Geography
Longitude
Latitude
• Imaginary lines that
run up and down (
N and S) on a Map
• Imaginary lines that
run left to right(W
and E) on a map
• Equator
● 0 degrees latitude
• Prime Meridian
● 0 degrees longitude
•Paleolithic
• Old stone age. People
are hunters and
Gatherers. Nomads
•Neolithic Revolution
• New Stone Age/
Domestication of Plants
and Animals. Population
increases/permanent
settlements
● Silt
● Fertile Soil left behind
after a floods
River Valley Civilizations
● Egypt
● Mesopotamia
● India(Indus)
● China
● All located near river or
rivers
● All have advanced
technology, advanced
cites, record keeping
(writing system),
complex institutions
(religion/government),
specialized jobs
● Mesopotamia
● Tigris and Euphrates
River
● Polytheistic, Ziggurat
● Hammurabi’s Law
Code(eye for an eye)
● Cuneiform writing
system
● Wheel, sailboat and arch
• Egypt
• Nile River
• Polytheistic, Pyramids
• Theocratic (law based
on religion)
• Hieroglyphics writing
system
• Papyrus(paper),
pyramids,
mummification,
geometry
● India
● Ganges and Indus rivers
● Polytheistic
● Sanskrit writing system
● Cities are build on grid,
plumbing system
● Ancient China
● Huang He, and Yangtze
Rivers
● Ancestor Worship
● Pictograph writing
system
● Oracle of bones
communication with
ancestors
● Dynastic cycle
Greek City States
● Athens-
● Sparta-
● Direct democracy.
Freedom of expression.
Focus on learning
● Totalitarian military
education
● Delian league
• Organization / group of
Greek city states
● Alexander the Great
● Spread of
Hellenistic/Greek
culture
● Greek Philosophers
● Socrates- taught by
asking questions. Killed
for corrupting minds of
youth
● Plato- wrote the republic
● Aristotle- the golden
mean- all things in
moderation
Rome
● Rome
● Government type =
republic
● Senate
● Patricians- could hold
office and vote
● Plebeians- could vote
but not hold office
● 12 tables/ Justinian
Code- law codes
• Fall of Rome
• Invasions
• Economic Issuesunemployment due to use
of slaves
• Poor leadership
• Empire too big to support
• Christianity- people gave
money to church rather
than spending
• Military Issues- Christian
soldiers chose not to fight,
had to hire mercenaries
Religions
● Hinduism
• Polytheistic- Brahma,
Vishnu, Shiva
• Caste System-Social
Hierarchy (Class system)
• Reincarnation
• Dharma and
karma(rules and
consequence)
• Text: Rig Vedas
● Islam
•
•
•
•
Monotheistic- Allah
Prophet Muhammad
5 pillars of Islam
Text: Holy Qur’an or
Koran
• No pork or alcohol.
specific clothing and
rules for women.
• Buddhism
• Siddhartha Gautama
• Buddha= the
enlightened one
• 4 noble truths( explains
how to end pain and
suffering)
• 8 fold path( description
of how to live one’s life
correctly)
• Reincarnation
• Meditation
● Judaism
● Monotheistic-Yahweh
● Text: Torah and Talmud
● Kosher diets (no pork or
back end of cows)
● 10 commandments
• Confucianism
• Developed in china
• Book: The analects
• Create peace by
following 5 relationships
• Wife to husband,
younger brother to older
brother, people to ruler,
poor to rich, all people
should treat each other
with respect
• Filial Piety
Chinese Philosophies
● Taoism/Daoism
● Legalism
● Human nature is good.
Society Corrupts us. We
don’t need law. Yin Yang
● Humans are bad. We
need strict laws
Feudalism
• Feudalism
• Dark Ages/Middle
Ages/Medieval
• Social, economic, and
political system based on
the exchanging of land for
loyalty and military power
• Social Hierarchy
(King/Lord,
Clergy/Nobles,
Knights(Code of Chivalry),
Peasants/Serfs)
● Feudalism in Japan
● Social, economic, and
political system based
on the exchanging of
land for loyalty and
military power
● Social Hierarchy
(Shogun, Daimyo,
Samurai(Bushido Code),
Peasants/Serfs)
• Crusades
• Holy wars between
Christians and Muslims
over the holy
land(Jerusalem)
• Jesus died there(C)
Muhammad died there
(m)
• Muslims won
• Changes- ended feudalism,
cities became important,
trade increased, cultural
diffusion
• Renaissance
• Rebirth
• Questioning of
tradition(challenged
church and society)
• Humanism= renaissance
way of thinking. (humans
have value, forget about
life after death live now)
• Writers and painters
• Shakespeare,
• Printing Press
• Martin Luther
• Upset with catholic church
due to corruption
• Simony, Nepotism,
Indulgences (pay for your
sins to be removed),
concubines
• 95 theses
• Change led to protestant
reformation(new types of
Christianity)
• Catholic church lost power
Golden Ages(period of prosperity, technological,
literary, and artistic advancement
1.
