Unit 5
Biodiversity
Presented By: Ma. Sofia Grace M. Rubias
BSED 3- Physical Science
Objectives:
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05
01
Prokaryotes and
Viruses
- Are the simplest form of life in terms of structure
- A Cell that lacks nuclei and other membranebounded organelles.
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Cell Size
Shape and Arrangement
Movement
Nutritional Requirement
Oxygen Requirement
Reproduction
Many prokaryotes are immobile.
Taxis- movement toward or away from stimuli. (Chemotaxis)
Physical movement aided by : flagella or slime.
Patterns of movement: wave-like contractions or corkscrew
rotation.
Autotrophs- refers to organisms that manucfacture
their own food.
Photoautrophs (light-driven self-feeders)
Chemoautotrophs
Nitrifiers
Heterotrophs- refers to organisms which cannot
manufacture their own food.
Chemoheterotrophs
Photoheterotrophs
 Aerobes- prokaryotes that require oxygen to carry
out metabolic processes.
Anaerobes
Obligate Anaerobes – organisms that grow and
carry out cellular respiration only in the absence
of oxygen.
Facultative Anaerobes –organisms capable of
growing and carry out cellular respiration with or
without oxygen.
Prokaryotes can reproduce through:
Binary Fission- this mode of reproduction involves the
splitting of parent cell to form two daughter cells.
02
Major Groups of
Prokaryotes
“Archaea and Bacteria”
Archaea live in extreme environments. They may thrive
in habitats with high salinity, high temperature , or
acidity.
-These
are
obligate
anaerobes that produce
methane gas from simple
carbon compounds.
These are microorganisms
which live on environments
with high salinity such as
the Dead Sea in the
Middle East and the Great
Salt Lake in Utah.
These are microorganism
that live in conditions with
extreme
temperature
and low pH (acidic
conditions).
Bacteria exhibit diverse metabolic properties. They are
classified based on based on the mode by which
energy is obtained from the environment.
Bacteria can be classified according to their:
Mode of Nutritional Requirement and;
 Staining Properties
- These are organisms which rely on sunlight as
source of energy and CO2
-these are organisms which lack the key light-trapping
pigments chlorophyll a and b. Instead they have
bacteriochlorophylls.
Most bacteria are chemoheterotrophs.
 Examples of chemoheterotrophic
bacterias are:
Pathogens (disease-causing bacteria)
Decomposers and;
Fermenters
Gram Staining Procedure- used to determine whether a cell is
able to absorb and retain a Gram stain.
Gram positive bacteria- are those bacteria that are able to
absorb the gram stain, they usually have thick cell walls made of
peptidoglycan which retains the stain.
Gram negative bacteria –are those bacteria that are not
able to retain the gram stain. The cell wall of a gram negative
bacterium consists of two layers, a thin peptidoglycan wall
inside and an outer membrane that does not retain the gram
stain.
- Are infectious agent consisting of a DNA or RNA
molecule that is contained within a protein coating.
- A virus has no enzymes, or free nucleotide of its
own, it is incapable of replicating.
Viruses and Treatment of Disease
A pathogen can be any agent such as viruses, bacteria,
fungi or parasitic worms that can cause diseases.
If the disease spreads through part of a population and
the cases of infection lessen after a limited time, the event
is called epidemic.
If several population in different countries are affected
by the disease at the same time, it is called pandemic.
- Ebola
causes
hemorrhagic fever which
may lead to internal and
external bleeding in some
patients and death in due
course.
-HIV weakens the immune
system of an infected person
and makes him or her more
at risk for pneumonia,
tuberculosis and parasitic
infection.
Vaccine is an inactive form of a virus that causes an
individual’s immune system to produce antibodies to the
virus to ward off infection.
Vaccination involves the stimulation of the immune
system of a body.
Viroids are naked single-stranded RNA while Prions are
protein particles.
Viroids causes: Cadang-cadang Disease in coconut trees,
Spindle Tuber Disease in potatoes. In humans, the only
disease caused by viroids is Hepatitis B.
Prions causes: Mad Cow Disease in cattle. and Scrapie in sheep.
In humans, prions causes neurological disease such as Kuru and
Creutzfeldt Jakob Disease. Loss of muscle control, deterioration
of memory and judgement, and insomnia may set in after the
long incubation period of prions.
03
Kingdom
Protista
Kingdom Protista is the third kingdom introduced
in 1866, to classify organisms which are neither plants or
animals.
This kingdom consist of a vast assortment of
eukaryotic organisms whose diversity makes them
difficult to characterize.
Biodiversity of Protists
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02.
