TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
1338 ARLEGUI ST., QUIAPO, MANILA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SOIL MECHANICS
CE 401- CE41FA3
FINAL REQUIREMENT
MANUSCRIPT
“A STUDY OF SOIL PROPERTIES IN EASTERN APALIT, PAMPANGA”
SUBMITTED TO:
__________________________
ENGR. LORENZO R. ADRIANO
OCTOBER 2018
“A STUDY OF SOIL PROPERTIES IN EASTERN APALIT, PAMPANGA”
Abstract
The study of physical properties of soil helps in managing the resources while
working with sorts of soil. Not all the soils have comparable properties even with the
same location.
Soil is a complex, living, changing and dynamic element of the agro ecosystem. It
is concern in alteration, and can be either degraded or wisely managed. A thorough
comprehension of ecology of the soil ecosystem is a key section of designing and
managing agro ecosystem in which the long-term fertility and productive ability of the
soil is maintained or even improved. Soil consists of particles such as minerals as well
as organic matter, water and air. By measuring some of these aspects and identifying
how they respond to management in an agricultural context, a foundation for assessing
the health of the soil can be established.
Physical properties of soil can be discussed under the following heads: Soil color,
Soil odor, Moisture content, Cementation, Angularity, Toughness, Dry strength,
Dilatancy, and Specific Gravity.
Water content considerably influences the engineering behavior of fine-grained
soils. In the order of increasing moisture content, a dry soil will be classified into four
states: solid state, semi-solid state, plastic state, and liquid state. The water contents at
the boundary of these states are regarded as Atterberg Limits whereas the plastic limit
is the time when the consistency, caused by the soil water content, is transformed from
a semi-solid state to a plastic state and the liquid limit is the time when the consistency
is transformed from a plastic state to a liquid state.
This paper is to analyze study the soil properties by way of determining its
Atterberg Limits (Plastic Limit and Liquid Limit).
Keywords: Atterberg Limits; Liquid Limit; Plastic Limit; Soil Physical Properties
Introduction
The province of Pampanga is situated at the central region of Luzon and is a part
of the region III. Sitting on the northern shore of Manila bay, Pampanga is bordered by
Tarlac up to the north, Bulacan by the east and Nueva Ecija to the northeast. It is
categorized as a first-class, highly urbanized city and governed autonomously by the
province. It covers a total area of 2,002.20 square kilometers occupying the southcentral section of the Central Luzon Region. Its terrain is relatively flat with one distinct
mountain, Mount Arayat and the notable Pampanga River. Among its municipalities,
Porac has the largest area with 314 kilometers; Candaba comes in second with 176
square kilometers; followed by Floridablanca with 175 square kilometers. Santo Tomas,
with an area of only 21 square kilometers is the smallest.This study will test the physical
properties of soil in the town of Apalit, Pampanga.
The municipality of Apalit is located in the eastern part of the province. The total
land area of the Apalit is 61.47 km2 (or 23.73 sq. mi). The total area of the municipality
represents the 3.07% of the whole area of the province. Apalit is accessible by both
land and rivers and is subdivided into twelve barangays namely Balucuc, Calantipe,
Cansinala, Capalangan, Colgante, Paligui, Sampaloc, San Juan, San Vicente, Sucad,
Sulipan, and Tabuyuc. (Apalit, Pampanga. n.d.) Because of the uneven subdivision of
the town, the researchers will only test the selected part of Apalit.
Since the town is
located at the upland areas of Pampanga, it is appropriate and needed to examine the
soil properties of the area to contribute in future projects, erection and construction
works, and also to minimize the geotechnical failures that may come up for future
projects and structures.
Objectives
General Objective:

To determine the different soil properties in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga
Specific Objectives:

To describe the color, odor, moisture content, angularity, cementation, dry
strength, dilatancy and toughness of soil in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga

To quantify the specific gravity of soil in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga

To know the Atterberg limits such as liquid limit and plastic limit and shrinkage
limit of soil in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga
Materials and Methods
The experimental research in this study is primarily concerned on determining
the soil consistencies of different soil samples from 6 barangays in Apalit, Pampanga.
