22.07%
e. 24.52%
c. 22.95%
Brigham
*.
The official terms of purchases of U Tang & Co. are 2/10, net 30 but generally the company
does not pay until 40 days after the invoice date. Its purchases total P3,600,000 per year.
Assuming 360 days a year, the approximate cost of the “non-free trade credit amounts to (M)
a. 18.36%
c. 21.90%
b. 24.50%
d. 19.40%
RPCPA 1095
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Effective Annual Rate
7. Suppose you purchase goods on terms of 2/10, net 50. Taking compounding into account,
what annual rate of interest is implied by the cash discount? (Assume a year has 365 days.)
A. 2%
C. 102%
B. 20%
D. 18%
B&M
Page 23 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
6. Suppose you purchase goods on terms of 5/10, net 30. Taking compounding into account,
what annual rate of interest is implied by the cash discount? (Assume a year has 365 days.)
A. 155%
C. 91%
B. 5%
D. 255%
B&M
5. Supposing you purchase goods on terms of 10/20, net 60. Taking compounding into account,
what annual rate of interest is implied by the cash discount? (Assume a year has 365 days.)
A. 91%
C. 250%
B. 139%
D. 162%
B&M
112
. Suppose the credit terms offered to your firm by your suppliers are 2/10, net 30 days. Out of
convenience, your firm is not taking discounts, but is paying after 20 days, instead of waiting
until Day 30. You point out that the nominal cost of not taking the discount and paying on Day
30 is around 37 percent. But since your firm is not taking discounts and is paying on Day 20,
what is the effective annual cost of your firm’s current practice, using a 360-day year? (M)
a. 36.7%
d. 43.6%
b. 105.4%
e. 106.9%
c. 73.4%
Brigham
47. If a firm purchases raw materials from its suppliers on a 2/10, n/50 term, the equivalent annual
effective interest (using 360-day year) of continuously giving up a cash discount and making
payment on the 50th day is
A. 14%.
C. 12.29%
B. 19.94%
D. 14.69%
Pol Bobadilla
113
. Hayes Hypermarket purchases $5 million in goods over a 1-year period from its sole supplier.
The supplier offers trade credit under the following terms: 2/15 net 45. If Hayes chooses to
pay on time but not to take the discount, what is the average level of the company’s accounts
payable, and what is the effective cost of its trade credit? (Assume a 360-day year.) (M)
a. $208,333; 17.81%
d. $625,000; 17.54%
b. $416,667; 17.54%
e. $625,000; 27.43%
c. $416,667; 27.43%
Brigham
Weighted Average Annual Nominal Interest Rate
Questions 112 and 113 are based on the following situation.
CMA 1296 1-10 & 11
CyberAge Outlet, a relatively new store, is a café that offers customers the opportunity to browse
the internet or play computer games at their tables while they drink and dine. The customer pays a
fee based on the amount of time spent signed on to the computer. The store also sells books, teeCMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
shirts, and computer accessories. CyberAge paying all of is bills on the last day of the payment
period, thus forfeiting all supplier discounts. Shown below are data on CyberAge’s two major
vendors, including average monthly purchases and credit terms.
Vendor
Average Monthly Purchases
Credit Terms
Webmaster
$25,000
2/10, net 30
Softidee
50,000
5/10, net 90
114
. Assuming a 360-day year and the CyberAge continues paying on the last day of the credit
period, the company’s weighted-average annual interest rate on trade credit (ignoring the
effects of compounding) on these two vendors is (D)
a. 27.0%
c. 28.0%
b. 25.2%
d. 30.2%
115
. Should CyberAge use trade credit and continue paying at the end of the credit period? (D)
a. Yes, if the cost of alternative short-term financing is less.
b. Yes, if the firm’s weighted-average cost of capital is equal to its weighted-average cost of
trade credit.
c. No, if the cost of alternative long-term financing is greater.
d. Yes, if the cost of alternative short-term financing is greater.
BANK LOANS
Principal Amount
Discounted Loan
116
. Picard Orchards requires a $100,000 annual loan in order to pay laborers to tend and harvest
its fruit crop. Picard borrows on a discount interest basis at a nominal annual rate of 11
percent. If Picard must actually receive $100,000 net proceeds to finance its crop, then what
must be the face value of the note? (E)
a. $111,000
d. $ 89,000
b. $100,000
e. $108,840
c. $112,360
Brigham
117
. Viking Farms harvests crops in roughly 90-day cycles based on a 360-day year. The firm
receives payment from its harvests sometime after shipment. Due in part to the firm’s rapid
growth, it has been borrowing to finance its harvests using 90-day bank notes on which the
firm pays 12 percent discount interest. If the firm requires $60,000 in proceeds from each note,
what must be the face value of each note? (E)
a. $61,856
d. $68,182
b. $67,531
e. $67,423
Page 24 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
c. $60,000
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
Brigham
Interest on Loan with Compensating Balance
*. The Manila Commercial Bank and Bank Rap Corp. signed a loan agreement subject to the
following terms:
a. Stated interest rate of 18% on a one-year loan; and
b. 15% compensating non-interest bearing checking account balance to be maintained
by Bank Rap with Manila Commercial Bank.
The net proceeds of the loan was P1 million. The principal amount of the loans was (M)
a. P1,176,471
c. P1,492,537
b. P1,000,000
d. P1,219,512.
RPCPA 0595 adapted
Discounted Loan with Compensating Balance
*. The Manila Commercial Bank and Bank Rap Corp. signed a loan agreement subject to the
following terms:
a. Stated interest rate of 18% on a one-year discounted loan; and
b. 15% compensating non-interest bearing checking account balance to be maintained
by Bank Rap with Manila Commercial Bank.
The net proceeds of the loan was P1 million. The principal amount of the loans was (M)
a. P1,176,471
c. P1,492,537
b. P1,000,000
d. P1,219,512.
RPCPA 0595
Annual Nominal Rate of Add-on Loan
119
. Coverall Carpets Inc. is planning to borrow $12,000 from the bank. The bank offers the choice
of a 12 percent discount interest loan or a 10.19 percent add-on, 1-year installment loan,
payable in 4 equal quarterly payments. What is the approximate (nominal) rate of interest on
the 10.19 percent add-on loan? (E)
a. 5.10%
d. 20.38%
b. 10.19%
e. 30.57%
c. 12.00%
Brigham
Questions 1 & 2 are based on the following information.
Brigham
You have just taken out a loan for $75,000. The stated (simple) interest rate on this loan is 10
percent, and the bank requires you to maintain a compensating balance equal to 15 percent of the
initial face amount of the loan. You currently have $20,000 in your checking account, and you plan
to maintain this balance. The loan is an add-on installment loan that you will repay in 12 equal
monthly installments, beginning at the end of the first month.
120
. How large are your monthly payments? (E)
a. $6,250
b. $7,000
c. $7,500
d. $5,250
e. $6,875
121
Annual Interest Rate of One-year Loan
LIBOR-based Interest Rate
29. The interest rate on a loan is set at "1% over LIBOR." If the LIBOR rate is 5% then the interest
rate on the loan is: (E)
A. 5%
C. 6%
B. 4%
D. 7%
B&M
Simple Interest
118
A one year, $20,000 loan with a 10% nominal interest rate provides the borrower with the use
of <List A> if interest is charged on a <List B> basis. (E)
CIA 0595 IV-50
A.
B.
C.
D.
List A
$18,000
$20,000
$20,000
$22,000
List B
Simple
Simple
Discount
Discount
. What is the nominal annual add-on interest rate on this loan?
a. 10.00%
d. 20.00% (E)
b. 16.47%
e. 24.00%
c. 18.83%
Effective Interest Rate of a Simple Interest with Compensating Balance
122
. If a firm borrows $500,000 at 10% and is required to maintain $50,000 as a minimum
compensating balance at the bank, what is the effective interest rate on the loan? (E)
A. 10.0%
C. 9.1%
B. 11.1%
D. 12.2%
CMA 1294 1-23
27. The bank offers you a term loan at 10% on condition that you maintain a 10% compensating
balance. What is the effective rate of interest?
A. 9.0%
C. 13.7%
B. 10.0%
D. 11.1%
B&M
36. A bank lends a firm $500,000 for one year at 8 percent and requires compensating balances of
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Page 25 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
10 percent of the face value of the loan. The effective annual interest rate associated with this
loan is
A. 8.9 percent.
C. 7.2 percent.
B. 8 percent.
D. 7.0 percent.
Gitman
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
b. 8.0%
*.
124
. On January 1, Scott Corporation received a $300,000 line of credit at an interest rate of 12%
from Main Street Bank and drew down the entire amount on February 1. The line of credit
agreement requires that an amount equal to 15% of the loan be deposited into a compensating
balance account. What is the effective annual cost of credit for this loan arrangement? (E)
A. 11.00%
C. 12.94%
B. 12.00%
D. 14.12%
CMA Samp Q1-7
CMA 1295 1-10
The HIJ Company has an outstanding bank loan of P400,000 at an interest rate of 12%. The
company is required to maintain a 20% compensating balance in its checking account. What
is the effective interest cost of the loan? Assume that the company would not normally
maintain this average amount? (E)
A. 8%.
C. 12%
B. 15%.
D. 10%
RPCPA 1001
123
. FDR Corporation needs $5 million, and the company's bank has offered to make a loan at 10%
annually, provided the company maintains a 15% compensating balance. What is the effective
cost of the loan? (E)
A. 10%
C. 16.67%
B. 11.76%
D. 17.65%
Gleim
d. 10.0%
Effective Interest Rate of a Simple Interest with Interest-earning Compensating Balance
21. On January 1, 2001, Olin Company borrows $2,000,000 from National Bank at 12% annual
interest. In addition, Olin is required to keep a compensatory balance of $200,000 on deposit
at National Bank which will earn interest at 4%. The effective interest that Olin pays on its
$2,000,000 loan is
a. 10.0%.
c. 12.0%.
b. 11.6%.
d. 12.8%.
K, W & W
127
. A company obtained a short-term bank loan of $250,000 at an annual interest rate of 6%. As a
condition of the loan, the company is required to maintain a compensating balance of $50,000
in its checking account. The company’s checking account earns interest at an annual rate of
2%. Ordinarily, the company maintains a balance of $25,000 in its checking account for
transaction purposes. What is the effective interest rate of the loan? (D)
a. 6.44%
c. 5.80%
b. 7.00%
d. 6.66%
CMA 0696 1-11, 0697 1-19
125
. Hagar Company’s bank requires a compensating balance of 20% on a $100,000 loan. If the
stated interest on the loan is 7%, what is the effective cost of the loan?(E)
a. 5.83%
c. 8.40%
b. 7.00%
d. 8.75%
CMA 0697 1-19
26. The bank offers you a term loan at 8% on condition that you maintain a 20% compensating
balance. What is the effective rate of interest?
A. 6.4%
C. 18.0%
B. 10.0%
D. 8.0%
B&M
128
. A company obtained a short-term bank loan of $500,000 at an annual interest rate of 8%. As
a condition of the loan, the company is required to maintain a compensating balance of
$100,000 in its checking account. The checking account earns interest at an annual rate of
3%. Ordinarily, the company maintains a balance of $50,000 in its account for transaction
purposes. What is the effective interest rate of the loan? (D)
a. 7.77%
c. 9.25%
b. 8.22%
d. 8.56%
CMA 0694 1-21
28. The bank offers you a term loan at 11% on condition that you maintain a 20% compensating
balance. What is the effective rate of interest?
A. 13.8%
C. 9.7%
B. 11.0%
D. 8.8%
B&M
126
. The Dixon Corporation has an outstanding 1 year bank loan of $300,000 at a total interest rate
of 8%. In addition, Dixon is required to maintain a 20% compensating balance in its checking
account, Assuming the company would normally maintain zero balance in its checking
account, the effective interest rate on the loan is (E)
a. 6.4%
c. 20.0%
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
*.
Bal and Subas obtained a short-term bank loan for P1 million at an annual interest of 12%. As
a condition of the loan, the company is required to maintain a compensating balance of
P200,000 in its savings account which earns interest at an annual rate of 6%. The company
would otherwise maintain only P100,000 in the savings account for transactional purposes.
The effective cost of the loan is (D)
Page 26 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
a. 13.20%
b. 12.67%
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
c. 12%
d. 13.5%
RPCPA 1095
Effective Interest Rate of Discount
129
. Elan Corporation is considering borrowing $100,000 from a bank for 1 year at a stated interest
rate of 9%. What is the effective interest rate to Elan if this borrowing is in the form of a
discounted note? (E)
A. 8.10%
C. 9.81%
B. 9.00%
D. 9.89%
CMA 1295 1-11
134
. The Altmane Corporation was recently quoted terms on a commercial bank loan of 7%
discounted interest with a 20% compensating balance. The term of the loan is 1 year. The
effective cost of borrowing is (rounded to the nearest hundredth) (M)
A. 8.75%.
C. 7.53%.
B. 9.41%.
D. 9.59%.
CMA 1289 1-21
*.
Cashy Co. got a recent quote on a commercial bank loan of 16% discounted rate with a 20%
compensating balance. The term of the loan is one year. The effective cost of borrowing is
(M)
a. 19.05%
c. 22.85%
b. 20.00%
d. 25.00%
RPCPA 0596
130
. A company has just borrowed $2 million from a bank. The stated rate of interest is 10%. If the
loan is discounted and is repayable in one year, the effective rate on the loan is approximately
(E)
A. 8.89%
C. 10.00%
B. 9.09%
D. 11.11%
Gleim
131
. Cincy Corp. is borrowing $1 million at 10% for a year on a discount basis with a bank. How
much in funds are available for use and what is the effective cost of interest? (E)
A. $1,000,000; 10.0%
C. $900,000; 10.0%
B. $1,000,000; 11.1%
D. $900,000; 11.1%
Gleim
132
. If a company borrows $30,000 from a bank for one year at a stated annual interest rate of
11%, but interest is prepaid (a discounted loan), then what is the effective annual interest rate?
(E)
A. 9.64%
C. 12.36%
B. 10.00%
D. 11.00%
Gleim
42. A firm arranges a discount loan at a 12 percent interest rate, and borrows $100,000 for one
year. The stated interest rate is _____ and the effective interest rate is _____.
A. 12.00 %; 12.00%
C. 12.00%; 13.64%
B. 13.64%; 12.00%
D. 12.00%; 10.71%
Gitman
Effective Annual Percentage Rate on a Discounted Rate with Compensating Balance
133
. An enterprise borrows funds from its bank for a one-year period. The bank charges interest at
a nominal rate of 15% per annum, on a discount basis, and requires a 10% compensating
balance. The effective annual interest rate on the loan is
A. 16.67%
C. 20.00%
B. 17.65%
D. 25.00%
CIA 1195 IV-52
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
135
. The Flesher Corporation was recently quoted terms on a commercial bank loan of 6%
discounted interest with a 22% compensating balance. The term of the loan is 1 year. The
effective cost of borrowing is (rounded to the nearest hundredth) (M)
A. 6.00%
C. 7.69%
B. 6.38%
D. 8.33%
Gleim
34. A bank lends a firm $1,000,000 for one year at 12 percent on a discounted basis and requires
compensating balances of 10 percent of the face value of the loan. The effective annual
interest rate associated with this loan is
A. 12 percent.
C. 13.6 percent.
B. 13.3 percent.
D. 15.4 percent.
Gitman
Annual Interest Rate of Less Than One Year Loan
Effective Annual Interest Rate on Monthly Payment
136
. What is the effective annual interest rate on a 9% APR automobile loan that has monthly
payments? (M)
A. 9%
C. 9.81%
B. 9.38%
D. 10.94%
Gleim
137
. A credit card account that charges interest at the rate of 1.25% per month would have an
annually compounded rate of and an APR of (M)
A. 16.08%; 15%
C. 12.68%; 15%
B. 14.55%; 16.08%
D. 15%; 14.55%
Gleim
Page 27 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
Effective Interest Rate of a Simple Interest with Interest-earning Compensating Balance
138
. On July 1, 2001, Dichter Company obtained a $2,000,000 180-day bank loan at an annual rate
of 12%. The loan agreement requires Dichter to maintain a $400,000 compensating balance
in its checking account at the lending bank. Dichter would otherwise maintain a balance of
only $200,000 in this account. The checking account earns interest at an annual rate of 6%.
Based on a 360-day year, the effective interest rate on the borrowing is (D)
a. 12%.
c. 13.33%.
b. 12.67%
d. 13.5%
AICPA 0587 I-32
Effective Interest Rate of a Discount
44. A firm has a line of credit and borrows $25,000 at 9 percent interest for 180 days or half a
year. What is the effective rate of interest on this loan if the interest is paid in advance?
