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AppøîidlX
xm'mmmtQê
frmm %hm øøeløgio&l it&ndpolirit, the 'mm%hmm
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i&nd limitød in i%B Tegøt&tleo te the gr&Sâøø mû tl^ø
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&øøeel&tioii iøt &øeørdliii te iøørtr (40) # 'Mm^^
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ing Xow mliîf&ll mmú hXø. røÍ&tÍTø øT&poraÍlori»
%lûf&ii in %hm toiEthøm aigh fl&li» Is not
&dø^tt&tø mémr the ønløtini hlgh øT&poi^tlOû to ømp.port
eei^ti^ttød trøø irowth of the føreøt or mrohmrå typø«
ror thlø rø&øon lÉiørø thø irowt.|i &i mm^ plafitø li
iøøiredi mmm ê»grmm of m^plmmn%^ Ifrii&tloii iø
øøøøiîtlai for •î^rRi«l øø^tltiii#d growth* êrO'Wt& IÎI %bm
ø&riy II fø of & tf^ø» It ^ottld hi mde oie&r (41»
d i J i sm^ eontlis.mø normÂly éøøpite m liiømfflelerit
r&lnf&ll.* •liut tlilø lø émm &t thø m^Mpmmm ot tkø mQiX
moløtttre rmmmm im %hm øttl&øoil horXzmm »IÍI# grad.iially bøooeøø døfåøtød^ Wiø lii&dø^^ttaoy #f whloh rtêuitø
Iti & oeapløt^ éøpøiîétîîoø of tliø t r ^ t iii. later life v^pmm
& øttpplømøntai TOlst' irø #0'i*reø for cofiitinuød n a r ^
gro'iith#
Thø flaiîtirîg of trøøi for âhade øna ofTsa;r.ontai
ptif^øøøs, må te & limited extont for the ^ d u o t i o n
øf jfrult, Injøøtø & pr&otleal problørø of m&king &døqaatø.
hy thø &ppiio&tioe of øttpplømøût&l Irrlgatlon., thø
w&tør røqulrømøntø of the trøeø* l^ø nøøøøøity for
i>a...it^iiii i r r i f iitlorí w&tør l:ntredmeøø &t otiøø thø eøone*
B(y f&øtort øtid it høøoiRøø døølr&biø to knom thø mXnXm
mm øBMittiit of watør rø^mlrød by & trøt to øuør:íort &
fiorm&i gro^h aiid to br|.rig frult to & áøêlrmble tlse
&nd ^tt&llty &t øatur|ty«
fhø B^øt ohTlOttø probløfi thøii wamld b# to døtør*
minø thø tot&i ameuat ef aoll i^lsturø rt^mlrøi by &
tree for $mf onm growtfiíî øøai«fi.»: fhe orlf tîiiil m**
mmmrsi^ prohiøm« i^ii^ ømø o&rrldd on in thø foji&ø
Tø#inologloai øoliøgø ormmrê durir^g %m I t i f gr^wlHNiøø&øon« mm e^ilnød ølth thiø i^|éøtiT« im mXné^ smê^
& sø&ø^*s êatø wørø &octt«iiiatød.. îlÊiwøTør, ooepll*
øatiøwø &:roøø 1« m§mr4 m irowth*
^hm m a t t ^ t
%m røpii&tø i^»wth ln. %rteø waø mê$ It lM»ilatøly
bøe&mø éøilr&blø te iitow ^ien 'the treøs grøw mê w^m%
thø røtmlripiêiitø for gn^iitli wmrm. fhm rmXm%Ímmhi§
mi øeil .î^lsturt øofitønt to growth at øiîy ^m %imm
duri»t thø øøaøen hmmmm & faotor of prim ímM)-r%mom.
fhiø tm%or to.i#tliør with tiiø Tøry rø&i T&rl&tltîi In
øø&øoîi øfid mmmm% ot r&lnfall froîi ymmr %o f^nr^ mté
o%lmr ollmatle to#å|tloai wnrying too In turo ølter
thø W'm%mr mqnirmmmtm of treeø, mmêm i% lmn«nssiblø
to døt^rmlnø & døflit.ltø or «Tøn &pproxlm&tø amouîit of
øoil moleturø or & flnal øBtlm&te of the suppIøBMiiitøX
Irrig&tien røíiulreaørit of & treo to effeet & noræ&l
grewth mé deTel.øpfliøn|.«i
Hrem ti'iø firøt øø&aon*« datft It oeo&mø øppørøat
th&tf mthør than te døtørmlnø & øø&iM»n&i 'letal re*
^ulrømø.nt tor treøø, %hm mrm »r&etlo.&l mppr^Mmh %o
thø m&jor prehløm w&ø to døtørmine flrøt tho &m^iit
øf growth áøsirø^ét ønd t ^ ^ detøriiltiø th# ø#li ^ l t t ^
ørø rø<iulrøiiøiit for trowth &t øii^ oi^e tlmt •ûuring thø
øø&øofi* êy 00 dolfigi II w&ø rø&»t:i»ød| irowt'H. eouli
bø ørfloiøiitiy . m u l t t t d •at mf mm tliit fey s#ll
meiøturø ø&îilpui&tiøno m%il %hm ûmmirmê mmm% hmê
hmn obt&l.îsød#
åut i^ lin^lyøia #f growth hmmm
mmmmmMs^ io mrémr to f&ellitøtø & ietør^lttatlofi of
i t ø ø i i l iio.i.øtiirø rø.%iilrømøiatø#
flrøt tlíøtrr&tloiîø
røføaiøi th# î^oøøølty of & i|ttallfie.atl#?i ef tliø
tørm ^rowth* t# ^ s l i n ø t e two ph&øøt lo Itø pmmmmt
d i w i t ø r irowtli i«id gre-wth la lønitli of the A#ot.»
