Available online at www.jpsscientificpublications.com
Life Science Archives (LSA)
ISSN: 2454-1354
Volume – 2; Issue - 5; Year – 2016; Page: 747 – 757
DOI: 10.21276/lsa.2016.2.5.12
Review Article
MULTIPOTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF SEAWEEDS
K. Jayaprakash1, M. Gopu1 S. Gunasudari1 and P. Saranraj2,
1
Department of Biotechnology, Shanmuga Industries Arts and Science College,
Thiruvanamalai -606 603, Tamil Nadu, India.
2
Assistant Professor of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous),
Tirupattur – 635 601, Tamil Nadu, India.
E.mail: phycojai@gmail.com
Abstract
Marine natural products have grown enormously in the last fifty years. Especially marine macroalgae
are wonderful sources of biologically active natural products. Marine organisms represent a valuable source
of new compounds. The biodiversity of the marine environment and the associated chemical diversity
constitute a practically unlimited resource of new active substances in the field of the development of
bioactive products. More than 1, 50,000 macroalgae or seaweed species are found in oceans of the globe, but
only a few of them were identified. Seaweeds are the eukaryotic organisms that lives in salty water in the
ocean and is recognized as a potential source of bioactive natural products. Seaweeds constitute one of the
commercially important renewable marine living resources. Secondary or primary metabolites from these
organisms may be potential bioactive compounds of interest for the pharmacological industry. The seaweeds
have the multi-potential ability to produce pharmaceutical and cosmaceutical compounds, agricultural
applications, Bio-energy and functional foods. In this present review, we highlighted the current knowledge
in area seaweed.
Key words: Seaweed, Marine natural products,
Article History
Received : 20.08.2016
Pharmaceutical products and Functional foods.
Revised : 27.09.2016
Accepted : 12.10.2016
1.
Introduction
Marine organisms are source material for
structurally unique natural products with
pharmacological and biological activities. Among
the marine organisms, the macroalgae occupy an
important place as a source of biomedical
compounds. About 2400 natural products have
been isolated from macroalgae belonging to the
classes Rhodophyceae, Phaeophyceae and
Chlorophyceae. The antimicrobial activity was
regarded as an indicator to detect the potent
pharmaceutical capacity of macroalgae for its
synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites. The
compounds derived from macroalgae are reported
to have broad range of biological activities such as
antibacterial, anticoagulant and antifouling
activity. The antimicrobial agents such as
Chlorellin derivatives, acrylin acid, halogenated
aliphatic compounds, phenolic inhibitors and more
recently Guaiane sesquiterpenes and labdane
diterpernoids were also detected from macroalgae.
The Marine world, due to its extraordinary
biodiversity, is a rich natural resource for many
biologically active compounds. The marine
organisms’ lives faces very stressful environment
than the terrestrial environments, these organisms
naturally evolved to produce wide variety of
©2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved
Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016
primary and secondary metabolites which cannot
be found in other organisms to strives the marine
condition. Marine based bioactive compounds can
be derived from a vast array of sources, including
marine
plants, macro- and microalgae,
microorganisms, and, all of which contain there
have unique set of biomolecules. Macroalgae,
known also as seaweeds, which are produce many
biologically active phytochemicals, which is
include among others, carotenoids, terpenoids,
xanthophylls,
chlorophylls,
phycobilins,
polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides,
vitamins, sterols, tocopherol and phycocyanins.
Seaweeds represent 23.4 % of the tonnage and 9.7
% of the significance of the global (Marine,
Brackish water and Freshwater) aquaculture
production. They are used as food, fodder, feed
and fertilizer, etc and many of the bioactive
compounds produced by the macroalgae are
known to have potential favorable use in health
care.
Seaweeds have been traditionally used in
human and animal nutrition. Seaweeds are rich
source of bioactive compounds such as
carotenoids, dietary fiber, protein, essential fatty
acids, vitamins and minerals. Important
polysaccharides such as agar, alginates and
carrageenans obtained from seaweeds are used in
pharmaceutical as well as in the food industries.
Seaweeds provide a rich source of structurally
diverse and biologically active secondary
metabolites. The functions of these secondary
metabolites are defense mechanism against
herbivores, fouling organisms and pathogens
chemical defense mechanisms against herbivore;
for example, grazer- induced mechanical damage
triggers the production of chemicals that acts as
feeding detergents or toxins in seaweeds.