A. 4.7 percent
C. 9.9 percent
B. 9.4 percent
D. 10.3 percent
Gitman
Effective Interest Rate of a Discounted Rate with Transaction Cost
139
. Corbin, Inc. can issue 3-month commercial paper with a face value of $1,000,000 for
$980,000. Transaction costs will be $1,200. The effective annualized percentage cost of the
financing, based on a 360-day year, will be (D)
A. 8.48%.
C. 8.00%.
B. 8.66%.
D. 2.00%.
CMA 1290 1-28
140
. Randy, Inc. can issue 3-month commercial paper with a face value of $1,500,000 for
$1,450,000. Transaction costs will be $1,500. The effective annualized percentage cost of the
financing, based on a 360-day year, will be (D)
A. 3.45%
C. 14.22%
B. 3.56%
D. 13.79%
Gleim
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
Revolving Credit
Effective Rate of Simple Interest with Interest and Fee
141
. Inland Oil arranged a $10,000,000 revolving credit agreement with a group of small banks. The
firm paid an annual commitment fee of one-half of one percent of the unused balance of the
loan commitment. On the used portion of the loan, Inland paid 1.5 percent above prime for the
funds actually borrowed on an annual, simple interest basis. The prime rate was at 9 percent
for the year. If Inland borrowed $6,000,000 immediately after the agreement was signed and
repaid the loan at the end of one year, what was the total dollar cost of the loan agreement for
one year? (E)
a. $560,000
d. $900,000
b. $650,000
e. $675,000
c. $540,000
Brigham
Effective Rate of Simple Interest with Compensating Balance Requirement
142
. JWDavis.com has a revolving credit agreement with a bank. JWDavis.com can borrow up to
$2 million at 10% interest and is required to keep a 15% compensating balance on all
borrowed funds. If the firm borrows $1.2 million for the entire year, what is the effective cost of
borrowing? (M)
A. 10.00%
C. 11.76%
B. 11.11%
D. 13.33%
Gleim
Interest Payment
23. If the interest rate on a line of credit is 12% per year, what is the quarterly interest payment on
a loan of $10 million?
A. $1,200,000
C. $400,000
B. $300,000
D. None of the above
B&M
143
Effective Interest Rate of a Discount with Compensating Balance
124.Bye Company borrows from a bank a certain loan at a stated discount rate of 12% per annum.
The bank requires 10% of loan as compensating balance in its new checking account. The
loan is payable at the end of 6 months. The effective interest rate of this loan is
A. 28.21%
C. 27.27%
B. 14.29%
D. 15.38%
Pol Bobadilla
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
. The treasury analyst for Garth Manufacturing has estimated the cash flows for the first half of
next year (ignoring any short-term borrowings) as follows:
Cash (millions)
Inflows
Outflows
January
$2
$1
February
2
4
March
2
5
April
2
3
May
4
2
June
5
3
Page 28 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
Garth has a line of credit of up to $4 million on which it pays interest monthly at a rate of 1% of
the amount loaned. Garth is expected to have a cash balance of $2 million on January 1 and
no amount utilized on its line of credit, approximately how much will Garth pay in interest
during the first half of the year? (M)
a. Zero
c. $80,000
b. $61,000
d. $132,000
CMA 0697 1-15
Interest Payment
43. XYZ Corporation borrowed $100,000 for six months from the bank. The rate is prime plus 2
percent. The prime rate was 8.5 percent at the beginning of the loan and changed to 9
percent after two months. This was the only change. How much interest must XYZ
corporation pay? (M)
A. $2,476
C. $18,212
B. $5,417
D. $21,500
Gitman
45. A firm arranged for a 120-day bank loan at an annual rate of interest of 10 percent. If the loan
is for $100,000, how much interest in dollars will the firm pay? (Assume a 360-day year.) (E)
A. $10,000
C. $3,333
B. $30,000
D. $1,000
Gitman
Commercial Paper
Annual Interest Rate
54. A firm issued $2 million worth of commercial paper that has a 90-day maturity and sells for
$1,900,000. The annual interest rate on the issue of commercial paper is (E)
A. 5 percent.
C. 17 percent.
B. 10 percent.
D. 21 percent.
Gitman
Maturity Value
55. A firm has directly placed an issue of commercial paper that has a maturity of 60 days. The
issue sold for $980,000 and has an annual interest rate of 12.24 percent. The value of the
commercial paper at maturity is (E)
A. $19,992.
C. $999,992.
B. $980,000.
D. $960,008.
Gitman
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
FINANCING ALTERNATIVES
Different Trade Credit Options
144
. Merkle, Inc. has a temporary need for funds. Management is trying to decide between not
taking discounts from one of their three biggest suppliers, or a 14.75% per annum renewable
discount loan from its bank for 3 months. The suppliers' terms are as follows:
Fort Co.
1/10, net 30
Riley Manufacturing Co.
2/15, net 60
Shad, Inc.
3/15, net 90
Using a 360-day year, the cheapest source of short-term financing in this situation is (D)
A. The bank.
C. Riley Manufacturing Co.
B. Fort Co.
D. Shad, Inc.
CMA 1283 1-25
Trade Credit vs. Bank Loan
Point of Indifference
. ABC Company finances all of its seasonal inventory needs from the local bank at an effective
interest cost of 9%. The firm’s supplier promises to extend trade credit on terms that will
match the 9% bank credit rate. What terms would the supplier have to offer (approximately)?
a. 2/10, n/60.
c. 2/10, n/90.
b. 2/10, n/100.
d. 3/10, n/60.
RPCPA 1001
Credit Term vs. Simple Interest
145
. A company has accounts payable of $5 million with terms of 2% discount within 15 days, net
30 days (2/15 net 30). It can borrow funds from a bank at an annual rate of 12%, or it can wait
until the 30th day when it will receive revenues to cover the payment. If it borrows funds on the
last day of the discount period in order to obtain the discount, its total cost will be (M)
A. $51,000 less.
C. $100,000 less.
B. $75,500 less.
D. $24,500 more.
CIA 1192 IV-54
146
. A corporation is currently experiencing cash-flow problems and has determined that it is in
need of short-term credit. It can either use its trade credit on $100,000 of accounts payable
with terms of 1/10, net 30 or a 30-day note with a 20% annual simple interest rate. Which is
the best alternative, and what is its effective rate of interest (rounded to a whole percentage
and using a 360-day year)? (D)
CIA 1188 IV-54
A. The trade credit. Its effective rate is 10%. C. The note. Its effective rate is 17%.
B. The trade credit. Its effective rate is 20%. D. The note. Its effective rate is 20%.
147
. Every 15 days a company receives $10,000 worth of raw materials from its suppliers. The
credit terms for these purchases are 2/10, net 30, and payment is made on the 30th day after
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Page 29 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
each delivery. Thus, the company is considering a 1-year bank loan for $9,800 (98% of the
invoice amount). If the effective annual interest rate on this loan is 12%, what will be the net
dollar savings over the year by borrowing and then taking the discount on the materials? (D)
A. $3,624
C. $4,800
B. $1,176
D. $1,224
Gleim
a. Bank loan since its cost of 11.11% is cheaper than the cost of delaying payments of
12.24%
RPCPA 0597
b. Delaying payments since it has no cost compared to the 10% discounted bank interest.
c. Bank loan since its cost of 10% is cheaper than the cost of delaying payments of 12%.
d. Delaying payments since its cost is only 2% compared to 10% discounted bank interest.
. Quickbow Company currently uses maximum trade credit by not taking discounts on its
purchases. Quickbow is considering borrowing from its bank, using notes payable, in order to
take trade discounts. The firm wants to determine the effect of this policy change on its net
income. The standard industry credit terms offered by all its suppliers are 2/10, net 30 days,
and Quickbow pays in 30 days. Its net purchases are $11,760 per day, using a 360-day year.
The interest rate on the notes payable is 10 percent and the firm’s tax rate is 40 percent. If the
firm implements the plan, what is the expected change in Quickbow’s net income? (VD)
a. -$23,520
d. +$37,728
b. -$32,160
e. +$62,880
c. +$23,520
Brigham
Credit Term vs. Loan with Compensation Balance Requirement
Questions 137 and 138 are based on the following information.
CMA 0687 1-29 & 30
Morton Company needs to pay a supplier's invoice of $50,000 and wants to take a cash discount of
2/10, net 40. The firm can borrow the money for 30 days at 12% per annum plus a 10%
compensating balance.
148
Delayed Payment to Supplier or Discounted Interest
*. Budi Corp. intends to acquire a new equipment to increase its capacity. It is estimated to cost
P2.4 million. A bank loan can finance the acquisition at ten (10%) percent discounted interest.
Alternatively, the company may just delay payment to its suppliers. Presently, the company
buys under terms of 2/10, net 40, but management believes payment could be delayed 30
additional days, without penalty; that is payment could be made in 70 days. Assuming 360
days a year, the company should (M)
a. Borrow since it is cheaper by 1.13% than delaying payment to suppliers.
b. Borrow since it is cheaper by 2.5% than delaying payment to suppliers.
c. Delay payments to suppliers since it would cost 12% as against bank loan of 10%.
d. Delay payment to suppliers since it does not cost anything.
RPCPA 0597
*.
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
Meals Etc. has been very successful. It is the newest fastfood outlet at the Greenbelt area of
Makati featuring ordinary Filipino food packed with banana leaves. After six months of
operations, it needs to expand. The owner, Mr. K. Eng estimates that P2.4 million will be
required to put up another outlet in the Ortigas area.
Financing was offered by a friendly banker at 10 percent discounted interest. Alternatively, Mr.
Eng is thinking of just delaying payment to its suppliers. All his sales are on cash basis. The
company purchases under terms of 2/10, net 40 but Mr. Eng believes that he could delay
payments by another 30 days without any problem. This means payment could be made in 70
days. Assuming 360 days a year, Meals Etc. should opt for (M)
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
149
. The amount Morton Company must borrow to pay the supplier within the discount period and
cover the compensating balance is (M)
A. $55,000.
C. $55,556.
B. $55,056.
D. $54,444.
150
. Assuming Morton Company borrows the money on the last day of the discount period and
repays it 30 days later, the effective interest rate on the loan is (M)
A. 12.00%.
C. 13.20%.
B. 13.33%.
D. 13.48%.
151
. A company will receive cash from sales in 1 year that can be used to pay for materials. The
supplier will allow payment in 1 year. If the company pays the supplier immediately, it will
receive a 20% discount off the $100,000 purchase price, but it must borrow the full amount. A
bank has offered the company three alternatives:
1. A 1-year loan at 18% with no other fees,
2. A 1-year loan at 15% with the provision that it maintains 20% of whatever amount it
borrows as noninterest-bearing compensating balances over the life of the loan, or
3. A guaranteed line of credit of $100,000 at 17% with the provision that the bank will collect
a 1% fee on the average amount of unused funds. The company expects to borrow no
other funds. The company would achieve the lowest cost of financing by (M)
A. Allowing the supplier to finance the materials and making payment at the end of 1 year.
B. Accepting the 1-year loan at 18% with no other provisions.
C. Accepting the 1-year loan at 15% with the compensating balance provisions.
D. Accepting the guaranteed line of credit at 17% with the fee required on the average
amount of unused funds.
CIA 1186 IV-43
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MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
Questions 158 through 160 are based on the following information.
Gleim
Morton Company needs to pay a supplier's invoice of $60,000 and wants to take a cash discount of
2/10, net 40. The firm can borrow the money for 30 days at 11% per annum with a 9%
compensating balance. Assume a 360-day year.
152
. The amount Morton Company must borrow to pay the supplier within the discount period and
cover the compensating balance is (M)
A. $60,000
C. $64,615
B. $65,934
D. $58,800
153
. Assuming Morton Company borrows the money on the last day of the discount period and
repays it 30 days later, the effective interest rate on the loan is (M)
A. 11%
C. 12.09%
B. 10%
D. 9.90%
154
. If Morton fails to take the discount and pays on the 40th day, what effective rate of annual
interest is it paying the vendor? (M)
A. 2%
C. 24.49%
B. 24%
D. 36.73%
Different Bank Loan Options
Simple Interest vs. Discount
19. To raise money for working capital, The Bigger Donut is considering a one-year loan from the
Philtrust Bank. Two alternatives are available;
Alternative 1: a P70,000, 15% note issued at face value.
Alternative 2: a P70,000, non-interest bearing note discounted at 15%.
The company plans to borrow on November 1, 1993 and the accounting period follows the
calendar.
If you are asked by the Chief Executive Officer on the preferable alternative to take, assuming
whatever difference is material in amount and based on your knowledge of accounting for
notes, what advise should you give the CEO of The Bigger Donut? (M)
a. alternative 1
c. alternative 2
b. either alternative
d. Both alternatives
Discount
155
. Fonze is considering borrowing $100,000 from a bank for 1 year. This borrowing is in the form
of a discounted note, and he wants the effective interest rate to be between 11% and 12%.
Which of the following bank(s) could Fonze choose, if Bank 1 has a stated interest rate of 9%,
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
Bank 2 has a stated interest rate of 9.5%, Bank 3 has a stated interest rate of 10%, and Bank
4 has a stated interest rate of 10.5%? (M)
A. Bank 2 only.
C. Either Bank 1 or Bank 3.
B. Bank 3 only.
D. Either Bank 3 or Bank 4.
Gleim
Simple Interest with Compensation Balance
156
. Hagar Company is planning on purchasing a larger warehouse next year. Hagar has contacted
four banks and received information about loans of $100,000. Bank 1 requires a compensating
balance of 20% and has a stated interest rate of 7%. Bank 2 requires a compensating balance
of 15% and has a stated interest rate of 8%. Bank 3 requires a compensating balance of 18%
and has a stated interest rate of 7.5%. Bank 4 requires a compensating balance of 0% and
has a stated interest rate of 9%. The bank with the lowest effective loan cost is (M)
A. Bank 1.
C. Bank 3.
B. Bank 2.
D. Bank 4.
Gleim
Questions 87 and 88 are based on the following information.
Gleim
Burgers & Burgers' bank (Bank 1) has offered to lend the firm $5 million at an annual rate of 12%,
provided the company maintains a compensating balance of 25% is maintained. However, a
competitor bank (Bank 2) offered a $5 million loan at 15% annually with a 10% compensating
balance.
157
. Which bank offers the better deal, expressed on an annual basis? (M)
A. Bank 1 is better by .7%.
C. Bank 2 is better by .7%.
B. Bank 1 is better by 3.0%.
D. Bank 2 is better by 2.0%.
158
. Which would be the better deal if the company usually keeps an average of $500,000 on
deposit? (M)
A. Bank 1 by 0.9%.
C. Bank 2 by 1.0%.
B. Bank 1 by 3.0%.
D. Bank 2 by 0.9%.
Lump Sum Payment vs. Installment Payment
159
. Roger Retailer sells $20,000 of merchandise to Bob Buyer. Bob offers Roger two payment
options for the merchandise. The first option is Bob will pay Roger $20,000 in a lump sum 1
year from the date of purchase. The second option is Bob will pay Roger $750 every 2 weeks
for 1 year, starting 2 weeks after the date of purchase (a total of 26 bi-weekly payments). If
Roger's relevant discount rate is 0.5% per bi-weekly period, which option should Roger
accept? (M)
A. Bi-weekly payments, as they have a higher present value by $675.
B. Either one, since they have the same present value.
Page 31 of 60
MANAGEMENT ADVISORY SERVICES
WORKING CAPITAL FINANCE
C. The lump sum payment, as it has a higher present value by $500.
D. The lump sum payment, as it has a higher present value by $1,750.
ANSWER EXPLANATIONS
Gleim
Factoring vs. Different Bank Loan Terms
Questions 139 through 142 are based on the following information.
CMA 1296 1-14 to 17
The Frame Supply Company has just acquired a large account and needs to increase its working
capital by $100,000. The controller of the company has identified the four sources of funds given
below.
A. Pay a factor to buy the company’s receivables, which average $125,000 per month and have
an average collection period of 30 days. The factor will advance up to 80% of the face value
of receivables at 10% and charge a fee of 2% on all receivables purchased. The controller
estimates that the firm would save $24,000 in collection expenses over the year. Assume the
fee and interest are not deductible in advance.
B. Borrow $110,000 from a bank at 12% interest. A 9% compensating balance would be
required.
C. Issue $110,000 of 6-month commercial paper to net $100,000. (New paper would be issued
every 6 months.)
D. Borrow $125,000 from a bank on a discount basis at 20%. No compensating balance would
be required.
Assume a 360-day year in all of your calculations.
160
. The cost of Alternative A is (M)
a. 10.0%
b. 12.0%
c. 13.2%
d. 16.0%
161
. The cost of Alternative B is (M)
a. 9.0%
b. 12.0%
c. 13.2%
d. 21.0%
162
. The cost of Alternative C is (M)
a. 9.1%
b. 10.0%
c. 16.2%
d. 20.0%
163
. The cost of Alternative D is (M)
a. 20.0%
b. 25.0%
CMA EXAMINATION QUESTIONS
c. 40.0%
d. 50.0%
Page 32 of 60
1
. REQUIRED: The effect on net working capital of an increase in current assets and a decrease in current liabilities.
