International Conference on Engineering Trends and Science & Humanities (ICETSH-2015)
Wireless Control of a Rectifier Based PMDC
Motor Drive using FPGA Control
S.Jaya Abirami, Student Member, IEEE,
M.E Power Electronics and Drives, Kings college of Engineering.
R.Sundara Moorthi M.E, Assistant professor , Kings college of Engineering.
Abstract – This paper describes the working model of
wireless controlled permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC)
drive. The proposed design helps enhancing the control of
DC motors that are installed in industries from a central
location through wireless medium, hence replaces
dedicated control units and human supervision. It is based
on the fully-controlled MOSFET based rectifier circuit and
communicates with a control unit(PC) through RF
ZIGBEE transceiver. It is implemented using a Xilinx
Spartan 3E FPGA unit and to control a 12V PM DC motor
and the results are shown. This methodology not only
reduces harmonics in motor voltage and current but also
reduces losses that occur due to high switching frequencies
in conventional pulse-width modulation (PWM) based
drives. This proposed design may be extended to single
phase or three-phase AC-DC converter fed DC drives and
to single-phase or three-phase AC motor drives. It is fully
compatible with 50Hz and 60Hz power systems.
Index terms: Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), RF
ZIGBEE Transceiver, fully controlled MOSFET based
rectifier, Permanent Magnet DC motor.
I. INTRODUCTION
The automotive industry uses a large number of
Permanent Magnet DC commutator motors, which can
be used in either of the luxurious cars to most of the
inexpensive cars. Here a wireless PMDC motor drive is
proposed in order to provide a cost-effective and remote
accessible control for both the domestic as well as
industrial applications. For industrial applications,
permanent magnet DC motors are seeing market
adoption in various applications including machine
tools, servo drives, elevators, light railways, missiles,
radar, satellites, artificial heart motors, power tools and
so on[1]. The proposed DC drive is implemented using
controlled rectifier-based converter that produces fewer
harmonics as compared to other variable speed motor
drive methodologies such as PWM based variable speed
drives [2]. DC motors are used commonly where high
speed and precise motion control is required [3]. Most of
the modern electrical vehicles make use of DC motors in
order to provide motion to the vehicles [3].
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Hence research in the control and applications of DC
motors still proceeds. The Spartan3 family of Field
Programmable Gate Arrays is specifically designed to
meet the necessity of high volume and cost-sensitive
consumer electronic applications.
The eight-member family of FPGS offers wide range of
densities ranging from 50,000 to five million system
gates. They are very low and affordable price and hence
they are beneficial to a wide range of consumer
electronic applications, including broadband access,
home networking, display or projection and digital
television equipment. Modern FPGAs and their
distinguishable capabilities have been advertised
extensively by FPGA vendors[4]. The Spartan II and
Spartan III FPGA families from Xilinx have been
successfully utilized in a variety of applications over the
recent times that includes inverters, communications,
embedded processors, image processing and so on[5].
The proposed design shown in figure 1 contains two
main sections namely the Wireless Transmitter and the
Receiver sections. Both the sections has microcontroller
as a common. Transmitter section will have RF
Transmitter module, switch and every module in this
Transmitter section will be controlled by the
Microcontroller. In this paper we have switches if any
switch will press the microcontroller data to receiver
section through the RF transmitter module. Receiver
section of our paper contains the microcontroller, DC
motor and the receiver module. The Transmitted analog
signal has been received by the receiver module for
process under microcontroller. The receiver module is
received the signal from transmitter side and the receiver
section microcontroller control the DC motor for
transmitter side command. This project is a versatile
device which can help us to control the DC devices that
can draw few amperes of current. With the minute
modifications in wiring systems of the circuit, it can be
used in either 12 volts or 24 volts DC systems. This
device has been used not only to control the speed of
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International Conference on Engineering Trends and Science & Humanities (ICETSH-2015)
DC motor, but also to adjust the brightness of an
automotive tail lamps.
time electronic system that is used to control the speed
of motor is designed. But here it is only upto 22 meters
can be controlled through wireless medium[1].
A.W.Moore in his paper worked about the speed control
of motors using phase locked loops. Motors of anysize
can be controlled through this technique. But this
method is less applicable in motors where
synchronization is less required[2]. Savita Sonoli
K.Nagabhushan Raju, in their paper worked about the DC
motor control using FPGA implementation. Here they used
PID controller and VHDL code for the design. But it is not a
wireless control and human supervision is needed to ensure the
process[4]. Yuen Fong Chan, M. Moallem done their work
in FPGA based PID controllers. Here embedded feedback
controllers using field-programmable gate array is
designed. It ensures 40% savings in power
consumptions[5].
