Available online at www.jpsscientificpublications.com Life Science Archives (LSA) ISSN: 2454-1354 Volume – 2; Issue - 5; Year – 2016; Page: 747 – 757 DOI: 10.21276/lsa.2016.2.5.12 Review Article MULTIPOTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF SEAWEEDS K. Jayaprakash1, M. Gopu1 S. Gunasudari1 and P. Saranraj2, 1 Department of Biotechnology, Shanmuga Industries Arts and Science College, Thiruvanamalai -606 603, Tamil Nadu, India. 2 Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur – 635 601, Tamil Nadu, India. E.mail: phycojai@gmail.com Abstract Marine natural products have grown enormously in the last fifty years. Especially marine macroalgae are wonderful sources of biologically active natural products. Marine organisms represent a valuable source of new compounds. The biodiversity of the marine environment and the associated chemical diversity constitute a practically unlimited resource of new active substances in the field of the development of bioactive products. More than 1, 50,000 macroalgae or seaweed species are found in oceans of the globe, but only a few of them were identified. Seaweeds are the eukaryotic organisms that lives in salty water in the ocean and is recognized as a potential source of bioactive natural products. Seaweeds constitute one of the commercially important renewable marine living resources. Secondary or primary metabolites from these organisms may be potential bioactive compounds of interest for the pharmacological industry. The seaweeds have the multi-potential ability to produce pharmaceutical and cosmaceutical compounds, agricultural applications, Bio-energy and functional foods. In this present review, we highlighted the current knowledge in area seaweed. Key words: Seaweed, Marine natural products, Article History Received : 20.08.2016 Pharmaceutical products and Functional foods. Revised : 27.09.2016 Accepted : 12.10.2016 1. Introduction Marine organisms are source material for structurally unique natural products with pharmacological and biological activities. Among the marine organisms, the macroalgae occupy an important place as a source of biomedical compounds. About 2400 natural products have been isolated from macroalgae belonging to the classes Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae and Chlorophyceae. The antimicrobial activity was regarded as an indicator to detect the potent pharmaceutical capacity of macroalgae for its synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites. The compounds derived from macroalgae are reported to have broad range of biological activities such as antibacterial, anticoagulant and antifouling activity. The antimicrobial agents such as Chlorellin derivatives, acrylin acid, halogenated aliphatic compounds, phenolic inhibitors and more recently Guaiane sesquiterpenes and labdane diterpernoids were also detected from macroalgae. The Marine world, due to its extraordinary biodiversity, is a rich natural resource for many biologically active compounds. The marine organisms’ lives faces very stressful environment than the terrestrial environments, these organisms naturally evolved to produce wide variety of ©2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016 primary and secondary metabolites which cannot be found in other organisms to strives the marine condition. Marine based bioactive compounds can be derived from a vast array of sources, including marine plants, macro- and microalgae, microorganisms, and, all of which contain there have unique set of biomolecules. Macroalgae, known also as seaweeds, which are produce many biologically active phytochemicals, which is include among others, carotenoids, terpenoids, xanthophylls, chlorophylls, phycobilins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, sterols, tocopherol and phycocyanins. Seaweeds represent 23.4 % of the tonnage and 9.7 % of the significance of the global (Marine, Brackish water and Freshwater) aquaculture production. They are used as food, fodder, feed and fertilizer, etc and many of the bioactive compounds produced by the macroalgae are known to have potential favorable use in health care. Seaweeds have been traditionally used in human and animal nutrition. Seaweeds are rich source of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, dietary fiber, protein, essential fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Important polysaccharides such as agar, alginates and carrageenans obtained from seaweeds are used in pharmaceutical as well as in the food industries. Seaweeds provide a rich source of structurally diverse and biologically active secondary metabolites. The functions of these secondary metabolites are defense mechanism against