Chapter 29/30
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____
1. The following are common to both charophytes and land plants except
a. sporopollenin.
b. lignin.
c. chlorophyll a.
d. cellulose.
e. chlorophyll b.
____
2. On a field trip, a student in a marine biology class collects an organism that has differentiated
organs, cell walls of cellulose, and chloroplasts with chlorophyll a. Based on this description, the
organism could be a brown alga, a red alga, a green alga, a charophyte recently washed into the
ocean from a freshwater or brackish water source, or a land plant washed into the ocean. The
presence of which of the following features would definitively identify this organism as a land plant?
a. alternation of generations
b. sporopollenin
c. rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
d. flagellated sperm
e. embryos
____
3. Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. All land plants exhibit alternation of
generations. No charophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind the recent evidence
from molecular systematics, the correct interpretation of these observations is that
a. charophytes are not related to either green algae or land plants.
b. plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae.
c. alternation of generations cannot be beneficial to charophytes.
d. land plants evolved directly from the green algae that perform alternation of
generations.
e. scientists have no evidence to indicate whether or not land plants evolved from any
kind of alga.
____
4. Which of the following characteristics, if observed in an unidentified green organism, would make it
unlikely to be a charophyte?
a. phragmoplast
b. peroxisome
c. apical meristem
d. chlorophylls a and b
e. rosette cellulose-synthesizing complex
____
5. Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?
a. Viridiplantae
b. Plantae
c. Pterophyta
d. Bryophyta
e. Charophycea
Choose the adaptation below that best meets each particular challenge for life on land.
____
6. protection from desiccation
a. tracheids and phloem
b. secondary compounds
c. cuticle
d. alternation of generations
____
7. Which event during the evolution of land plants probably made the synthesis of secondary
compounds most beneficial?
a. the greenhouse effect present throughout the Devonian period
b. the reverse-greenhouse effect during the Carboniferous period
c. the association of the roots of land plants with fungi
d. the rise of herbivory
e. the rise of wind pollination
____
8. Which of the following statements is true of archegonia?
a. They are the sites where male gametes are produced.
b. They may temporarily contain sporophyte embryos.
c. They are the same as sporangia.
d. They are the ancestral versions of animal gonads.
e. They are asexual reproductive structures.
____
9. The leaflike appendages of moss gametophytes may be one- to two-cell-layers thick. Consequently,
which of these is least likely to be found associated with such appendages?
a. cuticle
b. rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes
c. stomata
d. peroxisomes
e. phenolics
____ 10. Beginning with the germination of a moss spore, what is the sequence of structures that develop after
germination?
1. embryo
2. gametes
3. sporophyte
4. protonema
5. gametophore
a. 4  1  3  5  2
b. 4  3  5  2  1
c. 4  5  2  1  3
d. 3  4  5  2  1
e. 3  1  4  5  2
____ 11. Bryophytes may feature all of the following at some time during their existence except
a. microphylls.
b.
c.
d.
e.
rhizoids.
archegonia.
sporangia.
placental transfer cells.
Refer to the information below to answer the following questions.
Researchers decided to test the hypothesis that if the 2-m tall Polytrichum gametophyte-sporophyte
plants had acted as a physical buffer, then they would have reduced water's ability to erode the soil,
and carry away its nitrogen. They began with four equal-sized areas where Polytrichum mosses grew
to a height of 2 m above the soil surface. One of the four areas was not modified. In the second area,
the mosses were trimmed to a height of 1 m above the soil surface. In the third area, the mosses were
trimmed to a height of 0.5 m above the soil surface. In the fourth area, the mosses were trimmed all
the way to the ground, leaving only the rhizoids. Water, simulating rainfall, was then added in a
controlled fashion to all plots over the course of one year. Figure 29.2 below presents four graphs,
which depict potential results of this experiment.
Figure 29.2
____ 12. The 2-m height attainable by Polytrichum moss is at the upper end of the size range reached by
mosses. What accounts for the relative tallness of Polytrichum?
a. the cuticle that is found along the ridges of "leaves"
b. "leaves" that are more than one-cell-layer thick
c. high humidity of surrounding air provides support against gravity
d. reduced size, mass, and persistence of the sporophytes allows gametophores to
grow taller
e. the presence of conducting tissues in "stem"
____ 13. If you are looking for structures that transfer water and nutrients from a bryophyte gametophyte to a
bryophyte sporophyte, then on which part of the sporophyte should you focus your attention?
a. spores
b. seta
c. foot
d. sporangium
e. peristome
____ 14. A major change that occurred during the evolution of plants from their algal ancestors was the origin
of a branched sporophyte. What advantage would branched sporophytes provide in this stage of the
life cycle?
a. increased gamete production
b. increased spore production
c. increased potential for independence of the diploid stage from the haploid stage
d. increased fertilization rate
e. increased size of the diploid stage
The following questions are based on this description:
A biology student hiking in a forest happens upon an erect, 15-cm-tall plant that bears microphylls
and a strobilus at its tallest point. When disturbed, the cone emits a dense cloud of brownish dust. A
pocket magnifying glass reveals the dust to be composed of tiny spheres with a high oil content.
