PENGKOLONIAN
DAN SESARAN
PENGKOLONIAN
• Proses yang berlaku apabila satu organisma menduduki satu
kawasan baharu, membiak ndan menakluki kawasan yang
sebelum ini tidak berpenghuni
• Perintis : spesies pertama yang mengkoloni kawasan
baharu
SESARAN
• Proses yang berlaku apabila satu komuniti yang sesuai hidup di habitat
tersebut menggantian satu komuniti yang sudah tidak sesuai hidup di habitat
tersebut
• Spesies penyesar : tumbuh dan mengubah habitat tersebut kepada habitat
yang lebih sesuai didiami oleh spesies lain
• Berlanjutan sehingga komuniti klimaks terbentuk
PAYA BAKAU
AVICENNIA SP. & SONNERATIA SP.
• Avicennia sp. facing the sea
• Sonneratia sp. in sheltered area
Pioneer adaptation
– Aerial roots:
pneumatophores = trap
mud & organic sediment
– Aerenchyma cell: air
spaces = root to float &
gaseous exchange
– Enrich the soil; conducive
for Rhizophora sp.
RHIZOPHORA SP. (SUCCESSOR)
Prop root
– Mechanical support in the
soft & unstable mud
– Breathing: permeable to
gaseous
– Trap floating debris,
wood, sand & mud
brought in by tide
• Replaces the pioneer species when soil condition improve
• Has prop roots or stilt root
• Created firmer soil, raised the ground level & made it drier
BRUGUIERA SP.
• Replaces Rhizophora
• Buttress roots & knee-shaped pneumatophores
Buttress roots
– Form loops; trap
silt & mud
– Strong support
in mud
Knee-shaped
pneumatophore
– Gaseous
exchange
– lenticels
TERRESTRIAL FOREST
• Bruguiera sp. replaced by Nypa sp. & Pandanus sp.
ADAPTATION OF THE SPECIES
1.Vivipary
• Seeds are able to germinate while
still attached to the parent tree
• Increases the chances of survival;
radicle anchored into the mud & not
being washed by the tides
ADAPTATION OF THE SPECIES
2. Hydathodes
• At the edges of the leave; get rid of excess salt through
guttation (droplet)
3. Thick & fleshy leave
• Store water
4. Waxy cuticle
• Protect from excessive loss of water through transpiration
ADAPTATION OF THE SPECIES
4. Root system
• support the tree in unstable mud & pneumatophores for gaseous exchange
The western coast in the Strait of Malacca
COLONISATION & SUCCESSION IN A POND
•
Four groups of plants play important roles
(a)
Submerged plants
(b)
Floating plants
(c)
Amphibious plants
(d)
Land plants
SUBMERGED PLANTS
FLOATING PLANTS
AMPHIBIOUS PLANTS
LAND PLANTS
-Grass
-Herbaceous
-Woody plants
PIONEER STAGE
• Phytoplankton, zooplankton, Hydrilla, Cabomba, Elodea dense in a pond
• Die & decompose; settle the bottom & shallower the pond
SUCCESSION BY FLOATING PLANTS
• Pistia, Eichornia & Lemna cover the surface & prevent the sunlight from
entering the pond
• Pioneer die & increases the organic matter layer at the bottom of the pond
SUCCESSION BY AMPHIBIOUS PLANTS
• Dead floating plants + eroded soil = raised the pond floor & become shallow
• Sedges (Cyperus & Scirpus) are succeeded
SUCCESSION BY GRASSES
• The continued deposition organic matter enables grass to gradually replace
amphibious plants
SUCCESSION BY LAND PLANTS
• The death & decay of amphibious plant & grasses, deposition of organic
matter & evaporation of pond water shallower the pond
• Herbaceous & scrub plants succeeded
CLIMAX COMMUNITY
• Succession is stop when the level of balance is achieved
• A few hundred years to form a climax community
COLONISATION & SUCCESSION OF
FIELD