The term seaweed refers to the large
Marine algae that grow almost exclusively in the
shallow waters. Seaweeds are primitive nonflowering plants without root, stem and leaves. It
has been estimated that there are about 9,000
species of macroalgae broadly classified into three
main groups based on their pigmentation such as
Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta, and Chlorophyta or the
brown, red, and green algae, respectively. They
provide home and food for many different sea
748
animals, lend beauty to the underwater landscape,
and are directly valuable to man as a food and
industrial raw material. They contain different
vitamins, minerals, trace elements, protein, iodine,
bromine and bioactive substances. Many
polysaccharides are recovered from seaweeds. The
most important of them are agar, alginic acid,
laminarin, fucoidin, galactans and carrageenan. To
date, over 2400 natural products have been
isolated from seaweeds (Pereira et al., 2003)
seaweeds are used for various applications, as
food as well as in the textile, pharmaceutical,
cosmetic, and biotechnological industry. Seaweeds
are the only source of phytochemicals namely agar
agar, carrageenan and algin, which are extensively
used in various industries such as food,
confectionary, textiles, pharmaceuticals, dairy and
paper industries mostly as gelling, stabilizing and
thickening agents. Industrial macroalgal use
includes the extraction of phycocolloids and
biochemicals. Macroalgae, produce many
biologically
active
phytochemicals,
polyunsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides,
vitamins, sterols, tocopherol and phycocyanins.
The benefits of seaweeds as sources of organic
matter and fertilizer nutrients have led to their use
as soil conditioners for centuries (Blunden and
Gordon 1986; Metting and others 1988; Temple
and Bomke 1988).
Traditionally, seaweed is a readily
available food source that has been consumed by
coastal communities likely since the dawn of time.
The incorporation of seaweed into foods has also
been shown to have a preservative effect,
particularly with regards to Gram negative
bacteria (Gupta et al., 2010), reducing the need to
add salt. The antimicrobial properties of seaweed
extracts have been well accepted over the years
(Gupta et al., 2011) currently, there is growing
interest in researching habits to develop
agricultural yields in both developed and
undeveloped countries. They were searching for
new alternative methods to improve crop yields
and soil fertility. Seaweeds have been used for
many years as a valuable source of organic matter
for various soil types and many different fruit and
vegetable crops in especially coastal regions of
world (Norrie et al., 2008). Generally, the
©2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved
Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016
seaweed has tremendous potential applications of
pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food and agricultural
industries.
2. Seaweeds in India
India have above 7500 km of coastline
potential areas in Indian coastline for abundant
growth of seaweeds are South Tamil Nadu coast,
Gujarat coast, Lakshadweep and Andaman
Nicobar Islands and particularly in rocky shore
regions, rich seaweed beds occur around
Visakhapatnam
in
the
eastern
coast,
Mahabalipuram, Gulf of Mannar, Tiruchendur,
Tuticorin and Kerala in the Southern coast;
Veraval and Gulf of Kutch in the Western coast.
(Umamaheswara Rao, 1972; Silva et al., 1996;
Sahoo, 2001). To date, India possesses 434 species
of red seaweeds, 194 species of brown seaweeds
and 216 species of green seaweeds india and more
than 60 species were commercially utilized for
agar, carrageenan, algin and pharmaceutical
especially in agricultural application for crop
developments. Seaweed mariculture is a
significant and profitable livelihood option for the
coastal fishing community especially for fisher
women, who with little effort can earn a
substantial income for the household. The
seaweed potential in India was estimated at
1,005,000 tone (t) in six states of India comprising
250,000 t in Gujarat, 250,000 t in Tamil Nadu,
100,000 t in Kerala, 100,000 t in Andhra Pradesh,
5,000 t in Maharashtra and 300,000 t in Andaman
& Nicobar Islands (Krishnan and Narayana
Kumar, 2010).
Seaweeds occur in the intertidal, shallow
and deep waters of the sea upto 180 m depth and
also in estuaries and backwaters. They grow on
dead corals, rocks, stones, pebbles, other
substrates and as epiphytes on seagrasses. Several
species of green, brown and red algae with
luxuriant growth occur along the Southern Tamil
Nadu Coast from Rameswaram to Kanyakumari
covering 21 islands of Gulf of Mannar. In Gujarat
coast, seaweeds occur abundantly in Okha,
Dwarka, Porbandar, Veraval, Diu and Gopnath
areas. Rich seaweed beds are present at Mumbai,
Ratnagiri, Goa, Karwar, Varkala, Vizhinjam,
Visakhapatnam and coastal lakes of Pulicat and
749
Chilka. Seaweeds also occur abundantly in
Lakshadweep, Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
More than 10,000 species of marine algae have
been reported all over the world. In India, about
220 genera and 740 species of marine algae were
recorded of which 60 species are of economic
value. In Mandapam area 180 species of seaweeds
are growing, of which about 40 species are
economically important.