m% imHMr hrm^åmm mm røfuired In m i«&lyêiø of
diôaøtør frowtîi ^ltie# tht f i r t t phmmm^ ín mx^i
trmolåoii diffø-røii:tlâll#ii. p:im4o«irtatød| oomli #t:iil廫"
m Xn %km ø^iiøfioø of tim øêeoisd •pb&##t vøøøol dlff^r^
mzmtmimn^ 'm% wmmml é|ffør#.iii»i&tl#îi w&n mpmémn%
ior Itø lnltlatlo^ mpm t l t •øMletl^-f aotiTlty øf tlîø
firøt ^&iø# â mowlBé$m oi %hm rtfu|røîi«iiitø of
%hmMm twe ph&s#t 1« l«port«.t Isi that my .atteiipt to
froé'^uoe & epe^olflo growth iiøees^imrily prt^uppoøøi øn
mtiiøret&siélne of the wmmmr in whloh th&t grewth la
&o-î|Blrød#
fhø nøeeøølty øf & wmrm thorottih ttîidørøtandlni
ef thø i ^ ø l ø l e i l e & i &øpøotø of & e o l l ø o l t t u r t rø«
l&tlefiøhlp to greøth &i.êe bøe&nm &pp&reiít#
.^olutlone
tø øtti^ fiMiø%ie:nB &e the f o l l o w l n i iNirø ne0000017 f o r
& ø&fø &|>pfø«øh te & døtørmln&t lon I
fmr hoø iøng & p ø r i ø i ø i l l & trøø irow o&dh ymmr
måBr eoîîdltloîiø optlmem imf gro'Wthf
lø itioot øxtiniiloii 0 fnnetloii of i r o ø l h m^pmr^m
trom øønbl&l ø ø t l T l t y ln rm^mré. to øc»li
» i l » t u r ø rølatlo,nøhlpøt
t&n groøth Iri & d o i ^ i i î t t r # t b# rmmwmã d u r i i ^
mld»øøa#eiit
l ^ t ørø thø f&.otore røøpeiiølblø f o r tli ø r e e t i i ^ *
t l o î i mé eøøøatloii of irowtii a o t l T l t f l^
Í^.d*Øt.&3lOI|t
^fe&t r ø l & t l t n døøø e ø l l i » l ø t i i r « eo.iitøi3t høTø to
thøøø ^mmm%.imm^
tê It mmmmmmmry th&t & feigh «oløtu.t^ oom%mn% hm
m i » t & l n ø i éATim the »ûtl rt i r o ø l i ^ mmmmm
-mr lø & «ub.s|ttiiîioø løTol pr&otleal durlûg
•øemø fi&rtâ #f thø øø&ient
A øelutioa of tîi# ø o l l .irølaturø aifulrø«øîît.i tor
grmm%h o%Tl#uely éiå mo% bøeoiiø & prohXmm of mik
døtø»ln&tl-oii %m% døiøiiømtød to & øeintlo^n tf tiie
øoll moiê%m.m r^Xmtiomm of t^ø mmy rmmiîiûmim%ã of
growth*
líi ordør to &#oe^»i>l|ali tJfele øffeotlirtiy., tî-^
f.roJøot mm dlTided lnto tøø w j ø r p-øriienti
a
âøtørmln&tloa of r«^tpos«#s of mh.m% %ip øi(;t#tiøla?i to
øoil møltture., mû %M •rølatlonøhlp of eoll moleturø
tø e&mbl&l aot|Tlty# fhm mhúo% tlp ext-e.ns|ori »tu<fer
ø&a ifurtl5.er dlridød intû tho rirøt perlod ar
pøriod øf greøth mé & po^iølbiø øøeond perlf^d Indyøød
øftør the flrøt h&d øø&øø4t
øftaihl&l aøtlTlity øtudleø,
In &ø m&^y lndøpendønt parlodø of øotlTHy øe oould
bø Indueød hy thø m&nlpul&tlíw of %hm ioll a^løtur^
eontønt, idøre dlTldøa Into the flrøt mwå øøoond
piiaøø®, tr&eîiøld &ÎÎ4 TØØØØÍ dirftrentlaítlot*
fliøst
øørø furthør emlidiTliød lnio oorr#lmtlo:ri$ of liiltl&*»
tion røøponøø mx^å oøoø&tlofi røø|>oîi@e to ioll mim%m
nrm.
Ml d&tft liS'Oludiii ln thlø pmpmr wmrm obtalntd
dnriiNI the i^ irowl^f øøaa^fi, a l t h ø ^ mêh of mê
prøllmln&ry øurTfy m&terlal mnê.- d&tftt øhloii mrm no%
inelMød, -irørø t&ktri imm %hã Iii9 •tort*
mtm
Qf
Liff HAfîi^
måÊúåk mísmL
thmrm mppmmrm to bo no rmmorú ot rø.eø&roh dlrøotød
totard & oloøø oo.rrøl&tloi'i of oøi^bl&l &etiTlt}' to
eh&ogøø isk øoli moløturø oontønit durlîii tîio progrøaø
of thø greøliig øø&ø.»ti i« er & dløtlnetlon bøtiiei^ øoll
meiøturø røí|Ulrømeîitø ror.
tr&ehøld dlfferøtitialløa,
TØØØ^
ålfføreîitt&tion mnú
l^^mø work hmm Mm d i r t o i e i
toitørd & eo.iTøl€tl«#:n^,Boli ø®løt.iir# to tliø mmmt% ot
p^Xi mmé Xiøp momå tormå duriîig tl^t troelng mmmmm^
with øøiiø øiplNi^iø npon the formation of øeeond
ii^ørø,
%• f&r tíiø .i.fiiatøøt mmm% of .ftu% hmø hmm
dirøetøda n#t toø&ri thø Infiîiøiteø of »oÍI ^ l ø t u r ø t
hnt of frult,. totml l#^f ømat Bhoo% ext^øloîi, #tø#t
te thø øøtÍTity of the o&^løii ^irinf thø øøaøofi i^
0 i ^ o i e , &ø mmmwrmê hy m^^Xpmr lnerø#ø#ø In t n ^ k
dl&íî^t#r#
% mê lm.r'm^ stuâltø of oasbi&l øetlTlty
aiid tli^lr .rtløtloti te eoil TOlatmrø
IÍ&TO
fc-tøîi ^uitø
ø^&êør*
'liøriÊÍiii ^^ ^^« iuroptiin oeutifiøfit wi%h npmQÍm
øf åall« mé mim eoalftrãt Prlø.øtløy im) øfeaerTød
tli® eøaø&tioîiø of o.&øS».iâl .&etiTit^^ in mldBHøi^r ta bo
fii^tlonø #f øoll sioliiturø eoîitønt, .øxpreased in t ø n »
ef ir&tør«»^floit Iri thø trunk.
After øail moitturø
hmé hmmmmm & llmltlng f&etor te iroøth« & renøwal of
øøithi&i &øtiTlty ø&ø føwid tø &oøøiip&ny thø ûmmrmmmm
in ø&tør døflolt Xn miémmmímr^ røøultlng im & øooond
or døidilø løyør In 0110 i.rowlng »000011«
TlY^'ii^ (54) øiøø ohøørTød th&t mmrm thøn enø
growth I ^ør møy bø føføiød dørlni & ølngle ye&r &ø &
røøult of Bø&øon&i T&rl&tlanø of prøoiFit&tloot
4hø
fmrthør ohøørfød ibøt^&il T&rletløe of tr#øa dø m%
rmmpmnû &likø to eh&ngøø In øiiTirofi^.rit&l eoadltlonø*
.Aithøiiih tøø iroøtli ii^#rø wmrm ohmrwmê to II&T@ heøn
Ifiduøød Ifi thø Ihii åê%rmhm mffXm imrlnf 0110 ireirli^g
00000^1 ne |:iidlo&tlO!i of & f&lie løyer mmm f^mê in
tho tri»ik» of %îii.toøîi or ^lloloma %rmm tn %hm smm
mrmhmrúé
êmXX mmm%imm mi mmo-mêmry lftr#r« wøre fotifid hy
Hø'tefiii Cti) ln øøTørml øeøtloriø #f øpple mooét mX^
theuih no øøotlofie mrm tmmé in «hioh t#e ootipiøtø
Xs^mm hmé b#tn l&ld io«ii In & øl-n.ilø froiiiiii øe&iien*
fr&eø&^iø to øoll «oløturø oø.îitøîitt tfeø p&rtl&l
Íi^ørø mrm nm% o^nfifiøi to arîy ofiø ymmr*m Eto-wth or
%m mny omm mrim%y.