herbivores, fouling organisms and pathogens chemical defense mechanisms against herbivore; for example, grazer- induced mechanical damage triggers the production of chemicals that acts as feeding detergents or toxins in seaweeds. The term seaweed refers to the large Marine algae that grow almost exclusively in the shallow waters. Seaweeds are primitive nonflowering plants without root, stem and leaves. It has been estimated that there are about 9,000 species of macroalgae broadly classified into three main groups based on their pigmentation such as Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, and Chlorophyta or the brown, red, and green algae, respectively. They provide home and food for many different sea 748 animals, lend beauty to the underwater landscape, and are directly valuable to man as a food and industrial raw material. They contain different vitamins, minerals, trace elements, protein, iodine, bromine and bioactive substances. Many polysaccharides are recovered from seaweeds. The most important of them are agar, alginic acid, laminarin, fucoidin, galactans and carrageenan. To date, over 2400 natural products have been isolated from seaweeds (Pereira et al., 2003) seaweeds are used for various applications, as food as well as in the textile, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biotechnological industry. Seaweeds are the only source of phytochemicals namely agar agar, carrageenan and algin, which are extensively used in various industries such as food, confectionary, textiles, pharmaceuticals, dairy and paper industries mostly as gelling, stabilizing and thickening agents. Industrial macroalgal use includes the extraction of phycocolloids and biochemicals. Macroalgae, produce many biologically active phytochemicals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins, sterols, tocopherol and phycocyanins. The benefits of seaweeds as sources of organic matter and fertilizer nutrients have led to their use as soil conditioners for centuries (Blunden and Gordon 1986; Metting and others 1988; Temple and Bomke 1988). Traditionally, seaweed is a readily available food source that has been consumed by coastal communities likely since the dawn of time. The incorporation of seaweed into foods has also been shown to have a preservative effect, particularly with regards to Gram negative bacteria (Gupta et al., 2010), reducing the need to add salt. The antimicrobial properties of seaweed extracts have been well accepted over the years (Gupta et al., 2011) currently, there is growing interest in researching habits to develop agricultural yields in both developed and undeveloped countries. They were searching for new alternative methods to improve crop yields and soil fertility. Seaweeds have been used for many years as a valuable source of organic matter for various soil types and many different fruit and vegetable crops in especially coastal regions of world (Norrie et al., 2008). Generally, the ©2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016 seaweed has tremendous potential applications of pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food and agricultural industries. 2. Seaweeds in India India have above 7500 km of coastline potential areas in Indian coastline for abundant growth of seaweeds are South Tamil Nadu coast, Gujarat coast, Lakshadweep and Andaman Nicobar Islands and particularly in rocky shore regions, rich seaweed beds occur around Visakhapatnam in the eastern coast, Mahabalipuram, Gulf of Mannar, Tiruchendur, Tuticorin and Kerala in the Southern coast; Veraval and Gulf of Kutch in the Western coast. (Umamaheswara Rao, 1972; Silva et al., 1996; Sahoo, 2001). To date, India possesses 434 species of red seaweeds, 194 species of brown seaweeds and 216 species of green seaweeds india and more than 60 species were commercially utilized for agar, carrageenan, algin and pharmaceutical especially in agricultural application for crop developments. Seaweed mariculture is a significant and profitable livelihood option for the coastal fishing community especially for fisher women, who with little effort can earn a substantial income for the household. The seaweed potential in India was estimated at 1,005,000 tone (t) in six states of India comprising 250,000 t in Gujarat, 250,000 t in Tamil Nadu, 100,000 t in Kerala, 100,000 t in Andhra Pradesh, 5,000 t in Maharashtra and 300,000 t in Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Krishnan and Narayana Kumar, 2010). Seaweeds occur in the intertidal, shallow and deep waters of the sea upto 180 m depth and also in estuaries and backwaters. They grow on dead corals, rocks, stones, pebbles, other substrates and as epiphytes on seagrasses. Several species