Science,
trial data,
solutions
ORGANISED BY:
Feeding Sows To Get More Piglets Born Alive –
The Role Of Organic Chromium
Chinnadurai Sugumar, Brian Kremer and Edwin Chow
Kemin Animal Nutrition and Health Asia Pacific
Singapore
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Chromium
• Cr is considered an essential nutrient for humans and
animals (NRC, 1988)
• Cr is involved in the Glucose Tolerance Factor (GTF) as
o
An organometallic molecule (chromodulin), which
o
Activates tyrosine kinase at the insulin receptor, which
o
Amplifies insulin sensitivity, thus cellular glucose uptake
PRE-12-00101
Role of chromium in animal nutrition (1997). Book from National Academies Press. Page 23
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
3
Chromium chemistry
•
•
•
•
Stable valences: Cr+3, Cr+6
Cr+3 – Bioavailable form
Cr+6 – Less bioavailable form
Cr solubility is critical (e.g., chromium oxide)
• Chromium propionate – More soluble form of chromium
PRE-12-00101
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
4
Chromium sources
• Chromium tripicolinate –
Used in swine – US FDA
(2012 AAFCO Official Publication, page 410)
• Chromium L-methionine –
Withdrawn from US Market
(2012 AAFCO Official Publication, page 451)
• Chromium propionate –
Used in swine and cattle- US FDA
(2012 AAFCO Official Publication, page 410)
PRE-12-00101
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Chromium Propionate
• Highly bioavailable organic
source of chromium
• Safe
Chromium – Green
Chromium combined with
Propionic acid (Organic acid)
• Accepted by FDA
PRE-12-00101
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Chromium Propionate is proven safe
did not

“…chromium propionate
cause a positive increase in
the mean number of revertants with any of the tester strains in
either the presence or absence of Aroclor-induced rat liver S9.”

“…chromium propionate was evaluated as
for
inducing forward mutation at the TK locus in L5178Y/TK+/- mouse
lymphoma cells…”

“…chromium propionate was
marrow micronucleus assay…”
negative
negative in the mouse bone
 U.S. FDA letter to Kemin Industries, dated Jan 12, 2007
PRE-12-00101
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Chromium Propionate is proven safe
“…chromium propionate base was not genotoxic in the genetic toxicity
studies included in this submission and chromium propionate continues to be
an acceptable ingredient as a source of chromium in swine feed to supply
not more than 200 ppb chromium as stated in the metal propionate definition
(57.160)”

U.S. FDA letter to Kemin Industries, dated Jan 12, 2007
PRE-12-00101
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Mode of action of Chromium
Chromium has been known to improve the actions of insulin with regard to glucose homeostasis
in swine. Glucose is used as an energy source for the protein, lipid and nucleic acid metabolism
Chromium
Insulin
Glucose Anabolism
Growth hormone
Insulin growth factor
Protein synthesis
Growth of lean tissue, Milk production, General maintenance,
Immuno-competence
Trout, W. E. 1995
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Role of insulin in glucose metabolism
Insulin binds to the receptor triggering activation of protein kinase B, and on the
mobilization of Glut-4 vesicles to the cell membrane, which facilitate the
transport of glucose into the cell
Saltiel and Kahn 2001
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Role of insulin in reproductive performance
• Chromium potentiate the action of insulin
• Insulin have multiple effects on the reproductive function of swine.
• Ovulation rate in pigs can be increased by injecting insulin during the
follicular phase (Cox et al. 1987)
• Increasing feed intake resulting in an increased pancreatic insulin
production and higher rate of ovulation (Flowers et al. 1989).
• Insulin has also been shown to increase ovarian follicular development
as well as increasing sensitivity of follicle to follicle-stimulating hormone
(Moore et al. 1994).
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Role of chromium in increasing litter size in swine
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Role of KemTRACE™ Chromium (Chromium Propionate)
on Sow performance in two consecutive reproductive
cycles






Species
Total no of sows
Study place
Trial facility
Treatments
Experimental period
: Hypor Sows
: 500
: Canada
: Commercial farm
: 2 (Control and Chromium)
: Gestation and lactation period
The Chromium in the treatment group was provided with KemTRACE™ Chromium
both in gestation and lactation diets for two consecutive reproductive cycles
Dosage : 200 ppb
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Results from 1st reproductive cycle
Control
Chromium
Propionate (200
ppb)
% improvement
Sow Feed Intake (kg/day)a
5.88
6.05
3%
Total Pigs Born / Sowb
13.1
13.8
5%
Pigs Weaned / Sowc
10.0
10.3
3%
Parameters
a P=0.03, b P=0.01, c P=0.05
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.

Results from 2nd reproductive cycle
Control
Chromium
Propionate (200
ppb)
% improvement
Sow Feed Intake (kg/day)
5.51
5.74
4%
Total Pigs Born / Sowa
12.8
13.5
5%
Live Born Pigs / Sowb
11.8
12.7
8%
Pigs Weaned / Sow
10.21
10.40
2%
Parameters
a P=0.03, b P=0.01
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.

Summary
• Chromium potentiate the action of insulin
• Insulin have multiple effects on the reproductive function of swine.
• The inclusion of KemTRACE™ Chromium (Chromium
Propionate) in sow diets increased sow feed intake, litter size,
number of live pigs born and numbers of pigs weaned per sow in
both reproductive cycles.
• Increase in number of pigs weaned would translate into return on
investment (ROI) numbers in excess of 15 to 1.
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
Thank you
© Kemin Industries, Inc. and its group of companies 2015. All rights reserved. ®™ Trademarks of Kemin Industries, Inc., U.S.A.
© All papers and presentations of the 2015 Pig Feed Quality Conference
are copyright of Asian Agribusiness Media Pte Ltd and the authors.
They are presented only for the personal reference of
2015 Pig Feed Quality Conference delegates.
Should you desire to reproduce a paper or presentation or part thereof
please contact admin@asian-agribiz.com for written permission.