____ 15. This student has probably found a(n)
a. immature pine tree.
b. bryophyte sporophyte.
c. fern sporophyte.
d. horsetail gametophyte.
e. lycophyte sporophyte.
____ 16. This organism probably belongs to the same phylum as the
a. ferns, horsetails, and whisk ferns.
b. club mosses, quillworts, and spike mosses.
c. mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.
d. conifers.
e. charophytes.
____ 17. A dissection of the interior of this organism's stem should reveal
a. lignified vascular tissues.
b. cuticle.
c. gametangia.
d. that it is composed of only a single, long cell.
e. a relatively high proportion of dead, water-filled cells.
____ 18. Working from deep geologic strata toward shallow geologic strata, what is the sequence in which
fossils of these groups should make their first appearance?
1. charophytes
2. single-celled green algae
3. hornworts
4. plants with a dominant sporophyte
a. 1  3  2  4
b. 3  1  2  4
c. 2  1  3  4
d. 3  2  4  1
e. 2  4  1  3
____ 19. Which of the following is not evidence that charophytes are the closest algal relatives of plants?
a. similar sperm structure
b. similarities in chloroplast shape
c. similarities in cell wall formation during cell division
d. genetic similarities in chloroplasts
e. similarities in proteins that synthesize cellulose
____ 20. Which of the following is a land plant that produces flagellated sperm and has a sporophyte-
dominated life cycle?
a. moss
b. fern
c. liverwort
d. charophyte
e. hornwort
____ 21. Which of these is most important in making the typical seed more resistant to adverse conditions
than the typical spore?
a. a different type of sporopollenin
b. an internal reservoir of liquid water
c. integument(s)
d. ability to be dispersed
e. waxy cuticle
____ 22. Generally, wind pollination is most likely to be found in seed plants that grow
a. close to the ground.
b. in dense, single-species stands.
c. in relative isolation from other members of the same species.
d. along coastlines where prevailing winds blow from the land out to sea.
e. in well-drained soils.
____ 23. Which of the following can be found in gymnosperms?
a. non-fertile flower parts.
b. triploid endosperm.
c. fruits.
d. pollen.
e. carpels.
____ 24. Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure
to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).
1. sporophyte
2. microspores
3. microsporangia
4. pollen cone
5. pollen nuclei
a. 1, 4, 3, 2, 5
b. 1, 4, 2, 3, 5
c. 1, 2, 3, 5, 4
d. 4, 1, 2, 3, 5
e. 4, 3, 2, 5, 1
____ 25. Which trait(s) is (are) shared by many modern gymnosperms and angiosperms?
1. pollen transported by wind
2. lignified xylem
3. microscopic gametophytes
4. sterile sporophylls, modified to attract pollinators
5. endosperm
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 3
c. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 3, and 5
e. 2, 4, and 5
The following questions refer to the description below.
The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and
were dominant forms during the Age of the Dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their
ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition (they eat pollen) and shelter from the
microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules.
In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins,
especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans.
____ 26. On the Pacific island of Guam, large herbivorous bats called "flying foxes" commonly feed on cycad
seeds, a potent source of neurotoxins. The flying foxes do not visit male cones. Consequently, what
should be true?
a. The flying foxes are attracted to cycad fruit, and eat the enclosed seeds only by
accident.
b. Flying foxes are highly susceptible to the effects of the neurotoxins.
c. The flying foxes assist the beetles as important pollinating agents of the cycads.
d. Flying foxes can be dispersal agents of cycad seeds if the seeds sometimes get
swallowed whole (i.e., without getting chewed).
____ 27. Native peoples of Guam, such as the Chamorro people, are familiar with the toxicity of cycad
tissues, and avoid eating them. They do, however, feast on flying foxes. The Chamorros suffer
relatively high incidences of a neurodegenerative disease similar to Lou Gehrig's disease (ALS).
Which question follows most logically from these observations?
a. Do the fruits of cycads also contain the neurotoxins?
b. Do pollen-producing cones produce as much neurotoxin as seed-producing cones?
c. Is the neurodegenerative disease of the Chamorros transmitted by the bite of the
flying fox, similar to the way vampire bats can transmit rabies?
d. Do flying foxes concentrate the cycad neurotoxins in their tissues?
e. Can it be documented whether Lou Gehrig ever traveled to Guam and, if so, did he
eat cycad seeds?