The researchers determined the soil consistencies using 3 samples for liquid limit test, 2
samples for plastic limit test and 1 sample for the shrinkage limit test of each soil from
the 6 barangays in Apalit, Pampanga.
The soil used was obtained from 6 barangays of the locality of Apalit, Pampanga,
and it was collected in its natural state from a depth of 1m, 1.5m, and 2m, after the
extraction the soil was air dried and carefully transported to Manila. The soil collected
was brown in color and has an earthly smell. The researchers conducted the Atterberg
Limit test on the soil from the 6 barangays to determine the soil consistencies for future
references.
Liquid Limit Test
The liquid limit of a soil is the moisture content, expressed as a percentage of the
weight of the oven-dried soil, at the boundary between the liquid and plastic states of
consistency. The moisture content at this boundary is arbitrarily defined as the water
content at which two halves of a soil cake will flow together, for a distance of ½ in. (12.7
mm) along the bottom of a groove of standard dimensions separating the two halves,
when the cup of a standard liquid limit apparatus is dropped 25 times from a height of
0.3937 in. (10 mm) at the rate of two drops/second.
Plastic Limit Test
The plastic limit of a soil is the moisture content, expressed as a percentage of
the weight of the oven-dry soil, at the boundary between the plastic and semisolid states
of consistency. It is the moisture content at which a soil will just begin to crumble when
rolled into a thread ⅛ in. (3 mm) in diameter using a ground glass plate or other
acceptable surface.
SOURCE: Soil Mechanics: Laboratory Manual 2nd Edition
Results
Table 1.7 shows the summary of six barangays from sample 1, 2, 3 and 4
of coarse grained soil. Table 1.8 shows the summary of six barangays from sample 1, 2,
3 and 4 of fine grained soil. Table 1.9 and 1.10 shows the summary results that the soil
in Apalit, Pampanga which gives a majority description and identification of the
following: sub-angular, brown in color, odorless, moist, strong in cementation, very high
in dry strength, no dilatancy, and medium in toughness. Table 2.7 shows the data for
the summary of the moisture content determination of soils on the EASTERN Apalit,
Pampanga which have an average of 31.485%. The weight of tin cups ranges from 32 g
to 36.67 g. The wt. of water ranges from 12.63 g to 18.45g. The moisture content
ranges from 17.65% to 35.29%. Table 3.7 shows the specific gravity of the soil of the
barangays. The specific gravity ranges from 2.45 to 2.59. The average specific gravity
of the eastern Apalit, Pampanga is 2.54. Table 4.7 shows data for the liquid limit of the
soils in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga. The liquid limit of the barangay ranges from 20.64 %
to 30.69%. The average liquid limit of soil in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga is 25.41%. Table
5.7 shows data for the plastic of the soils in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga. The plastic limit
of the barangay ranges from 10.48 % to 22.13%. The average plastic limit of soil in