DISCUSSION: (D) Working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. An increase in current assets
or a decrease in current liabilities will increase working capital. Thus, net working capital increased by $170 ($120 +
$50)
2
. Answer (D) is correct. Working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. An increase in current
assets or a decrease in current liabilities increases working capital. Thus, net working capital increased by $190 ($130 +
$60).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the decrease in current liabilities increases working capital. Answer (B) is incorrect
because net working capital increased by $190. Answer (C) is incorrect because net working capital increased by $190.
3
. Answer (A) is correct. Working capital is the excess of total current assets (CA) over total current liabilities (CL).
Thus, working capital at the end of January equals 80,500 computed as follows:
CA*CL*Beginning working capital 70,000Performed services on account 30,000 INPurchased supplies on account -0IIConsumed supplies (4,000) DNPurchased office equipment (2,000) DNPaid short-term bank loan-0- DDPaid salaries
(10,000) DNAccrued salaries (3,500) NIWorking capital, end of January 80,500* N = no effect; I = increase; D =
decrease
Answer (B) is incorrect because 78,500 ignores the consumed supplies, the cash purchase of office equipment, and the
accrued salaries. However, it incorrectly considers the supplies purchased on account and the repayment of the shortterm bank loan. Answer (C) is incorrect because 50,500 does not include the services performed on account. Answer
(D) is incorrect because 47,500 omits the services performed on account and accrued salaries but includes the
repayment of short-term loan.
4
. Answer (C) is correct. Net working capital equals current assets (cash, accounts receivable, inventories for this
company) minus current liabilities (accounts payable, notes payable, accrued wages). From January 1 to June 30, the
net working capital increased by $1,000,000 {[($4 + $4 + $10) - ($3 + $3 + $2)] - [($3 + $5 + $8) - ($2 + $4 + $1)]}.
Answer (A) is incorrect because a decrease of $1,000,000 results from omitting inventories. Answer (B) is incorrect
because the difference between all assets and all liabilities stayed the same. Answer (D) is incorrect because an
increase of $2,000,000 results from omitting accrued wages.
5
. Answer (C) is correct. Given that current liabilities are $200 million and the current ratio (current assets ÷ current
liabilities) is 1.70, current assets must be $340 million ($200 million x 1.70). If X amount of commercial paper is issued,
thereby increasing both current assets and current liabilities by X, and the new current ratio is the contractual minimum
of 1.40 to 1, the maximum amount of commercial paper that can be issued is $150 million.
($340 + X) current assets ÷ ($200 + X) current liabilities = 1.4
$340 + X = 1.4 ($200 + X)
$340 + X = 280 + 1.4X
$340 = $280 + .4X
$60 = .4X
X = $150
Answer (A) is incorrect because $80 million results in a current ratio of 1.50. Answer (B) is incorrect because $370
million results in a current ratio of 1.25. Answer (D) is incorrect because $280 million results in a current ratio of 1.29.
6
. Answer (B) is correct. If current liabilities are $250 million and the current ratio (current assets/current liabilities) is
1.75, current assets must be $437.5 million ($250 x 1.75). Hence, if X amount of commercial paper is issued, thereby
increasing both current assets and current liabilities by X, the new current ratio (which cannot be less than 1.5) is $125
million.
($437.5 + X)/($250 + X) = 1.5
$437.5 + X = 1.5 ($250 + X)
$437.5 + X = $375 + 1.5X
$437.5 = $375 + .5X
$62.5 = .5X
X = $125
Answer (A) is incorrect because $375 million is the minimum amount of current assets required to keep the current ratio
at the floor level of 1.5. Answer (C) is incorrect because $562.5 million is the sum of the existing current assets and
$125 million. Answer (D) is incorrect because $437.5 million is the existing amount of current assets.
. Answer (B) is correct. If current liabilities are $200 million and the current ratio (current assets ÷ current liabilities) is
2.2, current assets must be $440 million (2.2 x $200 million). If X amount of commercial paper is issued to finance
inventory (current assets), thereby increasing both current assets and current liabilities by X, the level of current assets
at which the new current ratio will be 2.0 is $480 million ($440 million + $40 million of commercial paper).
($440 + X) ÷ ($200 + X) = 2.0
$440 + X = 2($200 + X)
$440 + X = $400 + 2X
$440= $400 + X
X = $40
Answer (A) is incorrect because $20 million ignores the increase in current assets. This answer would be appropriate if
noncurrent assets were being financed. Answer (C) is incorrect because $240 million is the amount of working capital
both before and after the issuance of commercial paper. Answer (D) is incorrect because $180 million is a nonsense
answer.
7
8
.
Current ratio and inventory
Answer: b Diff: E N
With the numbers provided, we can see that Iken Berry Farms has a current ratio of 1.67 (CA/CL = $5/$3 = 1.67). If
notes payable are going to be raised to buy inventories, both the numerator and the denominator of the ratio will
increase. We can increase current liabilities $1 million before the current ratio reaches 1.5.
CA + X
CL + X
$5,000,000 + X
$3,000,000 + X
$5,000,000 + X
$500,000
$1,000,000
X
≥ 1.5
≥ 1.5
≥
≥
≥
≤
$4,500,000 + 1.5X
0.5X
X
$1,000,000.
9
. REQUIRED: The maximum dividends consistent with a specified minimum current ratio.
DISCUSSION: (B) Before the dividend, total current assets equal $2,050,000 ($455,000 cash + $900,000 receivables +
$650,000 inventory + $45,000 prepaid assets). Current liabilities total $900,000 ($285,000 accrued liabilities+ $550,000
accounts payable + $65,000 current portion of long-term debt). The payment of the cash dividend will not change
current liabilities, so a current ratio of 2 to 1 requires that current assets be maintained at a minimum of $1,800,000 (2 x
$900,000). Thus, cash can decrease by $250,000 ($2,050,000 – $1,800,000). The maximum per share rate is $2.50
($250,000 ÷ 100,000 shares).
Answer (A) is incorrect because $2.05 fails to include prepaid assets (prepaid expenses) as current assets. Answer (C)
is incorrect because $3.35 fails to include the current portion of long-term debt as a current liability. Answer (D) is
incorrect because $3.80 fails to consider prepaid assets as a current asset and the current portion of long-term debt as a
current liability.
10
. REQUIRED: The effect of plant expansion on working capital.
DISCUSSION: (B) Working capital is defined as current assets minus current liabilities. Working capital is calculated
as follows:
CurrentProposalCash$ 100,000$ 120,000Accounts receivable400,000500,000Inventory380,000480,000Marketable
securities
200,000
200,000Total current assets$1,080,000$1,280,000Accounts payable$
350,000$
430,000Mortgage payable – current 175,000 325,000Total current liabilities$ 525,000$ 755,000Working capital$
555,000$ 525,000Working capital would decrease from the current $555,000 to $525,000 under the proposal, a decline
of $30,000.
Answer (A) is incorrect because working capital would decrease by $30,000. Answers (C) and (D) are incorrect
because working capital would decrease
11
. Answer (C) is correct. Working capital is defined as current assets minus current liabilities. The working capital for
each possibility is calculated as follows:
CurrentProposalCash$100,000$110,000Accounts receivable560,000690,000Inventories 350,000380,000Marketable
securities
200,000
200,000Total current assets$1,210,000$1380,000Less account
payable400,000470,000Working capital$810,000$910,000Thus, the impact on working capital would be an increase of
$100,000 (from $810,000 to $910,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because working capital increases by $100,000. Answer (B) is incorrect because $950,000
equals the sum of the increases in working capital and fixed assets, minus the increase in net income. Answer (D) is
incorrect because $950,000 equals the sum of the increases in working capital and fixed assets, minus the increase in
net income.
12
. Answer (B) is correct. Working capital is defined as current assets minus current liabilities. Working capital is
calculated as follows:
CurrentProposedCash$
120,000 $
140,000Accounts receivable400,000 550,000Inventory 360,000
420,000Marketable securities
180,000
180,000 Total current assets$1,060,000 $1,290,000Accounts payable
(360,000) (450,000)Mortgage payable - current
(160,000)
(310,000)Total current liabilities$ 520,000 $
760,000Working capital $ 540,000 $ 530,000Working capital decreases by $10,000 from the current $540,000 to
$530,000 under the proposal. Answer (A) is incorrect because $240,000 is the increase in current liabilities. Answer (C)
is incorrect because $230,000 is the proposed increase in current assets. Answer (D) is incorrect because $10,000 is
the decrease in working capital.
13
. A maturity matching policy implies that fixed assets and permanent current assets are financed with long-term
sources. Thus, since the minimum balance that total assets approach is $320,000, and $260,000 of that balance is fixed
assets, permanent current assets equal $60,000. The likely level of long-term financing is $320,000.
Long-term debt financing = Permanent cash assets + Fixed assets.
Permanent cash assets = Low end of total assets - Fixed assets
= $320,000 - $260,000 = $60,000.
Long-term debt financing = $60,000 + $260,000 = $320,000.
. Answer (A) is correct. Working capital is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. An increase in current
assets or a decrease in current liabilities will increase working capital. Option 1 maximizes Mason Company's net
working capital, increasing it by $170 ($120 + $50).
Answer (B) is incorrect because option 2 increases net working capital by $150. Answer (C) is incorrect because option
3 decreases net working capital by $160. Answer (D) is incorrect because option 4 decreases net working capital by
$25.
14
15
.
Construct simplified comparative balance sheets and income statements for the restricted and relaxed policies:(In
thousands)
15% of Sales Restricted25% of Sales RelaxedCurrent assets$ 60$100Fixed assets100100 Total
assets$160$200Debt80100Equity and retained earnings80100 Total liabilities and equity$160$200EBIT3636Less: Interest
(10%)(8)(10)EBT2826Less: Taxes (40%)( 11.2)( 10.4) Net income$ 16.8$ 15.6
ROE = NI/Equity; $16.8/$80 = 0.21; $15.6/$100 = 0.156.
ROE (restricted policy) = 21.0%.
ROE (relaxed policy) = 15.6%.
Difference in ROEs = 0.21 - 0.156 = 0.054 = 5.4%.
16
. Answer (C) is correct. The cash flow cycle begins when the firm pays for merchandise it has purchased and ends
when the firm receives cash from the sale of the merchandise. Inventory is held for an average of 60 days prior to sale,
but the average age of accounts payable is 30 days. Consequently, the average time between outlay and sale is 30
days. Receivables are collected an average of 45 days after sale, so the length of the cash flow cycle is 75 days (30 +
45).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the age of payables should be deducted from the sum of the other items. Answer (B) is
incorrect because the payables are not added to the inventory period. They are deducted. Answer (D) is incorrect
because 105 days equals the sum of the inventory cycle and the receivables cycle.
. REQUIRED: The length of the cash flow cycle.
DISCUSSION: (C) The cash flow cycle begins when the firm pays for merchandise it has purchased and ends when it
receives cash from the sale of the merchandise.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the age of accounts payable was added instead of deducted in the computation of the
cash flow cycle. Answer (B) is incorrect because the age of accounts payable was not deducted in the computation of
the cash flow cycle. Answer (D) is incorrect because the age of accounts receivable was deducted instead of added
and the age of accounts payable was added instead of deducted in the computation.
17
18
.
Cash conversion
cycle
=
Inv. conversion Rec. collection Pay. deferral
+
–
.
period
period
period
= 72 + 60 - 45 = 87 days.
. Answer (C) is correct. The cash conversion cycle is the length of time between paying for purchases and receiving
cash from the sale of finished goods. It equals the inventory conversion period, plus the receivables collection period,
minus the payables deferral period, or 75 days (58 days + 32 days - 15 days).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 11 days results from subtracting the receivables collection period. Answer (B) is
incorrect because 41 days results from subtracting the receivables collection period and adding the payables deferral
period. Answer (D) is incorrect because 90 days omits the payables deferral period.
19
20
21
.
Facts given: Payables deferral period = 30 days; Inv = $5,000,000; Rec. = $2,000,000; ADS = $100,000.
Cash conversion Inv. conversion Rec. collection Pay. deferral
=
+
–
.
cycle
period
period
period
Step 1:
Determine the inventory conversion period:
Inventory conversion period
= Inventory/Daily sales
= $5,000,000/$100,000
= 50 days.
Step 2:
Determine the receivables collection period:
Receivables collection period
= Receivables/Daily sales
= $2,000,000/$100,000
= 20 days.
Step 3:
Given data and information calculated above, determine the firm’s cash conversion cycle:
Cash conversion cycle
= 50 + 20 - 30
= 40 days.
.
Old
With Change
360
360
360
360
40 =
ICP = 40 =
= 90
= 72
5
4
10
8
+
+
8
8
8
1
DSO = 40 = 1 = 72
= 63
360
9
9
DP = 30 days - 30
CCC = 132 days
DP
- 30
New CCC = 105 days
Change in CCC = 105 – 132 = -27 days.
Net change is –27 days (CCC is 27 days shorter).
. Answer (B) is correct. The cash conversion cycle is the length of time between the July 20 payment and the
November 30 collection, or 133 days (11 days in July, 31 in August, 30 in September, 31 in October, and 30 in
November).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 92 days is the length of the raw material conversion cycle. Answer (C) is incorrect
because 123 days excludes the customer credit period. Answer (D) is incorrect because 153 days includes the vendor's
credit period.
22
23
.
Calculate each of the three main components of the cash conversion cycle:
Inventory Conversion period (ICP):
ICP =
$120,000
$120,000
=
= 72 days.
$600,000/360 $1,666.67
Days sales outstanding (DSO):
DSO =
$160,000
$160,000
=
= 96 days.
$600,000/360 $1,666.67
Payables deferral period (PDP):
PDP =
$25,000
$25,000
=
= 25 days.
$360,000/360
$1,000
Cash conversion cycle (CCC):
CCC = ICP + DSO – PDP = 72 + 96 – 25 = 143 days.
.
24
First, calculate Sales/Day = $50,000,000/360 = $138,888.89.
Then, calculate the old inventory conversion period:
Inventory/Sales per day = $15,000,000/$138,888.89 = 108 days.
Then, find the new inventory conversion period:
$13,000,000/$138,888.89 = 93.6 days.
We have cut the inventory conversion period by 108 – 93.6 = 14.4 days.
Then, calculate the old DSO:
Accts. Rec./Sales per day = $10,000,000/$138,888.89 = 72 days.
Then, find the new DSO = $8,000,000/$138,888.89 = 57.6 days.
We have cut the DSO by 72 – 57.6 = 14.4 days.
Finally, find the total net change = -14.4 + (-14.4) – 10 = -38.8 days.
25
.
Cash conversion
cycle
=
Inv. conversion Rec. collection Pay. deferral
+
–
.
period
period
period
For this problem we are only interested in the change in the CCC. We may therefore ignore the Payables Deferral
Period since it is assumed to remain unchanged.
Old CCC (ignore payables) = $12,000,000/$100,000 + $8,000,000/$100,000
= 120 + 80 = 200 days.
New CCC = $9,600,000/$90,000 + $6,400,000/$90,000
= 106.67 + 71.11 = 177.78 days.
Change in CCC = New CCC – Old CCC
= 177.78 – 200
= -22.22 days. Round to 22 days shorter.
26
.
ICP = 360 days/($12 million/$1 million) = 30 days.
DSO = 2.0 × ICP = 60 days.
Solve for accounts receivable:
DSO = 60 = Receivable accounts/Sales per day
= (A/R)/($12/360) = $2 million.
Calculate new ICP, change in CCC, and new DSO required to meet goal:
New ICP = 360/($12/0.9) = 360/13.333 = 27 days.
Net change in ICP = -3 days.
Total change in CCC required = 10 days.
Reduction in DSO needed = 10 – 3 = 7 days.
New DSO required = 60 – 7 = 53 days.
Solve for new receivables level:
DSO = 53 = [(A/R)/($12,000,000/360)]
A/R = 53 × $33,333.33 = $1,766,667.
Old A/R = $2,000,000. New A/R = $1,766,667.
Reduction required in A/R = $2,000,000 - $1,766,667 = $233,333.
27
. Answer (D) is correct. To determine cash flow for the period, all noncash expenses should be added to income.
Adding the $6,000 of depreciation and the $7,000 of discount amortization to $50,000 of income produces a pretax cash
flow of $63,000. Interest is not added back to income because it requires a cash payment.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the cash flow for the period is greater than income given noncash expenses in the form
of depreciation and bond discount amortization. Answer (B) is incorrect because $57,000 does not reflect the noncash
expense for depreciation. Answer (C) is incorrect because the $6,000 of depreciation and the $7,000 for amortization
should be added to, not subtracted from, income.
28
. REQUIRED: The estimated cash flow for the period.
DISCUSSION: (D) To determine cash flow for the period, all noncash expenses should be added back to net income.
