Anatomy
 Support
 Protection
of soft body parts
 Blood cell production
 Storage of fats and minerals
 Movement using muscles and joints
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 Tissues
of the skeleton – compact and spongy bone,
cartilage, and dense connective tissue
 Axial skeleton
a. Lies
in the midline of the body
b. Bones of the axial skeleton – skull, hyoid bone, vertebral
column, thoracic cage, and middle ear bones
 Appendicular
skeleton
a. Bones
of the extremities
b. Includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle,
and lower limbs
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 Tendons-
attaches bone to muscles
 Ligaments- attaches bone to bone
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
Classification of bones
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Long – longer than they
are wide
Short – cube shaped
Flat – plate-like, with
broad surfaces
Irregular – varied shapes
Round – circular in shape
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Periosteum – tough, connective tissue covering that
contains blood vessels
Epiphysis – expanded portion at the ends of bones; made
of spongy bone
Diaphysis – portion between the epiphyses; the shaft;
made of compact bone
Medullary cavity – hollow portion of diaphysis containing
yellow marrow
Articular cartilage – layer of hyaline cartilage where
bones join together
Red bone marrow – found in spongy bone in adults; where
hematopoiesis occurs
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a.
b.
c.
d.
Osteons are made of layers of matrix, called
lamellae
Lacunae – contain bone cells (osteocytes)
Central canal – contains blood vessels and nerves
Canaliculi – small canals, connect lamellae and
osteocytes to blood supply and nerves
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a. Contains
bony bars and plates called trabeculae
b. Trabeculae follow lines of stress, giving bones
strength
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 Types
of bone cells
a. Osteoblasts
– bone forming cells
b. Osteocytes – mature bone cells
c. Osteoclasts – bone break down and repair
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a. Ossification
– formation of bone
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 Epiphyseal
plate
1) Band
of hyaline cartilage in the epiphyses of long
bones
2) Allows the bone to growth in length
3) Long bone growth continues until plate is ossified
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a.
b.
Required after it fractures (breaks)
Steps involved in bone repair
1) Hematoma
formation
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus
3) Bony callus
4) Remodeling
c.
Reduction – repair of a fracture
1) Closed
reduction – re-aligning bone fragments without
surgery
2) Open reduction – surgical repair of the bone using plates,
screws, or pins
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1) Complete
– bone is broken through
2) Incomplete – bone is not separated into two
parts
3) Simple – does not pierce the skin
4) Compound – pierces the skin
5) Impacted – broken ends are wedged into
each other
6) Spiral – ragged break due to twisting of bone
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 Abnormalities
a. Lordosis
– exaggerated lumbar curvature
b. Kyphosis – increased roundness of the thoracic curvature
c. Scoliosis – abnormal lateral curvature that occurs most often
in the thoracic region
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Cervical vertebrae
1) Have transverse foramina and short spines
2) Atlas (C1) – supports the head; allows head
movement up and down
3) Axis (C2) - serves as a pivot for the atlas;
allows head movement from side to side
b. Thoracic vertebrae – have long, slender spines
and costal facets
c. Lumbar vertebrae – have massive bodies and
square spines
d. Sacrum – fused sacral vertebrae; forms posterior
wall of the pelvic cavity
e. Coccyx – formed from a fusion of three to five
vertebrae
a.
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 Classification
according to the amount of movement
a. Synarthrosis
– immovable
b. Amphiarthrosis – slightly moveable
c. Diarthrosis – freely moveable
 Classification
according to structure
a. Fibrous
b. Cartilaginous
c. Synovial
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


Fibrous connective tissue joins bone to bone
Typically immovable
Sutures of the cranium
a. Coronal
– between the parietal bones and the frontal bone
b. Lambdoidal – between the parietal bones and the occipital
bone
c. Squamosal – between each parietal bone and each temporal
bone
d. Sagittal – between the parietal bones

Joints formed by each tooth in its socket
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


Bones are joined by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
Usually slightly moveable
Hyaline cartilage
a.
b.

Ribs to sternum
Epiphysis to diaphysis
Fibrocartilage
a.
b.
Between bodies of vertebrae – intervertebral disks
Pubic symphysis
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 General
characteristics
a. Bones
do not touch each other
b. Bones are separated by a joint cavity
c. Usually freely moveable
d. Joint cavity formed by extensions of the
periosteum called the joint capsule
e. Joint cavity lined by synovial membrane that
produces synovial fluid
f. Joint stabilized by the joint capsule, ligaments,
and tendons
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2. Protection
of joint surfaces
a. Articular
cartilage
b. Bursae – fluid-filled sacs around the joint
c. Menisci – fibrocartilage pads in the knee
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Saddle joint –carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Ball-and-socket joint – shoulder and hip
Pivot joint – ends of ulna and radius, atlas and
axis
Hinge joint – elbow and knee
Gliding joint – within wrist and ankle
Condyloid joint – knuckles
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a.
Angular movements
1)
Flexion
b)
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
2)
Extension
a)
Hyperextension
a)
3)
4)
Adduction
Abduction
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b. Circular
movements
1) Circumduction
2) Rotation
3) Supination
4) Pronation
c. Special
movements
1) Inversion
and eversion
2) Elevation and depression
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 Joint
inflammation and destruction
 Arthritis
a. Osteoarthritis
– deterioration of the articular cartilage;
most common
b. Rheumatoid arthritis – synovial membrane becomes
inflamed and thickens; autoimmune disease
c. Gout – excessive buildup of uric acid
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3. Treatments
for arthritis
a. Main
goal is to preserve function
b. Pain management, physical therapy, and exercise
c. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI)
surgery
d. Joint replacement
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