Eastern Apalit, Pampanga is 17.13
BARANGA
ANGULARITY
COLOR
ODOR
Y
MOISTURE
CEMENTATION
CONTENT
Sub-rounded
1
Light
Odorless
Moist
Strong
Odorless
Moist
Weak
Brown
Sub-angular
2
Pale
Brown
3
Sub-rounded
Brown
Odorless
Moist
Weak
4
Angular
Brown
Odorless
Moist
Strong
Angular
Dark
Odorless
Moist
Strong
Odorless
Moist
Strong
5
Brown
Sub-rounded
6
Reddish
Brown
7
Moist
Iyam Ilaya
Light
Moist
Brown
TABLE 1.7
Fine Grained Soil
BARANGAY
DRY STRENGTH
DILATANCY
TOUGHNESS
COLGANTE
Low
None
Low
PALIGUI
Very High
None
Medium
SAMPALOC
Medium
None
Medium
SAN JUAN
Very High
None
Medium
SAN VICENTE
Very High
None
High
SUCAD
Very High
None
Medium
TABLE 1.8
MOISTURE
CONTENT
SOIL AREA
ANGULARITY
COLOR
ODOR
Eastern Apalit,
Sub-angular
Brown
Odorless
Moist
Pampanga
TABLE 1.9
CEMENTATION
DRY STRENGTH
DILATANCY
TOUGHNESS
Strong
Very High
None
Medium
TABLE 1.10
BARANGAY
WT. OF
WT. OF
WT. OF
WT. OF
WT. OF
WATER
TIN CUP
TIN CUP
TIN CUP
WATER
DRY
CONTENT
+ WET
+ DRY
SOIL
SOIL
SOIL
COLGANTE
35.5 g
106.32 g
87.87 g
18.45 g
52.51 g
35.29 %
PALIGUI
33.90 g
84.88 g
70.94 g
13.94 g
37.04 g
37.71 %
SAMPALOC
34.33 g
122.7 g
109.47 g
13.23 g
75.13 g
17.65%
SAN JUAN
36.67 g
84.24 g
69.79 g
12.63 g
57.48 g
21.20 %
SAN
35.24 g
84.24 g
69.80 g
14.44 g
34.56 g
41.88 %
VICENTE
SUCAD
32.00 g
84.87 g
71.17 g
13.70 g
39.17 g
AVERAGE
35.18 %
31.485 %
TABLE 2.7
BARANGAY
SPECIFIC
W1
W2
W3
W4
1
68
90
188
174
2.75
2
68
88
186
174
2.5
3
58
84
182
168
2.17
4
68
88
186
174
2.5
5
58
84
182
168
2.17
6
68
90
188
174
2.75
7
64
78
176
170
1.75
Ilayang Iyam
68
78
176
174
1.25
GRAVITY
AVERAGE SPECIFIC
GRAVITY = 2.23
TABLE 3.7
TABLE 4.7
TABLE 5.7
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
In further development of the study, the data gathered from the experimental
procedures used will be statistically tested to provide significant data using one OneWay Analysis of Variance. In One-Way ANOVA, the mean of the groups of the study
which is represented by the different barangays will be compared. Based on the
degrees of freedom calculated, the f critical region of rejection of null hypothesis will be
determined. The study will be having its own F value, and will then be compared.
SUMMARY FOR MOISTURE CONTENT
Groups
Samples Sum
Average
Variance
0.3529
0.001195
Colgante
3
1.057
Paligui
3
1.1312 0.377067 0.001042
Sampaloc
3
0.5296 0.176533 0.000251
San Juan
3
0.6359 0.211967 0.000763
San Vicente
3
1.2564 0.4188
Sucad
3
1.0553 0.351767 0.001787
0.000885
ANOVA
Source of Variation
SS
df
MS
F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
1416.11
5
283.22
28.70
2.8E-06 3.105
Within Groups
118.47
12
9.87
Total
1534.58
17
F > Fcrit (hence, Ho= rejected)
Based from the data calculated using one-way analysis of variance, it is
observed that the calculated F value of the study is lower than the determined F critical
value from the F distribution chart of one-way analysis of variance. The calculated F
value of the study has a value of 3.105, while the F critical value has a value of 28.7.
Since, the f value of the study is lower compared to the f critical value, the null
hypothesis is rejected which means there is significant difference in moisture content is
Eastern Apalit, Pampanga.
