Chapter 26 Review
Urinary
1. Name the three connective tissues stabilizing the kidneys
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
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Fibrous capsule: inner layer
Perinephric fat
Renal fascia: outer layer
2. Which kidney is lower and why?
The right kidney is lower because the liver is superior to it and pushing it down.
3. What is the functional unit of the kidney?
It is the nephron; cortical nephron (85%) is mainly in the cortex while the
juxtamedullary (15%) is mainly in the medulla
4. The renal lobe consists of what three things?
Renal pyramid + cortex + columns
5. The renal sinus is lined with what?
The fibrous renal capsule
6. Trace the blood flow to/from the kidney starting with the renal artery
Renal artery segmental arteryinterlobar a. arcuate a.  cortical radiate a.
afferent arterioleglomerulus efferent arterioleperitubular
capillariesvenulescortical radiate veinarcuate v.  interlobar v. renal vein
7. Kidneys receive what percentage of total cardiac output?
20-25%
8. Two epithelium of Bowman’s capsule
 Parietal epithelium: simple squamous
 Visceral epithelium: podocytes & pedicels
9. List the types of epithelium in PCT, thick loop of Henle, thin loop of Henle, DCT,
collecting duct and papillary duct.
 PCT, DCT, Collecting duct- also has intercalated cells, thick loop or henle:
cuboidal
 Thin loop of henle: simple squamous
 Papillary duct: columnar
10. What is the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC) and of what does it consist? (Including
hormones)
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
Macula densa + juxtaglomerular cells
It secretes EPO and renin
11. Cortical nephrons comprise ___________851_____% of the total number of nephrons,
while juxtamedullary nephrons comprise _______15_________%
12. What are three organic wastes eliminated by kidney, and from where does each
come?
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
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Urea: breakdown of amino acids
Creatinine: breakdown of creatine phosphate
Uric acid: breakdown of rna molecules
13. Three processes of urine formation
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

Filtration
Reabsorption
secretion
14. Formula for excretion rate
Filtration rate+secretion rate-reabsorption rate
15. What is the estimated glomerular filtration rate, and how is it calculated? If it is high,
how does that affect the BUN (blood urea nitrogen)?
Creatinine excretion rate in urine/plasma concentration of creatinine
 Creatinine is the ideal chemical in this case because it is neither reabsorbed
or secreted
16. What controls the rate of fluid filtration?



Fenestrated capillary endothelium
Lamina densa
Filtration slits between pedicels
17. A decrease in blood flow causes what to happen to the afferent/efferent arterioles?
 Dilation of afferent arterioles and constriction of efferent arterioles
18. What are mesangial cells, and what are their three functions?
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They provide structure support
Filtration
Phagocytosis
They contract in response to reduced blood flow.
19. Equation for net filtration pressure
NFP= GHP-CHP-BCOP
20. What hormonal changes occur when renal blood pressure decreases?

Renin is produced by the juxtaglomerular complex and it intiates the
conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which then forms angiotensin
II. Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal glands to produce aldosterone which

increases the reabsorption of NaCl and increases blood volume and blood
pressure.
Angiotensin II also causes the constriction of efferent arteriole.
o Goes to CNS to stimulate thirst, ADH, sympathetic tone which
increases cardiac output
o Goes to PNS and causes vasoconstriction and increase renal arterial
pressure.
21. Primary function of renin
It activates angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
22. Primary function of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).
It converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
23. What is one of the treatments for hypertension from the rennin-angiotensin system?
24. Difference between descending loop of Henle and ascending loop in regard to
permeability
The ascending loop is impermeable to water and solutes but reabsorbs solute
through active transport.
The descending loop is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes.
25. In the absence of ADH, urine is dilute or concentrated?
The urine is dilute
26. ADH works on which part of the nephron?
It works on the DCT and collecting duct
27. What percentage of reabsorption occurs in the PCT? Loop of Henle?
 PCT: 60-70%
 Loop of henle: 25%
28. Secretion occurs primarily in what part of the nephron?
DCT
29. Primary ions secreted?
Collecting duct
30. Where is countercurrent multiplication seen in the nephron?
In the loop of henle
31. Functions of vasa recta


