Springs ME 512 –Vibration Engineering Spring Elements • A spring is a mechanical link, which in most applications is assumed to have a negligible mass and damping. • A spring is defined as an elastic body, whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover its original shape when the load is removed. Spring Elements • The most common type of spring is the helical-coil spring used in retractable pens and pencils, staplers, and suspensions of freight trucks and other vehicles. Spring Elements • Several other types of springs can be identified in engineering applications. • Conical and Volute Springs Spring Elements • Several other types of springs can be identified in engineering applications. • Torsion Springs Spring Elements • Several other types of springs can be identified in engineering applications. • Laminated or Leaf Springs Spring Elements • In fact, any elastic or deformable body or member, can be considered as a spring. Deformation of a spring Spring Element • A spring is said to be linear if the elongation or reduction in length x is related to the applied force F as: ๐น = ๐๐ฅ • Where: • F-Force • k-spring constant (force per unit length, lb/ft, N/m) • x-elongation/reduction in length Deformation of a spring Work done in deforming a spring • The work done (U) in deforming a spring is stored as strain or potential energy in the spring, and it is given by: 1 2 ๐ = ๐๐ฅ 2 Where: ๐ − ๐ค๐๐๐ (๐๐ฝ, ๐๐ − ๐๐ก) ๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ − ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐ก , ๐๐ก ๐ Combination of Springs • Case 1: Springs in Parallel. ๐๐๐ = ๐๐ + ๐๐ + โฏ ๐๐ Combination of Springs • Case 2: Springs in Series. ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ = + +โฏ ๐ ๐ ๐ ๐ Equivalent Spring Constants (๐๐๐ ) • Rod under axial load ๐๐๐ ๐ธ๐ด = ๐ฟ Where: ๐ธ − ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ข๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐๐ก๐ฆ ๐ด − ๐๐๐๐ ๐ ๐ ๐๐๐ก๐๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ฟ − ๐ฟ๐๐๐๐กโ ๐๐ ๐กโ๐ ๐ ๐๐ L Equivalent Spring Constants (๐๐๐ ) • Tapered Rod under Axial Load ๐๐๐ ๐๐ธ๐ท๐ = 4๐ฟ Where: ๐ธ − ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ข๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐๐ก๐ฆ ๐ท, ๐ − ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐๐ ๐ฟ − ๐ฟ๐๐๐๐กโ ๐๐ ๐กโ๐ ๐ ๐๐ Equivalent Spring Constants (๐๐๐ ) • Helical Spring Under Axial Load ๐๐๐ ๐บ๐4 = 8๐๐ท3 Where: ๐บ − ๐ โ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ข๐ ๐ท − ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐ − ๐๐ข๐๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐ก๐๐ฃ๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ − ๐ค๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ Helical Spring • Deflection of Round-wire Helical Springs: ๐๐ฟ ๐= ๐ฝ๐บ ๐น๐ท๐ ๐= ; 2 ๐ฟ = ๐๐ท๐ ๐๐ ; 4 ๐๐ท๐ค ๐ฝ= 32 3๐ 3๐ ๐๐ท๐ 8๐น๐ท๐ 8๐น๐ถ ๐ ๐ ๐ฟ= = = 4 2 ๐บ๐ท๐ค ๐บ๐ท๐ค Helical Springs: • End Connections for Compression Helical Springs: Helical Springs Table AT 16 – pg 589 Equivalent Spring Constants (๐๐๐ ) • Fixed-Fixed Beam with load at the middle 192๐ธ๐ผ ๐๐๐ = ๐ฟ3 • Cantilever beam with end load 3๐ธ๐ผ ๐๐๐ = 3 ๐ฟ • Simply supported beam with load at the middle 48๐ธ๐ผ ๐๐๐ = 3 ๐ฟ Where: ๐ธ − ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ข๐ ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ ๐ก๐๐๐๐ก๐ฆ ๐ผ − ๐๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก ๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐ฟ − ๐๐๐๐๐กโ ๐๐ ๐กโ๐ ๐๐๐๐ Table AT 1 – Properties of Sections @ pg 563 T-Beam: Determine Area Moment of Inertia (I) • Determine the location of NA (Neutral Axis) based on the bottom of the I beam: ๐ด1 ๐ฆ1 + ๐ด2 ๐ฆ2 ๐ฆ= ๐ด1 + ๐ด2 • Determine the Moment of Inertia: ๐ผ= ๐ผ๐ + ๐ด๐ ๐ฆ๐ − ๐ฆ ๐๐ โ๐3 ๐ผ๐ = 12 2 Equivalent Spring Constants (๐๐๐ ) • Hollow shaft under torsion ๐๐๐ ๐๐บ = (๐ท4 − ๐4 ) 32๐ฟ Where: ๐บ − ๐ โ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐ข๐๐ข๐ ๐ท − ๐๐ข๐ก๐๐/๐๐ข๐ก๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐ − ๐๐๐๐๐/๐๐๐ ๐๐๐ ๐๐๐๐๐๐ก๐๐ ๐ฟ − ๐๐๐๐๐กโ ๐๐ ๐ โ๐๐๐ก Example 1: • The figure below shows the suspension system of a freight truck with a parallel-spring arrangement. Find the equivalent spring constant of the suspension if each of the three helical springs is made of steel with a shear modulus ๐ฎ = ๐๐๐๐๐๐ ๐ต/๐๐ and has five effective turns, mean coil diameter ๐ซ = ๐๐ ๐๐, and wire diameter ๐ = ๐ ๐๐.