Fm transmitter and send through the antenna. Here real
Fig 1 – Block diagram of the proposed wireless
PMDC motor drive using FPGA control
A PWM circuit works by making a square wave with a
variable on-to-off ratio while the average on time may
be varied from 0 to 100 percent. resistive power
controller is the efficiency, at a 50% level, the PWM
will use about 50% Power, almost all of which is
transferred to the load, a resistive controller at 50% load
power Hence the power transfer can be achieved in this
manner. The main advantage of a PWM circuit over
others are it would consume about 71% of full power,
50% of the power goes to the load and the other 21% is
wasted heating the series resistor.
At the receiving end, the RF receiver receives this data,
and transmits the received data to RF decoder. This
decoder converts the single bit data into 8-bit data and
presents it to the microcontroller to perform its gven
action i.e., rotating the dc motor clockwise as well as
anti-clockwise direction and then at variable speeds as
required. To perform these functions, we are giving a
regulated 5v, 500mA and 12v, 500mA power supply.
The 7805 and 7812 are used to regulate the terminal
voltages of either 5V or 12V DC while the bridge type
full wave rectifier is used in rectifying the output at the
secondary of 230/12V step down transformer.
II – Related Works:
P.Nagasekhara Reddy, in his paper worked in the
wireless control
of Induction motor using
microcontoller. Here DTMF generator is used to
generate the analogue output signal and it is fed to the
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III – Microcontroller Interfacing:
a) Functioning of RF Transmitter Module TX433N:
Fig 2 - Block diagram of transmitter section
The transmitter module (TX433N) shown in figure 2
interfaced to the microcontroller through the encoder IC
HT12E which modulates the digital data coming from
the encoder IC into RF radio frequency signal by ASK
modulation technique and transmits it via RF out
antenna pin1. When the transmission enable command is
received from the microcontroller, the encoder encodes
the address and data from the µC and send serially to the
transmitter module Din pin2. Following this, the
transmitter module converts the digital signal into RF
signal and transmits via wireless media. The wireless
transmitter module can be used to transmit data up to 3
KHz from any standard CMOS/TTL source. It receives
the data from the controller and transmits at a frequency
of 433.92 MHZ.
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Fig 3 - circuit diagram for transmitter section
b) Functioning of RF Receiver Module RX433:
Fig 4 - circuit diagram for receiver section
The demodulated signal from the receiver module is sent serially
to the decoder, the decoder decodes the received digital signal
into ten address bits and eight data bits, the address bits
compared with the instrument specific address, both address are
match then the decoder generates the valid transmission signal to
the microcontroller to receive the data.
IV - DC motor speed control - theory
Fig 5 – Block diagram of receiver section
The receiver module (Rx433) shown in figure 3 interfaced to
microcontroller through the decoder IC HT12D. When the RF
signal received from the master PC it converts in to digital signal
by ASK demodulation technique and send to the decoder, the
decoder compares the received address with the instrument
specific address and generates the valid transmission signal to the
microcontroller. The D out pin 2 of receiver module connected to
the Din pin14 of decoder HT12D.
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We know that the speed of a DC motor is directly proportional
to the supply voltage. Therefore, if the voltage is minimized than
the lower limit, the motor will not operate at all. Because of the
safe operation of the motor, it is to be considered that the
voltage should not be maximized beyond the upper limit. The
lower limit is the minimum voltage level the motor requires for
its operation and the upper limit is the maximum voltage level or
it can be said as the rated voltage of the motor. By varying the
average voltage sent to the motor, the speed controller works as
shown in figure 6. The working is Speed controller is based on
adjusting the voltage sent to the motor simply, but this is quite
inefficient to do. But instead, there is an efficient way to handle
speed control is by turning ON and OFF the motor supply very
quickly. If the control is done by this way, the motor focuses
only on the average effects. The average speed of motor can be
increased by increasing the time for which the voltage is on
compared to the time for which it is off. This on-off switching is
performed by technique called PWM technique.