% w»&:øiirliig %rmk dlwetørøt H#îidrle^?i må
^ ø h i ^ ø r Ctd) ^tørmlîîød th&t trøeø do net rei^nd
to oemp&r&tlTøÍy I&:Î^.# øiiemtø of e&tør but gmw &t
& noriiai r&te iifitll thø øtlttng Oi^^friôl^t ie nearly
rø&ehød beforø o&iibi&l aetlTlt^ &pp&røntly elaøe or
øtopø*
fhey eafl«^'l^^<* ^^ thørø I0 "ne rmmwon for
røpiøniøhifii: tho eiipply of røødlly øT&ll&blø molature
In prunø and ø&inut orøh&nlø bøf orø It I0 oidi&îiøtød
mmr I0 thøre msny øeenomlo oiiø**#
Thø ehøørT&tlofiø ef Aldrleh mnå tøiit íi) on poør
treøø grøwing. on he&i^ 00IÍ8 &re not In &griømont
wlth theøø m&dø Dy SftndrleHøøn ttød ^XtÊS^mrm fhif
ooneludød th&t & moleturø mmpi^ly røprøoøniîng mpprmM^
Im&tøly mi of thø m&xlimi &T&iÍ&blø mlBturø or omr
Xn thø øoli ø&ø øøøønti&i for mmøáwmm i r e i ^ of thø
%rn»k»
IÍBlm& (ia> fowid no lnfluøiieø of øoll moiøtiirø
npen thø aetlTlty of thø o&øfelîim ln e l t r ^ trøøø
§mm Xn aoutherîi ê&l,lfo.m.|&# îfedønbtøily l lø mr%í
n ^ ø r t ø e%øørT&tioiiø ef øoil ø^iøtnrø mm%mm%m mhowm
%tm% eonøldørød minlæum f t r euøt&lned &ø:tlTlly» in
øhloh e&øø hlø i^rk iN^uld e^øtøatl&tø th&t of Min*
ériøkøOB «id Vøih^yørt
IHøøTøri i^ øt&tønøfit to th&t
øfføøt w&ø m^m
rriøøtií^r <^î elNiørTøé & peeltÍTø' øøiTø.l&tloíi
bøttiøøii & Tliof^uø Te.iøt&tlTø groøth må m iinorøaøø
l'n øldth of thø soût of ø&rly mmåm le mnmluåwû
%m% Tøøoøi rormtlon I0 prebÃbly øai^olatød wlth
øntinølo^ grøøth of iáio#t«t but th&t »&lnt«m&iiøt of
o&^l&l aotlTity thromiíiéut tii# suffiîstr whmm no olo®ø
oorrøl&tloifi with o«tøntloii iroøtht r&dl&l grøwth
møn&lly oentlriulni .mih iøngør th&n groøth In length*
iø ^furtBer ohøørTød th&t In eonlførø, Tlgoreøø grøøth
meftnø & gre&tør fon&tlon of earl^^ øeed 00 th&t
røÍ&tiTøly toughør tlmlier lø produoed whmn %hm %rwmm
h&Tø bøBn grown mûmr oonéltiotiø niif&Tor&lilø for thø
preduotlori of omrXy womå.
Th&t thø pørlod of tlmø ln øhloli & %mm ffø#i#øø
ItB tørmln&l g:roøth IB &húr%mr %hm th&t rmqnirmé %m
eompløtø trunk olreumferøîioø |rtorø&ø« »&» furthør
øulistantl&ted by aTeftioloert OT#i%y ønd .ianîlilll
ím). tn thølr øoni øith &|ipløø %hmy oomXMmã %hm%
%rmk øireumferønøe i^&øurøm^ita mro mm r#p.røo«it&*
tlTø of tree Tiior tliiti ørø tørml'fi&i grøøth ««&.øuri*
møntø*
%o« Cif) o^tørTød poøitlTø eonrølatloiiø #f
r&.lnf«âi ønfpllød ám:r|iii t^: øprlni mé mmrt^ mmmmr
meathø t# rlni irldtlsø In' ^ l t ø Flite, Seetoli Plnøt
ioaii^ Spruøøn mM Bmofmm l^roh, tlaîtøøii í l t ) &lø#
notøé & peøitlTø oorre^l&ilo^a oi rim wxêih %m prøo|.#
plt&tion ln øtudløø i^lth ^•uil&ø Jflr*
% mø&ømr lîig i&ter&i øliootø o» pmmr trteøt '^^l^*
rioh and ^mrk Clî detørmliiêi ih&t frtfuøfit lrrli&*
tlotiø tfcr^uglîout tliø øe&iíOîi tlT^e & ire&tør rwMpomm
ti&ii freqiient Irriimlloiia ánrlnf tlia øarly p&rt of
thø iroølfig mmmMm ênXy mr iurli^ thø l&tt^er part of
t l ^ •greøiig mmmBon ^rily»
Arøhør (4) øli&>í!ii'*Ted Inltl&tlorí of øømfeial aotîTlty In thø yø&r old ^t-^o%m ot H&ehiy& r^rsir;.. ,a:i ^o
tftkø i^l&et trom %wo to thr^e øøøl^ INiførø TøeøøX
1
føriMitlen*
Jii noted furthør tfe&t øhortiy &flør
ø&mbi&i. iîi.itlatl#îi tørml'ø&l budø on & l i øhootø %øi&n
to øøøll mnê øhow gmmm
gr«nd pøriod iroøth only*
^C^iørTmtlonø wørø « â ø of
11
mmmm mp ^mmmm
fhrøø plotø of i^iiiø trøeø in %
' «*& iøis&ø føftnio*
i f t i l ø ø i Oøliøgø mrmhmrê wmrm mmâ in %hw mmpmrXmmn%^
whiøh w&ø eenduetøa d u r l î i i the IW eøaøon (f*liø« î l f
l î î , mxiå ÎV)«
i&ôh p i o t ooriøløtød øf Oîie frm%%mm%
Clrrig&tød) mé øîiø Cîontrol C % l r r l i & t ø d ) %rm
øøp&r&tød by 0110 i n f f ø r tr«ø»
fwe i ^ f f e r trøøø.t
howøTør, øørø ttøød ln l^iot îl ín oråmr to oht&ln
unlforifiit:^/ øf tîiø fr#iit«ønt mê ^ r i t . r o l t:rii»« of thø
pl#t»
A l l trøøø mrm XX ymmrê •tld mé ot &.t. mii^rm
øløø, Tlgort BHd pm% pmrt^rmmêm m mm fosølblø to
olit&in* r i e t ø I ønd t% mmrm ot %hê Sønm%hmm Ta,riøty
mnû PXm l î î w&t min%om%* nm%in$ û.X^%-mmm în thø
oreh&rd lø ^ l f t w i l i * m f # t t #11 thø Ofuarø*
It ø ø ø i ^ &ppømît t l » t idiøro bl«skø mppmrmê
in epfioøltø rewøt root føiiøtr&tloii pmê% %m miêûl^
ot %hm mm mê Into tl ø bi&nk &r«& wovã.ê øElet mé
w o u i i t o n ø t l t u t ø a fmjor %rror in thii tic|iørl»»«it#
Aløo # i ø r t øîif#rlm«rit&l t r t ø ø m^mrm in ^om p;-'••.:•.: ..'ly
to Ohlnøâø i l n wliiihi^.iitø and f n ^ i t tr##a of t t î i o r
Tarløtløø (fig. t mnå V) .aiiother ss&|or ®.rror would
øiiløt#
fo &Told øuoh mrrorê^ trenohlnt to eut mû
eoaflne the rootâ of the l î i Í l T l d u & l trøøø waø i!^?ie*
frøno.îiøø îsørø dug 3 føøt 3 inoben éêop mé to 18
Inøliøø iøyond the ooinerø oí thø aldø of the p l o t
ii
iMiÍng trMfiøhid.