It is estimated from the seaweed resources,
survey conducted so far by the Central Marine
Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of
Oceanography and other research organizations at
different maritime states of India and
Lakshadweep that the total standing crop of
seaweeds in the intertidal and shallow waters is
91339 tonnes
(wet wt.) consisting of 6000
tonnes of agar yielding seaweeds, 16000 tonnes of
algin yielding seaweeds, remaining edible and
other seaweeds. The standing crop of seaweeds in
deep waters (5 to 22 m depths) from Dhanushkodi
to Kanyakumari was estimated at 75373 tonnes
(wet wt.) in an area of 1863 sq. km. The biomass
of economically important seaweeds of Gulf of
Mannar was estimated at 8445 tonnes (wet wt).
Marine algae are not only the primary and
major producers of organic matter in the sea, but
they also exert profound effects on the density and
distribution of other inhabitants of the marine
environment. An understanding of the wide range
of behavioral relationships that exist among
organisms would provide us with clues to
substances of biomedical interest. Marine
secondary metabolites are organic compounds
produced by microbes, sponges, seaweeds and
other marine organisms. The host organisms
biosynthesizes these compounds as non-primary
or secondary metabolites to protect themselves
and to maintain homeostasis in their environment.
Some of these secondary metabolites offer
avenues for developing cost effective, safe and
potent drugs. Nearly 50 lakhs species available in
the sea are virtually untapped sources of
secondary metabolites. Those compounds already
isolated from seaweeds are providing valuable
ideas for the development of new drugs against
cancer, microbial infections and inflammation
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Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016
(Elena et al., 2001) apart from their potential
ecological/industrial significances such as
controlling reproduction, settlement/biofouling
and feeding deterrents (Selvin, 2002).
750
The agar yielding seaweeds Gracilaria
arcuala and Gracilaria verrucosa and carrageenan
yielding seaweed Hypnea valentiae also occur in
harvestable quantities in some estuaries and
backwaters of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry
(Kalimuthu et al., 1997). A great deal of
information has been published on the
distribution, resource assessment, utilization and
cultivation of seaweeds of the Indian coast
(Krishnamurthy, 1985; Krishnamurthy and
Untawale 1985; Silas et al., 1986; Chauhan et al.,
1990; Kaliaperumal, 1993; Mairh, 1994). Of these,
the particular interest is the Southeast coast of
Tamil Nadu (Mandapam to Kanyakumari,
including the islands in the Gulf of Mannar)
et al, 2007; Zodape et al, 2008; Khan et al, 2009;
Kumari et al, 2011; Craigie, 2011). More over
seaweeds are used as soil amendment
(Gandhiyappan and Perumal, 2001), in pests
control (Hong et al, 2007) and plant diseases
management (Jayaraj et al, 2008). Liquid extracts
obtained from seaweeds have gained importance
as foliar sprays and soil drench for many crops
including various grasses, cereals, flowers and
vegetable species. And also they can apply to
stimulate germination of seedling and rooting.
Marine algae consist of cytokinins, gibberellins,
auxins, auxin-like and other growth promoting
compounds (Yokoya et al., 2010). For example,
aqueous extracts of Sargassum johnstonii at
particular concentration to increased rooting of
Vigna mungo and enhanced vegetative growth
(plant height, shoot length, root length and number
of branches) and reproductive parameters (flower
number, fruit number, and fresh weight) of tomato
(Kumari et al., 2011). The effect of the extracts of
Sargassum wightii gave an 11 % increase in seed
germination, a 63 % enhance in number of lateral
roots and 46 % increase in shoots length of
Triticum aestivun in compare to control (Kumar,
et al., 2012). Seaweed components such as macro
and microelement nutrients, amino acids,
vitamins, cytokinins, auxins and abscisic acid
(ABA) like growth substances affect cellular
metabolism in treated plants leading to enhanced
growth and crop yield (Wajahatullah Khan et al.,
2009). Aqueous extract of Sargassum wightii
when applied as a foliar spray on Zizyphus
mauritiana showed an increased yield and quality
of fruits (Rama Rao, 1991). Growth promoting
effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (Enteromorpha
intestinalis) on the sesame crop plant
(Gandhiyappan and Perumal, 2001). Seaweed is
used as a fertilizer which is suitable for utilize in
organic agriculture (Lopez Mosquera et al., 2011).
