Honors Biology chapter 13: How Populations Evolve
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1.
Antibiotic resistance: Bacteria have high rates of mutation, so
they are mutating to be resistant to antibiotic drugs. This poses
a serious health concern.
2.
Artificial Selection: Selective breeding to produce a desired
outcome
3.
Balancing Selection: Synonym of "Diversifying Selection";
natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or
more phenotypic forms in a population (balanced
polymorphism)
4.
Biogeography: the study of past and present distribution of
species
5.
Blue-footed boobies and their webbed feet (Intro):
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Bottleneck Effect: Genetic drift caused by a natural disaster or
human involvement (poaching) that unselectively kills off
individuals. The resulting reduction of a population is no
longer genetically representative of the original population.
Charles Darwin: 1809-1882 English naturalist/scientist. Voyaged
around the world on the HMS Beagle, documenting/collecting
his findings. By studying his findings in later years, developed
the theory of evolution through natural selection. Published
"On The Origin of the Species" in 1859, which turned out to be
extremely popular. His theories have been extensively
expanded and tested.
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Directional Selection: Favors individuals at one of the
phenotypic extremes
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Diversifying Selection: Favors individuals at two (or more?) of
the phenotypic extremes
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Entire Organism Fossilized: only happens if the individual is
buried in a medium that prevents bacteria/fungi from
decomposing it (frozen in ice, acid bogs, amber).
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Evolution: inherited change in organisms over time
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Evolutionary Adaptations: inherited traits that enhance an
organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment
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Fossil Record: ordered array in which fossils appear within
strata of sedimentary rocks
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Fossils: imprints/remnants of organisms that lived in the past
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Founder Effect: Genetic drift that occurs when a few
individuals become isolated from a larger population and
form a new population whose gene pool composition is not
reflective of that of the original population.
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Galapagos Islands: Islands that demonstrate Darwin's theory of
evolution particularly well.
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Gene Flow: Movement of alleles into or out of a population
due to the migration of individuals to or from the population
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Gene pool: total collection of genes in a population at any
given time
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Genetic Drift: A change in the allele frequency of a population
as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium: 1). No mutations. 2). Random
mating. 3). No natural selection. 4). The population size must
be extremely large, no genetic drift. 5). No gene flow.
Predicts genotype frequencies
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Heterozygote Advantage: greater reproductive success of
heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to
preserve variation in gene pools
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Homologous Features: features that are similar in different
species of common ancestry
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J.B. Lamarack: believed in the false idea that evolution was the
passing on of acquired characteristics;that individual animals
and plants could acquire transmittable traits within a single
lifetime.
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Darwinian Fitness: the success of an organism's (survival and)
reproduction. The fittest individuals produce the most offspring
because they survive better.
Microevolution: Change in allele frequencies in a population
over generations.
31.
DDT: A pesticide. Kills almost every living thing that happens
to come across it. Made mutant alleles advantageous, thus the
pests evolved to be resistant to it.
Modern Synthesis: a comprehensive theory of evolution that
incorporates genetics and includes most of Darwin's ideas,
focusing on populations as the fundamental units of evolution.
32.
Mutation: A random change in an organism's DNA (that may
create a new allele). Mutations are mostly harmful, but can be
beneficial. Vital to evolution because it's the only force that
generates new alleles
Cline: A graded change in a character along a geographic axis.
Example: north american bird/mammal size tends to increase
with increasing latitude.
Comparative Anatomy (Homology): the study of the body
structures in different organisms (homology is anatomical
similarity due to common ancestry)
Comparative Embryology: the study of the formation, early
growth, and development of different organisms
Descent with Modification: concept of "evolution"; principle
that each living species has descended, with changes, from
other species over time
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Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect Organisms: 1. Organisms are locked into historical constraints
2. Adaptations are often compromises
3. Not all evolution is adaptive
4. Selection can only edit existing variations
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Neutral/Natural Variation: genetic variation that provides no apparent selective advantage for some individuals over others. Example:
diversity of human fingerprints.
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Paleontologist: scientists that study fossils
36.
PKU: phenylketonuria. A disease that causes severe mental retardation if left untreated, but can be treated by following a strict diet
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Polymorphic: A population in which there are two alleles (or many more) of a gene in the gene pool
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Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time. The smallest unit that can evolve.
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Population Genetics: the science of genetic change in populations
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Sexual Dimorphism: when males and females of the same species have different phenotypes.
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Species: a group of populations whose individuals have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring
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Stabilizing Selection: Favors intermediate variants
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Strata: layers (of sedimentary rocks)
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Survival of the Fittest/Natural Selection: concept of "evolution"; process by which individuals that are better suited to their
environment survive and reproduce most successfully
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T. Malthus: An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence;
consequences will be war, famine, and disease.
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Types of Natural Selection: Stabilizing, Directional, Diversifying
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Vestigial Structures: a structure of marginal, if any, importance to an organism. Vestigial organs are historical remnants of structures
that had important functions in ancestors
http://www.bio.georgiasouthern.edu/bio-home/harvey/lect/images/ModesOfSelection.gif