Pax Romona
1.
Islam
1.
African Trading
Kingdoms
1.
Meso-America
Aqueducts/column
buildings
2. Algebra, medical
encyclopedia, Arabian
nights
3. Gold and Salt trade
(Ghana, Mali(Mansa
Musa), Songhai
4. Terrace farming
1.
China
1.
1.
Gupta
1.
Gunpowder, block letter
printing
2. Concept of 0
• Age of Exploration
• Explorers are being sent
out to acquire spices and
new lands
• Columbus, Vasco de
Gama, Hernan Cortez
• Technology- compass,
astrolabe, improved maps
• Changes/ results:
colonization, killing of
natives in new lands,
slavery, Columbian
exchange
• Commercial Revolution
• Mercantilism
• New trade routes that
opened as a result of the
age of exploration
• Economic system where
resources are taken from
colony and sold back as
manufactured good.
Mother country
becomes rich
● Absolutism
● Period of time in which
leaders(monarchs)
attempted to control all
aspect of society
● Divine Right- I am the
ruler because God chose
me to be
● Absolutism in England
• Tudor and Stuart
Dynasty
• English Civil War
• Glorious Revolution
• English Bill of
Rights(protect citizens)
● Absolutism in France
• Louis XIV(Sun King) –
Louis XVI
● Absolutism in Russia
● Katherine and Peter the
Great
● Warm water ports
● Westernization
● Modernization
Scientific Revolution
● Scientific Revolution
● Geocentric vs.
Heliocentric
● New methods to
gathering, researching,
and validating
information
● Scientific method
● Copernicus, Isaac
Newton Galileo
Enlightenment
● Enlightenment
• Questioning of
relationship between
people and their
government
● John Locke
● Enlightenment thinker
● All human beings born
with natural rights
● Life, liberty, pursuit of
happiness
● If government doesn’t
protect rights we can
overthrow government.
● Democracy
● Consent of the Governed
● Thomas Hobbes
● All people are evil
● If not for government we
would all hurt each
other
● Need strict government
to keep everyone in
order
● Absolute Monarchy
Jean Jacque Rousseau
● Jean Jacque Rousseau
● Humans are born tabula
rasa
● Society corrupts us
● We need small
communities
● People should choose
own leader or lead as a
group
● Consent of the Governed
● Lord Baron De
Montesquieu
● Separation of Powers
● Checks and Balances
• French Revolution
• Inspired by Enlightenment
• Causes- absolute ruler,
jailed for no reason, no
freedom of speech, king
spending all the money, 3rd
estate(Bourgeoisie) pays
all taxes
• Key event(Tennis Court
Oath, Storming of Bastille,
reign of Terror)
• Declaration of Rights of
Man
• Napoleonic Code
● Congress of Vienna
● Meeting by Prince
Metternich
● Wants legitimate rulers
back as leaders(restore
European absolute
rulers)
● If not allowed return to
power, dethroned
Monarchs must be given
land and money
Industrial Revolution
• Industrial Revolution
• Period of mass production
of goods and services
• Starts in England due to
natural resources and
labor shortages
• Positives: Goods are
produced by machines,
more jobs, goods are now
cheaper,
• Negatives: Children work
long hours, dangerous,
pollution, machines take
over jobs (luddites) leaders
to imperialism
• Imperialism
• Process of taking over
another country
• Types: protectorate,
economic imperialism,
colonization, sphere of
influence
• Causes: need for natural
resources, glory, white
man’s burden, to obtain
markets to sell goods
● Nationalism
● Love for one’s country of
origin or ethnicity
● Desire for independence
or unity
• German Nationalism
• Otto Von Bismarck
• Wants people of
Germany ethnicity
united(there was no
country called Germany)
• Blood and Iron (war)
• Successful united
German People in new
country called Germany
• Italian nationalism
• Count Camilo Cavour,
Giuseppe Garibaldi, and
Giuseppe Mazzini
• Want to see all people of
Italian ethnic united in
their own country(they
were ruled by Austria)
• Fought wars
• Formed own country
called Italy
• Haiti
• Toussaint L’Overture,
Boukman Dutty, JeanJacques Dessalines
• Slaves were brought from
Africa to work on
plantations
• Didn’t like treatment as
slaves
• Wanted freedom
• War bloody war against
French
• Ended slavery and started
new free country (Haiti)
• China
• Sun Yat-Sen
• Wanted China to be free
of foreign influences
(Britain= Opium War)
• Boxer Rebellion – fight
with British)
• Three principles
(nationalism,
democracy, and liberty)
• Latin America
• Simon Bolivar- creole who
was upset about inequality
in Latin America.