Adding the $5,000 of depreciation and the $6,000 of discount amortization to the $60,000 of net income produces a
cash flow of $71,000.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the cash flow for the period is greater than net income given noncash expenses in the
form of depreciation and bond discount amortization. Answer (B) is incorrect because $66,000 does not reflect noncash
expenses for depreciation. Answer (C) is incorrect because the $5,000 of depreciation and the $6,000 for amortization
should be added back to, not subtracted from, income.
29
. Answer (C) is correct. Cash inflows for March would consist of 50% of March credit sales (50% x $90 = $45), plus
30% of February credit sales (30% x $120 = $36), plus 20% of January credit sales (20% x $100 = $20), plus cash sales
for March of $18. Consequently, total collections equal $119,000.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $138,000 equals the sum of February credit sales and March cash sales. Answer (B) is
incorrect because $122,000 equals 50% of January credit sales, 30% of February credit sales, 20% of March credit
sales, and 100% of March cash sales. Answer (D) is incorrect because $108,000 is the total sales for March, not the
total cash collections for March.
30
. Answer (A) is correct. The float period is the time between when a check is written and when it clears the payor's
checking account. Check float results in an interest-free loan to the payor because of the delay between payment by
check and its deduction from the bank account. If checks written require one more day to clear than checks received,
the net float equals one day's receipts. The company will have free use of the money for one day. In this case, the
amount is $10,000.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the company enjoys one day's net float because its checks clear more slowly than its
deposits. Answer (C) is incorrect because the net float is positive. The company can write checks (up to $10,000) even
when it has no money because the checks do not clear until a day after deposits clear. Answer (D) is incorrect because
the net float represents the difference between when deposits clear and when disbursements clear.
31
. Answer (A) is correct. The difference between collections and payables is $5,000 daily. Five days' worth amounts to
$25,000 of float.
Answer (B) is incorrect because $40,000 ignores the impact of payables and the five-day float period. Answer (C) is
incorrect because $175,000 ignores the impact of receivables. Answer (D) is incorrect because $200,000 ignores the
impact of payables.
32
. Positive disbursement float = $15,000(5) = $75,000.
Negative collections float = $17,000(3) = $51,000.
Net float = $75,000 - $51,000 = $24,000.
33
. Answer (B) is correct. The opportunity cost of keeping a cash balance is calculated by finding the amount of income
that could be earned minus any expenses necessary to receive the income. In this example, the amount of daily income
that could be earned is $400 ($2,000,000 x .0002). The cost of investing the money, $50, is then subtracted from the
$400 to calculate an opportunity cost of $350.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $50 is the average transaction cost of investing money overnight. Answer (C) is
incorrect because the cost of investing the money has to be subtracted from the amount of daily income that can be
earned to get the opportunity cost. Answer (D) is incorrect because $40,000 is the result of multiplying $2 million by
0.02 (not 0.02%, which is 0.0002).
34
. Answer (A) is correct. Opportunity cost is the forgone benefit, that is, the benefit from the next best alternative use
of a resource. The opportunity cost of holding cash balances is calculated by multiplying the average cash balance by
the opportunity cost rate (the return on the best alternative use of the cash). The opportunity cost of holding cash
balances is higher if the average cash balance is higher.
Answer (B) is incorrect because, if other factors are constant, a higher average cash balance requires fewer
replenishing transactions. Hence, the total transactions costs associated with obtaining cash balances for the period are
lower. Answer (C) is incorrect because the opportunity cost of holding a higher cash balance is higher. Answer (D) is
incorrect because the total costs of holding cash balances equal the sum of the opportunity costs and transactions
costs. Accordingly, the company should determine the optimal average cash balance that minimizes total holding costs.
Whether total costs are lower when the average cash balance is higher depends on whether the cash balance is below,
at, or above the optimal average cash balance for the company.
35
. Answer (A) is correct. The opportunity cost of holding cash balances for the year equals the average cash balance
multiplied by the opportunity cost rate, or $2,091.65 ($20,916.50 x 10%).
Answer (B) is incorrect because $4,183.30 results if twice the average cash balance is used in calculating the
opportunity cost. Answer (C) is incorrect because $8,750.00 results if half the total cash requirement for the year is used
in calculating the opportunity cost. Answer (D) is incorrect because $17,500.00 results if the total cash required for the
year is used in calculating the opportunity cost.
36
. Answer (C) is correct. Checks are currently tied up for 10½ days (5 for mailing, 4 for processing, and 1½ for
clearing). If that were reduced to 4 days, CMR's cash balance would increase by $650,000 (6½ days x $100,000 per
day).
Answer (A) is incorrect because CMR's cash balance would increase by $650,000 [(10½ days - 4 days) x $100,000 per
day]. Answer (B) is incorrect because $400,000 is arrived at by multiplying $100,000 per day collection by the 4-day
processing and clearing time with the lockbox system. The $100,000 per day collection should have been multiplied by
the 6½ day decrease (10½ days - 4 days) in check processing and clearing. Answer (D) is incorrect because CMR's
cash balance would increase by $650,000 [(10½ days - 4 days) x $100,000 per day].
37
. Answer (A) is correct. Checks are currently tied up for 11 days (6 for mailing, 3 for processing, and 2 for clearing). If
that period were reduced to 3 days, DLF's cash balance would increase by $1,200,000 (8 days x $150,000 per day).
Answer (B) is incorrect because the decrease is 8 days, not 5. Answer (C) is incorrect because $600,000 represents
only a 4-day savings. Answer (D) is incorrect because the lockbox system will result in an additional 8 days of savings,
not 3.
38
. Answer (D) is correct. The first step in finding the expected annual savings is multiplying the average number of
checks collected daily by the average amount of each check. This is $100,000 (200 x $500). The $100,000 is multiplied
by the number of days it saves for mailing, 2.0, and processing, 0.5. These numbers are added together to get $250,000
[($100,000 x 2) + ($100,000 x 0.5)]. This number multiplied by the annual interest rate will give expected annual savings
of $15,000 ($250,000 x 0.06).
Answer (A) is incorrect because $250,000 has not been multiplied by the annual interest rate of 6%. Answer (B) is
incorrect because $12,000 is the result of leaving out the processing portion of the savings, calculated as $100,000 x 0.5
(and then later multiplied by 6%). Answer (C) is incorrect because $6,000 is the result of multiplying 200 checks per day
by their average amount, and then multiplying this total of $100,000 by the annual interest rate. Mailing and processing
time saved are thus unaccounted for in this case.
39
. Answer (C) is correct. Because collections will be accelerated by 3 days at a rate of $300,000 per day, the company
will have an additional $900,000 to invest. At a rate of 6%, the interest earned will be $54,000 per year. However, the
bank will charge $24,000 (12 months x $2,000 per month) for its services. Thus, the firm will increase its income by
$30,000 ($54,000 - $24,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because ($24,000) ignores the additional interest revenue from investing the increased funds.
Answer (B) is incorrect because $12,000 is based on 2 days of accelerated inflows rather than 3. Answer (D) is
incorrect because $54,000 ignores the $24,000 bank service charge.
40
. REQUIRED: The decision regarding whether to use a lockbox system and the amount of savings or loss.
DISCUSSION: (C) Dividing the $90 million of annual sales by 360 days produces daily sales of $250,000. If collection
time is reduced by 3 days, then $750,000 (3 x $250,000) will be available for investment. At an 8% rate of return, the
additional $750,000 will earn $60,000 annually. This is $20,000 less than the $80,000 cost of the system. The $20,000
loss means the company should not investment in the new system.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $140,000 equals the $80,000 cost plus the investment earnings. Answer (B) is
incorrect because the $80,000 cost should be considered. Answer (D) is incorrect because the earnings are $60,000.
41
.
Calculate the net reduction in A/R:
Current A/R = $2,500,000. New A/R with 20% reduction:
$2,500,000 - 0.20($2,500,000) = $2,000,000.
Net reduction in A/R = $500,000.
Calculate the interest savings and net savings:
Interest savings = $500,000(0.11) = $55,000.
Net savings = Interest savings - Annual lockbox cost
= $55,000 - $15,000 = $40,000.
42
. REQUIRED: The additional annual income or loss from using a lockbox service.
DISCUSSION: (B) If daily cash receipts are $150,000 and the lockbox service will speed collections by four days, the
company will have available an additional $600,000 (4 days x $150,000). The result is increased interest revenue of
$24,000 (4% interest rate x $600,000). However, the $2,500 monthly service charges total $30,000 for the year, which
is a $6,000 net loss ($24,000 interest revenue – $30,000 monthly service charges).
Answers (A), and (C) are incorrect because a loss would result since the service charges exceed the additional interest
revenue. Answer (D) is incorrect because the loss is $6,000, the difference between the $24,000 of additional interest
revenue and the $30,000 total service charges.
43
. Answer (B) is correct. The firm will begin earning interest 2.2 days (1.3 + .9) earlier with the lockbox plan.
Multiplying 325 daily accounts by $1,250 results in average daily collections of $406,250. Thus, the gross savings is
$188 ($406,250 x 2.2 x .00021). The cost is $97.50 (325 accounts x $.30). The net savings is $90.50 per day ($188 $97.50). Multiplying 250 days by $90.50 = $22,675.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $3,273 results from ignoring the savings in processing time. Answer (C) is incorrect
because $23,500 is half the gross savings. Answer (D) is incorrect because $47,000 results from overlooking the bank
charges of $.30 per account.
44
. Answer (B) is correct. If payments are collected 2 days earlier, the company can earn $120,000 ($20,000 x 50
payments per day x 2 days x .06) at a cost of $59,125 [$50,000 + (50 payments x 365 days x $.50)], a gain of $60,875.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $59,125 is the annual lockbox cost. Answer (C) is incorrect because $50,000 is the
annual fixed fee. Answer (D) is incorrect because $120,000 is the annual savings without regard to costs.
45
. REQUIRED: The optimal fee structure for a lockbox system.
DISCUSSION: (D) Multiplying 700 checks times 360 days results in a total of 252,000 checks per year. Accordingly,
under (A), total annual cost is $126,000 ($0.50 x 252,000), which is less desirable than the $125,000 flat fee in (B).
Given that the annual collections equal $453,600,000 ($1,800 x 700 x 360), (C) is also less desirable because the
annual fee would be $136,080 (.03% x $453,600,000). The best option is therefore to maintain a compensating balance
of $1,750,000 when the cost of funds is 7%, resulting in a total cost of $122,500 (07 x $1,750,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the annual cost is $126,000. Answer (B) is incorrect because the annual cost is
$125,000. Answer (C) is incorrect because the annual cost is $136,080.
46
. Answer (D) is correct. Because collections made using Bank 4's lockbox service will be accelerated by 2 days at a
rate of $300,000 per day, the firm will have an additional $600,000 to invest. At a rate of 6%, the interest earned will be
$36,000 per year. However, the bank will charge $12,000 (12 months x $1,000 per month) for its services. Thus, the firm
will gain $24,000 ($36,000 - $12,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because Bank 1 will increase the firm's income by only $18,000. Answer (B) is incorrect because
Bank 2 will increase the firm's income by only $12,000. Answer (C) is incorrect because Bank 3 will increase the firm's
income by only $12,000.
47
. Answer (A) is correct. The first step in calculating the benefit received by a firm for speeding up collections is to
multiply the amount of daily sales by the number of days saved. In this example, that amount would be $30,000
($15,000 x 2). This number is then multiplied by the annual opportunity cost of funds, 8%, to get a benefit of $2,400.
Answer (B) is incorrect because $1,200 is $15,000 x 8%. Answer (C) is incorrect because $600 is ($15,000 ÷ 2) x 8%.
Answer (D) is incorrect because $7,500 is daily sales, $15,000, divided by two.
48
. REQUIRED: The net annual benefit or loss.
DISCUSSION: (D) If collection time is 2 days, and average daily receipts are $100,000, the average cash balance will
increase by $200,000 if the bank’s system is adopted. At a 6% interest rate, $200,000 will generate $12,000 of interest
revenue annually. The $500 monthly charge by the bank will result in an annual expense of $6,000. Thus, the net
annual benefit is $6,000 ($12,000 - $6,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because $3,000 miscalculates the annual service charge. Answer (B) is incorrect because
$12,000 fails to deduct the annual service charge from the interest earned. Answer (C) is incorrect because $0 results
from figuring the interest earned for only one day, not two.
49
. Answer (B) is correct. Since collections will be speeded up by three days, at the rate of $200,000 per day, the
company will have an additional $600,000 to invest. At 12%, the interest earned would be $72,000 per year. However,
the bank will charge $48,000 (12 months x $4,000 per month) for its services. Thus, the firm will increase its income by
$24,000 ($72,000 - $48,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the service will generate $24,000 in additional annual income, not losses. Answer (C)
is incorrect because $66,240 is a nonsense number. Answer (D) is incorrect because $68,000 assumes an annual bank
charge of $4,000.
50
. Answer (B) is correct. Given that collections will be accelerated by 2 days, at the rate of $300,000 per day, the
company will have an additional $600,000 to invest. At 11%, the interest earned will be $66,000 per year. However, the
bank will charge $36,000 (12 months x $3,000 per month) for its services. Thus, the firm will increase its pretax income
by $30,000 ($66,000 - $36,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because profits will increase by $30,000. Interest revenue will exceed the incremental costs.
Answer (C) is incorrect because $66,000 fails to subtract the $36,000 cost of the lockbox system. Answer (D) is
incorrect because $63,000 assumes the annual fee is $3,000.
51
. REQUIRED: The amount a firm should be willing to pay annually for a new cash management system.
DISCUSSION: (D) If cash outflows are $3 million per day, holding cash 2 extra days means that average balances
should increase by $6 million. At a 10% interest rate, the additional $6 million would generate interest revenue of
$600,000 per year. Thus, if the system can be acquired for $600,000 or less, it would be beneficial to do so.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $6 million is the increase in cash, not the interest earned on that additional cash.
Answer (B) is incorrect because $3 million is the amount of daily payments, not the savings. Answer (C) is incorrect
because the daily payments should be multiplied by two, not divided by two.
52
. REQUIRED: The amount at which wire transfers are preferable.
DISCUSSION: (D) Given a $25 fee and an interest rate of 0.02% per day for 2 says, the breakeven amount is $62,500
[$25 transfer fee + (2 x .02% interest rate)]. Thus, the interest earned on a transfer of any amount greater than $62,500
would exceed the $25 fee.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the $25 transfer fee is covered by the interest on $62,500 for 2 days. Answer (B) is
incorrect because $125,000 is required if collections are accelerated by only one day. Answer (C) is incorrect because
the interest on $173 for 2 days if less than $0.07.
53
. Answer (D) is correct. Given sales of $27,000,000, the average amount of daily sales must be $75,000
($27,000,000/360 days). The increased accounts receivable balance is therefore $450,000 (6 days x $75,000). With an
additional $450,000 of capital invested in receivables, the company's interest cost will increase by $36,000 per year (8%
x $450,000). Thus, the company must save at least $36,000 per year to justify the change in procedures.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $36,000 is the minimum savings required. Answer (B) is incorrect because $36,000 is
the minimum savings required. Answer (C) is incorrect because $36,000 is the minimum savings required.
54
. Answer (D) is correct. The cost of carrying receivables equals average receivables times the variable cost ratio
times the cost of money. Given sales of $45,000,000, regardless of which collection procedures are applied, the average
daily sales must be $125,000 ($45,000,000 ÷ 360 days). The increase in the average receivables balance is therefore
$625,000 (5 days x $125,000). Given an additional $625,000 of receivables, the company's additional required
investment in receivables is $375,000 ($625,000 x 60% variable cost ratio), and the incremental pretax cost of this
investment is $22,500 (6% x $375,000). Accordingly, the collection costs must be reduced by a pretax minimum of
$22,500 to offset the cost of the increased investment in receivables.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $375,000 is the increased investment in receivables. Answer (B) is incorrect because
$37,500 results from omitting the variable cost ratio from the calculation. Answer (C) is incorrect because $125,000 is
the average daily sales.
55
. REQUIRED: The checking account that should be chosen.
DISCUSSION: (D) The standard account will cost $10 per month plus $8 in check charges ($0.10 x 80 checks), for a
total of $18 per month or $216 per year. The premium account has no check charges, but it will require the depositor to
maintain a balance of $2,000 more than desired. At a 10% cost of capital, the incremental $2,000 minimum deposit will
cost $200 per year. Thus, the premium account should be selected because it is cheaper by $16 per year.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the relevant cost of the minimum premium account deposit is based on the $2,000
incremental deposit, not the full $2,500. Answers (B) and (C) are incorrect because the savings on the premium
account is $16.
56
. REQUIRED: The average cash balance.
DISCUSSION: The EOQ for inventory is a function of ordering cost per order, inventory demand, and carrying cost. In
the cash model, the fixed cost per sale of securities is equivalent to the ordering cost, the demand for cash is similar to
the demand for inventory, and the interest rate is effectively the cost of carrying a dollar of cash for the period.
