Troubled Young
Nation (and we
mean troubled)
Facts about slavery in the united states
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The international slave trade was outlawed by Britain in 1807 and the United States in
1808. However, slavery was still legal and slaves were smuggled into the country up
until the end of the Civil War.
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According the U.S. Constitution, slaves were counted as three-fifths of a person when
the state's population was counted to determine how many Congressmen represented
the state.
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Some slaves were treated well by their owners, whiles others were treated horribly.
They were sometimes beaten, whipped, branded, burned, and imprisoned.
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Children of slaves were owned by the slave owner. They were often sold to other
owners and the parents had no say.
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There were free black people who lived in the South before the Civil War. Some of them
even owned slaves.
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Read Defenders of slavery
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Slavery
At the heart of much of the South's issues was slavery. The
South relied on slavery for labor to work the fields. Many
people in the North believed that slavery was wrong and
evil. These people were called abolitionists. They wanted
slavery made illegal throughout the United States.
Abolitionists such as John Brown, Frederick Douglass,
Harriet Tubman, and Harriet Beecher Stowe began to
convince more and more people of the evil of slavery. This
made the South fearful that their way of life would come to
an end.
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Expansion of the country
As the United States continued to expand westward,
each new state added to the country shifted the
power between the North and the South (based on
whether it was a free or slave state). Southern states
began to fear they would lose so much power that
they would lose all their rights. Each new state
became a battleground between the two sides for
power.
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Map of free and slave states and territories
Fugitive Slave Act
The Fugitive Slave Act or Fugitive Slave Law was passed
by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850,
as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern
slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. ...
Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law", for the
dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves.
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Bleeding Kansas
The first fighting over the slavery issue took place in
Kansas. In 1854, the government passed the KansasNebraska Act allowing the residents of Kansas to vote
on whether they would be a slave state or a free
state. The region was flooded with supporters from
both sides. They fought over the issue for years.
Several people were killed in small skirmishes giving
the confrontation the name Bleeding Kansas.
Eventually Kansas entered the Union as a free state in
1861.
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Abraham Lincoln
The final straw for the South was election of
Abraham Lincoln to President of the United
States. Abraham Lincoln was a member of
the new anti-slavery Republican Party. He
managed to get elected without even being
on the ballot in ten of the southern states.
The southern states felt that Lincoln was
against slavery and also against the South.
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Secession
When Lincoln was elected, many of the southern
states decided they no longer wanted to be a part of
the United States. They felt that they had every right
to leave. Starting with South Carolina, eleven states
would eventually leave the United States and form a
new country called the Confederate States of America.
Abraham Lincoln said they did not have the right to
leave the United States and sent in troops to stop the
South from leaving.
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The Civil WAr
The Civil War began April 12, 1861.
Confederate soldiers (the south)
attacked Union soldiers (the north) at
Fort Sumter.
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Emancipation Proclamation
During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln
gave the Emancipation Proclamation which
declared that the slaves in the South were free.
Although, this did not free all the slaves
immediately, it set the precedence for all slaves to
be set free.
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Read the Gettysburg address
Emancipation proclamation
Lincoln’s 2nd inaugural address
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End of the war
On April 9, 1865, General Robert E. Lee surrendered
his Confederate troops to the Union's Ulysses S.
Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia,
marking the beginning of the end of the grinding
four-year-long American Civil War.
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The 13th amendment
In 1865, the 13th Amendment outlawing slavery
was added to the U.S. Constitution.
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Reconstruction
Much of the Southern United States was destroyed during the Civil war.
Farms and plantations were burned down and their crops destroyed. Also,
many people had Confederate money which was now worthless and the
local governments were in disarray. The South needed to be rebuilt.
The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War is called the Reconstruction.
The Reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877. The purpose of the
Reconstruction was to help the South become a part of the Union again.
Federal troops occupied much of the South during the Reconstruction to
insure that laws were followed and that
another uprising did not occur.
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Black Codes
In an effort to get around laws passed by Congress,
many southern states began to pass Black Codes. These
were laws that prevented black people from voting, going
to school, owning land, and even getting jobs. These laws
caused a lot of conflict between the North and the South
as they tried to reunite after the Civil War.
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Read Mississippi Black Code
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New amendments to the constitution
To help with the Reconstruction and to protect the rights of all
people, three amendments were added to the US Constitution:
● 13th Amendment - Outlawed slavery
● 14th Amendment - Said that black people were citizens of
the United States and that all people were protected
equally by the law.
● 15th Amendment - Gave all male citizens the right to vote
regardless of race.