of green, brown and red algae with luxuriant growth occur along the Southern Tamil Nadu Coast from Rameswaram to Kanyakumari covering 21 islands of Gulf of Mannar. In Gujarat coast, seaweeds occur abundantly in Okha, Dwarka, Porbandar, Veraval, Diu and Gopnath areas. Rich seaweed beds are present at Mumbai, Ratnagiri, Goa, Karwar, Varkala, Vizhinjam, Visakhapatnam and coastal lakes of Pulicat and 749 Chilka. Seaweeds also occur abundantly in Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands. More than 10,000 species of marine algae have been reported all over the world. In India, about 220 genera and 740 species of marine algae were recorded of which 60 species are of economic value. In Mandapam area 180 species of seaweeds are growing, of which about 40 species are economically important. It is estimated from the seaweed resources, survey conducted so far by the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Oceanography and other research organizations at different maritime states of India and Lakshadweep that the total standing crop of seaweeds in the intertidal and shallow waters is 91339 tonnes (wet wt.) consisting of 6000 tonnes of agar yielding seaweeds, 16000 tonnes of algin yielding seaweeds, remaining edible and other seaweeds. The standing crop of seaweeds in deep waters (5 to 22 m depths) from Dhanushkodi to Kanyakumari was estimated at 75373 tonnes (wet wt.) in an area of 1863 sq. km. The biomass of economically important seaweeds of Gulf of Mannar was estimated at 8445 tonnes (wet wt). Marine algae are not only the primary and major producers of organic matter in the sea, but they also exert profound effects on the density and distribution of other inhabitants of the marine environment. An understanding of the wide range of behavioral relationships that exist among organisms would provide us with clues to substances of biomedical interest. Marine secondary metabolites are organic compounds produced by microbes, sponges, seaweeds and other marine organisms. The host organisms biosynthesizes these compounds as non-primary or secondary metabolites to protect themselves and to maintain homeostasis in their environment. Some of these secondary metabolites offer avenues for developing cost effective, safe and potent drugs. Nearly 50 lakhs species available in the sea are virtually untapped sources of secondary metabolites. Those compounds already isolated from seaweeds are providing valuable ideas for the development of new drugs against cancer, microbial infections and inflammation ©2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016 (Elena et al., 2001) apart from their potential ecological/industrial significances such as controlling reproduction, settlement/biofouling and feeding deterrents (Selvin, 2002). 750 The agar yielding seaweeds Gracilaria arcuala and Gracilaria verrucosa and carrageenan yielding seaweed Hypnea valentiae also occur in harvestable quantities in some estuaries and backwaters of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry (Kalimuthu et al., 1997). A great deal of information has been published on the distribution, resource assessment, utilization and cultivation of seaweeds of the Indian coast (Krishnamurthy, 1985; Krishnamurthy and Untawale 1985; Silas et al., 1986; Chauhan et al., 1990; Kaliaperumal, 1993; Mairh, 1994). Of these, the particular interest is the Southeast coast of Tamil Nadu (Mandapam to Kanyakumari, including the islands in the Gulf of Mannar) et al, 2007; Zodape et al, 2008; Khan et al, 2009; Kumari et al, 2011; Craigie, 2011). More over seaweeds are used as soil amendment (Gandhiyappan and Perumal, 2001), in pests control (Hong et al, 2007) and plant diseases management (Jayaraj et al, 2008). Liquid extracts obtained from seaweeds have gained importance as foliar sprays and soil drench for many crops including various grasses, cereals, flowers and vegetable species. And also they can apply to stimulate germination of seedling and rooting. Marine algae consist of cytokinins, gibberellins, auxins, auxin-like and other growth promoting compounds (Yokoya et al., 2010). For example, aqueous extracts of Sargassum johnstonii at particular concentration to increased rooting of Vigna mungo and enhanced vegetative growth (plant height, shoot length, root length and number of branches) and reproductive parameters (flower number, fruit number, and fresh weight) of tomato (Kumari et al., 2011). The effect of the extracts of Sargassum wightii gave an 11 % increase in seed germination, a 63 % enhance in number of lateral roots and 46 % increase in shoots length of Triticum aestivun in compare to control (Kumar, et al., 2012). Seaweed components such as macro and microelement nutrients, amino acids, vitamins, cytokinins, auxins and abscisic acid (ABA) like growth substances affect cellular metabolism in treated plants leading to enhanced growth and crop yield (Wajahatullah Khan et al., 2009). Aqueous extract of Sargassum wightii when applied as a foliar spray on Zizyphus mauritiana showed an increased yield and quality of fruits (Rama Rao, 1991). Growth promoting effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (Enteromorpha intestinalis) on the sesame crop plant (Gandhiyappan and Perumal, 2001). Seaweed is used as a fertilizer which is suitable for utilize in organic agriculture (Lopez Mosquera et al., 2011). 