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VI – FPGA:
The field-programmable gate array (FPGA) shown in figure 7 is
usually slower than their application-specific integrated circuit
(ASIC) counterparts, cannot handle as complex a design, and
draw more power (for any given semiconductor process). But
their advantages include a shorter time to market, ability to reprogram in the field to fix bugs, and lower non-recurring
engineering costs. Vendors can sell cheaper, less flexible
versions of their FPGAs which cannot be modified after the
design is committed. The designs are developed on regular
FPGAs and then migrated into a fixed version that more
resembles an ASIC.
a)Configuring the FPGA:
Fig 6 - Variation of motor speed and supply voltage with time
V – Description of the development system:
a)Cross compilers:
In this paper, we use the Keil cross compiler is to program the
microcontroller. When we are writing program for any
microcontroller using cross compiler we cannot directly write
the converted code on to the microcontroller. This means we
need to use a special technique to load the program into the
microcontroller. One of the methods is to use a microcontroller
with a flash memory. Flash memory is similar to erasable
programmable read only memory. So once program is written
and debugged using cross compiler, we need to flash the
program on to the flash memory of the memory. Once program
is flashed the microcontroller is loaded with the hex code and it
will be ready for execution.
A 4-input LUT contains 16 configuration cells. The
configuration cells are typically connected in a long scan chain.
The scan chain (when programmed in this mode) has an input
and an output. The output is used if multiple FPGAs are daisychained. Embedded RAMs are implemented as latches and are
part of the scan chain. Note that this is a simplistic view of the
FPGA’s internal organization. In reality, the scan chain is made
from latches, not FFs. Latches are half the size - saves a lot of
real estate with 25 million. Also, frames of 1024 bits are
clocked into a set of FFs and loaded in parallel to a frame of
latches as the file is loaded.
b)Target Processor:
In this paper we are using AT89C52 as a target processor. It is
used to direct all the vital process that has to be executed during
acquisitions. As the name suggests, they are single chip
computers that are frequently embedded into systems for
performing processing as well as controlling functions. Taking
the remote control as an example, it is probably a
microcontroller, that can operate as both decoder as well as a
controller. They are also used in in automobiles, washing
machines, microwave ovens, toys…etc, where automation is
needed.
Fig 7 - FPGA Data configuration
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International Conference on Engineering Trends and Science & Humanities (ICETSH-2015)
Also, in some FPGAs, the very long scan chain is actually
divided into multiple smaller chains, that are loaded by the
configuration port. The configuration port has several modes,
controlled by dedicated pins. Each vendor defines this
differently. Table 7 shows the various modes of configurations
of the FPGA.
VIII - Testing and Results:
a)PWM Rectifier with a single phase PMDC motor:
Table 1 - Modes of configuration
Fig 8 - Single phase PWM motor circuit
b) Simulation diagram:
Other pins are used to tell the FPGA to commence with the
configuration and to report an error and that the configuration is
complete. The pins dedicated to the configuration port can be
reused as general purpose I/O once the configuration is
complete. The serial load with FPGA as master is the simplest
mode.
VII - RF ZIGBEE module:
XBee and XBee-PRO modules were engineered to meet ZigBee
with IEEE 802.15.4 standards. They support the unique
reqirements of low-cost and low-power wireless sensor
networks. These modules require very low power, so that they
provide reliable delivery of critical data between various
devices. The modules operate within the ISM 2.4 GHz
frequency band. The XBee Range required for Indoor/Urban
areas it is up to 100’ (30 m) and for Outdoor line-of-sight it is
up to 300’ (100 m). They can transmit Power upto 1 mW (0
dBm). The XBee-PRO Range required for Indoor/Urban areas it
is up to 300’ (100 m) and for Outdoor line-of-sight it is up to 1
mile (1500 m). They can transmit Power upto 100 mW (20
dBm)
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Fig 9 - Simulation diagram of rectifier based PMDC motor
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c) Output speed Waveform:
IX - CONCLUSION :
This paper describes and implements the simulation for a digital
controlled rectifier-based wireless PMDC motor drive that has
been proposed and implemented. The proposed design will be
tested on a 160V/100W PMDC motor. It provides a economical
and easy to operate solution for industry as well as home
application to control PMDC. The drawbacks associated with
microcontroller-based variable speed DC motor drives such as
high-frequency harmonic contents and switching losses are
minimized. Proposed design can control more than one DC
motors by using a RF ZIGBEE Transciever. It can also be
applied to drive electrical vehicles for telemetry purposes and
remote control operations.
Fig 10 – Simulation output speed waveform
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d) PWM output waveforms:
Fig 11 – Simulation PWM output waveform
e) Single phase voltage across coupling capacitor:
Fig 12 – Simulation output voltage waveform
ISSN: 2348 – 8379
Journal of Emerging science (IJESE) ISSN: 2319–6378,
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