Aø 0 preø&øiion øg&lnøt root fimwtli
eut of thø eoîiflyiød: &rø& or Into It hy o%bmr t r t t ø t &
øtønd&rd nødlnn wøight roofl'ag p i ^ ø r w&o l & l d &i&l7iøt
%lit w&ll ef thø trønoh hmiorm r ø f i l l l r i i CFIpi.# fX
mmú fXt).
•Aitho«^.h t.høørøtlt&liy mmê^. %rmmhiné oi %rmmm
d l d not &dd tø thø T&iuø of the øiipørlsøøt &ø mm^
ø&wtlenø ehoøøé 'eenøldøral^le root pøîi#t'rmt,l,oi^- tfertuih
t^ roofl.iii pmpmr ûmring m^^ mi%mr %hm iirm% 0000011»
A mmmmnâ trønøhini w&ø not oon.^øii^rø4 mmmm'ms^. m
tllø eh&niø l^ ol^JøotlTøt ^^'^^ ^ éøtt-riiln&tien of t ø t & l
S e i l a i i ø t u r ø te ø øo.rr#lfttltîi ol i.mitth. røtfonøøø t#
tliø M ø w t t f i o i l ^ l ø t u r ø & t i ^ one %im$ fli.mln&:*
%mé thø liip^..nftn.o# of t o n f l n l a i t r e e reotø#:
fhø
pi^ø#ttot #f thø rsotê of o%h^r tr«ø« l.n tiie t e ^ t .i&lote
wm feølløTtÍ âdT«t&ie#uø i y |.iii*âtlfii, morm r & f l d Í;^#II
^ l ø t ' m r ø fluetuøtlosø*^
f h e f o ø ø l t e l l l t y of ø3ip#ri*
ørimt&l mr^rmr w%%h mmm & fr&otloe wmê OTøree^,, It lø
høIleT^ét %
^^ i ^ h o d of mu å«tí»^l|fii*
tm 'mrûêr to pt^Tttit ruii*off imm %im pXotm mê to
f ø e l l l t a t ø I r r i i & l l o i i . o f t h t fr«mt^.îit t Í o t ® t 4 l ^ t «
wørø iniø^lløliøá mr^m-é %km lierd«rø of tho p-letø m^
wmrw a&lnt&lnød f o r thø åmr«tléîi of the eai,pørli»fit
Cfigø* nit mmê I I ) »
li^ orémr %m øfíeot plrønød røøpen»øø to oaflsblal
ø ø t l T l t y mé øhoot t l p øîtt^íîielont îre&tntwit traea
wørø I r r l g a t ø d elx tlaee é^r%m the oautøø øf tim
13
grewlng mmwBmn.
fmnr &erø Inohee of w&tør were øp»
pllød &t ø&eh Irrlgatioii in ordør to &tøurø & hlih
efrieieney In itø mtlllø&tlon hy %hm treøø wlmmm
roøtø wøre ohøørTød to hm oonoøntr&tod ililøfly ln
thø uppør B føøt of thø øoli#
fhe Irrii&tlen w&tør
&ppllød w&ø o&loul&tød to pønøtrate intOt hn% m%
throught the third foot of øoilt f**®« A l o h thrøe
føøt of øoll OTør fiá of øxtr&otlon^ hy th* trtf wêø
&KltlOlp&tøé#
eoiitrei trøøø wert .not lriii.ifttød durlng tlMi
f i r ø t h&lf of thø irewlni øø&ton hmt •mrm mmâ &§
ohøo^ &i&lnøt thø It^lg&ttd fre&timnt tretø*
%
mXåmwmmr It mppmmrmé o^louø th&t the treo* oould
méê eonøldør&feiy nerø to thø prejeøt If Irrlgmttdt
00 & f t t r July ii ø&oh f o n t r o l trøø røoølTtd three
Irrig&tloiîa*
â i l Flot® rtoølTtd &ppro>íls&tøly %n4
iîiohøø of m i n f & l l #irlng the 194ø grmim øoøoon
íf&felø ! ) •
r i o t ø wørø oultlT&tei &t Irf^iml&r i n t ø r m l i t
&ø thø prøøøiîoø of m-mêê måm i% doôlrmliílt* å. %fãn
iurf&oø ^ l o h waø Mintmifiøi at a l l tlmøe •&§' a ptm^oautloB ai&inøt tht i^r«ill>' high eurfaoø tT&|>oratlon
of s o i l îioiøturø*
í^'loto mro rmkmé »h#nøTtr nmeí^m
mmry %m a&lntain & l ø T t l øurf&oo m mn iiiøur&sioe
&g&lri8t |iud«lllíig øîia uîieT#îi penøtration of mln mé
i r r l ^ , a t l w water wlthlii the plotst
14
Ciiø&tøløi'ie&i d&t& wmrm elit.&liiød froai %hm
rmmmrám oi tho føxaø Tøotitii^logie&l Oolløgø øt&tlon
.øiid irmm auhøt&tlon i^øHør f t fmmm Airioultur&i
liîpørliîønt ^t&tlont i«t^^O©iS#
(Tables I and I I )
^m^X^ .^&«mij^nff
aø th&t fiuotuationø ln øoll mølature oontønt
ef the plote ooulå bm followød aind røooråedt øoli
øø8|iløø wmrm %%kmm m% T&rylnf lnterT&lø timuili^ut
^ll^ø øø&øen 00 w&ø eofiøidørøá å'OmirmhXm %m rttord smy
ølinlfloafit Tarl&tloiî In øøll «:^l«tii.î*ø: oo'fitent oauø#Í
^y IrriiatlO'iiøt r&lnøi éry wln% i^ath'Ort mm-é t^
Iik«# lorlnfø mmm tat#n &.ro^d #&oh tr#ø| %wê m%
øløTiii føet fro« Miø trsnils Wor^ mxié êoutlî tf ttie
treøt rø^ two &t flTø føøt fro» %hm %rmk ^n% mê
^mm%é êm^^mXwê horlniø iførø n&de toîi imimm mp&r%
mé rot&tød oleoHwlte arouîid thø tr^ê»
%pro3cit?^tely
I i § gr&ii ê-mmplmm wøra t&^#n imm %hm flrøtt 1^00«^^
&iid 'thlrd imê% døfthø &t mmh iorif^# å t#t&l of
l i •ø&if llniø 0«r« %mMm dtirtft^^ tliø OØ&TOIÎ, âøîîîpløø
wørø drlød &t & tøa|>«.ratu,rt of 110® Q. ior a pøriad
of 4i houi^t
Thø $^B%mm øf implini ueød, døeplte Itø tmm
^^uønoyt did not giTø a ooffipletely &ocura.te ' ioture
of thø fluøtuatlone of 00II Molaturø*
AlthPugh thø
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gønør&i triiiâ w
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tlo^iiø &ttrll>tttød tø ilght r&inøt t^^ hwlêltif .«fid
hlgh wlnéi øeuid noi hø døtøetødi t l t h o ' ^ i thøy mêrm
l»fiort&îit ie thø întør irøtmtiíiîi #f øøfiøltlTø irowih
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terrøet thø 0011 «ioløtmr« onrfm %m %Mêm fiøtori#
fhø eoll 'uipoíi øhli:h thø ø3tp#riii«i'|.al t.rø^«ø mmrm
leo&tød lø JMthørt 'fXm ê.m^ løm*
f r o f l l ø mé ^•sp øitløn
^ l i i h & n . øørløi |..iielmitø rødéiefe ,i^.|lø of
pi^ee&lle døTølopiMfât Xm %kê iWdlth ^ ø t n i i t mil
m&m of iiortlt»øø.iøra: fmmm mmê &ij&.ø#tii it«teø#
fhøøø øøllø li&'Tø døT^tltfød mémr «^life»»ld »iø%mr#'
to^dllloîiø froM i t f t hêê:ê ^i m%wmk iøpotltø #f
eifcloøf^omø mmêê md mXmyø êf •^mmomîm tl^Ot •^^
mmêmr %oth •stoori f^i^^ø øfii oo&røe grmmm T#tøt&ilo»
#f thø l|.ih ftmXm &r«øø# tîmy hmm i#T#løp«é iti.