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Sharecropping
After the Civil War, former slaves sought jobs, and planters sought laborers. The
absence of cash or an independent credit system led to the creation of sharecropping.
Sharecropping is a system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in
exchange for a share of the crop. This encouraged tenants to work to produce the
biggest harvest that they could, and ensured they would remain tied to the land and
unlikely to leave for other opportunities. In the South, after the Civil War, many black
families rented land from white owners and raised cash crops such as cotton, tobacco,
and rice. In many cases, the landlords or nearby merchants would lease equipment to
the renters, and offer seed, fertilizer, food, and other items on credit until the harvest
season. At that time, the tenant and landlord or merchant would settle up, figuring out
who owed whom and how much
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A new kind of slavery
High interest rates, unpredictable harvests, and unscrupulous
landlords and merchants often kept tenant farm families severely
indebted, requiring the debt to be carried over until the next year or
the next. Laws favoring landowners made it difficult or even illegal
for sharecroppers to sell their crops to others besides their landlord,
or prevented sharecroppers from moving if they were indebted to
their landlord.
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REad Jourdon Anderson Writes his
former master
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The End of Reconstruction
The Reconstruction officially ended under the presidency of
Rutherford B. Hayes in 1877. He removed the federal troops
from the South and
the state governments
took over.
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Unfortunately, many of the changes to equal rights were
immediately reversed.
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Frederick Douglass on Remembering the
Civil War
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Jim Crow Laws
It came to mean any state law passed in the South
that established different rules for blacks and whites.
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Jim Crow laws were
based
on
the theory of white
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supremacy and were a reaction to Reconstruction.
“Separate but equal.”
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Jim Crow Laws
Examples of Jim Crow Laws in action include the
physical segregation of public schools, public parks
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and beaches, and
public
transportation.
It was also
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during this time that drinking fountains, restrooms,
and restaurants were segregated, requiring “blacks”
to use separate facilities.
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Read Lynch laws in the united states
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Women’s Rights
Most women were prohibited from voting or exercising the same civil
rights as men during this time based on the idea that “a married
woman’s legal existence was incorporated into that of her husband”.
With so few rights, many women drew parallels between their social
and political state and that of slaves. This comparison won support of
greater numbers of women and men to their cause.
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Read Alice Stone BlackWell, answering
questions to women’s suffrage
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Native Americans
Early in the 19th century, while the rapidly-growing United States expanded into the lower South,
white settlers faced what they considered an obstacle. This area was home to the Cherokee,
Creek, Choctaw, Chicasaw and Seminole nations. These Indian nations, in the view of the settlers
and many other white Americans, were standing in the way of progress. Eager for land to raise
cotton, the settlers pressured the federal government to acquire Indian territory.
Andrew Jackson, from Tennessee, was a forceful proponent of Indian removal.
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Trail of Tears
The Cherokee were given two years to migrate voluntarily, at the end of
which time they would be forcibly removed. By 1838 only 2,000 had
migrated; 16,000 remained on their land. The U.S. government sent in 7,000
troops, who forced the Cherokees into stockades at bayonet point. They
were not allowed time to gather their belongings, and as they left, whites
looted their homes. Then began the march known as the Trail of Tears, in
which 4,000 Cherokee people died of cold, hunger, and disease on their
way to the western lands.
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Nazis
When the Nazis set out to legally disenfranchised and discriminate against Jewish citizens, they weren’t just
coming up with ideas out of thin air. They closely studied the laws of another country. According to James Q.
Whitman, author of Hitler’s American Model, that country was the United States.
“America in the early 20th century was the leading racist jurisdiction in the world,” says Whitman, who is a
professor at Yale Law School. “Nazi lawyers, as a result, were interested in, looked very closely at, [and] were
ultimately influenced by American race law.”
In particular, Nazis admired the Jim Crow-era laws that discriminated against black Americans and segregated
them from white Americans, and they debated whether to introduce similar segregation in Germany.
Yet they ultimately decided that it wouldn’t go far enough.
Because of this, Nazis were more interested in how the U.S. had designated Native Americans, Filipinos and
other groups as non-citizens even though they lived in the U.S. or its territories. These models influenced the
citizenship portion of the Nuremberg Laws, which stripped Jewish Germans of their citizenship and classified
them as “nationals.”
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REad Cherokee Petition
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Immigration
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Read Pun Chi’s Complaints to congress
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Read “why the chinese should be excluded”
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Read Important quotes from “Manifest
Destiny”
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Extra graphics
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