____ 28. Which structure is common to both gymnosperms and angiosperms?
a. stigma
b. carpel
c. ovule
d. ovary
e. anthers
____ 29. Reptilian embryos are protected from desiccation by a leathery shell. Similarly, which pair of
structures protects seed plants' embryos and male gametophytes, respectively, from desiccation?
a. ovules : waxy cuticle
b. ovaries : filaments
c. fruits : stamens
d. pollen grains : waxy cuticle
e. integuments : sporopollenin
For the following questions, match the various structures of seed plants with the proper sex and
generation (A—D) that most directly produces them.
____ 30. megasporangium of pine ovules
a. male gametophyte
b. female gametophyte
c. male sporophyte
d. female sporophyte
The following questions refer to the description below. Match the animal features with the
appropriate angiosperm analog.
Oviparous (egg-laying) animals have internal fertilization (sperm cells encounter eggs within the
female's body). Yolk and/or albumen is (are) provided to the embryo, and a shell is then deposited
around the embryo and its food source. Eggs are subsequently deposited in an environment that
promotes their further development, or are incubated by one or both parents.
____ 31. The shell of an animal egg
a. endosperm
b. pollen tube and sperm nuclei
c. carpels
d. fruit
e. integuments
____ 32. Which is a true statement about angiosperm carpels?
a. Carpels are features of the gametophyte generation.
b. Carpels consist of anther and stamen.
c. Carpels are structures that directly produce male gametes.
d. Carpels surround and nourish the female gametophyte.
e. Carpels consist of highly modified microsporangia.
____ 33. Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, etc.) the seeds are contained in a fruit
that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly
observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which
of these statements is/are true?
1. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated.
2. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods.
3. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods.
4. The ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts.
5. Fruit can develop, even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.
a. 1 only
b. 1 and 5
c. 2 and 4
d. 2 and 5
e. 3 and 5
In onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the
number of chromosomes present in each of the onion tissues listed below.
____ 34. How many chromosomes should be in an embryo nucleus?
a. 4
b. 8
c. 16
d. 24
e. 32
____ 35. How many chromosomes should be in a megasporangium nucleus?
a. 4
b. 8
c. 16
d. 24
e. 32
____ 36. Over human history, which process has been most important in improving the features of plants that
have long been used by humans as staple foods?
a. genetic engineering
b. artificial selection
c. natural selection
d. sexual selection
e. pesticide and herbicide application
____ 37. What is the greatest threat to plant diversity?
a. insects
b. grazing and browsing by animals
c. pathogenic fungi
d. competition with other plants
e. human population growth
____ 38. A botanist was visiting a tropical region for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal
properties. All of the following might be ways of identifying potentially useful plants except
a. observing which plants sick animals seek out.
b. observing which plants are the most used food plants.
c. observing which plants animals do not eat.
d. collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical analysis.
e. asking local people which plants they use as medicine.
Self-Quiz Questions
____ 39. A fruit is most commonly
a. a mature ovary.
b. a thickened style.
c. an enlarged ovule.
d. a modified root.
e. a mature female gametophyte.
____ 40. Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except
a. seeds.
b. pollen.
c. vascular tissue.
d. ovaries.
e. ovules.
Chapter 29/30
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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B
PTS: 1
Knowledge/Comprehension
E
PTS: 1
Application/Analysis
B
PTS: 1
Knowledge/Comprehension
C
PTS: 1
Knowledge/Comprehension
B
PTS: 1
Knowledge/Comprehension
C
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Knowledge/Comprehension
D
PTS: 1
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B
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C
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C
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A
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E
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C
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B
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B
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C
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B
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B
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D
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TOP: Concept 29.1
TOP: Concept 29.1
TOP: Concept 29.1
TOP: Concept 29.1
TOP: Concept 29.1
TOP: Concept 29.1
TOP: Concept 29.1
TOP: Concept 29.2
TOP: Concept 29.2
TOP: Concept 29.2
TOP: Concept 29.2
TOP: Concept 29.2
TOP: Concept 29.2
TOP: Concept 29.3
TOP: Concept 29.3
TOP: Concept 29.3
TOP: Concept 29.3
TOP: Concepts 29.1-29.3
TOP: Self-Quiz Questions
TOP: Self-Quiz Questions
TOP: Concept 30.1
TOP: Concept 30.2
TOP: Concept 30.2
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Knowledge/Comprehension
A
PTS: 1
Synthesis/Evaluation
C
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D
PTS: 1
Application/Analysis
D
PTS: 1
Synthesis/Evaluation
C
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E
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E
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B
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A
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D
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TOP: Concept 30.2
TOP: Concepts 30.2-30.3
TOP: Concept 30.2
TOP: Concept 30.2
TOP: Concepts 30.2-30.3
TOP: Concepts 30.2-30.3
TOP: Concepts 30.2-30.3
TOP: Concept 30.3
TOP: Concept 30.3
TOP: Concept 30.3
TOP: Concept 30.3
TOP: Concept 30.3
TOP: Concept 30.4
TOP: Concept 30.4
TOP: Concept 30.4
TOP: Self-Quiz Questions
TOP: Self-Quiz Questions