4. Seaweed as Biofertilizer
There is a long history of coastal people
using seaweeds, especially the large brown
seaweeds to fertilize nearby lands. One of the well
documented beneficial effects of seaweed extracts
is that it enhanced the seed germination and plant
growth, potential biocidal (Sultana et al., 2005;
Sridhar et al., 2010) and enhance crop yield (Hong
The SLF treatment improved the growth
parameters significantly when compared to the
control Enteromorpha clathrata on green gram.
Vijayanand et al. (2004) reported that lower
concentration of SLF from Stoechospermum
marginatum promoted the growth of brinjal
(Sivasankari et al., 2006). The recent research to
introduce new methods the different seaweed are
3. Seaweed in Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu has a geographical extent of
1,30,058 sqm. It can be divided into two divisions
namely the Eastern coastal plains and hills of
North and East, which was endowed with the
varied coastal habitat like mangroves, corals,
seaweeds, seagrass beds, salt marshes, mud flats,
sand dunes etc. The coast of Tamil Nadu bears
luxuriant growth of seaweeds. More than two
hundred species of seaweeds have been found in
this area. Indian seaweed industries depend on this
coastline for raw materials regarding production of
agar and sodium alginate. They are consumed in
the form of soups as well as salads. The intake of
seaweeds in the diet is said to prevent hair loss in
men and women. It is also consumed by pregnant
and lactating mothers because of their rich iron
content. They are called the medical food of the
21st century (Isnansetyo and Kamei, 2003).
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Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016
mixed consortium were prepared and apply to the
agricultural field and got the gainful yield. Some
751
of the seaweed fertilizers are given in Table - 1.
Table - 1: Seaweeds as Fertilizer
Species
Reference
Sargassum wightii
Sridhar et al. (2011)
Rosenvingea intricate
Thirumaran (2009)
Ulva lactuca
Sridhar (2011)
Dictyota dichotoma
Sasikumar (2011)
Sargassum trichophyllum,
Lei Lei Win (2008)
S. salicifoloides,
S. kasyotenese,
S.tenerrimun, S.
carpophyllum,
S. duplicatum, S.ilicifolium,
S.cristaefolium,
S. plagiophyllum, S.
swartzii & S. polycystum
Ulva fasciata &
Pise (2010)
Gracilaria corticata
Zizyphus mauritiana
Rama Rao (1991)
Enteromorpha intestinalis
Gandhiyappan and Perumal
(2001)
Kappaphycus sp. and
Biswajit Pramanick (2013)
Fucus vesiculate
Enteromorpha clathrata
Vijayanand et al. (2004)
Stoechospermum
Sivasankari et al. (2006)
marginatum
Furcellaria fastigiata,
Booth (1969)
Ascophyllum nodosum
Venkataraman Kumar (1993)
Durvillea potatorum
Sekar (1995)
Padina tetrastomatica
Bhosle (1975)
years. Most of the seaweeds possess bioactive
5.
Pharmaceutical
and
Cosmaceutical
components which inhibit the growth of some
Gram positive bacteria as well as the Gram
Applications of Seaweeds
negative bacterial pathogens. Recently, many
To date, researchers have isolated
researchers have embarked on the chemical
approximately 7000 marine natural products, 25
investigation of marine algae with a special accent
percent of which are from algae the antimicrobial
on their bioactive properties. In this case, several
properties of seaweed extracts have been well
investigations have been proved that crude
documented over the years (Brownlee et al.,
seaweeds and their organic extracts have anti2012). The seaweed extracts were used as a
proliferative activity on human cancer cell lines in
therapeutic and protective agent for various
vitro, as well as inhibiting activity in tumors
diseases such as antibiotics, antihelminthics, and
growing in mice in vivo (Abirami, 2012; Park,
cough remedies, antihypertensive, antitumour and
2004). "Extract of seaweed" is often found on the
antidiarrhoea. Many scientists also reported the
list of ingredients on cosmetic packages,
antimicrobial activities in marine algae. Selective
particularly in face, hand and body creams or
use of seaweeds as prospective source of
lotions. This usually refers to the use of alginate or
pharmaceutical agents has been rising in recent
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Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016
carrageenan in the product some algae are also
potential skin irritants. For example, the
phycocyanin present in blue-green algae has been
752
suspected of allergenicity and of causing
dermatitis on the basis of patch tests (Harsha
Kharkwal, 2012).
Table - 2: Antibacterial activity of seaweeds
Species
Ulva lactuca, Sargassum
wightii &Padina gymnospora
Codium adherens, Ulva lactuca
& Halimeda tuna
Sargassum wightii &
Kappaphycus alwarezii,
Gracilaria edulis, Calorpha
peltada & Hydroclothres sp.
