Eryka “Ree” Joseph
Dr. Lynne Telesca
CMD 310_01: Anatomy & Physiology of Speech and Swallowing
07 November 2018
CHAPTER 6 ASSIGNMENT
1. What is the articulatory system? a. Movement of structures to produce speech sounds.
2. What is the source filter theory?
a. The "source" in the source filter theory is the larynx and the filter is the vocal tract. i.
The laryngeal source is the first part of speech production. ii.
The vocal tract is a resonator that will modify the sound source.
3. What oral structures make up the vocal tract? a. The shape of the throat, oral, and nasal cavities changes the vibration sounds produced by the larynx into sounds humans understand. b. The pharynx branches off into two parts: the esophagus, which goes down into your stomach, and. the trachea, which goes down into your lungs.
4. How does the source of sounds vary? a. The sound source creates vibrations in the surrounding medium. b. As the source continues to vibrate the medium, the vibrations propagate away from the source at the speed of sound, thus forming the sound wave. c. At a fixed distance from the source, the pressure, velocity, and displacement of the medium vary in time.
5. Which articulators are mobile?
a. The mobile articulators are the tongue, velum (soft palate), mandible, and lips.
6. Which articulators are immobile? a.
The primarily fixed articulators are the hard palate, alveolar ridge, and upper incisors.
7. State the function of each of these bones: a. Mandible i.
The mandible, or lower jaw, is the bone that forms the lower part of the skull, and along with the maxilla (upper jaw), forms the mouth structure. ii.
Movement of the lower jaw opens and closes the mouth and also allows for the chewing of food. The lower set of teeth in the mouth is rooted in the lower jaw b. Maxilla(e) i.
The alveolar process of the maxillae holds the upper teeth and is referred to as the maxillary arch. ii.
Each maxilla attaches laterally to the zygomatic bones (cheekbones). iii.
Each maxilla assists in forming the boundaries of three cavities: the roof c. Vomer of the mouth.
i.
The vomer separates the nasal cavities into left and right sides.
d. Zygomatic

i.
In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (cheekbone or malar bone) is a paired bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone, and the frontal bone.
e. Ethmoid i.
Like all the sinus cavities in the skull, is to provide lubrication (mucus) to the inner nose. ii.
In addition to creating mucus, the sinuses — including the ethmoid sinus
— reduce the skull's overall weight and make one's voice more resonant as they grow in size during puberty.
f. Sphenoid i.
a compound bone that forms the base of the cranium, behind the eye and below the front part of the brain.
8. What is a nasal endoscopy? a.
Endoscopy is a minimally invasive, diagnostic medical procedure. b.
The nasal endoscope is a medical device consisting of a thin, rigid tube with fiberoptic cables for bringing in the light.
9. What causes cleft lip/palate? a. There are many causes of cleft lip and palate. i.
Problems with genes passed down from 1 or both parents, drugs, viruses, or other toxins can all cause these birth defects. ii.
Cleft lip and palate may occur along with other syndromes or birth defects.
10. What is synostosis and craniostenosis? a.
Craniosynostosis, or simply synostosis, is the early growing together (or fusion) of two or more bones of the skull. i.
During normal development, interdigitations (folds of the membranes) develop between the bones and form a definitive suture. ii.
Later, the open cranial and facial sutures close by forming bony bridging.
11. What do the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones overlie (cover)? a.
The frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital bones overlie (covers) the frontal lobes of the brain.
12. What are the four main types of permanent teeth? a. We have different types of deciduous teeth: i.
incisors, canines, first molars, and second molars. b. Each tooth has four types of surfaces. i.
They are the inner surface, an outer surface, chewing surface and adjacent surface.
13. List the characteristics of each type of dental malocclusion: a. Class I i.
the most common ii.
The bite is normal, but the upper teeth slightly overlap the lower teeth. b. Class II i.
Class 2 malocclusion, called retrognathism or overbite ii.
occurs when the upper jaw and teeth severely overlap the bottom jaw and teeth.

c. Class III i.
means that the mandibular first molar is anteriorly placed in relation to the maxillary first molar.
14. In relation to dentition, what is a. Overjet? i.
The term overjet refers to the space between your upper and lower teeth at the front of your mouth. Ideally, this space is minimal, usually only just enough to let the front upper teeth rest comfortably in front of the bottom teeth. b. Overbite? i.
An overbite is when your upper front teeth overlap with your lower front teeth. Most people have at least a little overbite.
c. Relative micrognathia? i.
a term used to describe an abnormally small mandible
15. What are some things that can happen to the teeth if they develop abnormally? a.
Too small b. Malocclusion c. Oral ectoderm d. Speech problems e. Malformations of tooth root
16. What are the 3 cavities of the pharynx? a. The pharynx is the part of the digestive system situated posterior to the nasal and oral cavities and posterior to the larynx. b. It is therefore divisible into nasal, oral, and laryngeal parts: i.
the (1) nasopharynx, ii.
(2) oropharynx, and iii.
(3) laryngopharynx.
17. Tell how the shape of the following cavities can be altered or changed: a. Nasal cavity i.
in the nasal cavity, changes in these blood vessels contribute to nasal congestion ii.
Altered by means of velum b. Oral cavity i.
is altered, the oral tissue becomes much more susceptible to cavity formation ii.
the most significant cavity of the speech mechanism; undergoes the most change during speech; shape can be altered by movement of tongue or mandible c. Pharyngeal cavity i.
The shape and size of the rima are altered by movements of the arytenoid cartilages
18. List the general type of movements each kind of muscles makes (e.g., elevate, depress): a. Facial muscles i.
Depress mandible
1. Angle of mouth

2. Skin of lower lip ii.
Elevate maxilla iii.
Elevate upper eyelid b. Tongue muscles i.
Elevates hyoid and/or depresses mandible ii.
Elevates larynx iii.
Elevates hyoid and floor of mouth; depresses mandible c. Muscles of the mandible i.
Depresses corner of the mouth ii.
Depresses lower lip iii.
Elevates and protrudes lower lip d.
Muscles of the velum i.
Compresses, purses lips ii.
Tenses skin of the neck, depresses mandible iii.
Elevates hyoid and floor of mouth; depresses mandible e. Pharyngeal musculature i.
Elevates ii.
Depresses