Calculation:
Degree of Freedombetween = Number of Groups – 1 = 6–1 = 5
Degree of Freedomwithin = Total number of samples –Number of Groups = 18-6 = 12
Degree of Freedomtotal = Degree of Freedombetween + Degree of Freedomwithin = 5 + 12 =
17
(Degree of Freedombetween = 5, Degree of Freedomwithin = 12)
Using the F-Distribution Table: Fcritical = 3.105
SUM OF SQUARES
=
= 31.48
SStotal = ∑(moisture content per trial – 31.48)2
= (32.51- 31.48)2 + (34.20- 31.48)2 + (39.16- 31.48)2 + (34.57- 31.48)2 + (41.0231.48)2 + (37.53- 31.48)2 + (19.41- 31.48)2 + (17.22- 31.48)2 + (16.33- 31.48)2 +
(18.21- 31.48)2 + (21.72- 31.48)2 + (23.66 - 31.48)2 + (44.7 - 31.48)2 + (42.17 - 31.48)2
+(38.77 - 31.48)2 +(34.45 - 31.48)2 +(31.36 - 31.48)2 + (39.72 - 31.48)2 = 1534.58
SSwithin = ∑(moisture content per trial – µbarangay)2
= (32.51- 35.29)2 + (34.20- 35.29)2 + (39.16- 35.29)2 + (34.57- 37.71)2 + (41.0237.71)2 + (37.53- 37.71)2 + (19.41- 17.65)2 + (17.22- 17.65)2 + (16.33- 17.65)2 +
(18.21- 21.2)2 + (21.72- 21.2)2 + (23.66 - 21.2)2 + (44.7 – 41.88)2 + (42.17 - 41.88)2
+(38.77 - 41.88)2 +(34.45 – 35.18)2 +(31.36 - 35.18)2 + (39.72 - 35.18)2 = 118.47
SSbetween = SStotal - SSwithin = 1534.58 – 118.47 = 1416.11
MSbetween =
=
MSwithin =
Fvalue =
=
=
= 28.70
= 283.22
= 9.87
SUMMARY FOR SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Colgante
3
7.3595 2.453167 0.007537
Paligui
3
7.7407 2.580233 0.00112
Sampaloc
3
7.7035 2.567833 0.00055
San Juan
3
7.5483 2.5161
San Vicente
3
7.6109 2.536967 0.004138
Sucad
3
7.7804 2.593467 0.001605
Source of Variation
SS
df
MS
Between Groups
0.040087
5
0.008017 3.020503 0.05415 3.105875
Within Groups
0.031852
12
0.002654
Total
0.07194
17
0.000977
ANOVA
F
P-value
F crit
F > Fcrit (hence, Ho= rejected)
Based from the data calculated using one-way analysis of variance, it is
observed that the calculated F value of the study is lower than the determined F critical
value from the F distribution chart of one way analysis of variance. The calculated F
value of the study has a value of 3.0205, while the F critical value has a value of 3.105.
Since, the f value of the study is lower compared to the f critical value, the null
hypothesis is fail to reject which means there is no significant difference in specific
gravity in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga.
Calculation:
Degree of Freedombetween = Number of Groups – 1 = 6–1 = 5
Degree of Freedomwithin = Total number of samples –Number of Groups = 18-6 = 12
Degree of Freedomtotal = Degree of Freedombetween + Degree of Freedomwithin = 5 + 12 =
17
(Degree of Freedombetween = 5, Degree of Freedomwithin = 12)
Using the F-Distribution Table: Fcritical = 3.105
SUM OF SQUARES
=
= 2.54
SStotal = ∑(specific gravity per trial – 2.54)2
= (2.5231- 2.54)2 + (2.4804- 2.54)2 + (2.3560- 2.54)2 + (2.5990- 2.54)2 +
(2.6001- 2.54)2 + (2.5416- 2.54)2 + (2.5540- 2.54)2 + (2.5686- 2.54)2 + (2.5909- 2.54)2
+ (2.5294- 2.54)2 + (2.4804- 2.54)2 + (2.5835- 2.54)2 + (2.5251 - 2.54)2 + (2.6064 2.54)2 +(2.4794 - 2.54)2 +(2.6376 - 2.54)2 +(2.5594 - 2.54)2 + (2.5834 - 2.54)2 =
0.07194
SSwithin = ∑( specific gravity per trial – µbarangay)2
= (2.5231- 2.59)2 + (2.4804- 2.59)2 + (2.3560- 2.59)2 + (2.5990- 2.54)2 +
(2.6001- 2.54)2 + (2.5416- 2.54)2 + (2.5540- 2.52)2 + (2.5686- 2.52)2 + (2.5909- 2.52)2
+ (2.5294- 2.57)2 + (2.4804- 2.57)2 + (2.5835- 2.57)2 + (2.5251 - 2.58)2 + (2.6064 2.58)2 +(2.4794 - 2.58)2 +(2.6376 - 2.45)2 +(2.5594 - 2.45)2 + (2.5834 - 2.45)2 =
0.031852
SSbetween = SStotal - SSwithin = 0.07194– 0.031852 = 0.040087
MSbetween =
MSwithin =
=
=
= 0.008017
= 0.002654
Fvalue =
=
= 3.020503
SUMMARY FOR LIQUID LIMIT
Groups
Count
Sum
Average
Variance
Colgante
3
0.9206 0.306867 0.018906
Paligui
3
0.782
0.260667 0.003872
Sampaloc
3
0.619
0.206333 3.41E-05
San Juan
3
0.6588 0.2196
San Vicente
3
0.7759 0.258633 0.016665
Sucad
3
0.8169 0.2723
0.000282
Source of Variation
SS
df
MS
F
Between Groups
0.019953
5
0.003991 0.580632 0.714622 3.105875
Within Groups
0.082476
12
0.006873
Total
0.102429
17
0.001479
ANOVA
P-value
F crit
F > Fcrit (hence, Ho= rejected)
Based from the data calculated using one-way analysis of variance, it is
observed that the calculated F value of the study is lower than the determined F critical
value from the F distribution chart of one way analysis of variance. The calculated F
value of the study has a value of 0.5806, while the F critical value has a value of 3.105.