Sargassum weigiti,
Chaetomorpha antenna, Ulva
fasciata, Amphiroa
fragillissima, Gracilaria edulis
& Enteromorpha sp.
Dictyota humifusa
Cystoseira barbata, Dictyota
dichotoma, Halopteris filicina
& Cladostephus spongiosus
Caulerpa racemosa and Ulva
lactuca Gracillaria folifera,
Hypnea musciformis
Sargassum tenneerimum &
Padina tetrastomatica)
Sargassum ilicifolium, Padina
tetrastromatica & Gracilaria
corticata
Codium decorticatum,
Caulerpa scalpelliformis,
Gracilaria crassa,
Acanthophora spicifera,
Sargassum wightii &
Turbinaria conoides
6. Seaweed as Biofuels
Biofuel from seaweed is produced by
converting alginate, mannitol and fiber contained
in seaweed into ethanol, butanol, etc. Seaweed is a
known potential carbon-dioxide (CO2) neutral
source of second generation biofuels Energy is
stored inside the cell as lipids and carbohydrates,
and can be converted into fuels such as biodiesel
(in the presence of oils) and ethanol (in the
presence of carbohydrates). Its high protein
Reference
Vallinayagam (2009)
Karthikaidevi (2009)
Arputha Bibiana (2012)
Kolanjinathan (2009)
Prakash et al. (2005)
Wendy Stirk et al. (2007)
Taskin et al. (2007)
Kandhasamy et al. (2008)
Subba Rangaiah et al. (2010)
Lavanya et al. (2011)
content implies that waste from the feedstock
conversion process may yield a saleable waste
stream as well. Fuels derived from algae generally
fall into two groups; oils which are extracted from
algae by a mechanical or chemical process; and
ethanol resulting from the fermentation of algae in
the presence of a yeast, and isolating the ethanol
produced. Its use can reduce green house gas
emission upto 40 %. Through, a review it has been
concluded that algal biodiesel has the potential to
replace petroleum biodiesel fuel (Bajhaiya, 2010).
©2015 Published by JPS Scientific Publications Ltd. All rights reserved
Jayaprakash /Life Science Archives (LSA), Volume – 2, Issue – 5, Page – 747 to 757, 2016
7. Hydrocolloids and Foods
Hydrocolloids or gums are a diverse group
of long chain polymers characterized by their
property of forming viscous dispersions and/or
gels when dispersed in water. Most important
seaweed hydrocolloids are agars, carrageenans and
alginates, which are produced in form of color less
powders. Agar was the first hydrocolloid used as
an additive into food in Asian countries 300 years
ago. About 90 per cent of the agar produced is for
food applications, the remaining 10 per cent being
for bacteriological and other biotechnology uses,
most agar is extracted from species of Gelidium
and Gracilaria. Agar can be divided into two
principal components: agarose and agaropectin.
Agarose is the gelling component; agaropectin has
only a low gelling ability, high quality agarose for
a small but growing market, mainly in
biotechnology applications. Alginate, sometimes
shortened to "algin", is present in the cell walls of
brown seaweeds, and it is partly responsible for
the flexibility of the seaweed. Most carrageenan is
extracted
from Kappaphycus
alvarezii.
Carrageenans or Carrageenins are a family of
linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted
from red edible Red seaweeds. They are widely
used in the food industry, for their gelling,
thickening, and stabilizing properties
Table - 3: Carrageenan extraction
Species
Reference
Acanthphora
spicifiera,
Hypnea valentiae,
Hypnea boergesen,
Ramalingam et al. (2003)
Hypnea musciformia
& Laurencia
papillosa
Kappaphycus
Anisuzzaman et al.
alvarezii
(2013)
Laminaria japonica
Sri Istinii et al. (1994)
Kappaphycus
Varadarajan et al. (2009)
alvarezii
Kappaphycus
Pathikchandramishra et
alvarezii
al. (2006)
753
8. Conclusion
The marine environment has a great
potential for the discovery of lead compounds that
could be used. Particularly in seaweeds
populations, aquatic environments provide a vast
genetic resource and biodiversity. Scientists are
firmed that seaweeds can be utilized in a
completely different manner in the drug industry.
The therapeutic drugs prepared from seaweeds
recently, the polysaccharides and peptides isolated
from seaweeds have become a matter of great
interest for cancer therapy. The mechanisms of
their anticancer activity are related to their ability
to suppress the growth of cancer cells. The
applications of seaweed has not yet discovered
fully. The research on seaweeds needs to be
conducted for getting unknown benefits.
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