&.iøeol&t:lo« wllh %hm miXmm sølls ^mt on mrê irmm'm
Xy dr&tiiøå øirf&øeêt må^ m %hm •^ol#t irom momm^
mM% oe&rsørt mméimr iinm earth •p&n^i »&tørl&lø#
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C«.fe&rl fl^ø etii% lø&»)
loriøeîi á|t Wmtk rméåif^ brom tinw wmêy le&»j
îio^^oiiif&røoiie} frlablei i IÎIOIÍØB thlokt
ir&dlng 'hmXow loto
X9
BBrímmn A«, B'Ø&T^* røddlâh-t^rowû flne eøiidy
eløy lo&ii or f lnø e&i^y ol&y t ^^ hmsm
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helow Ifito
.aorløoe %• irowiiiøii»rød or |'øllowiølî#*roi 0.&1*
o&røiuø f lî^ø nm^y Immm mr tinm mmãy oiøyi
øniiihlyt frl&bløt mê »eft| l?i lowtr p&rt
øimil p&rtlolee of ooft •o&loliiii' ^ai^onntø
ørø pr^'øtsiti 40 lîiolaeø tlâlokt pm^mXmg
throiigM & êhort øe^e øf mhmm 'hmXmw im%m
lioriaoîî %# fhø hdrløoîîi of #&l.eliia o&r^øu&tø
&oo^aî«*l&tlOîit oo^.®ltÍliii of øofl. whltø
øh&i% e&leiMii otrlíøfi&iø latør».|«ød •wlth
yøllo^w or øíil»oa*^oolorød f Iftø' i»mêy mXmy or
tinm ø&ncly lo&ii| 14 lnohøø tîileli| grmém^
hwXow lnto
loriøeiî i# fhø p&rø^i søierl&l, ot •o&le-&rtouø
rødditôi^imff flnø •øøn^ !&&», Immm mhmXI^
mê o&lo.&rto^ø th&n %hm ^tørl&l mhowé.
thim lø ai^y føtt ieøp øni wmsf l l t t l e •
é l f f ô r ^ t fro» ihø ieelegle*! fo.«&ii#ii
hant&th*
f&rl&tloîîøi f l i t iîiio.lmøf>.te€ g.,lTøii ln ihø p r o f l l e
døøerli^tiofi ørø &|î#mt i l i t øTøimiø .for %hm n.om&lly
døTtlopti øoll oa øBiootlî »mrf&oøø# fliø %hi^-mmmmm
mt thø øolm« mwå oi •t&oh #f ihø iiøTø.ral horiioiiø
T&ry 0'i>fiølder&fely l i i t l ^ l l f h i t r -o#ll i i i rølmtiøri
to wiîid øroølon*
fopoir&pit of tiio mÍX Cii) 1» i^e&rly f l & t lo
ø l l i & t l y »'dii.lmtl.«i:t- •»iili ø f i ^ » d t f m t t nlo^es- in
fXmmmm nmmr dr&ÍB&iø wøye* ^&ln&ie iø .good, ho%h
mn %hm mrîmmm mú latømnlly* r e r t l i l t y of tiiø
l^lh&n øørltø Xê •oântléørød hlght t-fefre l>ø|.iii &
iøii.é«Hioyt ^wmmr^ iow&rd & phoøpj^niø døfloioncy on
'Xmåm 'mêmr im%m^m eiiltlT&iloii, øfi&i$|e O'^îiieiii
lø røl&tlTtly low hiá% Is ac^fiøldereâ adequ&tø*
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%irøøøoplø Oøøfflilønt Detørøln&tloiiø
iøprøøø^i&tlTø ø o l l e&iipløø mrm ta.feøn froíi thø
f l r ø i , t øøeondt t h i r d , må faiiri.li f a o i døpths,
i'..ø
f o e r t l i f o e i ø&øple mm %^wn irmm & soiit of pmm
øøllehø Ci}#
fliø .i^iroøooplo øoøfflolørjit øii&lyøø
•wørø mmâw hy the Øep&rtii«íii of î^lortlonltnret l i l *
T^rølty of llø'hr&ø:i& &øoorá.l3ii i» thø øiend&rd ø&t«*
ør&tød høøildliy o.]IMl»ør m%húã iøøorlbed l^ •^mw^'^
H ø l n t mé mBmXm Ci}«
MoiBtîire %ulT&lønt líeiøriîlii.&iloiiø
iøpø&itd &tiøii|iiø wørø mmêw to døiørî^ifiø %}m
ø^løimrø øc|!ilTalefii of ø&øli horl^on of ø o l l øoooM*
l n f io ih# iøølialfmt døeerilføi '^ t l i ^ t e r w ^ ø r t
l l l l l ø t ^^- fterøøii Céilt n o l i i i i o ^ i r i f m i ø øfii:|p,pø^d
w i t h -å&hooa^ tn^ii|.o-îí •on^pøt ^i^ m-mmh mruoihlmm mm
øoøt&lii.ørø f e r ilîø øøll#
fim gmm BmplmM wmrm
mmmém ^ntâi imommi&tmmimB ø l t l i l n d^plloøiø øa»s>iøa
ø-otmrrøé %h.m% •êm%m wør# êmmmå êf m' mãm.
fimXâ i&p&olty Hiiørmlii&tioiiø
f l ø i i i i p ø i i t y døiøml^.&iloii« siørø m^ wltîi
Ihø 'iiøf of & ønoeth, irom oyll.iíidør §» dtø|) mnã &.|»|^ro3i«*
lm&t#ly f .f/4*» IB d i & i ^ i e r CTOIHSO mm oo*ø#)#
Om
øîid of thø ^ l i i i é ø . r wmm hørølød tø p t r i s l t i% %& hw
drlTøîi l a l o tfeø gro-afâd l i i orámr to proourø & roprø-*
øaøt&ÍÎTø ø&splø of %rmm poroølty &!i^d øtruc^ure îor
ø & ^ horiøoa, êmmplmm mro %mkm trom the øiddlø
§• of tøøh oí Uíø f i r ø i t øøooûdt mã %hirå imm%
iøpthø*
fhø hmBm of %hê eyiinder 11&0 pl&øød în wmiør
to & áøpth of Í / 4 * mnû l # f t
røtil
&11 øf4å|l|.%rlii.m w&ø
r-ø&ehød withln. the ø&itplø (&ppra.3iiftttøly 4ê !iom.rø).
