FIRST SEMESTER
ZOOLOGY
Sir O’s Transcript
cell wall : made of cellulose (carbohydrate; chitin)
corals : calcium carbonate; polyps; incomplete digestive
system (gastrovascular cavity)
jellyfish : cnidocytes (tentacles); nematocysts (full of venom)
sponges : no stimuli/response = cell membrane; nervous
tissues
fruit fly : Hox genes
Hierarchy of Life
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Atom
Molecule
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ system
Organism
Sexual Reproduction
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Internal Reproduction
External Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
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Fission : dividing into two parts
Budding
Fragmentation
Parthenogenesis : without fertilization
pori : pores (opening); tiny (ostium); large (osculum)
spongocoel : large central cavity
fera : to repair
spicules : needle-like structure; calcium carbonate/silica;
porifera (class)
embryonic development : arrangement of cells
sea stars/starfish
caudal : posterior
predator : easily scan environment to catch prey
prehistoric crocodile : vibration of water; receptor
peritoneum : ensure the correct placement of internal cavity;
mesentery (covers) = intestine
pseudo : close
animal tree : ancestral
flat worm : planaria dugesia
acoelomate : mouth = irreversible; ventral
protostome : mollusks; annelids; arthropods
deuterostome : echinoderms; chordates
each Kingdom have different DNA sequence
codon : amino acid; protein
zoa : animals
anthro : joints; poda : feet
choanoflagellate : intercellular junctions; true tissue : able to
connect
micro : small; scopos : to watch
microscopic field of view
dust shield ; holds the revolving nose piece
yellow ring : 10x; shortest; LPO
blue ring : 40x; longest; HPO
oil immersion lens : 100x; white; cedar oil
mechanical screws : used to move the slides
condenser : also has lens
iris diaphragm : regulate the amount of light
concave : HPO; natural light
flat : LPO; scanner
CHON : common elements
glycogen : storage
starch : jelly-like physical evidence; amylose; amylopectin
cellulose
turgor pressure
carapace = crabs
tanning : chemical reaction (chitin)
exuding
chitosan
phosphate head are hydrophilic
ester linkages
hydrophobic : fats cannot be mixed with water
hydrophilic : water loving
saturated : bad; tallow; no double bond
unsaturated : 1 or more double bond; replenish membrane
system in our cells
endothelium : wall of blood vessels
phospholipids : bile layer
linoleic : no trans fat
hematoma : blocking of blood; hemorrhage in brain
good and bad cholesterol
dilate
receptor proteins : ease for movement
actin(sarcomere : functional unit of skeletal muscle)-myosin
filament : structure
colostrum : proteins
amino globin : antibodies
microtubules : filament
peptides : one
R-group : side chain; identity
nonpolar amino acids : hydrophobic properties
collagen : bind tissues, bones and laminae; three polypeptide
chains
red blood cells : bio-concave disk; folding
normal protein : linear; denaturation : longer uncoiled
chaperonin
5’ – 3’ (left); 3’ – 5’ (right)
muscle cell : contraction; locomotion
red blood cells : hemoglobin
neurons; dendrites; synapses = transmission of information
neurotransmitter
white blood cells
ilium
microvilli
yellow = bacteria
green = virus
cilia
trachea
hydrogen enzymes : unregulated release
large cell : would not function properly; metabolic processes
slows down
big : lesser surface area; slow metabolism
small : more surface area; fast metabolism
protein molecules : pores; allow passage of the substances in
the cell
microtubules
motor proteins
polyribosome : attached to the surface of endoplasmic
reticulum
thyroid follicles : store calcium; sarcoplasmic reticulum =
skeletal muscles/skeleton
liver : detoxifies poison; have peroxisome
cisternae : proteins
Golgi : modifies proteins; exocytosis; moving out of products
to the cells; transport by endomembrane system components
lysosome
C53 : if not released = regulated dead cell; cancer = tumor
plasmin
cytoskeleton : net-like; bead-shaped
phagocytosis : membrane
axon
appendage : extension of the cell
myosin : head
muscle (middle) : skin; cells are flattened
epithelial : red
nervous-end
keratinocyte : made up the epithelial tissues of cell
parenchyma : bone tissue; characteristic cell of any organ
stroma : supporting structures present in any type of tissue
endomysium : bundles of bone
basement membrane : foundation; connective tissues where
cells rest on
intercellular junction : attachment
cell adhesion molecules
innervated : nerve supply
regenerative : germinative
basal : bottom
stratum corneum : outer skin
nervous : collective
cilia : located in apical or outermost layer of cell; found in
trachea
pseudo : false
stratified : layering