Since, the f value of the study is lower compared to the f critical value, the null
hypothesis is fail to reject which means there is no significant difference in liquid limit in
Eastern Apalit, Pampanga.
Calculation:
Degree of Freedombetween = Number of Groups – 1 = 6–1 = 5
Degree of Freedomwithin = Total number of samples –Number of Groups = 18-6 = 12
Degree of Freedomtotal = Degree of Freedombetween + Degree of Freedomwithin = 5 + 12 =
17
(Degree of Freedombetween = 5, Degree of Freedomwithin = 12)
Using the F-Distribution Table: Fcritical = 3.105
SUM OF SQUARES
=
= 0.2541
SStotal = ∑(liquid limit per trial – 0.2541)2
= (0.4347- 0.2541)2 + (0.3245- 0.2541)2 + (0.1614- 0.2541)2 + (0.3142 - 0.2541)2
+ (0.2754- 0.2541)2 + (0.1924- 0.2541)2 + (0.2115- 0.2541)2 + (0.2075- 0.2541)2 + (0.2
- 0.2541)2 + (0.2632 - 0.2541)2 + (0.2051- 0.2541)2 + (0.1905- 0.2541)2 + (0.3778 0.2541)2 + (0.2766 - 0.2541)2 + (0.1215 - 0.2541)2 + (0.2917- 0.2541)2 + (0.26260.2541)2 + (0.2626- 0.2541)2 = 0.102429
SSwithin = ∑( liquid limit per trial – µbarangay)2
= (0.4347- 0.3069)2 + (0.3245- 0.3069)2 + (0.1614- 0.3069)2 + (0.3142 - 0.2607)2
+ (0.2754- 0.2607)2 + (0.1924- 0.2607)2 + (0.2115- 0.2064)2 + (0.2075- 0.2064)2 + (0.2
- 0.2064)2 + (0.2632 - 0.2196)2 + (0.2051- 0.2196)2 + (0.1905- 0.2196)2 + (0.3778 0.2586)2 + (0.2766 - 0.2586)2 + (0.1215 - 0.2586)2 + (0.2917- 0.2723)2 + (0.26260.2723)2 + (0.2626- 0.2723)2 = 0.082476
SSbetween = SStotal - SSwithin = 0.102429– 0.082476 = 0.019953
MSbetween =
=
MSwithin =
Fvalue =
= 0.003991
=
=
= 0.006873
= 0.580632
SUMMARY FOR PLASTIC LIMIT
Groups
Count SuSum
Average
Variance
Colgante
2
0.4426
0.2213
0.008581
Paligui
2
0.381
0.1905
0.000462
Sampaloc
2
0.2096
0.1048
0.000229
San Juan
2
0.2671
0.13355
0.000367
San Vicente
2
0.3288
0.1644
0.043159
Sucad
2
0.4265
0.21325
0.001176
ANOVA
Source of Variation
SS
df
MS
F
P-value
F crit
Between Groups
0.021047
5
0.004209 0.467929 0.788927 4.387374
Within Groups
0.053974
6
0.008996
Total
0.075021
11
F > Fcrit (hence, Ho= rejected)
Based from the data calculated using one-way analysis of variance, it is
observed that the calculated F value of the study is lower than the determined F critical
value from the F distribution chart of one way analysis of variance. The calculated F
value of the study has a value of 0.4679, while the F critical value has a value of 4.3873.