from w&tør prøøøni l i i ihø o i ^ l ø wmm | i t r « | t t ø d to
dr&isi mwmy irom %'m if i l i i d t r .for & pmriQê of øln
hourø at nlileh tl^iit i h t wøt w t l i h i t %hm f l ø l d e&pø*
o l t y oø?ittøfit, mm %ékm.
fhm mylinêw of s s l î mm
%hmn d r l t d &i & tøap#r&.iMr# of l i c ^ §» w t l l i i t
w ø l i h i w&ø îrølfors omr & f^trlod of tfe.r#ø éneoø^iiølTi
wølghlîiêø#
^* d ø i t r í i l i i i t i i o a wm mkêm ior mm^h mi'X
døpih#
i^y ^fa^^, A^t.iifrity fo^|ftrøI&t|#ii |^ ||i|jL lÉ^ÍJ^tiirø
mmo% ø&«ifi«ø f o r ohøøfT&tio*i of mm^iêX & o t i *
Tiijr mrm %mm irm iNfírø...s^tillT# t h o o i t gropltif
mn %hm mm%h ølâøi ot %hm irt#ø# H t f t ê t t é t&@pll»g
w&ê éonm fro^m t h t •«&«# t e a f f o l d %riiiitlitt i^o østmrt
mm tmr •a^â po^tel&lt & mif^m ti^wtfa mé T l f o r •in
øli^oi^i, m r t f t i l & r l l y im %mUim. m^h i & n p l t t wmM
mmphmÍMmê. mXthmø m %m &T#riii:# t h t f mrê %mmn
mmh mm-mk ^r o f t « t r t « mm mm'êiâmrwú #isirmbl€ f r ^ i h t ø ø l l , » l ø t ^ r # øîi
eiiiifel^l a e t l T l i y ttianapoiîiiø#
fhm h&ø&l' f oeøtlTOitr® út ø&oh oiii*rtnt et&^ons øbooi
•mm i j r ø w r r t d I Î I & øtiiiid&rd êá & e t t i o øeld *# i 8 ^
ø i i . y l &leoliol ^M forai&llsi ^ ^M w&tør t o l u t l o n .
m
i ø ø t l e n t of i h t thooiø f o r ahtørT&iloti werø
&i & l i n l f e r i i diøtøntø of t oøntlrøtltrt &hOT# ihø i t r f ê Iri&l huú øe&lø øø&rt of iliø prtTioi4ø BØ&#OII^ growth.«,
fliø øiMitleiiø wtrø OBi w l t h & .ølidlni øioroioat må
&Ttr&iøâ t5 mleroBt in thloirøtsø.
øonir&øi øi&lîilng
w&t d ^ t wlih s&phr&iîlîit &iid Wmm% úrmm. twm or mrm
ælerotooplt ø t e t l o n t ø t r t sadt fro«§ mmh ,ø&itp.lt*
l^^ngltnain&l Btotlo.iiø wmvm ooo&ølon&lly mêm trom^
øhoei ø&iipløø l á i i t h øørt i t l î i . i øtmélød in mrãmr tm hm
wmrm otrt&l?i of i h t e t l l typtø thøø:f^td#
i & i ^ i & l ø ø i l T l t y iNiø i l f f l o n l l t o ^&n&lyøt
&aemr&ttly# ím mréêr %o &OOOM.P1IØÎ:Í ØI^ mnøklymiê %M
e&a^i&i &rø& 1^1.0 .^øeeøt&rlly f I r t i dlølliiim|.ilîød«
l i ø widiiî w&t .oiøtrTøi io T&fy wlife 11» prmêm% or
| » # t l & i ø l y prøTÍemø & o t l T l i y © t e o ø t l t & l l i ^ thø
&s^ømmpt|on Ih&i & l i 00II0 wlthlti i h t r t i l o ^ whloh
tnlilfelttd m ferotfilfelt Tarl&tlon i^ mim r&dlâlly
mmrm p e i e n t l & l l y øit,rløtt«&lle mé m mB% ht eoii**
'êiêmrm-å øa oaii,^liiai 'ii&ttîitr øetiially m^rsoimg
p & r l i & l d l f f t r t n t l & t l ø i i im%Q uylm smé p.hleta ^r
no%.
i
Øønør&l tøtlrø&tøîi of ffiíiffîbltl aetlTlty wtrt h&øøi
øn thø fellowlnis
1,
'mmhmr of o t l l l&yørø in %hm o&Jiftilir® reglofi.
2.
i,
J^grtø of Tari&tlon lo otll tl»t t»t Isi^art
in %hm mmwkim røilon.
•ihapø tf eøllø Ifi tht o&®hlii» rtgion,
4.
lloBîto«r of l^mrw^ mt imllinifltd u^ltsi: gøiia
C&t Iteiîilflt^d liy nnllgriiflød ws»«l«}#
i#
Mm^mr mi wyXmm t t l l t leiîitriolîîi ll-iîîlflo«*
tiOfl*
i#
Itiffihtr ef l&y^trø of l i g i i l f l t d s^lts o t l l ø
froii i M t&iÉiliii i o i h t f l r ø i ' fts:øeiø.*
f#
lil&ilT-t wldihø of i:raeh#ldii ntid Tiøt-ølø.
ê.
f#
iii.&ilTt êXMw oi Xmmi' of tmoheldø*
^mp&oiiîeøt mã •pro«l«i#fioø of rm o t l l s
ili.roiiih th-t o - ^ l w rtiloii- l i n i t r *
f&øel-oml&r o&i^lm«>#
ln •mrûBr ie i & ^ t øooîir&ltly tht &ellTlty of tlit
ø&mhl^ la m^ onm thooi øt^pltt Umym to øellTity
wmrm 'forsml&iød io øo&feit & rmm^ idti>tlfloallc»û ^f
thø |i..f^irta»|Tt dtoilîit mú omm^m%%on^ or initimiiûn
mnû lnorø&tt in &#tlTliy of Iht ea^feinm, 'tmob §ûin%
in %hm ttv rtp,rtsttiit & B%mp î.n %hm profrøâeÍTØ.
dtTtltpiit^t of øollTily in t l i b t r ûirmtion*
ZB
liimtlflo&tlon of thø ProgrtiølTø l^ollnt in AeliTily
of thø 6&ml»liu
1#
øøøø&ilon of Ttøttl forii&tlon*
&•
Idøntlfltd hy & n&rrowlng of iht unliiiil^
fiøa.-iîent#
li«
e.#
In l&iør ti&iøø &11 T t t t t l t ørt &t It&ti
p&rtl&lly or whtlly llgîilfltd.
%idtr olroiímtt&ifiott of nlo^ irowtti htlltTød
le ht gr&dn&l mâ mo% m Mmåémn &%op^
plrii of aotiTityt !••##, øo«0 Tøí^tti
f®rfî&tl#fi mty cíø,riti?i%it tTfîi ilioi^.li
•tTldtaot #f p&rtlail llf'ialflosiloit of
&11 T t ø t t l t mmy It&d to %hm mmmp%im
ih&t &11 &ollTÍty li&ø mmmû,
Ê.