Carries water and solutes out of the renal medulla
Balances the rate of solute reabsorption and osmosis in the medulla
32. What is the transport maximum? Renal threshold?
 Transport maximum: when all the carrier proteins are saturated.
 Renal threshold: the plasma concentration at which a specific compound or
ion begins to appear in the urine.
33. What is the renal threshold for glucose?
This is 180 mg/dl
34. Side effects of high doses of diuretics
Dehydration and cardiac arrest
35. Ligaments of bladder
Middle and lateral ligaments: from the umbilical arteries of the fetus
36. Epithelium of ureters, urinary bladder
 Ureters: transitional epithelium; urinary bladder as well
37. What is the relationship between specific gravity and concentration of urine?
The higher the specific gravity, the higher the concentration of the urine
38. An image of the renal system by iv injection of dye and an X-ray is
called___pyelogram___________
39. Any trace of casts in urine is abnormal. T/F False
Answers
1. Fibrous capsule (inner layer that lines renal sinus); Peri-nephic fat; Renal fascia
(retroperitoneal)
2. Right kidney is lower – the liver is above the right kidney
3. Nephron – found in cortex
4. Renal pyramid, renal column, and the layer of cortex on top of pyramid
5. Fibrous capsule
6. Renal artery Segmental arteryinterlobar arteryarcuate arterycortical
radiate arteryafferent arteryglomerulusefferent arteryperitubular
capillariesvenulescortical radiate veinsarcuate veinsinterlobar
veinsrenal vein
7. 20-25%
8. Capsular epithelium (parietal) and visceral epithelium (podocytes with pedicels)
9. PCT: ciliated cuboidal; Thick: cuboidal; Thin: squamous; DCT: cuboidal; Collecting
duct: cuboidal; Papillary duct: columnar
10. Juxtaglomerular apparatus (or complex); consists of macula densa (on DCT) and
juxtaglomerular cells (on afferent arteriole). Together the macula densa and JG cells
produce EPO and Renin
11. 85%; 15%
12. (1) Urea – comes from liver (break down of amino acids) (2) Creatinine – comes
from skeletal muscles (3) Uric acid – comes from breakdown of RNA
13. (1) Filtration – occurs only in the glomerulus. (2) Reabsorption – occurs mostly in
PCT and loop of Henle (3) Secretion – occurs mainly in DCT
14. Excretion Rate = (Filtration+ Secretion) – Reabsorption
15. Measures kidney function and efficiency; GFR = (creatinine excretion rate in urine
mg/hr)/(plasma concentration of creatinine mg/dL); an increase in GFR will
decrease BUN (blood urea nitrogen level) and vise versa
16. Glomerular filtration membranes
17. A decrease in blood flow will lead to vasodilation of afferent arteriole and
vasoconstriction of efferent arteriole. The vasodilation of the afferent arteriole
allows more blood to enter glomerulus, while the constriction of the efferent
arteriole ensures the blood is properly filtrated in the glomerulus.
18. Mesangial cells are the cells between the capillaries in the glomerulus. They contract
to dilate the capillaries and increase filtration.
Functions include: (1) Structural support, (2) increase Filtration, (3) Phagocytosis
19. NFP = GHP-BCOP-CsHP (ex. 50-25-15=10mmHg) GHP=glomerular hydrostatic
pressure =blood pressure of glomerulus (50 mmHg out of glomerulus)
BCOP= blood colloid osmotic pressure (25mmHg into glomerulus),
CsHP= capsular hydrostatic pressure (15mmHg into glomerulus)
20. Renin and EPO are released from the juxtaglomerular complex. Renin-angiotensin
system is activated and finally leads to release of Aldosterone from adrenal gland
and the release of ADH from posterior pituitary gland.
21. Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
22. Converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
23. (a.)ACE inhibitors – Angiotensin Converting Enzyme converts angiotensin I into
angiotensin II, which leads to an increase in blood pressure. By inhibiting ACE, blood
pressure will decrease. (b.) Angiotensin II receptor blockers – inhibit angiotensin II
activity.
24. Descending – permeable to H2O, impermeable to solutes (this leads to water
reabsorption.); Ascending – permeable to solutes (Na+ & Cl-), impermeable to water
– this leads to the concentrated urine.
25. Large amount of dilute urine
26. DCT and collecting duct
27. PCT=60-70%; Loop of Henle=25%
28. DCT
29. H+ and K+
30. (1) Between descending loop and peritubular capillaries (2) between descending
and ascending loops (3) between ascending loop and peritubular capillaries
31. Carries H2O and solutes out of renal medulla; balance rate of solute reabsorption
and osmosis in medulla
32. Tm=max capacity of carrier proteins to reabsorb the nutrient from the renal tubular
fluid to blood.
Renal threshold= plasma concentration at which specific compound or ion is seen in
urine.
33. 180 mg/dL
34. Dehydration and cardiac arrest
35. 2 lateral umbilical ligaments (from umbilical arteries) and 1 middle umbilical
ligament
36. Transitional
37. An increase in specific gravity yields and increase in concentration of urine
38. Pyelogram
39. False