Substituting in the formula yields an optimal cash balance of about $6,928.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $1,000 results from using 24% in the denominator. Answer (B) is incorrect because
$2,000 results from using 6% in the denominator. Answer (C) is incorrect because $3,464 results from using 2% in the
denominator.
57
. REQUIRED: The current price of a Treasury bill issued at a discount.
DISCUSSION: (A) The 6% discount rate is multiplied times the face amount of the Treasury bill to determine the
amount of interest the lender will earn. The interest on this Treasury bill is $3 (6% x 0.5 years x $100); thus, the
purchase price is $97 ($100 - $3)
Answer (B) is incorrect because the interest is for 180 days, not a full year. Answer (C) is incorrect because the
purchase price will always be less than the face value when a Trasury bill is sold at a discount. Answer (D) is incorrect
because the interest rate is 6% per year.
58
. Answer (B) is correct. To determine the amount of interest the lender will earn, the 3.5% discount rate is multiplied
by the face amount of the Treasury bill. The interest on this Treasury bill is $3.50 (3.5% x 1 year x $100); thus, the
purchase price is $96.50 ($100 - $3.5).
Answer (A) is incorrect because option 1 has a purchase price of $97.00. Answer (C) is incorrect because option 3 has
a purchase price of $97.33. Answer (D) is incorrect because option 4 has a purchase price of $97.00.
59
. Answer (A) is correct. It is important to recognize that this is nothing more than an economic-order-quantity (EOQ)
problem. The annual demand is $2,000,000, the ordering cost is $50 per order, and carrying cost is $.08 per dollar.
Plugging these amounts into the standard EOQ model gives the following result.
2( 2,000,000)(5)
= $50,000
.08
Thus, the firm can minimize its cost by withdrawing in $50,000 lots, or 40 times per year.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the firm will minimize its costs with withdrawals of $50,000 each time. Answer (C) is
incorrect because the firm will minimize its costs with withdrawals of $50,000 each time. Answer (D) is incorrect because
the firm will minimize its costs with withdrawals of $50,000 each time.
60
. Answer (B) is correct. It is important to recognize that this is nothing more than an economic-order-quantity (EOQ)
problem. The annual demand is $2,000,000, the ordering cost is $50 per order, and carrying cost is $.08 per dollar.
Plugging these amounts into the standard EOQ model gives the following result.
2( 2,000,000)(5)
= $50,000
.08
Dividing $167,000 by $50,000 indicates the firm should make 3.34 withdrawals per month, or about every 9 days.
Answer (A) is incorrect because only about $16,000 would be needed in each 3-day period, but $50,000 is a more
economical withdrawal. Answer (C) is incorrect because the $50,000 would run out before the next withdrawal. Answer
(D) is incorrect because the $50,000 would run out before the next withdrawal.
61
. Answer (B) is correct. Dividing $3 million of sales by 360 days results in an average of $8,333.33 per day.
Multiplying the average daily sales by the 40 days outstanding results in $333,333.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $500,000 is based on 60 days outstanding. Answer (C) is incorrect because $250,000
is based on 30 days outstanding. Answer (D) is incorrect because $75,000 is based on dividing sales by 40 days, which
results in a meaningless solution.
62
. Answer (D) is correct. Dividing the $2,050,200 annual sales by 360 days produces average daily sales of $5,695.
Multiplying $5,695 by the 48 days in receivables produces a total of $273,360.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $96,000 results from assuming sales of $2,000 per day. Answer (B) is incorrect
because $336,005 is based on the days of inventory rather than receivables. Answer (C) is incorrect because $182,240
nets the days of payables against the days of receivables.
63
. Answer (B) is correct. If the average age of receivables is 48 days, it means that 48/360 of the year's sales is tied
up in receivables. Thus, 48/360 x $2,870,280 = $382,704.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $127,567 is based on the 16 days difference between receivables and payables rather
than 48 days. Answer (C) is incorrect because $478,381 is based on the 60 days of inventory. Answer (D) is incorrect
because $637,839 is based on the 80 days of receivables added to payables rather than just 60 days.
64
. Answer (D) is correct. The expected average accounts receivable balance equals the average collection period
times the credit sales per day. Thus, the average accounts receivable balance is 45,205.48 {[(10,000 units sold on credit
x 66 price) ÷ 365 days] x 25 days}. The foregoing calculation assumes that receivables are recorded at their gross
amounts.
Answer (A) is incorrect because 684.93 is based on annual credit sales of 10,000. Answer (B) is incorrect because
1,808.22 equals the credit sales per day. Answer (C) is incorrect because 27,123.30 is based on a 15-day average
collection period.
65
. REQUIRED: The amount of accounts receivable for a firm with credit terms of 2/10, net 30.
DISCUSSION: (D) The firm has daily sales of $45,000 consisting of 150 units at $300 each. For 30 days, sales total
$1,350,000. Forty percent of these sales, or $540,000, will be uncollected because customers do not take their
discounts. The remaining 60%, or $810,000, will be paid within the discount period. However, by the end of 30 days,
only 2/3 of the $810,000 will be collected because the sales from days 21 through 30 are still within the discount period.
Therefore, an additional $270,000 ($810,000 - $540,000) will still be uncollected after the 30th day, but will be subject to
a discount. In total, the average receivable balance is $810,000, consisting of $540,000 on which no discount will be
taken and $270,000 that will be paid within the discount period.
Answer (A) is incorrect because 60% of the sales will be paid for within the 10-day discount period. Answers (B) and (C)
are incorrect because these are based on a sales total of $1,500,000 for 30 days rather than $1,350,000.
66
. REQUIRED: The average balance in accounts receivable given the average payment period and sales per day.
DISCUSSION: (B) If sals are $4,000 per day, and customers pay in 30 days, 30 days of sales are outstanding, or
$120,000. Whether customers pay by credit card or cash, collection requires 30 days.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $4,000 is only one day’s seales. Answer (C) is incorrect because invoices are
outstanding for 30 days, not 12 days. Answer (D) is incorrect because $54,000 is based on the 45% of collections via
credit card.
67
68
.
Accounts receivable
Answer: a Diff: M
First solve for current annual sales using the DSO equation as follows: 48 = $1,000,000/(Sales/360) to find annual
sales
equal
to
$7,500,000.
If sales fall by 10%, the new sales level will be $7,500,000(0.9) = $6,750,000. Again, using the DSO equation,
solve for the new accounts receivable figure as follows: 32 = AR/($6,750,000/360) or AR = $600,000.
. Answer (C) is correct. Days' sales outstanding is the average collection period. Assuming that all sales are on
credit, that one-third of the customers take advantage of the 5% cash discount and pay on day 10, and that the
remaining two-thirds of the customers pay on day 20, the days' sales outstanding is 17 days [(.33 x 10 days) + (.67 x 20
days)].
Answer (A) is incorrect because 13 days includes only the days' sales outstanding for customers that do not take the
cash discount. Answer (B) is incorrect because 15 days uses five days until payment for the customers that take the
cash discount. Answer (D) is incorrect because 20 days equals the 20-day collection period for customers not taking the
cash discount.
69
. REQUIRED: The projected days’ sales outstanding.
DISCUSSION: (C) Given than 40% of sales will be collected on the 15th day, 40% on the 30th day, and 20% on the
45th day, the days’ sales outstanding can be determined by weighting the collection period for each group of receivables
by its collection percentage. Hence, the projected days’ sales outstanding equal 27 days [(40% x 15) + (40% x 30) +
20% x 45)].
Answer (A) is incorrect because average receivables are outstanding for much more than 20 days. Answer (B) is
incorrect because 24 days assumes 40% of receivables are collected after 15 days and 60% after 30 days. Answer (D)
is incorrect because more receivables are collected on the 15th day than on the 45th day; thus, the average must be
less than 30 days.
70
. Answer (A) is correct. Credit sales amounted to $540,000 (60% x $900,000). Dividing $540,000 by 4.5 produces an
average receivable balance of $120,000. Dividing 365 days by the turnover of 4.5 results in an average collection period
of 81 days.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the collection period is 81 days. Answer (C) is incorrect because the collection period is
81 days and the average receivables is too low. Answer (D) is incorrect because it includes cash sales as well as credit
sales in receivables.
71
. Answer (C) is correct. The average collection period is the average time it takes to receive payment from
customers. because one-half of the customers will pay on day 10 and half will pay on day 30, the average collection
period is 20 days [.5(10 days) + .5(30 days)].
Answer (A) is incorrect because 10 days assumes all customers take the discount. Answer (B) is incorrect because 15
days assumes half of the customers pay on day 30 but ignores the remaining half of the customers who pay on day 10.
Answer (D) is incorrect because 30 days assumes all customers pay on day 30.
72
. Answer (D) is correct. The expected average accounts receivable balance equals the average collection period
times the credit sales per day. Thus, the average accounts receivable balance is 45,205.48 {[(10,000 units sold on credit
x 66 price) ÷ 365 days] x 25 days}. The foregoing calculation assumes that receivables are recorded at their gross
amounts.
Answer (A) is incorrect because 684.93 is based on annual credit sales of 10,000. Answer (B) is incorrect because
1,808.22 equals the credit sales per day. Answer (C) is incorrect because 27,123.30 is based on a 15-day average
collection period.
73
. Answer (B) is correct. Seasonal dating is a credit policy under which a customer may make purchases early but
payment is not due until the customer's retail selling season begins. When seasonal dating is used, the selling company
incurs higher credit costs because customers have longer to pay. Thus, reduced credit costs are not an advantage of
seasonal dating.
Answer (A) is incorrect because reduced storage costs result when customers buy earlier. Answer (C) is incorrect
because attractive credit terms result when customers can buy earlier and not pay until their selling season begins.
Answer (D) is incorrect because, when customers buy earlier, uncertainty about sales volume is reduced.
74
. Answer (C) is correct. Assuming that all of the customers take advantage of seasonal dating and the discount, the
collections on or before January 11 will be the number of units sold, times the unit selling price, times 1 minus the
discount percentage, or $6,860 [(700 units x $10)(1 - .02)].
Answer (A) is incorrect because all of the customers are taking the discount and will pay on or before January 11.
Answer (B) is incorrect because $6,370 does not include the collection of the revenue from units sold on January 1.
Answer (D) is incorrect because $7,000 does not consider the 2% discount.
75
. Answer (D) is correct. Terms of 1/10, net 60 mean that a buyer can save 1% of the purchase price by paying 50
days early. In essence, not taking the discount results in the buyer's borrowing 99% of the invoice price for 50 days at a
total interest charge of 1% of the invoice price. Because a year has 7.3 50-day periods (365 ÷ 50), the credit terms 1/10,
net 60 yield an effective annualized interest charge of approximately 7.37% [(1% ÷ 99%) x 7.3]. If the prime rate were
higher than 7.37%, the buyer would prefer to borrow from the vendor (i.e., not pay within the discount period) rather than
from a bank. Consequently, an 8% prime rate could cause the vendor's receivables to increase.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the prime rate must be greater than 7.37% to make the company's terms preferable to
those of a bank. Answer (B) is incorrect because the prime rate must be greater than 7.37% to make the company's
terms preferable to those of a bank.
Answer (C) is incorrect because the prime rate must be greater than 7.37% to make the company's terms preferable to
those of a bank.
76
. Answer (B) is correct. This firm's daily credit sales equal $4,000 (40% x 1,000 units x $10 price). Hence, reducing
the accounts receivable collection period by 10 days will decrease the balance by $40,000 (10 days x $4,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because a $4,000 decrease assumes a 1-day reduction. Answer (C) is incorrect because
$240,000 is the total balance of accounts receivable under the new policy. Answer (D) is incorrect because $280,000 is
the total balance of accounts receivable under the old policy.
77
. REQUIRED: The dollar impact on accounts receivable of a change in credit policy.
DISCUSSION: (C) If sales are $50 million, 70% of which are on credit, total credit sales will be $35 million. The
receivables turnover equals 4.8 times per year (360 days ÷ 75-day collection period). Receivables turnover equals net
credit sales divided by average receivables. Accordingly, average receivables equal $7,291,667 ($35,0000 ÷ 4.8).
Under the new policy, sales will be $47.5 million (95% x $50,000,000), and credit sales will be $28.5 million (60% x
$47,500,000). The collection period will be reduced to 50 days, resulting in a turnover of 7.2 times per year (360 ÷ 50).
The average receivables balance will therefore be $3,958,333 ($28,500,000 ÷ 7.2), a reduction of $3,333,334
($7291,667 - $3,958,333).
Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect because the decrease will be $3,333,334. Answer (D) is incorrect because
receivables will decrease.
78
. REQUIRED: The expected increase in the average accounts receivable balance as a result of relaxed credit
standards.
DISCUSSION: (D) Of the $40,500,000 of sales, 80% are expected to be on credit, a total of $32,400,000. Average
daily credit sales are therefore $90,000 ($32,400,000 ÷ 360). If 30 days of sales are outstanding at any one time, the
average balance in accounts receivable is $2,700,000. If credit sales increase by 20%, the aforementioned $90,000
average of daily sales will increase to $108,000 (120% x $90,000). For an average collection period of 40 days, the
average accounts receivable balance will be $4,320,000 (40 x $108,000). Hence, the expected increase in the balance
is $1,620,000 ($4,320,000 - $2,700,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because $540,000 would have been the increase if the average balance outstanding remains at
30 days of sales. Answer (B) is incorrect because $2,700,000 is the average amount in accounts receivable before any
change in credit terms. Answer (C) is incorrect because $900,000 would have been the increase based solely on the
increased number of days outstanding, assuming no increase in sales.
79
. Answer (B) is correct. Of the $50,000,000 of sales, 75% are expected to be on credit, a total of $37,500,000.
Average daily credit sales are therefore $104,167 ($37,500,000 ÷ 360 days). If the average collection period is 20 days,
the average balance in accounts receivable is $2,083,340 (20 x $104,167). If credit sales increase by 25%, average
daily sales will increase to $130,209 (125% x $104,167). For an average collection period of 30 days, the average
accounts receivable balance will be $3,906,270 (30 x $130,209). Hence, the expected increase in the balance is
$1,822,930 ($3,906,270 - $2,083,340).
Answer (A) is incorrect because $520,840 is based on a 20-day collection period and a 25% increase in credit sales.
Answer (C) is incorrect because $2,083,340 is the average accounts receivable balance before any change in credit
terms. Answer (D) is incorrect because $3,906,270 is the average accounts receivable balance given the change in
credit terms.
80
.
Accounts receivable increase
Answer: b Diff: M R
DSO = $41,096/($250,000/365) = 60 days.
New A/R = [($250,000)(1.5)/(365)](60)(1.5) = $92,466.
Hence, increase in receivables = $92,466 - $41,096 = $51,370.
81
.
Accounts receivable
Answer: a Diff: M R
First solve for current annual sales using the DSO equation as follows: 50 = $1,000,000/(Sales/365) to find annual
sales
equal
to
$7,300,000.
If sales fall by 10%, the new sales level will be $7,300,000(0.9) = $6,570,000. Again, using the DSO equation, solve
for the new accounts receivable figure as follows: 32 = AR/($6,570,000/365) or AR = $576,000.
82
. REQUIRED: The expected discounts taken in the coming year if a 2% discount is allowed for early payment.
DISCUSSION: (A) If 90% of the $24,000,000 of sales are on credit, $21,600,000 of sales will be subject to the
discount. If 50% of the credit customers take the discount, discounts will be taken on sales of $10,800,000. The
expected discount will be $216,000 (2$ of $10,800,000).
Answer (B) is incorrect because $432,000 would have been the discount on all of the credit sales. Answer (C) is
incorrect because only 90% of the sales are on credit; $240,000 would be correct only if a cash discount were allowed
on cash sales as well as credit sales. Answer (D) is incorrect because $480,00 is based on the assumption that all
sales will be discounted.
83
. Answer (A) is correct. If 80% of the $20,000,000 of sales are on credit, $16,000,000 of sales will be subject to the
discount. If discounts are taken on 60% of credit sales, the expected discount will be $288,000 [3% x (60% x
$16,000,000)].
Answer (B) is incorrect because $480,000 is the potential discount on all credit sales. Answer (C) is incorrect because
$360,000 assumes all sales are on credit and that 60% of discounts are taken. Answer (D) is incorrect because
$600,000 assumes all sales are on credit and that 100% of the discounts are taken.
84
. Answer (A) is correct. The cost of carrying receivables equals average receivables times the variable cost ratio
times the cost of money. Under the old policy, average daily sales are $12,778 ($4,600,000 ÷ 360 days). Given a 30-day
average collection period, the average receivables balance is $383,340 ($12,778 x 30 days). Under the new policy,
average daily sales are $13,778 ($4,960,000 ÷ 360 days), and the average receivables balance is $482,230 ($13,778 x
35 days). Hence, the average balance is $98,890 higher under the new policy. Because the company's incremental
(variable) costs are 50% of sales, the additional investment is $49,445 (50% x $98,890). The interest rate, or required
rate of return, is 11%. Thus, the incremental pretax carrying cost is $5,439 (11% x $49,445).