4. Seaweed as Biofertilizer There is a long history of coastal people using seaweeds, especially the large brown seaweeds to fertilize nearby lands. One of the well documented beneficial effects of seaweed extracts is that it enhanced the seed germination and plant growth, potential biocidal (Sultana et al., 2005; Sridhar et al., 2010) and enhance crop yield (Hong The SLF treatment improved the growth parameters significantly when compared to the control Enteromorpha clathrata on green gram. Vijayanand et al. (2004) reported that lower concentration of SLF from Stoechospermum marginatum promoted the growth of brinjal (Sivasankari et al., 2006). The recent research to introduce new methods the different seaweed are 3. Seaweed in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu has a geographical extent of 1,30,058 sqm. It can be divided into two divisions namely the Eastern coastal plains and hills of North and East, which was endowed with the varied coastal habitat like mangroves, corals, seaweeds, seagrass beds, salt marshes, mud flats, sand dunes etc. The coast of Tamil Nadu bears luxuriant growth of seaweeds. More than two hundred species of seaweeds have been found in this area. Indian seaweed industries depend on this coastline for raw materials regarding production of agar and sodium alginate. They are consumed in the form of soups as well as salads. The intake of seaweeds in the diet is said to prevent hair loss in men and women. It is also consumed by pregnant and lactating mothers because of their rich iron content. They are called the medical food of the 21st century (Isnansetyo and Kamei, 2003). ©2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016 mixed consortium were prepared and apply to the agricultural field and got the gainful yield. Some 751 of the seaweed fertilizers are given in Table - 1. Table - 1: Seaweeds as Fertilizer Species Reference Sargassum wightii Sridhar et al. (2011) Rosenvingea intricate Thirumaran (2009) Ulva lactuca Sridhar (2011) Dictyota dichotoma Sasikumar (2011) Sargassum trichophyllum, Lei Lei Win (2008) S. salicifoloides, S. kasyotenese, S.tenerrimun, S. carpophyllum, S. duplicatum, S.ilicifolium, S.cristaefolium, S. plagiophyllum, S. swartzii & S. polycystum Ulva fasciata & Pise (2010) Gracilaria corticata Zizyphus mauritiana Rama Rao (1991) Enteromorpha intestinalis Gandhiyappan and Perumal (2001) Kappaphycus sp. and Biswajit Pramanick (2013) Fucus vesiculate Enteromorpha clathrata Vijayanand et al. (2004) Stoechospermum Sivasankari et al. (2006) marginatum Furcellaria fastigiata, Booth (1969) Ascophyllum nodosum Venkataraman Kumar (1993) Durvillea potatorum Sekar (1995) Padina tetrastomatica Bhosle (1975) years. Most of the seaweeds possess bioactive 5. Pharmaceutical and Cosmaceutical components which inhibit the growth of some Gram positive bacteria as well as the Gram Applications of Seaweeds negative bacterial pathogens. Recently, many To date, researchers have isolated researchers have embarked on the chemical approximately 7000 marine natural products, 25 investigation of marine algae with a special accent percent of which are from algae the antimicrobial on their bioactive properties. In this case, several properties of seaweed extracts have been well investigations have been proved that crude documented over the years (Brownlee et al., seaweeds and their organic extracts have anti2012). The seaweed extracts were used as a proliferative activity on human cancer cell lines in therapeutic and protective agent for various vitro, as well as inhibiting activity in tumors diseases such as antibiotics, antihelminthics, and growing in mice in vivo (Abirami, 2012; Park, cough remedies, antihypertensive, antitumour and 2004). "Extract of seaweed" is often found on the antidiarrhoea. Many scientists also reported the list of ingredients on cosmetic packages, antimicrobial activities in marine algae. Selective particularly in face, hand and body creams or use of seaweeds as prospective source of lotions. This usually refers to the use of alginate