transitional : organs receiving fluid from the kidney (urinary
bladder; ureter; pelvic); globular; flattened
peritoneal : abdominal cavity
peritoneum : tissue; covers organ; gaseous infectoral tract
pleural : lungs
pericardial cavity : heart
kidney : glomerulus; renal corpuscles
alveoli : gas exchange
goblet : cells responsible for production of mucus
sperm cell and ovum/egg cell : reproductive cells
timbrae : end of fallopian tube; stimuli congestion
stratified : mitotic division; hair; skin
subtype of epithelium : vagina = stratified squamous
nonkeratinized epithelium
bunion
connective tissue : mast cell; fibroblast/fibrocyte
motor proteins : dynein; cilia and flagella
somite
chromatophore : color patterns of the skin
dermis : protection
fibers : slows down the entry of microorganisms
macrophages : eats microorganism
mast cell : releases histamine and serotonin; allergic reactions
muscle : striated; skeletal muscle fiber/cell
hypodermis (fascia) : covers muscle animal major layers =
epidermis; dermis
basal animal : sponges = Ediacaran fauna; external covering =
pinacoderm
parenchyma : characteristic cell
keratinocytes : parenchyma of epidermis
hepatocytes : liver parenchyma
amphibian : epidermis = duct tears; dermis = stratum basale
and stratum germinativum (outward); poison and mucus
glands; surface of the skin (moist; slimy) : for protection;
restoration; sensory cells; serous glands
camouflage : blending or changing its color
bullfrog
hairy frog : absorption; projection : greater surface area
stratum corneum (Leydig cells) : keratinized; scale; resist
entry of bacteria or virus; protection for abrasion
frog test : urine; small eggs will grow
HTG ; hormones in pregnant women
photophore : signals
friction
mucous cuticle : hydrodynamic
placoid = tooth-like : cycloid; ctenoid = growth rings; annular
denticle : covered by enamel
reptilian skin : dry; outermost covering have pores
osteoderm : dermal armor; bumps
gastralia : large osteoderm
dermal bones
carapace : dorsal; turtle
plastron : ventral
dermal tubes : six-sided
lizards : waxing excretion; humoral pores; femur
amphibian : cloaca gland; scent; mating
hiss : picking up cell of their prey
scent gland : under the carapace; for attracting the opposite
sex
deer
musk deer : male; inner scent is made as perfume
feathers : modification
epidermis : slightly purified
scales : legs and beak
claws : diversified
pube glands : near the anus
planning or uropygial glands : distributing the oil in the body
filo plume : no vein
dinosaur : feather-like structure
appendage : modification
stroma : supporting tissue
primary function of integumentary system is homeostasis =
normal regulation of equilibrium
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soldiers of the immune system
regulates temperature : thermoregulatory structure;
cooling effect by evaporation or dissipation;
appendage; sweat glands
protection
cold weather : adipose tissue
fats = above hypodermis (underneath dermis) = skeletal
muscle
capillaries (cheeks) : smallest blood vessels; present in
integumentary system; wall radiator = releasing body heat
vasoconstriction : cold weather
vasolidation : hot weather
integument : external covering; skin
invertebrates : protozoans; plasma membrane
arthropods : chitin; exoskeleton
cuticle = chitin and protein; flexible membrane
tegument : flukes and tapeworms
nutrient ingestion : animals who do not possess mouth;
absorption of the digestive materials of the host
modifications : made up of keratin materials
epidermis : vascular; nonvascular
dermis : specialized structures
hypotonic
proliferation
melanin : minimize the UV absorption
free nerve endings
stratum spinosum : spiny; pointed cells; mitotic division
trachea ; hyaline cartilage
reticular fiber : fiber present
organ : spleen (graveyard of red blood cells)
papillary : creation of the ridges
male : belly
female : buttocks
gynecomastia : male boobs
beta carotene : pigment
cholecalciferol : vitamin D
egg yolk = only source of vitamin D; good fat; white =
albumin
hyponychium : free edge
hair = trap warm air; nerve ending
fur : trap warm air
shingles : plates or scale covering
shiny : oil glands; sebaceous gland
bulma
sweat glands prevent overheating
ammonia : urine
methane : poop or fart
walls of hollow organs : smooth
pointed : tapered
microfilaments : actin; myosin
sarcolemma membrane : covers the muscles
smooth muscle : single nucleus
voluntary : control
fascicles : blood vessels
arrangement of skeletal muscle
endomysium : fascia
massacre
motor neurons : sends out fibers towards the surface of the
muscle
muscle fiber : innervated = supplied by nerves
axon : attach inner surface; from one dendrite to one neuron to
another synapse
fusiform : spindle-shaped; elongated
smooth : esophagus, stomach; bounded by connective tissue