Answer (B) is incorrect because $10,878 fails to adjust for the proportion of incremental costs included in the additional
receivables. Answer (C) is incorrect because $13,778 is the average daily sales under the new policy. Answer (D) is
incorrect because $98,890 is the amount of the additional receivables.
85
. Answer (A) is correct. The first step is to determine the average investment in receivables under each policy. Under
the old policy, average daily sales are $10,000 ($3,600,000/360 days). Given a 30-day average collection period, the
average receivables balance is $300,000 ($10,000 x 30 days). Under the new policy, average daily sales are $11,000
($3,960,000/360 days), and the average receivables balance is $396,000 ($11,000 x 36 days). Hence, the average
balance is $96,000 higher under the new policy. Because the company's incremental (variable) costs are 60% of sales,
the extra investment is only $57,600 (60% x $96,000). The interest rate, or required rate of return, is 10%. Thus, the
incremental carrying cost is $5,760 (10% x $57,600).
Answer (B) is incorrect because $9,600 equals the 10% required rate of return times the $96,000 differential between
the average receivables balances. Answer (C) is incorrect because the differential between the average receivables
balances is $96,000, not $136,000. Answer (D) is incorrect because $960 assumes a 10% variable cost ratio.
86
. REQUIRED: The annual benefit or loss resulting from a change in credit terms.
DISCUSSION: The incremental sales will produce an increased contribution margin of $144,000 (20% x $720,000).
However, that amount must be offset by the cost of funds invested in receivables. The variable costs associated with
the incremental sales are $576,000 (80% of $720,000). Given a 75-day credit period, the average investment in
receivables equals $120,000 ($576,000 x (75 ÷ 360). Accordingly, the cost of the investment in additional receivables is
$24,000 (20% opportunity cost x $120,000), and the net benefit of the planned change in credit terms is $120,000
($144,000 - $24,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the company benefits from the change in credit terms. Answer (B) is incorrect because
$28,800 results from multiplying the contribution margin by the 20% interest rate. Answer (C) is incorrect because
$144,000 overlooks the costs created by having funds invested in receivables for 75 days,
87
. REQUIRED: The increase in after-tax profit as a result of an increase in sales.
DISCUSSION: (B) The company’s manufacturing and selling costs exclusive of bad debts equal 70% of bad debts.
Hence, the gross profit on the $100,000 increase in sales will be $30,000 (30% x $100,000). Assuming $15,000 of bad
debts and $5,000 of collection expense, the increase in pretax income will be $10,000 ($30,000 - $20,000).
Consequently, after0tax income will increase by $6,000 [$10,000 – (40% x $10,000).
Answers (A), (C) and (D) are incorrect because after-tax income will increase by $6,000.
88
. Answer (B) is correct. The company's manufacturing and selling costs exclusive of bad debts equal 75% of sales.
Hence, the gross profit on the $150,000 increase in sales will be $37,500 (25% x $150,000). Assuming $24,000 (16% x
$150,000) of bad debts and $6,000 (4% x $150,000) of collection expense, the increase in pretax income will be $7,500
($37,500 - $30,000). Consequently, after-tax income will increase by $4,650 [$7,500 - (38% x $7,500)].
Answer (A) is incorrect because $2,850 is based on a 62% tax rate, the complement of the actual tax rate. Answer (C)
is incorrect because $7,500 is the pretax income. Answer (D) is incorrect because $8,370 omits collection costs from the
calculation.
89
.
Credit policy and ROE
Answer: c Diff: M R
Use the DSO formula to calculate accounts receivable under the new policy as 36 = AR/($730,000/365) or AR =
$72,000. Thus, $125,000 - $72,000 = $53,000 is the cash freed up by reducing DSO to 36 days. Retiring $53,000 of
long-term debt leaves $247,000 in long-term debt. Given a 10% interest rate, interest expense is now $247,000(0.1) =
$24,700. Thus, EBT = EBIT - Interest = $70,000 - $24,700 = $45,300. Net income is $45,300(1 - 0.3) = $31,710.
Thus, ROE = $31,710/$200,000 = 15.86%.
90
. Answer (C) is correct. This problem can be solved using incremental analysis. Since incremental profits will be 20%
of sales, and bad debt expense (the only incremental expense) will be less than 20%, then both options will increase
profits.
Answer (A) is incorrect because, under both new policies, the incremental costs will be less than incremental revenues.
Thus, profits will be increased under either Policy A or B. Answer (B) is incorrect because the 15% increase in cost will
be less than the 20% profit margin. Answer (D) is incorrect because all policies will result in different profit levels.
91
. REQUIRED: The annual percentage cost of financing under a factoring agreement.
DISCUSSION: (D) In an average month, the company will receive $80,000 at the time the receivables are sent to the
factor. Over a year’s time, the interest on this average advance of $80,000 would be $8,000 at 10% interest. In
addition, the factor will charge a 2% factor fee, or $24,000 ($100,000 x 12 x 0.02) over the course of a year. However,
this $24,000 fee is offset by the $18,000 savings in collection expenses, producing a net outlay of only $6,000. Adding
the $6,000 to the $8,000 of interest produces an annual net cost of $14,000. Dividing the $14,000 cost by the $80,000
of advanced funds results in a cost of 17.5%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because 10% overlooks the factor fee. Answer (B) is incorrect because 12% overlooks the fact
that the 2% fee recurs every month. Answer (C) is incorrect because 14% miscalculates the factor fee and the savings
from reduced collection costs.
92
. Answer (C) is correct. The factor will withhold $6,000 (6% x $100,000) as a reserve against returns and allowances
and $1,400 (1.4% x $100,000) as a commission. The remaining $92,600 will be reduced by interest at the rate of 15%
annually. The interest charge should be $2,315, assuming a 360-day year [($92,600 x .15) ÷ (60-day payment period ÷
360 days)]. The proceeds to be received by the seller equal $90,285 ($92,600 - $2,315).
Answer (A) is incorrect because $92,600 ignores interest. Answer (B) is incorrect because $96,135 fails to deduct the
6% reserve. Answer (D) is incorrect because $85,000 assumes that the only amount withheld is a full year's interest on
$100,000.
93
. Answer (D) is correct. The calculation of the cash that the company will initially receive from factoring $100,000 in
receivables is as follows:
Amount of receivables$100,000Minus 6% reserve(6,000)Minus 1% factor fee (1,000)Amount accruing to the
company$93,000Minus: 10% x(90/360) x $93,000(2,325)Cash to be received$90,675Answer (A) is incorrect because
the amount received is also reduced by the interest charged. Answer (B) is incorrect because $90,000 assumes the
only deduction is for 10% interest for 360 days. Answer (C) is incorrect because the interest charged will be for 90 days,
not a full year.
94
. Answer (C) is correct. The factor will hold out $8,800 (8% x $110,000) as a reserve against returns and allowances
and $1,650 (1.5% x 110,000) as a commission. That leaves $99,550 to be advanced to the seller. However, interest at
the rate of 16% annually is also to be withheld. For 60 days that interest would amount to approximately $2,655
(assuming a 360-day year). The proceeds to be given to the seller equal $96,895 ($99,550 - $2,655).
Answer (A) is incorrect because $81,950 equals $99,550 minus 16% of $110,000. Answer (B) is incorrect because
$83,630 is a nonsense answer. Answer (D) is incorrect because $99,550 equals the amount received by the firm plus
the interest charge.
95
. Answer (A) is correct. Company A will withhold $6,000 (6% x $100,000) as a reserve against returns and
allowances and $1,400 (1.4% x $100,000) as a commission. The remaining $92,600 will be reduced by interest at the
rate of 15% annually. The interest charge will be $2,315, assuming a 360-day year [($92,600 x .15) ÷ (60-day payment
period ÷ 360 days)]. The proceeds to be received by Gatsby equal $90,285 ($92,600 - $2,315).
Answer (B) is incorrect because Company B will produce proceeds of only $89,964. Answer (C) is incorrect because
Company C will produce proceeds of only $90,190. Answer (D) is incorrect because Company D will produce proceeds
of only $90,241.
96
. Answer (B) is correct. With 3,000 accounts, 2,700 (90%) would be categorized as prompt paying and 300 as slow
paying. Multiplying 22% times the 300 slow-paying accounts results in 66 defaults. Multiplying 5% times the 2,700
prompt-paying accounts results in an additional 135 defaults, for a total of 201.
Answer (A) is incorrect because 795 uses 22% on all accounts, not just 300 of them. Answer (C) is incorrect because
135 is only the defaults on the prompt-paying accounts. Answer (D) is incorrect because 66 is only the defaults on the
slow-paying accounts.
97
. Answer (B) is correct. The firm will earn $100 of gross profit ($1,200 - $1,100) from each customer who pays but will
lose $1,100 on each default. The income statement for the 300 slow-pay customers would appear as follows:
Sales (300 x 1,200)$360,000CGS (300 x 1,100) 330,000Gross profit30,000- Bad debt expense (66 x 1,200)
(79,200)Net loss $(49,200)Dividing $49,200 by the 300 accounts produces an average loss of $164.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $100 is the potential profit if there are no defaults. Answer (C) is incorrect because
$220 is the actual average loss per bad account but does not consider the $100 profit from the 78% who do pay.
Answer (D) is incorrect because $264 is the write-off amount for each bad debt.
98
.
99
.
Answer (C) is correct. This can be solved algebraically with x being average revenue:
300x - $330,000 - 66x = 0
234x = $330,000
x = 1410.26
If average revenues were at least $1,410.26, the income statement would appear as follows:
Sales (300 @ $1,410.26) $423,078.00CGS
330,000.00Gross profit93,078.00Bad debt expense (66 x $1,410.26)
93,077.16Net income$ .84Alternatively, another way of addressing the problem is to determine the amount of gross
profit that will have to be generated by the 234 paying customers to cover the $1,100 loss on each of 66 defaulting
customers. Multiplying 66 x $1,100 produces a loss of $72,600. Dividing the $72,600 loss by the 234 paying customers
results in $310.26 of gross profit that must be generated from every paying customer just to break even. Adding the
$1,100 cost to the $310.26 produces a revenue of $1,410.26.
Answer (A) is incorrect because increasing the revenue by the amount of the average loss per account is insufficient
because the additional $164 will be collected from only 234 customers, not all 300. Answer (B) is incorrect because a
price of $1,389.74 will still result in an overall loss. Answer (D) is incorrect because the $310.26 gross profit is added to
cost, not revenue.
Daily purchases =
$720,000
= $2,000.
360
Free trade credit = $2,000 × 15 = $30,000.
100
.
Phranklin’s net purchases are $800,000 x (1 - 0.02) = $784,000. Purchases per day are $784,000/360 = $2,177.78.
Total trade credit is 40 x $2,177.78 = $87,111.20. Free trade credit is 15 x $2,177.78 = $32,666.70. Thus, costly trade
credit, assuming discounts are taken, is $87,111.20 - $32,666.70 = $54,444.50. If discounts are not taken, then the
maximum amount of costly trade credit is $87,111.20.
101
.
Approximate percentage cost =
2
360
×
= 0.2099 = 21%.
98
35
$157,500
= $750,000.
0.21
 4   360 
 = 3.00 = 300%.
Nominal percentage cost =   
96   5 
Accounts payable =
102
.
103
. Answer (D) is correct. Assume that the gross amount of an invoice is $1,000. With a 2% discount, the buyer will pay
only $980 on the tenth day. Thus, the seller is forgoing $20 to receive payment 20 days sooner than would otherwise be
required. The 20-day interest rate is .0204 ($20/$980). The number of 20-day periods in a year is 18 (360/20). If the
interest rate is 2.04% for each 20-day period, the annual interest rate (rounded to the nearest tenth) is 36.7% (18 x
2.04%).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the annual interest cost is 36.7%. Answer (B) is incorrect because the annual interest
cost is 36.7%. Answer (C) is incorrect because the annual interest cost is 36.7%.
104
. Answer (D) is correct. Assume that the gross amount of an invoice is $1,000. Given a 3% discount, the buyer will
pay $970 on the tenth day. Thus, the seller is forgoing $30 to receive payment 20 days sooner than would otherwise be
required. The 20-day interest rate (rounded) is 3.09% ($30 ÷ $970). The number of 20-day periods in a year is 18 (360
÷ 20). If the interest rate is 3.09% for each 20-day period, the annual interest rate (rounded) is 55.6% (18 x 3.09).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 36.7% assumes terms of 2/10, net 30. Answer (B) is incorrect because 24.5% assumes
terms of 2/10, net 40. Answer (C) is incorrect because 37.1% assumes terms of 3/10, net 40.
105
. Answer (D) is correct. Assume that an invoice is due in 45 days. However, the seller allows a 2% cash discount if
the invoice is paid within 15 days. Given early payment, the seller will receive their money at least 30 days (45 - 15)
sooner than the contract requires. However, the seller is effectively paying 2% of the invoice price to receive the money
30 days early. The approximate annual interest cost is 24% because a 360-day year contains 12 periods of 30 days
each.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the 2% savings is for 30 days only; the annualized interest rate paid for receiving the
money early is about 24%. Answer (B) is incorrect because 16% assumes eight discount periods of 45 days each in a
year rather than 12. Answer (C) is incorrect because 48% assumes 15-day discount periods.
106
. Answer (C) is correct. The buyer could satisfy the $100 obligation by paying $98 on the 10th day. By choosing to
wait until the 40th day, the buyer is effectively paying a $2 interest charge for the use of $98 for 30 days (40-day credit
period - 10-day discount period). The interest rate on what is essentially a 30-day loan is 2.04081% ($2 ÷ $98).
Extrapolating this 30-day rate to a yearly rate involves multiplying by the number of periods in a year. Thus, the effective
annual rate is about 24.49% [2.04081% x (360 ÷ 30 days)].
Answer (A) is incorrect because 2% is the discount rate. Answer (B) is incorrect because 18.36% is based on the 40-day
credit period. Answer (D) is incorrect because 36.72% is based on a 20-day credit period.
107
. Answer (B) is correct. Payments should be made within discount periods if the return is more than the firm's cost of
capital. With terms of 3/10, net 45, the buyer is earning a 3% savings for paying on the tenth day, or 35 days earlier than
would otherwise be required. For example, on a $1,000 invoice, the payment would be only $970. The $30 savings is
comparable to interest earned on a $970 loan to the vendor (the payment is not due for another 35 days). The interest
rate on this hypothetical loan is 3.09278% ($30/$970). That return is for a 35-day period. Annualizing the return requires
determining the number of 35-day periods in a year. Multiplying the return for 35 days times the periods in a year results
in an annual rate of return of about 31.81% [3.09278% x (360 days/35 days)].
Answer (A) is incorrect because 55.67% is based on terms of 3/10, net 30. Answer (C) is incorrect because 22.27% is
based on an earning period of 50 days. Answer (D) is incorrect because the discount is 3%, not 9%.
108
. Answer (B) is correct. The company will initially lose $2 by not taking the discount. This amount is partially offset by
interest earned on $98 for 50 days of $.817. Thus, the net cost is $1.183 ($2.00 - $.817). Since a 360-day year has 7.2
fifty-day periods, the total annualized cost is $8.52 (7.2 x $1.183). The loss rate is about 8.7% ($8.52/$98).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the cost of not taking the cash discount is 8.7%. The company will initially lose $2 by
not taking the discount. This amount is partially offset by interest earned on $98 for 50 days of $.817. Thus, the net cost
is $1.183 ($2.00 - $.817). Because a 360-day year has 7.2 periods of 50 days each, the total annualized cost is $8.52
(7.2 x $1.183). The loss rate is about 8.7% ($8.52/$98). Answer (C) is incorrect because the cost of not taking the cash
discount is 8.7%. The company will initially lose $2 by not taking the discount. This amount is partially offset by interest
earned on $98 for 50 days of $.817. Thus, the net cost is $1.183 ($2.00 - $.817). Because a 360-day year has 7.2
periods of 50 days each, the total annualized cost is $8.52 (7.2 x $1.183). The loss rate is about 8.7% ($8.52/$98).
Answer (D) is incorrect because the cost of not taking the cash discount is 8.7%. The company will initially lose $2 by
not taking the discount. This amount is partially offset by interest earned on $98 for 50 days of $.817. Thus, the net cost
is $1.183 ($2.00 - $.817). Because a 360-day year has 7.2 periods of 50 days each, the total annualized cost is $8.52
(7.2 x $1.183). The loss rate is about 8.7% ($8.52/$98).