Since, the f value of the study is lower compared to the f critical value, the null
hypothesis is fail to reject which means there is no significant difference in liquid limit in
Eastern Apalit, Pampanga.
Calculation:
Degree of Freedombetween = Number of Groups – 1 = 6–1 = 5
Degree of Freedomwithin = Total number of samples –Number of Groups = 12-6 = 6
Degree of Freedomtotal = Degree of Freedombetween + Degree of Freedomwithin = 5 + 6 =
11
(Degree of Freedombetween = 5, Degree of Freedomwithin = 6)
Using the F-Distribution Table: Fcritical = 4.387
SUM OF SQUARES
=
= 0.1713
SStotal = ∑(plastic limit per trial – 0.1713)2
= (0.2868- 0.1713)2 + (0.1558- 0.1713)2 + (0.1753- 0.1713)2 + (0.2057- 0.1713)2
+ (0.1155- 0.1713)2 + (0.0941- 0.1713)2 + (0.1200- 0.1713)2 + (0.1471- 0.1713)2 +
(0.3113- 0.1713)2 + (0.0715- 0.1713)2 + (0.2375- 0.1713)2 + (0.1890- 0.1713)2 =
0.07502
SSwithin = ∑(plastic limit per trial – µbarangay)2
= (0.2868- 0.2113)2 + (0.1558- 0.2213)2 + (0.1753- 0.1905)2 + (0.2057- 0.1905)2
+ (0.1155- 0.1048)2 + (0.0941- 0.1048)2 + (0.1200- 0.1335)2 + (0.1471- 0.1335)2 +
(0.3113- 0.1644)2 + (0.0715- 0.1644)2 + (0.2375- 0.2133)2 + (0.1890- 0.2133)2 =
0.053974
SSbetween = SStotal - SSwithin = 0.07502 -0.053974 = 0.021047
MSbetween =
=
MSwithin =
Fvalue =
=
=
= 0.004209
= 0.008996
= 0.4679
Discussion
The study is about the soil consistency in different barangays of Apalit,
Pampanga. This study determines the soil properties as well as plastic limit and liquid
limit. First is the determination of the physical properties of the soil by inspection.
Second is the determination of soil consistency using plastic limit, the process is placing
the soil added with some water in the glass plate then using re-roll and re-ball process
until it forms 3mm and then placed it in the oven with a tin can. Next is the through liquid
limit, the process is placing the soil in the liquid limit device or casa grande after placing
it cut the soil in middle using the groove tool then blow it until it closes at that time get
the other half of the soil in the device and place it in the oven with a tin can. After
conducting the experiments, data were gathered and recorded.
Conclusion
After conducting several experiments, we have determined the physical
properties as well as both plastic limit and liquid limit of soil samples we have gathered
in Apalit, Pampanga

The physical properties of the majority of the barangays of Apalit, Pampanga is
Sub-angular, brown in color, odorless, moist, has strong cementation, very high
dry strength, non- dilatant and medium in toughness.

The maximum value calculated from the liquid limit determination of soil samples
in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga is from Colgante having an average liquid limit of
30.69% while the minimum value of liquid limit of soil samples is from barangay
Sampaloc having an average moisture content of 20.64%. The average liquid
limit of soils in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga is 25.41%. This implies that the soil
type is soft. Therefore, there is a high chance of erosion in the place when
raining.

The maximum value calculated from plastic limit determination of soil samples in
Eastern Apalit, Pampanga is from Colgante having an average plastic limit of
22.13% while the minimum value of moisture content of soil samples is from
barangay Sampaloc having an average plastic limit of 10.48%. The average
plastic limit of soils in Eastern Apalit, Pampanga is 17.13%. This implies that the
Apalit mostly consists of clay.
REFERENCES:
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