mucosa bolus : diameter
peristalsis : pores
esophagus : 1/3 skeletal muscle; water
intercalated disc : cover specialized type of muscle tissue; cell
junction; exchange of materials from one cell to another; hold
muscles of the back
trapezius muscle
deep layer
erector spinae : straighten spine
stabilizes the joints
muscle generate heat
homeostasis
burning glucose for production of ATP
bands : has energy
nuclei : beneath sarcolemma
light band : end; actin; isotropic bond filament
sarcomere
dark band : middle = myosin filament
z-disc : where actin is attached
calcium
gyrus : in front of sulcus
message from higher center of the brain; specific nerves
downward information by axon; the axon will go down to the
brain stem or spinal cord; right brain controls left part
contralateral : control of the body
react : brain higher center area of the brain = cerebrum
responsive stimulus shorten
skeletal muscle possess
stimuli higher center in the brain sending
brain to motor cortex to the motor neurons
help axon connected to different microfibers
innervated undergo contraction
from the brain stem nerve will go to the motor neuron (sends
motor units) which will send the axon going to the muscle
fiber
motor unit and axon : surface of muscle fibers
electorally process travels in axon
nerve fiber are covered by myosheet
ends of motor units covers the surface (neuromuscular
junction) : connection; space
motor unit : 1 neuron sends axon to different myofibers;
supply a number of myofiber/muscle fiber
sedentary lifestyle
innervation : produce nerve speed or power
synaptic cleft vessel
impulse or action potential
plasma membrane : changes in the polarity; transverse tubule
negative : i
positive : o
movement of the ions from the inside to the outside
potassium
endoplasmic reticulum : release calcium (attached to the actin)
to the sarcomere
t-tubules : action potential pass through
troponin : calcium to attach
pulling action : actin head to the middle
power stroke to move myosin
phosphorylation : needs ADT; phosphate will be detached
then release of energy then ADP
relaxation : relax state; sarcomere will shorten
needs calcium to dissociate
sarcoplasmic reticulum
active myocyte will be covered
muscle contraction
cardiac (wall of the heart; intercalated disc) and skeletal
muscle
smooth muscle : short; undergo contraction
bolus ; downward
connected together by contraction; joined together by
intercellular junction
microfilaments (actin and myosin) : smooth; near plasma
membrane; contraction = surface
dense bodies : arrange like a network
muscle : spindle; globular
lumen : space; wall; will be smaller
contract
end : relax
turret syndrome
uropygial muscle
kegel exercise
oral cavity : pre-digestion of carbohydrates
small intestine
duodenum
chyme
pancreas
starches : digestion
chewing : less surface area is exposed to the action of the
enzymes brought by the saliva
crop : storing
gizzard : compartment; actual grinding of food materials
sublingual gland
parotid gland : between cheeks and gums near 2nd premolar
maxillary gland
ptyalin : amylase gland
peristalsis : esophagus
contraction : circular notion
gastroesophageal sphincter
high junction
ileocecum valve : cecum = blight end pouch of large intestine;
proximal portion of the large intestine
ileocecal valve : distal attaching to the proximal end
posteromedial
accessory organs : gallbladder; liver; pancreas; salivary gland
advantage of masticating of pre-digestion of carbohydrates
churning : inner oblique muscle; stomach
Activity 1 Design Experiment
Activity 2 The Microscope
Effects of Transgenic bt. Corn Litter on the Earthworm
Lumbricus terrestris
Manipulation of the Compound Microscope
4 Classes of Molecules; Monosaccharide, Disaccharide
and Polysaccharide; Saturated and Unsaturated Fats; Cis
and Trans Fat; 4 Levels of Protein Structure; Purine and
Pyrimidine; Nucleotide and Nucleoside; Deoxyribose and
Ribose; 5’ end and 3’ end
Activity 3 Microscopy Study of Animal Cells
Activity 4 Epithelial Tissues
Chondrichthyes; Osteichthyes; Amphibia; Reptilia; Aves;
Mammalia (Reviewer)
Trace the command of muscle contraction starting from
the brain to the sarcomere using a flowchart; How does a
smooth muscle contract?
External Anatomy of the Frog
Hydrostatic Skeleton; Exoskeleton; Endoskeleton
Muscular System
Describe what is inside of the Haversian System;
Describe the microscopic anatomy of bone cross-section
from outside to inside of two regions = red bone marrow
and compact bone
Skeletal System; Digestive System; Excretory System;
Reproductive System
Sweet Ingestion: A Directed Case Study on
Carbohydrates
Muscular System; Digestive, Respiratory and Urogenital
Systems of the Frog
A Case of Acute Pancreatitis
An Unusual Case of Animal Reproduction
All or Nothing: A Case Study in Muscle Contraction
An