• Wanted independence and
equality( fought war)
Ecuador, Panama,
Venezuela, Columbia
independent
• Miguel Hidalgo nationalist
leader
• Upset about inequality
• Leads fight for Mexican
independence
• Indian Nationalism
• Indians wanted to end British
control of their country
• Mohandas Gandhi lead the
nationalist movement(civil
disobedience/non violence)
• Salt March
• Amritsar Massacre-British
killed unarmed Indian
protestors
• Sepoy Mutiny (Beef/Pork
“humiliation”)
• India become independent
• South African
Nationalism
• Led by Nelson Mandela
• Upset with system of
Apartheid (segregation
in south Africa)
• Was sent to prison for
being part of A.N.C.
organization for a free
Africa (terrorism)
• Apartheid ended and he
was 1st Black president of
South Africa
WWI
• WWI
• Causes M.A.N.I.A.C.
• Alliances Allied(England,
France, Russia, U.S.) and
Central Powers( Germany,
Ottoman Empire, Austria
Hungry)
• Spark (Assassination of
archduke Ferdinand of
Austria Hungary
• Weapons, Machine Guns,
airplanes, tanks,
submarines)
● Why U.S. joined WWI
● Sinking of Lusitania
● Zimmerman Note
Treaty of Versailles
• Treaty of Versailles
• Ended WWI
• Germany had to pay for all
•
•
•
•
•
damages
Germany lost colonies and land
Germany had to take
responsibility for starting the
war
Germany goes Broke
League of nations is formed
Austria Hungry and Ottoman
Empire are broken up/ new
countries are formed (ex.
Turkey, Poland,
Czechoslovakia)
• Karl Marx
• Wrote Communist Manifesto
• Didn’t like industrial
revolution
• Workers (proletariat) being
used by the business owners
(bourgeoisie)
• In order for things to become
fair the workers have to kill
the business owners and take
their property and business
• The new government will
take over everything and
make things equal
Russian Revolution
• Russian Revolution
• Led by Vladimir Lenin
• Influenced by Karl Marx
(communist Manifesto)
• Bolshevik political party
• Promised peace, land,
and bread
• Overthrew Russian
Monarchy
• Made Russia a
communist country
Fascism
● Fascism
● Form of government
where leader controls
everything (totalitarian)
● Hitler and Mussolini
● Gain power by
promising national
pride, jobs, and food
● Appealed to people by
taking advantage of
political and economic
instability
● Hitler
● Hated Weimar Republic
for signing treaty of
Versailles
● Wanted to regain land
lost after WWII
● Was voted into power
● Final Solution
● Holocaust
Causes of WWII
• Imperialism
• Germany invades
Czechoslovakia
• Appeasement
• Italy invades Ethiopia
• Japan invades Korea
• Attack on Pearl Harbor
• Hitler invades Poland
the war start
• U.S. joins after Pearl
Harbor is bombed
• End of War
Dropping of Atomic Bomb
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
• Nuremberg Trials
Those who committed human
rights violations against the
Jews during the holocaust were
sent to court and convicted
-meeting between Joseph Stalin
and U.S. President after WWII
to discuss the division of
Germany.
Two Superpowers ( strong
countries) emerge – Russia and
U.S.
• Yalta Conference
● The Cold War
● Indirect war between
Soviet Union and U.S.
over ideas of
government (command
economy/communism
and
capitalism/democracy)
● Cold War Alliances
● Cold War conflicts
● Russia alliances =
Warsaw pact
● U.S. alliances = NATO
● Non-alignment = not
taking any side
● Cuban Missile Crisis
● Korean War
● Vietnam War
• Cold War Policies
• Marshall Plan (money
sent to countries
fighting against
communism)
• Truman Doctrine
(soldiers sent to
countries fighting
against communism)
• Berlin Airlift( fly
supplies into Germany)
Other communist Leaders
● Joseph Stalin
● Collectivization
● Secret Police
● Mikhail Gorbachev
● Glasnost
● Perestroika
● Mao Zedong
● Cultural revolution
● Collectivization
● Deng Xiaoping
● modernization
Human Rights Violation
● Human Rights Violation
● Holocaust
● African Slave Trade
● Killing of Natives
● Rwanda (Hutus vs.
Tutsi)
● Global Issues
● A.I.D.S.
● Pollution
● Overpopulation
● Desertification
● Deforestation