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Animal-like Protists
Fungi-like Protists
Plant-like Protists
Protozoans used to be included under the animal kingdom
because they have characteristics similar to multi-cellular
animals,being heterotrophic they ingest food from the
environment.
- These are protozoans
that move using flagella.
Like other prokaryotes
they
reproduce
using
binary fission. Most are
free living and others are
parasitic.
-Pseudopods are used
for locomotion.
-reproduce asexually by
Mitosis, and sexually by
Meiosis.
An
example
is
amoeba that causes
amoebic dysentery.
-these protists move using cilia.
Protozoans with cilia use it not
only for movement but also for
sweeping the food particles
into the organism.
Ciliates contain a variety of
organelles and nuclei.
-All members of this
phylum are non-motile
and parasitic. They form
spores hence the name
sporozoan.
Example:
“Plasmodium
Falciparum”- the parasite
causing
malaria
in
humans.
Plant-like Protists are organisms which has characteristics
similar to plants, they can carry out photosynthesis and
has chlorophyll. Commonly referred as Algae.
-these are single-celled ,
photosynthetic algae that
are commonly found in
freshwater habitats rich in
organic matter.
Euglenoid are mixotrophs.
-These are unicellular protist
with glass like cell walls giving
them
a
crystal
like
appearance.
-They
produce
asexually
through mitosis.
-These phylum contains
single-celled organism
called dinoflagellates
meaning “spinning
swimmers”. They have two
flagella that beat in
perpendicular grooves
producing a spinning
movement.
- Pyrrophyta have
bioluminescent property
that allows them to emit
blue-green
- This algae is very much
plant-like because of the
chlorophyll pigments and
cell walls that they have.
They have chlorophyll a
and b that allows them to
undergo
photosynthesis.
Their cell walls are made of
cellulose, and their stored
food is starch.
-These algae are reddish in
appearance because of the
presence of the pigment
phycoerythrin. This pigment
reflect red light and absorb
blue light which allow red
algae
to
photosynthesize
even in the lowest depths of
the ocean.
-Most exists as multicellular.
-Brown algae exist in
multicellular
form.
It
contains fucoxanthin that
give it brownish color.
- Unlike other algae it
stores laminarin as food.
-Organisms in this phylum,
include the largest protists
which is the giant kelp.
Fungi-like Protist are organisms which have similar
characteristics to those of fungi, they are heterotrophs and
they reproduce using spores.
-also known as Plasmodial
Slime Molds. They look like
fungi in one look, but actually
they are not closely related.
They are fungus like in their
nutrition that they absorb
nutrients
from
their
environment.
- Are previously identified as
fungi
because
of
its
structural similarity to those
of fungi. However it was
reconsidered to be a protist
because of its ability to
reproduce flagellated cells
which fungi cannot do.
04
Plants are multi-cellular and most don’t move,
although gametes of some plants move using cilia or
flagella. Compose of organelles including nucleus and
cell walls. Nutrients are acquired by means of
photosynthesis.
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Multi-cellular Eukaryotic
Have nuclei and cell walls
Do not move
Autotrophic
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Roots
Stem
Leaves
Flowers
Seeds
The roots help provide support
by anchoring the plant and
absorbing water and nutrients
needed for growth. They can
also store sugars and
carbohydrates that the plant
uses to carry out other functions.
Plants can have either a taproot
system (such as carrots) or a
fibrous root system (such as turf
grass). In both cases, the roots
are what carries the water and
nutrients needed for plants to
grow.
Function of Stem includes:
1. Support
2. Transportation
3. Storage
4. Reproduction
The leaf is the most important
vegetative organ for the
plants, its function includes:
1.Photosynthesis
2. Transportation
3.Reproduction
Flowers are the most
beautiful and colorful
part of a plant. Also, they
are the reproductive part
of a plant.
Every seed is a tiny plant
(embryo) with leaves,
stems, and root parts
waiting for the right
things to happen to
make it germinate and
grow.
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-are seed-bearing vascular plants, in which the ovules
or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary.
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-comprise three related
families of woody
plants. most closely
related to the flowering
plants.
-commonly known as
the Maidenhair Tree, is a
unique tree with no close
living relatives.
-They are identified by
their large crown of
compound, palmlike leaves and short
trunk. They are
deciduous and
commonly confused
with palms or ferns .
- These are woody, cone
bearing tress or shrubs. This
group has the most number
of gymnosperm species that
include pines, spruces, yews,
juniper, cypresses, firs and
redwoods. Conifers
have
needle-like
or
scale-like
leaves.
-flowering plants, contains fruits, and can be
reproduce by pollination