notes on spring elements

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Springs
ME 512 –Vibration Engineering
Spring Elements
• A spring is a mechanical link,
which in most applications is
assumed to have a negligible
mass and damping.
• A spring is defined as an elastic
body, whose function is to
distort when loaded and to
recover its original shape when
the load is removed.
Spring Elements
• The most common type of
spring is the helical-coil spring
used in retractable pens and
pencils, staplers, and
suspensions of freight trucks
and other vehicles.
Spring Elements
• Several other types of
springs can be
identified in
engineering
applications.
• Conical and Volute
Springs
Spring Elements
• Several other types of
springs can be
identified in
engineering
applications.
• Torsion Springs
Spring Elements
• Several other types of
springs can be
identified in
engineering
applications.
• Laminated or Leaf
Springs
Spring Elements
• In fact, any elastic or
deformable body or
member, can be
considered as a spring.
Deformation of a spring
Spring Element
• A spring is said to be linear if the elongation or reduction in length x
is related to the applied force F as:
๐น = ๐‘˜๐‘ฅ
• Where:
• F-Force
• k-spring constant (force per unit length, lb/ft, N/m)
• x-elongation/reduction in length
Deformation of a spring
Work done in deforming a spring
• The work done (U) in deforming a spring is stored as strain or
potential energy in the spring, and it is given by:
1 2
๐‘ˆ = ๐‘˜๐‘ฅ
2
Where:
๐‘ˆ − ๐‘ค๐‘œ๐‘Ÿ๐‘˜ (๐‘˜๐ฝ, ๐‘™๐‘ − ๐‘“๐‘ก)
๐‘™๐‘ ๐‘˜๐‘
๐‘˜ − ๐‘ ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘” ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘›๐‘ก
,
๐‘“๐‘ก ๐‘š
Combination of Springs
• Case 1: Springs in Parallel.
๐’Œ๐’†๐’’ = ๐’Œ๐Ÿ + ๐’Œ๐Ÿ + โ‹ฏ ๐’Œ๐’
Combination of Springs
• Case 2: Springs in Series.
๐Ÿ
๐Ÿ
๐Ÿ
๐Ÿ
=
+
+โ‹ฏ
๐’Œ
๐’Œ
๐’Œ
๐’Œ
Equivalent Spring Constants (๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž )
• Rod under axial load
๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž
๐ธ๐ด
=
๐ฟ
Where:
๐ธ − ๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘’๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘ฆ
๐ด − ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘œ๐‘ ๐‘  ๐‘ ๐‘’๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘œ๐‘›๐‘Ž๐‘™ ๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘Ž
๐ฟ − ๐ฟ๐‘’๐‘›๐‘”๐‘กโ„Ž ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘…๐‘œ๐‘‘
L
Equivalent Spring Constants (๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž )
• Tapered Rod under Axial Load
๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž
๐œ‹๐ธ๐ท๐‘‘
=
4๐ฟ
Where:
๐ธ − ๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘’๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘ฆ
๐ท, ๐‘‘ − ๐‘’๐‘›๐‘‘ ๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘ 
๐ฟ − ๐ฟ๐‘’๐‘›๐‘”๐‘กโ„Ž ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘…๐‘œ๐‘‘
Equivalent Spring Constants (๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž )
• Helical Spring Under Axial Load
๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž
๐บ๐‘‘4
=
8๐‘›๐ท3
Where:
๐บ − ๐‘ โ„Ž๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ ๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘ 
๐ท − ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘› ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘–๐‘™ ๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ
๐‘› − ๐‘›๐‘ข๐‘š๐‘๐‘’๐‘Ÿ ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘Ž๐‘๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘’ ๐‘๐‘œ๐‘–๐‘™๐‘ 
๐‘‘ − ๐‘ค๐‘–๐‘Ÿ๐‘’ ๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ
Helical Spring
• Deflection of Round-wire Helical Springs:
๐‘‡๐ฟ
๐œƒ=
๐ฝ๐บ
๐น๐ท๐‘š
๐‘‡=
;
2
๐ฟ = ๐œ‹๐ท๐‘š ๐‘๐‘ ;
4
๐œ‹๐ท๐‘ค
๐ฝ=
32
3๐‘
3๐‘
๐œƒ๐ท๐‘š 8๐น๐ท๐‘š
8๐น๐ถ
๐‘
๐‘
๐›ฟ=
=
=
4
2
๐บ๐ท๐‘ค
๐บ๐ท๐‘ค
Helical Springs:
• End Connections for Compression Helical Springs:
Helical Springs Table AT 16 – pg 589
Equivalent Spring Constants (๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž )
• Fixed-Fixed Beam with load at the middle
192๐ธ๐ผ
๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž =
๐ฟ3
• Cantilever beam with end load
3๐ธ๐ผ
๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž = 3
๐ฟ
• Simply supported beam with load at the middle
48๐ธ๐ผ
๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž = 3
๐ฟ
Where:
๐ธ − ๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘  ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘’๐‘™๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘๐‘–๐‘ก๐‘ฆ
๐ผ − ๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘’๐‘Ž ๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘š๐‘’๐‘›๐‘ก ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘’๐‘Ÿ๐‘ก๐‘–๐‘Ž
๐ฟ − ๐‘™๐‘’๐‘›๐‘”๐‘กโ„Ž ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘กโ„Ž๐‘’ ๐‘๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘š
Table AT 1 – Properties of Sections @ pg 563
T-Beam: Determine Area Moment of Inertia
(I)
• Determine the location of NA
(Neutral Axis) based on the
bottom of the I beam:
๐ด1 ๐‘ฆ1 + ๐ด2 ๐‘ฆ2
๐‘ฆ=
๐ด1 + ๐ด2
• Determine the Moment of
Inertia:
๐ผ=
๐ผ๐‘– + ๐ด๐‘– ๐‘ฆ๐‘– − ๐‘ฆ
๐‘๐‘– โ„Ž๐‘–3
๐ผ๐‘– =
12
2
Equivalent Spring Constants (๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž )
• Hollow shaft under torsion
๐‘˜๐‘’๐‘ž
๐œ‹๐บ
=
(๐ท4 − ๐‘‘4 )
32๐ฟ
Where:
๐บ − ๐‘ โ„Ž๐‘’๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ ๐‘š๐‘œ๐‘‘๐‘ข๐‘™๐‘ข๐‘ 
๐ท − ๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ/๐‘œ๐‘ข๐‘ก๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ
๐‘‘ − ๐‘–๐‘›๐‘›๐‘’๐‘Ÿ/๐‘–๐‘›๐‘ ๐‘–๐‘‘๐‘’ ๐‘‘๐‘–๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘’๐‘ก๐‘’๐‘Ÿ
๐ฟ − ๐‘™๐‘’๐‘›๐‘”๐‘กโ„Ž ๐‘œ๐‘“ ๐‘ โ„Ž๐‘Ž๐‘“๐‘ก
Example 1:
• The figure below shows the suspension system of a freight truck with a
parallel-spring arrangement. Find the equivalent spring constant of the
suspension if each of the three helical springs is made of steel with a
shear modulus ๐‘ฎ = ๐Ÿ–๐ŸŽ๐’™๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ๐Ÿ— ๐‘ต/๐’Ž๐Ÿ and has five effective turns, mean
coil diameter ๐‘ซ = ๐Ÿ๐ŸŽ ๐’„๐’Ž, and wire diameter ๐’… = ๐Ÿ ๐’„๐’Ž.
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