or pharmaceutical agents has been rising in recent ©2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016 carrageenan in the product some algae are also potential skin irritants. For example, the phycocyanin present in blue-green algae has been 752 suspected of allergenicity and of causing dermatitis on the basis of patch tests (Harsha Kharkwal, 2012). Table - 2: Antibacterial activity of seaweeds Species Ulva lactuca, Sargassum wightii &Padina gymnospora Codium adherens, Ulva lactuca & Halimeda tuna Sargassum wightii & Kappaphycus alwarezii, Gracilaria edulis, Calorpha peltada & Hydroclothres sp. Sargassum weigiti, Chaetomorpha antenna, Ulva fasciata, Amphiroa fragillissima, Gracilaria edulis & Enteromorpha sp. Dictyota humifusa Cystoseira barbata, Dictyota dichotoma, Halopteris filicina & Cladostephus spongiosus Caulerpa racemosa and Ulva lactuca Gracillaria folifera, Hypnea musciformis Sargassum tenneerimum & Padina tetrastomatica) Sargassum ilicifolium, Padina tetrastromatica & Gracilaria corticata Codium decorticatum, Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Gracilaria crassa, Acanthophora spicifera, Sargassum wightii & Turbinaria conoides 6. Seaweed as Biofuels Biofuel from seaweed is produced by converting alginate, mannitol and fiber contained in seaweed into ethanol, butanol, etc. Seaweed is a known potential carbon-dioxide (CO2) neutral source of second generation biofuels Energy is stored inside the cell as lipids and carbohydrates, and can be converted into fuels such as biodiesel (in the presence of oils) and ethanol (in the presence of carbohydrates). Its high protein Reference Vallinayagam (2009) Karthikaidevi (2009) Arputha Bibiana (2012) Kolanjinathan (2009) Prakash et al. (2005) Wendy Stirk et al. (2007) Taskin et al. (2007) Kandhasamy et al. (2008) Subba Rangaiah et al. (2010) Lavanya et al. (2011) content implies that waste from the feedstock conversion process may yield a saleable waste stream as well. Fuels derived from algae generally fall into two groups; oils which are extracted from algae by a mechanical or chemical process; and ethanol resulting from the fermentation of algae in the presence of a yeast, and isolating the ethanol produced. Its use can reduce green house gas emission upto 40 %. Through, a review it has been concluded that algal biodiesel has the potential to replace petroleum biodiesel fuel (Bajhaiya, 2010). ©2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016 7. Hydrocolloids and Foods Hydrocolloids or gums are a diverse group of long chain polymers characterized by their property of forming viscous dispersions and/or gels when dispersed in water. Most important seaweed hydrocolloids are agars, carrageenans and alginates, which are produced in form of color less powders. Agar was the first hydrocolloid used as an additive into food in Asian countries 300 years ago. About 90 per cent of the agar produced is for food applications, the remaining 10 per cent being for bacteriological and other biotechnology uses, most agar is extracted from species of Gelidium and Gracilaria. Agar can be divided into two principal components: agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the gelling component; agaropectin has only a low gelling ability, high quality agarose for a small but growing market, mainly in biotechnology applications. Alginate, sometimes shortened to "algin", is present in the cell walls of brown seaweeds, and it is partly responsible for the flexibility of the seaweed. Most carrageenan is extracted from Kappaphycus alvarezii. Carrageenans or Carrageenins are a family of linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red edible Red seaweeds. They are widely used in the food industry, for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties Table - 3: Carrageenan extraction Species Reference Acanthphora spicifiera, Hypnea valentiae, Hypnea boergesen, Ramalingam et al. (2003) Hypnea musciformia & Laurencia papillosa Kappaphycus Anisuzzaman et al. alvarezii (2013) Laminaria japonica Sri Istinii et al. (1994) Kappaphycus Varadarajan et al. (2009) alvarezii Kappaphycus Pathikchandramishra et alvarezii al. (2006) 753 8. Conclusion The marine environment has a great potential for the discovery of lead compounds that could be used. Particularly in seaweeds populations, aquatic environments provide a vast genetic resource and biodiversity. Scientists are firmed that seaweeds can be utilized in a completely different manner in the drug industry. The therapeutic drugs prepared from seaweeds recently, the polysaccharides and peptides isolated from seaweeds have become a matter of great interest for cancer therapy. 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