INiert&øt In wldi^ of Mtilliiifitd jf'lt^ 00^0«
0»
i«
lÉitîi &ollTtly gr^wînB 11 ofitrî mmmû& tlit
wldlh of fÍTt ir&ohtld-» r&él&l.iy 'mê
oeo^&tloíi&lly i h r t t l i ^ t r t ef Tetøtlt*
itor®&øt Itt i h t 'ifWhtr #f e t l l I t y t r t ln thø
a & ^ i & l rtgioii#
0«
4-»
mi-lformlly i-fi e t l l øløt tferaiigli llit o&mblt»
røilon tmm dlfftrt^tåmtt^ í^^ltii io dif-»
ftrtn^tl&iid i^lotm#
&#
i«
f|# mmhimX rtglont 1^1 ^hloîa o-i^noi hm
ditilng^l^ihtå &t dlffø.reiil|.att'â
p.|:4otii or .síyXmm^. mmy^ ofttn tneiiød %hê
miMh &t It mû U o t l l t in I t t saotiTø
ti&ie* mim øiélTlt^ ûmoXÍnmM %hm
t&i^lmm rtglo^a htoomte gr&dmlly
nmrrmmr m%iX m% ílorm&iioy & wl^itli of
fro® ê %o f e t i l ø 1« .i#»t-r&lly f©mi<l*
.AlthoMife ilîø e r ø t t r t ør 4 rom of o t l l t
ørt øO'^wh&i nmrr^mmr r&dl&lilyt Ititrø
lø & ttndtîioy for &11 o t l l t in t h t
e&jSÉ^I&l røilon to ^øoo#t tht t&iit
øl^tt feøTing Iht ta»t r&dl&l wldth.
Vøry øh&rp dlfftr^ti&tioîi htiwtøii xyX^m^mmm
hXmm»phXomm:.
&•
fht ht&Ty iliiîifio&tloû of t h t outer row
m
mi wyXm ir&eheidB mé tht mhBmnmm mi
^ l i i n l f l t d mylmm mmkmw & olf^&r &:iid
øh&rp liofiiid&ry ttp&r&liing icyltii ønd
h*
i«
fl3ø øwhlw*f'hlot« homé&ry It idø^ilfltd
hy Ûitfmrwnm in. BIBØ of eøllt mnã in
døfitliy of Ihø prolepl&øiøt l^oth of
whloh &rø proîîotmetd mné irø-issitt&Si&lált
in Ihlø øi&gt of motlTlif itøl.iøø#
Otøø&tlon of lr&0:htld lifnlflémiioni At nyltø
etllø oø&tt to dlfffrtîillait Iroiî iht o&^*
î^li« røiloa lltûlfiomliøîíi of :ntît»lliiilfitd
oølla n&tnr&liy ot&a^ti* m%i^i%y êt a
o&Bihimiit ^ t dtoll^lai omrTt of :^tlTÍ%t
lø ptilî,i^ø moM% olt&rly Ideîiilflté &i my
ptrlod fey iht øwirøi of llgiiiflo&ll^ ln
fr^røøøt l#t#t %f ij^t îiMlitr of m l l ^ l *
fit-iS mé p&rlltl-ly liiiilfité etlltt ^^**
øTtr, i h t aotm&l ilmt of O&ÍÉ^IM ê&mmoy
e&îrøoi ht iiiiiød hy iht llgnirioailo-fi in
pro-$rmmm^: mm mmm ilinlfloaiioi^ ^øfiilMtt
&fitr emmfelw &OIIT|-% hm oê&«t-d« flit
•øøøt&il'OS êt MyXmm liifilflo,%tloii mâ %hm
prmmmnmm ot & nhmrpm iNi&Tlly llinlfled
onier row út tr&ohtíd o t l l t l@ ifet t&rlltBi
poølilTt proof of oømlílmií l n&etlTlty lø
tht &fplt# fhlt po'in% søy hm &dT&iîttd m
tTlåøfMit th-&l llinlfle&iion of o t l l t l-t &
roettt ofitti. røtwlrlni, to-ntldtimfel®
øntihø of t i s t imr oorøiplttloin*
f
t.
finmX f-roof of tnifeløl doriiâsoy 1« iht oûís-->l#t#
rølf ormlly in o t l l ê,ltt tfei^iig.îioml ihe
oâ^l&l rtilon* Otllt i^ hm fnltø bro-&d
jmi|,&lly m% êo no% hmoomm tf^&rt* *âit i
to f rowt #f e t l l t Xn %hm røilon &rø ^f
Et&rlf I d t n l l t t l êim mé th&pt.
l i mmy fet .rt&&#iitd I Í A I %h..^ îi&t'iir&l e^îiti'rîii&tion of
#&«^|&1 aoilTlly a f t t r m# etst^lloa tf Tt-í.til pro^
êmm%im 'm%ú..ã pnidii^tt & t t r l t t af rowB øf iriioíitias
htfond ihe l&ti rowm ot Tø^stltt i^^ a^lstr of l&^trt
hming mmû io Initrprti rtl&tlTt •aotlTlty* thia
&ê»iiî£pl|.øîi lø eorrtott hM hmmmm ifet &eomr&oy af
i,lte fnneiloîi Tarltø 'wltli -tli# prøTlo^t r&tt ot oam'blal
iyttlTlÍy Itø uiit miøi hê &ooompaiiltd wlih eO'fraidtr&blt
røøørTallori* li mB rtptaltdly obstrred that & oaiR^
himm in & r&pld t l a i t of &eliTlty rtaporîdta moh mro
^iilo,llly 10 ohangtø %n tnTÍrøntntnt th&n om ^omm
&ellTily w&t Itaø rapid, In Iht íonatr inataîîot,
ti
& dørøøini øøøiite wmy røTø&l o.nly froø S ie 4 -li^tr^
of ir&oheldt to h&Tt hmn l&ld dowrî p&ti tht l&ti
Tøtiitløt hni In t h t l&ttør ir&ohtlá dlfítrtfiil&ilíiû
iøi^ h&Tt oontlnutd liii'tll & hmê 10 to It t t l l t émp
tormmú.