109
. Answer (C) is correct. Assume a $1,000 invoice. The discount would be $50, and the customer would have to pay
$950. Thus, the customer is paying $50 for the extended use of $950 -- a rate of 5.26% for 50 days. Extrapolating this to
a full year involves multiplying by the number of 50-day periods in a year, which is 7.3 (365 ÷ 50). Thus, 5.26% x 7.3
periods gives an annual rate of 38.4%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because 30.64% is the result of assuming the use of $1,000 for 60 days. Answer (B) is incorrect
because 36.60% is the result of assuming the use of $1,000 instead of $950. Answer (D) is incorrect because 45.39% is
the result of using the wrong number of days.
110
.
Nominal percentage cost =
111
.
Nominal percentage cost =
360
2
x
= 36.7%.
98 35 - 15
360
3
x
= 21.41%.
97
52
112
.
Calculate the nominal percentage, which is the nominal annual cost:
2
360 days
Nominal cost =
×
= 0.0204  36 = 0.7344 = 73.44%.
100 − 2
20 − 10
Calculate the effective annual rate (EAR):
Numerical solution:
EAR = (1.0204)36 - 1.0 = 2.0689 - 1.0 = 106.89%  106.9%.
Financial calculator solution: (EAR)
Inputs: P/YR = 36; NOM% = 73.44. Output: EFF% = 106.89%  106.9%.
113
.
The company pays every 45 days or 360/45 = 8 times per year. Thus, the average accounts payable are
$5,000,000/8 = $625,000. The effective cost of trade credit can be found as follows:
EAR = (1 + 2/98)360/30 - 1 = 1.2743 - 1 = 0.2743 = 27.43%.
114
. REQUIRED: The weighted-average annual interest rate.DISCUSSION: If the company pays Web Master within 10
days, it will save $500 (2% x $25,000). Thus, the company is effectively paying $500 to retain $24,500 ($25,000 - $500)
for 20 days (30 – 10). The annualized interest rate on this borrowing is 36.7346% [($500 ÷ $24,500) x (360 days ÷ 20
days)]. Similarly, the company is, in effect, paying Softidee $2,500 (5% x $50,000) to hold $47,500 ($50,000 - $2,500)
for 80 days (90 – 10). The annualized rate on this borrowing is 23.6842% [($2,500 ÷ $47,500) x (360 days ÷ 80 days)].
The weighted-average of these two rates based on average monthly purchases is 28.0%. {[36.7346% x ($25,000 ÷
$75,000)] + [23.6842% x ($50,000 ÷ $75,000)]}. This calculation, however, understates the true cost of not taking the
discount because it does not consider the effects of compounding.
Answer (A) is incorrect because 27.0% is based on gross purchases. Answer (C) is incorrect because 29.3% is an
unweighted (simple) average based on gross purchases. Answer (D) is incorrect because 30.2% is an unweighted
average of the two interest rates.
115
. REQUIRED: The true statement about the decision to use trade credit and pay at the end of the credit period.
DISCUSSION: (D) The company is currently paying an annual rate of 28% (see previous question) to obtain trade
credit and pay at the end of the credit period. This policy should be continued if trade credit is the only source of
financing, or if other sources are available only at a higher rate.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the company should continue the current practice unless alternative short-term
financing is available at a lower rate. Answer (B) is incorrect because the weighted-average cost of capital is usually a
concern in capital budgeting and is not as important in the decision process as the marginal cost of capital. Answer (C)
is incorrect because the company should maintain its current practice if the cost of alternative long-term financing is
higher.
116
.
Funds required
1.0 - Nominal rate (decimal)
$100,000
$100,000
=
=
= $112,359.55  $112,360.
1.0 - 0.11
0.89
Face value =
117
.
Convert the annual rate to a periodic rate (quarterly) in the denominator of the face value formula:
Funds required
118
119
Face value = 1.0 - Nominal rate _ 90 / 360
$60,000
$60,000
=
=
= $61,855.67  $61,856.
1.0 - 0.12(0.25)
0.97
. Answer (B) is correct. Simple interest is charged on the amount actually paid to the borrower. If interest is charged
on a simple basis, the full $20,000 face value of the loan is made available to the borrower.
Answer (A) is incorrect because interest is charged on a discount basis when it is deducted from the face value
borrowed. Answer (C) is incorrect because interest charged on a discount basis results in a deduction from the face
value. The borrower does not receive the full face value of the loan. Answer (D) is incorrect because interest is charged
on an add-on basis when the face value of the loan initially equals the borrowed amount plus the nominal interest
charge.
.
Total to be repaid = $12,000(1.1019) = $13,222.80.
Interest = $13,222.80 - $12,000 = $1,222.80.
Approximate rateAdd-on =
120
121
$1,222.80
= 0.2038 = 20.38%.
$12,000 / 2
.
The monthly payments would be:
$75,000 + $7,500
Monthly payment =
= $6,875.
12
$7,500
= 20%.
$75,000 / 2
.
Approximate rate =
122
. Answer (B) is correct. At 10%, the interest on a $500,000 loan is $50,000 per year. However, the $500,000 loan is
effectively reduced to $450,000 of usable funds by the compensating balance requirement. Thus, the borrower pays
$50,000 of interest for a $450,000 loan, an effective rate of 11.1% ($50,000/$450,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 10% is the nominal rate. Answer (C) is incorrect because 9.1% equals $50,000 divided
by $550,000. Answer (D) is incorrect because 12.2% equals $55,000 divided by $450,000.
123
. Answer (B) is correct. The compensating balance is $750,000, which comes from the product of $5,000,000 and
0.15. The interest charged is $5,000,000 x 0.1 = $500,000. Thus, the amount of funds available for use is $4,250,000.
The cost of the loan is the interest cost of $500,000 divided by the effective amount of money available for use: Effective
Cost = $500,000 ÷ $4,250,000 = 0.1176 = 11.76%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the effective cost of the loan is not equal to the annual rate of interest. Answer (C) is
incorrect because 16.67% is the result of dividing the compensating balance by $4,500,000 (amount of interest charged
minus the interest). Answer (D) is incorrect because 17.65% is the result of dividing the compensating balance by
$4,250,000 (which is the interest minus the compensating balance).
124
. Answer (D) is correct. Annual interest is $36,000 ($300,000 x 12%), and the amount available is $255,000
[$300,000 - (15% x $300,000)]. Thus, the effective interest rate is 14.12% ($36,000 ÷ $255,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 11.00% is the nominal rate for 11 months. Answer (B) is incorrect because 12.00% is
the nominal rate of interest. Answer (C) is incorrect because 12.94% equals $33,000 (11 months of interest) divided by
$255,000.
125
. REQUIRED: The effective cost of a loan when a compensating balance is required.
DISCUSSION: Interest on the loan is $7,000 (7% x $100,000). Given that the borrower has to maintain a 20%
compensating balance, only $80,000 [$100,000 – (20% x $100,000)] is available for use. Thus, the company is paying
$7,000 for the use of $80,000 in funds at an effective cost of 8.75% ($7,000 ÷ $80,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the borrower has access to less, not more, than the face amount of the loan. Answer
(B) is incorrect because the effective rate is higher than the contract rate as a result of the compensating balance
requirement. Answer (C) is incorrect because 8.40% is 120% of the contract rate.
126
. REQUIRED: The effective interest rate given a compensating balance requirement.
DISCUSSION: (D) The requirement to maintain a compensating balance of 20% of the $300,000 loan means that the
borrower has effective use of only 80% of the loan or $240,000. The 8% interest rate applied to a $300,000 lon requires
an annual interest expenditure of $24,000. In turn, paying $24,000 for the use of $240,000 indicates an effective interest
rate of 10%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because having only 80% of the borrowed funds available means the effective rate will be
greater than the 8% contract rate. Answer (B) is incorrect because 8% is the nominal rate. Answer (C) is incorrect
because 20% is the percentage of the required compensating balance.
127
. REQUIRED: The effective interest rate on a loan that requires a compensating balance of $25,000 above the
company’s normal working balance.
DISCUSSION: The $50,000 compensating balance requirement is partially satisfied by the company’s practice of
maintaining a $25,000 balance for transaction purposes. Thus, only $25,000 of the loan will not be available for current
use, leaving $225,000 of the loan usable. At 6% interest, the $250,000 loan would require an interest payment of
$15,000 per year. This is partially offset by the 2% interest earned on the $25,000 incremental balance, or $500.
Subtracting the $500 interest earned from the $15,000 of expense results in net interest expense of $14,500 for the use
of $225,000 in funds. Dividing $14,500 by $225,000 produces an effective interest rate of 6.44%.
Answer (B) is incorrect because 7.00% fails to consider that the $25,000 currently being maintained counts toward the
compensating balance requirement. Answer (C) is incorrect because 5.8% fails to consider the compensating balance
requirement. Answer (D) is incorrect because 6.66% fails to consider the interest earned on the incremental balance
being carried.
128
. REQUIRED: The effective interest rate on a loan given a compensating balance requirement.
DISCUSSION: (D) Of the $500,000 borrowed, the debtor has the use of only $450,000. The compensating balance
provision requires a minimum balnace that is $50,000 greater than the balance the company usually maintains. At 8%
on $500,000 loan, the annual interest expense is $40,000. However, this amount is reduced by the interest earned on
the extra $50,000 in the checking account. At 3%, the extra $50,000 earns $1,500 per year. Thus, the net expense is
$38,500. The effective interest rate is 8.555% ($38,500 ÷ $450,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the effective interest rate must exceed the 8% contract rate because not all of the
borrowed funds are available for the debtor’s use. Answer (B) is incorrect because 8.22% assumes incremental
earnings on the checking account of $3,000. Answer (C) is incorrect because 9.25% is based on the assumption that
the company ordinarily maintains a zero balance.
129
. Answer (D) is correct. Applying the 9% interest rate to a $100,000 loan results in interest expense of $9,000. If the
loan is processed in the form of a discounted note, the interest will be deducted from the proceeds of the loan. Thus, the
$9,000 of interest will be deducted from the $100,000 note, resulting in loan proceeds of $91,000. The borrower is
paying $9,000 for a loan of $91,000, resulting in an effective interest rate of 9.89%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the lesser amount of funds available on a discounted note means the effective rate will
be higher than the contract rate. Answer (B) is incorrect because 9% is the nominal rate (discount rate). Answer (C) is
incorrect because 9.81% equals the nominal rate multiplied by 9%.
130
. Answer (D) is correct. If the loan is discounted, the borrower receives the face amount minus the prepaid interest.
Thus, the borrower will receive proceeds of $1,800,000 [$2,000,000 - (10% x $2,000,000)]. The effective interest rate is
11.11% ($200,000 ÷ $1,800,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the prepayment of interest reduces the funds available, resulting in an effective interest
rate greater than the contract rate. Answer (B) is incorrect because the prepayment of interest reduces the funds
available, resulting in an effective interest rate greater than the contract rate. Answer (C) is incorrect because 10% is the
contract rate. The effective rate is higher because the full $2 million face amount of the note will not be available to the
borrower.
131
. Answer (D) is correct. When a note is discounted, the interest is deducted from the face of the note and is never
received by the borrower. At a 10% interest rate, the interest will be $100,000, meaning the borrower will receive only
$900,000. A cost of $100,000 on $900,000 of available funds results in an effective rate of 11.1%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because only $900,000 is available for use. Answer (B) is incorrect because only $900,000 is
available for use. Answer (C) is incorrect because the effective rate is 11.1%.
132
. Answer (C) is correct. Under a discounted loan, the interest is subtracted from the face of the note to determine the
proceeds. Thus, on a $30,000 note at 11%, the proceeds would be only $26,700. Dividing the $3,300 of interest by the
$26,700 proceeds results in an effective rate of 12.36%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the effective rate on a discounted note will be higher than the contract rate. Answer (B)
is incorrect because 10% results from adding the interest to the face of the note instead of deducting it. Answer (D) is
incorrect because 11% is the contract rate, not the effective rate.
133
. Answer (C) is correct. Discount interest is subtracted before the loan proceeds are paid to the borrower. A
compensating balance is an amount that the borrower must keep on deposit with the lender. The effective annual
interest rate is increased by both the discount interest arrangement and by the compensating balance requirement. The
effective rate equals the nominal rate dividend by one minus the sum of the nominal rate and the compensating balance
percentage, or 20% [.15 ÷ (1.0 - .15 - .10)].
Answer (A) is incorrect because 16.67% does not adjust for the discount interest arrangement. Answer (B) is incorrect
because 17.65% does not adjust for the compensating balance requirement. Answer (D) is incorrect because 25.00% is
the sum of the nominal rate and the compensating balance percentage.
134
. Answer (D) is correct. Assuming a $1,000 loan, the interest at 7% for 1 year is $70. Hence, the proceeds of the loan
are $930 ($1,000 - $70). Also, 20% of the note, or $200, cannot be used by the borrower because of the compensating
balance requirement. Consequently, only $730 is available for use by the borrower. Paying $70 interest for the use of
$730 gives an interest rate of $9.59% ($70/$730).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 8.75% equals $70 divided by $800. Answer (B) is incorrect because 9.41% equals $70
divided by $744. Answer (C) is incorrect because 7.53% equals $70 divided by $930.
135
. Answer (D) is correct. Assuming a $1,000 loan, the interest at 6% for 1 year is $60. Hence, the proceeds of the loan
with discounted (paid-in-advance) interest are $940 ($1,000 - $60). Also, 22% of the note, or $220, cannot be used by
the borrower because of the compensating balance requirement. Consequently, only $720 is available for use. Paying
$60 interest for the use of $720 results in an effective cost of borrowing of 8.33% ($60 ÷ $720).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 6% is the contract rate. Answer (B) is incorrect because 6.38% does not consider the
compensating balance requirement. Answer (C) is incorrect because 7.69% assumes the interest is not paid in
advance.
136
. Answer (B) is correct. An amount-of-one table can be used to find the effective rate when the APR is known. An
annual rate of 9% is equivalent to .75% per month. Using the .75% column, the accumulated interest factor is .093806,
or 9.38% for the year.
Answer (A) is incorrect because 9% is the APR. Answer (C) is incorrect because 9.81% is too high. Answer (D) is
incorrect because 10.94% is a nonsense answer.
137
. Answer (A) is correct. The annual percentage rate is easy to compute: multiply the 1.25% monthly rate times 12
months to arrive at 15%. The compounded rate would be slightly higher. Thus, given the alternatives, answer (A) is the
only acceptable alternative where the compounded rate is greater than the 15% APR. To check your solution, look at an
"Amount of 1" table for 12 periods at 1.25%. The accumulated interest is .16075, or 16.8%.
Answer (B) is incorrect because it has both amounts wrong. Answer (C) is incorrect because the compounded rate will
be greater than the 15% APR. Answer (D) is incorrect because it substitutes the APR for the compounded rate.
138
. REQUIRED: The effective interest rate on the borrowing.
DISCUSSION: (B) The effective interest rate on the 180-day borrowing is equal to the net interest cost divided by the
net available proceeds of $1,800,000 ($2,000,000 loan – $200,000 increase in the compensation balance). The net
interest cost is equal to the gross interest cost minus the incremental interest revenue. The gross interest cost is
$120,000 [$2,000,000 x 12% x (6 ÷ 12)]. Because the incremental interest revenue is $6,000 [$200,000 x 6% x (6 ÷
12)], the net interest cost if $114,000 ($120,000 – $6,000). The six-month effective interest rate is therefore 6.33%
($114,000 ÷ $1,800,000). The annual effective interest rate is 12.67% (6.33% x 2).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 12% is the annual rate. Answers (C) and (D) are incorrect because the interest
revenue from the checking account must be included in the calculations.
139
. Answer (B) is correct. The total cost to the company will be $21,200 ($20,000 discount + $1,200 of transaction
costs), and the net amount available will be $978,800. The annualized amount of the costs is $84,800 (4 x $21,200).
Accordingly, the annual interest cost will be 8.66% ($84,800/$978,800).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the annual interest cost will be 8.66%. Answer (C) is incorrect because the annual
interest cost will be 8.66%. Answer (D) is incorrect because the annual interest cost will be 8.66%.
140
. Answer (C) is correct. The total cost to the company will be $51,500 (50,000 discount + 1,500 of transaction costs),
and the net amount available will be $1,448,500. The annualized amount of the costs is $206,000 (4 x $51,500).
Accordingly, the annual interest cost will be 14.22% ($206,000 ÷ $1,448,500).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 3.45% ignores the transaction costs and fails to annualize the percentage. Answer (B)
is incorrect because 3.56% fails to annualize the result. Answer (D) is incorrect because 13.79% ignores the transaction
costs.
141
.
142
Interest rate on borrowed funds = 0.09 + 0.015 = 10.5%.
