Concepts, Instrumentation and Techniques in Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry 3rd Edition For a complete listing of our global offices, visit www.perkinelmer.com/lasoffices ©2004 PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. The PerkinElmer logo and design are registered trademarks of PerkinElmer, Inc. All other trademarks not owned by PerkinElmer, Inc. or its subsidiaries that are depicted herein are the property of their respective owners. PerkinElmer reserves the right to change this document at any time and disclaims liability for editorial, pictorial or typographical errors. 005446B Printed in USA Charles B. Boss and Kenneth J. Fredeen PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences 710 Bridgeport Avenue Shelton, CT 06484-4794 USA Phone: (800) 762-4000 or (+1) 203-925-4602 www.perkinelmer.com C o n c e p t s , I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n a n d Te c h n i q u e s in Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical E m i s s i o n S p e c t ro m e t r y C h a r l e s B . B o s s a n d K e n n e t h J . F re d e e n Concepts, Instrumentation and Techniques in Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry Charles B. Boss and Kenneth J. Fredeen Third Edition ©2004 PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. The PerkinElmer logo and design are registered trademarks of PerkinElmer, Inc. PerkinElmer reserves the right to change this document at any time and disclaims liability for editorial, pictorial or typographical errors. Printed in USA ii ABOUT THE AUTHORS Charles B. Boss is an Associate Professor of Chemistry at North Carolina State University. He graduated from Wake Forest University with a B.S. degree in chemistry in 1968. After serving in the U.S. Navy, he entered Indiana University, where he received a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1977 under the direction of Prof. Gary Hieftje. At N.C. State, Dr. Boss has worked on the development and characterization of several types of flame and plasma sources for atomic spectroscopy. His present research interests also include the use of computer automation and chemometrics for enhancement of analytical techniques. Ke n neth J. F re d e e n was the Director of Environmental & Applied Inorganic Systems at The Perkin-Elmer Corporation until 1999. He presently is the principal in his company: NeuTech Consulting. He graduated summa cum laude from Thiel College with a B.A. degree in chemistry in 1980, and from Texas A&M University with a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1985. While at Texas A&M, his graduate studies centered on the use of laser-excited atomic fluorescence spectroscopy for characterization of flames and plasmas used in analytical atomic spectrometry. Dr. Fredeen joined Perkin-Elmer in 1985 and was involved in the development of software, instrumentation and applications for the ICP-OES and ICP-MS product lines. iii