Cost of unused portion: $4,000,000  0.005 = $ 20,000
Cost of used portion: $6,000,000  0.105 = 630,000
Total cost of loan agreement
$650,000
. Answer (C) is correct. At 10% interest, the annual expense would be $120,000 on a loan of $1.2 million. However,
because of the 15% compensating-balance requirement, $180,000 of the funds cannot be used. Therefore, usable funds
are only $1,020,000. Dividing the $120,000 of interest by the $1,020,000 results in an effective rate of 11.76%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because 10% is the contract rate, not the effective rate. Answer (B) is incorrect because 11.11%
results from assuming a 10% compensating balance. Answer (D) is incorrect because 13.33% results from assuming a
$300,000 compensating balance instead of $180,000.
143
. REQUIRED: The interest expense for six months.
DISCUSSION: The sum of the beginning balance and inflows exceeds the outflows for the first 2 months. At the end of
March, however, Garth must use $2,000,000 of its line of credit ($2,000,000 beginning balance + $6,000,000 inflows $100,000,000 outflows). Thus, interest for April is $20,000 (1% x $2,000,000). The net cash outflow for April (ignoring
short-term borrowings) is $1,000,000 of an additional $1,000,000 of the line of credit). However, the $20,000 of interest
for April must also be paid, so the amount of the line of credit used in May is $3,020,000 ($2,000,000 + $1,000,000 +
$20,000). Interest for May is therefore $30,200 (1% x $3,020,000). Given the net cash inflow for May of $2,000,000
(again ignoring short-term borrowings) and the borrowing of $30,200 to pay the interest for May, the amount of the line
of credit used in June is $1,050,200. Interest in June is $10,502 (1% x $1,050,200), and total interest is $60,702
($20,000 + $30,200 + $10,502). Consequently, the closest answer is $61,000.
Answer (A) is incorrect because interest must be paid monthly when the credit line is used in April, May, and June.
Answers (C) and (D) are incorrect because the company would repay the credit line at the end of months with a positive
cash flow.
144
. Answer (D) is correct. The first step is to determine the actual annual percentage interest rate for each of the four
options. Assuming a $100 invoice, the Fort Company discount represents interest of $1 on a loan of $99 for 20 days (30day credit period - 10-day discount period). The annual interest rate is 18.1818% [(360/20) periods x ($1/$99)]. The
Riley Company discount represents an interest charge of $2 on a loan of $98; i.e., by not paying on the 15th day, the
company will have the use of $98 for 45 days (60-day credit period - 15-day discount period). The number of periods in
a year would be 8 (360/45). The interest would be 16.326% ($2/$98 x 8 periods). The Shad loan would be for $97 at a
cost of $3. The loan would be for 75 days (90 - 15). Given 4.8 interest periods in a year (360/75), the annual interest rate
would be 14.845% ($3/$97 x 4.8). The bank loan was quoted at 14.75% on a discount basis. On a $100 note, the
borrower would only receive $85.25, giving an interest rate of 17.302% ($14.75/$85.25). Thus, not paying Shad, Inc.'s
invoices on time would be the lowest cost source of capital, at a cost of 14.845%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because the actual annual percentage rate based on forgoing Shad's discount is 14.845%. This
is lower than the rate on the bank loan (17.302% because it is a discount loan), or the cost of forgoing the discounts
allowed by Fort Co. (18.182%) and Riley Co. (16.326%). Answer (B) is incorrect because the actual annual percentage
rate based on forgoing Shad's discount is 14.845%. This is lower than the rate on the bank loan (17.302% because it is
a discount loan), or the cost of forgoing the discounts allowed by Fort Co. (18.182%) and Riley Co. (16.326%). Answer
(C) is incorrect because the actual annual percentage rate based on forgoing Shad's discount is 14.845%. This is lower
than the rate on the bank loan (17.302% because it is a discount loan), or the cost of forgoing the discounts allowed by
Fort Co. (18.182%) and Riley Co. (16.326%).
145
. Answer (B) is correct. The interest cost of borrowing $4,900,000 (98% x $5,000,000) to take advantage of the
discount is $24,500 [$4,900,000 x 12% x (15 ÷ 360)], and the total cost will be $4,924,500. The total cost if the discount
is not taken will be $5,000,000, a difference of $75,500.
Answer (A) is incorrect because $51,000 less is based on a 30-day borrowing period. Answer (C) is incorrect because
$100,000 less does not consider the interest paid. Answer (D) is incorrect because $24,500 more reflects interest paid
but ignores the discounted price.
146
. Answer (B) is correct. The corporation can obtain trade credit for 20 additional days by not paying within the
discount period. Instead of paying $99,000 to satisfy its obligation within 10 days, it can pay $100,000 at the end of 30
days. The corporation will thus incur $1,000 in interest to hold the $99,000 for the 20 days. Because a 360-day year has
18 such periods, the interest rate is approximately 18.18% [($1,000 ÷ $99,000) x 18]. However, if compounding effects
are considered, the rate is higher. The effective rate, taking compounding into consideration, is found using the following
formula:
18
1 

Effective rate = 1 +  − 1 = 19.83%
 99 
Answer (A) is incorrect because the trade credit rate is 18.18% or 19.83% depending on the method of calculation.
Answers (C) and (D) are incorrect because the note has an effective rate, including compounding effects, of 21.94%.
The following is the calculation:
12
0.20 

Effective rate = 1 +

12 

- 1 = 21.94%
147
. Answer (A) is correct. The company will save $200 (2% x $10,000) every 15 days. There are 24 15-day periods in a
360-day year. Thus, the gross savings will be $4,800. The interest expense on a $9,800 loan at 12% is $1,176.
Deducting the $1,176 interest expense from the $4,800 of discounts results in a net savings of $3,624.
Answer (B) is incorrect because $1,176 is the amount of the interest expense. Answer (C) is incorrect because $4,800 is
the gross savings before deduction of interest. Answer (D) is incorrect because $1,224 is based on only $2,400 of
discounts, instead of $4,800.
148
.
Calculate A/P with and without taking discounts:
A/PNo discount = $11,760 x 30 days = $352,800.
A/PDiscount = $11,760 x 10 days = $117,600.
Calculate financing amount in notes payable and interest cost. The firm will need to borrow the difference in notes
payable.
$352,800 - $117,600 = $235,200.
The additional interest cost is $235,200 x 0.10 = $23,520.
Calculate total purchases and discounts lost:
Total purchases = 360 days x 12,000 gross purchases = $4,320,000.
Discounts lost = $4,320,000 x 0.02 = $86,400.
Construct comparative financial statements:
I. Partial balance sheet:Take DiscountsDon’t Take Discounts (Borrow N/P) (Use Max. Trade Cdt) DifferenceAccounts
payable$117,600
$352,800
-$235,200Notes payable (10%) 235,200
+235,200 Total current
liab.$352,800
$352,800
$ 0 II. Partial income statementEBIT & discounts lost $140,000$140,000
$
0Less: Interest -23,5200
+23,520
Discounts lost
0
-86,400
-86,400EBT116,480
53,600
+62,880Less: Taxes (at 40%)
46,592
21,440
+25,152Net income
$ 69,888
$ 32,160
$
37,728
149
. Answer (D) is correct. The company will need $49,000 (98% x $50,000) to pay off the invoice. In addition, it will
need a compensating balance equal to 10% of the loan. This can be written in equation form as: Loan = $49,000 +
(.1)Loan. Thus, the loan amount needed is $54,444 ($49,000/.9).
Answer (A) is incorrect because $55,000 is 110% of the invoice. Answer (B) is incorrect because $55,056 is a
nonsense number. Answer (C) is incorrect because $55,556 assumes no cash discount.
150
. Answer (B) is correct. The company will need $49,000 (98% x $50,000) to pay off the invoice. In addition, it will
need a compensating balance equal to 10% of the loan. Thus, the loan amount needed is $54,444 ($49,000/.9).The
interest at 12% annually on a 30-day loan of $54,444 is $544.44 ($54,444 x 12% x 30/360). However, the company has
access to only $49,000. Thus, the interest expense on usable funds is at an annual rate of 13.33% (12 months x
$544.44/$49,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 12.00% assumes that the company has access to loan funds of $54,444. Answer (C) is
incorrect because $54,444, not $55,000, is the amount of the loan, and the annual interest expense should be divided
by $49,000 of usable funds, not $50,000. Answer (D) is incorrect because $54,444, not $55,056, is the amount of the
loan used to determine annual interest expense.
151
. Answer (D) is correct. If the company chooses the line of credit, it will pay 17% interest on $80,000 ($100,000 $20,000 discount) and 1% on the $20,000 unused portion, a total of $13,800. The effective interest rate would thus be
17.25% ($13,800 ÷ $80,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because if the company forgoes the cash discount, its effective rate is 25% ($20,000 ÷ $80,000
immediate cash price). Answer (B) is incorrect because an 18% effective rate exceeds that on the line of credit. Answer
(C) is incorrect because the effective rate would be 18.75% [(15% x $100,000) ÷ $80,000 available funds].
152
. Answer (C) is correct. The company will need $58,800 (98% x $60,000) to pay the invoice. In addition, it will need a
compensating balance equal to 9% of the loan. The equation is Loan = $58,800 + .09 Loan. Thus, the loan amount
needed is $64,615 ($58,800 ÷ .91).
Answer (A) is incorrect because $60,000 is the invoice amount. Answer (B) is incorrect because $65,934 assumes the
amount paid to the supplier is $60,000. Answer (D) is incorrect because $58,800 is the amount to be paid to the
supplier.
153
. Answer (C) is correct. The interest at 11% annually on a 30-day loan of $64,615 is $592.30 [$64,615 x 11% x (30 ÷
360)]. However, the company has access to only $58,800. The interest expense on usable funds is therefore at an
annual rate of 12.09% [12 months x ($592.30 ÷ $58,800)].
Answer (A) is incorrect because 11% is the contract rate of interest. Answer (B) is incorrect because the effective rate is
greater than the contract rate. The usable funds are less than the face amount of the note. Answer (D) is incorrect
because the effective rate is greater than the contract rate. The usable funds are less than the face amount of the note.
154
. Answer (C) is correct. By failing to take the discount, the company is essentially borrowing $58,800 for 30 days.
Thus, at a cost of $1,200, the company acquires the use of $58,800, resulting in a rate of 2.04081% ($1,200 ÷ $58,800)
for 30 days. Assuming a 360-day year, the effective annual rate is 24.489% [2.04081% x (360 days ÷ 30 days)].
Answer (A) is incorrect because 2% is the discount rate for a 30-day period. Answer (B) is incorrect because 24%
assumes that the available funds equal $60,000. Answer (D) is incorrect because 36.73% assumes a 20-day discount
period.
155
. Answer (D) is correct. If the loan is processed in the form of a discounted note, the interest will be deducted from
the proceeds of the loan. Thus, on the 10% loan, the $10,000 of interest will be deducted from the $100,000 note,
resulting in loan proceeds of $90,000. The borrower is paying $10,000 for a loan of $90,000, resulting in an effective
interest rate of 11.11%. On the 10.5% loan, the $10,500 of interest will be deducted from the $100,000 note, resulting in
proceeds of $89,500. The borrower is paying $10,500 for a loan of $89,500, resulting in an effective interest rate of
11.73%.
Answer (A) is incorrect because Bank 2 has an effective interest rate of 10.49%. Answer (B) is incorrect because Bank 4
also has an effective interest rate between 11% and 12%. Answer (C) is incorrect because Bank 1 has an effective
interest rate of 9.89%.
156
. Answer (A) is correct. The effective cost of a loan is found by dividing the interest on the loan by the amount
available for use. Therefore, the interest charged by Bank 1 is $7,000 (7% x $100,000). Given that the borrower has to
maintain a 20% compensating balance, only $80,000 [$100,000 - (20% x $100,000)] is available for use. Thus, the
company is paying $7,000 for the use of $80,000 in funds at an effective cost of 8.75% ($7,000 ÷ $80,000).
Answer (B) is incorrect because Bank 2 offers an effective loan cost of 9.41%. Answer (C) is incorrect because Bank 3
offers an effective loan cost of 9.15%. Answer (D) is incorrect because Bank 4 offers an effective loan cost of 9.00%.
157
. Answer (A) is correct. Since Bank 1 has a 25% compensating balance requirement, the amount of available funds is
$3,750,000 (75% x $5 million). Interest at 12% is $600,000. Dividing $600,000 by $3,750,000 results in an effective rate
of 16.0%. For Bank 2, the interest is $750,000. Dividing $750,000 in interest by $4.5 million of available funds results in
an effective rate of 16.7%. Thus, the rate on the loan from Bank 1 is 0.7% less than the rate on the loan from Bank 2.
Answer (B) is incorrect because 3% is the difference in the two contract rates, not the effective rates. Answer (C) is
incorrect because the effective rate for Bank 1 is lower than for Bank 2. Answer (D) is incorrect because the effective
rate for Bank 1 is lower than for Bank 2.
158
. Answer (A) is correct. If the firm plans to have $500,000 on deposit in any case, the Bank 1 loan will require only
$750,000 more to maintain the compensating balance, meaning that $4,250,000 of the loan will be available for use.
Dividing $600,000 by $4,250,000 results in an effective rate of 14.1%. All of the loan from Bank 2 would be available,
resulting in an effective rate equal to the 15% contract rate.
Answer (B) is incorrect because 3% is the difference in contract rates, not the effective rates. Answer (C) is incorrect
because Bank 1 has a lower effective rate. Answer (D) is incorrect because Bank 1 has a lower effective rate.
159
. Answer (A) is correct. To make a capital budget decision, the present values of the inflows must be determined and
compared to see which is the greater value. The lump sum payment is a one-time payment at a set date at a specified
interest rate. The formula to determine the present value of the lump sum is
$20,000 x
1
(1 + i) n
Where i = interest rate, .005, and n = number of periods, 26 bi-weekly periods. The computation of the present value of
the lump sum is as follows:
1
(1 + 0.005) 26
1
$20, 000 x
1.13846
$20, 000 x 0.87838 = $17,567.60 ~ $17,568
$20,000 x
The present value of the bi-weekly payments can be calculated using the formula for the present value of an ordinary
annuity, as the interest compounds bi-weekly. The formula is:
1 - [1 ÷ (1 + i) n
$750 x
i
Where i = interest rate, .005, and n = number of periods, 26 bi-weekly periods. The computation of the present value of
the bi-weekly payments is as follows:
1 - [1 ÷ (1 + 0.005) 26
0.005
1 - [1 ÷ (1.13846)]
$750 x
0.005
1 - 0.87838
$750 x
0.005
$750 x 24.324 = $18,243
$750 x
By comparing the present values of the options ($17,568; $18,243), Roger should choose the second option of biweekly payments, as the present value is higher by $675.
Answer (B) is incorrect because the two options will have different present values. Answer (C) is incorrect because the
biweekly payments have a higher present value. Answer (D) is incorrect because the biweekly payments have a higher
present value.
160
. REQUIRED: The annual percentage cost of factoring receivables.
DISCUSSION: (D) The factor will advance $100,000 (80% of $125,000). This amount is the average balance
outstanding throughout the year. Thus, annual interest will be $10,000 (10% x $100,000). In addition, the company will
pay an annual fee of $30,000 (2%x $125,000 per month x 12 months), so the total annual net cost is $16,000 ($10,000
+ $30,000 - $24,000 savings). Hence, the annual cost is 16% ($16,000 ÷ $100,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 10% is the interest rate on the amount advanced. Answer (B) is incorrect because 12%
is the sum of the interest rate and the fee percentage. Answer (C) is incorrect because 13.2% is the cost of Option B.
161
. REQUIRED: The annual percentage cost of borrowing with a compensating balance requirement.
DISCUSSION: (C) Even though the company will borrow $110,000, it will have use of only $100,100 because a 9%
compensating balance, or $9,900, must be maintained at all times. Consequently, the effective annual interest rate is
13.2% [(12% x $110,000) ÷ $100,000].
Answer (A) is incorrect because 9% is the compensating balance requirement. Answer (B) is incorrect because 12% is
the contract rate. Answer (D) is incorrect because 21% is the sum of the contract rate and the compensating balance
requirement.
162
. REQUIRED: The annual percentage cost of issuing commercial paper.
DISCUSSION: (D) By issuing commercial paper, the company will receive $100,000 and repay $110,000 every six
months. Thus, for the use of $100,000 in funds, the company pays $10,000 in interest each six-month period or a total
of $20,000 per year. The annual percentage rate is therefore 20% ($20,000 ÷ $100,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because 9.1% is the 6-month rate based on the face amount of the paper. Answer (B) is
incorrect because 10% is the rate for six months. Answer (C) is incorrect because 18.2% is based on the face amount
of the commercial paper.
163
. REQUIRED: The annual percentage cost of a discounted note.
DISCUSSION: (B) The company will receive $100,000 (80% x $125,000) at an annual cost of $25,000), so the annual
interest rate is 25% ($25,000 ÷ $100,000).
Answer (A) is incorrect because the effective rate must exceed the contract rate of 20%. Answer (C) is incorrect
because 40% assumes no discount and a 6-month loan term. Answer (D) is incorrect because 50% assumes a 6-month
loan term.