liøiillf ie&tloîi #f t h t .*''roirttøiTt Ifiere&øt in âoii*
f i i y øf iht OiMthliiii
1#
lølil&ilim of aetlTliy Cmlioalt} In tht ^mhXm
htoo,iitø &pf&rtr«i hy i h t &ppt&n^#t of «iøh
fl&iitfttd øîid m'mnrmnmémmtípmmring mmtlê in
i h t nldélt rom^
t»
llîîliiîiifitd o t l i ø ^ørdtrifii i b t w^Xm mâ miomm
r t i i o n t laay Itiørt^it in aløt radi&lly*
.Omitr øøTtr&l ro-mm m moh. Mm êfltn do
øoi l«}ørt-a«t Iti r a i l a l a | i t ^i r»ií»i®
pørMkntnil^ fl,&iitiitd«
li&ai of -ii&rrow i ^ l t a e t l l t hmmomm Ilin^in-ô^á,
4«
'Ámm oi élfførmti&iød % l t ø måmrg'&in.g ligiil**
f lo#li:o.-«i hm^imã %o %romdtîi#
Íroad#iilîii øf Iht o a ^ l t l rtgl^ii t# li to li
t t l l t * â l l o#ll® iii llit mgion mrm mmoh
fl&itimtd r&dl&lly mé hmm ûmnmm prolo*
pl&øls*
i«
immê øf a tlt&r iøfliîiilott l^tiwttn ifet i^ltm
ørîd e&ii^|ii« rtglofio Coo«plitaitd hy â
îiiti>&d«l'iîi. t i í ^ l a l rtiloíi mû m hr^mé
mnllinifltd .1^1-0« rtflon'),
f#
Ifiiil&il#îi af T t t ø t l dlfført.îitl4lioii«
i»
..åii lndleâilom 'ff t:fet r a i t tf a e i l f l l f of iîie
oaøl^liiii ^^ hm o.ht&îíi.#d trm %hm á êp%.h
øf ihø 0 ^ 0 of røllf^lfltd Ttastls whloh
1 ^ ' m%mé %ø m wldii ©f 'iiir^t Im^mrm
r&di&ily mnêmr oøMitionn ot r&pld a o t i Tlly»
Baia p r t t t n i t d roprtterîia mrk af Iht 1.^^40
irowlng øt&*rø»
ti
ÊÊÊSúk m mmãm m,mM%%m ÍSL MÍI M Í A ^
Fløld ohtørTâllo.tit 10 dttørisliit d&itø of l.fil«»
ii&ilosi .&iîd of ihø .peøliiTt otaø&ilo»i of ahooi t i p
øåttøiialøii wørø itøiø &i Irrøitilar i.í.itørTalt <%t irom
one to flTo dayat ^iptndlni mpon t k t t o l l øfolalmrø
øoîîltiît mnå Iht r t l a t l T t aolÍTÍIy of tht trtta#
ihoot itø&øurtmttiiø wørt l&^tîi ai i.rrtgmlar
iDitrT&lø to dtiørmlnt If pottlfelt th# liioiifii mM
r&tt of irowth or %o â t i t o t the øøøt&llon of growih
mn thø trøtt#
Siwi.étm «taø«irtiatr}ta aTtra.iøå ,&p»rî>3il*»
ø«tit% 400 pmr i r t t smê mmm %êkm &i & niilfør^ I t r t l
ef froø i aød XB f#tt øîiOTt tht i r o « d s^må %hm
trtøt
tn orêmr io &.atørl.aiii t h t l o i a l aTtrøit iúm&%
mn%m^Íon tor %hm at&aoíi OÎI a l l øii.|>trlîit-^tal Irø-ttt
•& flnâl tli..aol ii^atyrtmtiii mm mmãm m% Iht e l o t t of
t^feø irtwlîig øø&øoi^ afitr^ %hw %rmm h&d hmmom mtêm
f l t i t l f êor«*aÍ#
ttf»l^.ûal .ahøoi^a OTt:r m t i î t i r t '
i r t t mtm itaaaîîraå mMå %høm l a i t m l fe-ranolif* ^t^rt
Imil^dtd «^ilofc tomld- ••:.:%h tomt &taiira?i-ot %t l l t l i f i *
inliliøé trom f r u l i l î ^ mpnrm. Bpwtu mm no% Inol•^^td
lii iht aø&ømrtsttiia aa ii It ohar&oitrltiio th&t thi^
BNilct mXy a llmlitá amiml growiht røgaHHøsø of the
a t a i t of eofidltÍOîi.8 for gr^wth*
å î i •®taat3-r<*s^ni«
wtrt m&dø t l t h & nilør to Ihø ntartøt X/B Inoh.
Bud
øø&iø øoara froai Iht prtTiouø Bt&ton^ø tønsin&l buda
m
wørø mø-ød io ldøiitll> t h t oo»taoøiiøni
0000011*0 i r o t i h #
•eiîrrøni
03
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FIG-U^
II
PLOT I:
HEATKaiî , BUW3H, OOIÎTROL (GHSGKS I
MD II MAY Bfí ^ES^ m lÅEAR BAGZGKOUIÍD ADJOIIÍIIG BUi^FEH
JUSM
«^^^v
••?'SÍ^^^
Éim í^^-
JPIGUHS I I I
PLOT I I :
GOIÍTHOL, BUFFEH, BUFFER, AA^D TH3ATIÆEIÎT
EIGUHE lY
PLOT I I I ;
HEATivLEIÍT, BU ji^fíH, GOKTHOL
1
FIGUHE Y
PLO
I;
GOBTHOL DOUTH SIDB (KOTS GEIHESS
ELM H00T3 IB 30U H WALL)
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o
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IHHIGATIOIÍ A0G0H,.>ii.,'
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EIGUHE IX
LI6THIBUTI0IÍ OE TKE
JÎ^LOW
OF
IHHIGATIOIÍ
V/ATEH
FIGUHE X
ATMOMSTEH AÛSEMBLY
i!
v'm
í
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Fig,. x:
Prograssive Stages in Shoot Sxtension of
a Second Period of Growth
åf
åali ffliiiia,l,frliHfi.
II
T&blt I I I
ll
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hy B& CJøøia (13) øliø øøntlta«St<l th&t
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ø&itt i r|,î»iø io hm &ooosi ii«a tor %n t r t ø II f#
ffet øutor boiii^&f^ of %hB flrøi gro»t.fe- I t ^ t r «««
f&lni mé Inooaplttø Xn Bom øøøilonø biût v^ris abGønt
im m%h.êr®.. tîm mmémr^' mt %hm wêmnû iroøiB. l«yør
w^u ijmmiamsi^ QU% %Xm iriea*,;,. ,^ltit in øom um'^ionã.
flit tîilr^ i,roøil løjti't *.«a»tir'-*** mB hromA u-»-.- ..,-..-*
« :Dro.fêi:ni!nt hmmû of l&it ^n-^å, Aîilioîîkgh øtoøøtlon
4f
md mmmX âifførtøti&tioø «&« noi m%mm%mê «t tiiø
t l i ^ of tliø Htgf 11 olj>aønr&tioíf*:, øø în lîit øii.s« of
I ft irøøttl dlfftrtntl«tioîi It ^tll#irtâ to li&vt
øø&øté (3 á tO.Z'Í) ørior to •ttit l^ i Irrlgatioiît
øné rønøøtti ftg&li^ l»øforø t^ø Hi^ 11 ol»atrf«tiOfi«
fliø ouitr bom»^4&rs' ^i %^^ f l r t i rlfii wm fe««^ ^-^^
immmû m & rt.smîi of %hm åpriX t*$ dfrontli or mm
io tom ttøptr«tmrt oti âpril lf«
flat l&titrt ^úoh
røéoMliiø41;y tiE^ritÍ & mom prmtovmå t^fl-mtîtot ^pm
%hm i r t t iê iimkmw-^é io hê ili# ø&^t# l^ f&l^i* •
mmm of tîiø l&io mmé ot tfelø rltig in i r t ø II ft
&« mompmrmû %o ^m B^mné oi %rm î f ms^ hm mo^
oom%mê tmr hy %hm êXowêr growil** of trøø îl f «i
%m% %im mê ifet oøiistfmtiiilf I t t ø t r mê-ponm.
ø&øil&l rtøf^øtø of ifet 1 f øîni lî f %rmB %m
m éøellnlí^i mit m^ímtnm o^ãrfw hr^nsfh% ø«i •êtrm$Xy
%hm pronomm^ Iftflntîsot ,a^c>|i »|stmr« fl'aoiu&tl-ønt
m^ hmm mpm & t r t t irfcliîi 1« lø & raplâ stâ-|# ^f
fi^irt^*
fr#t« l^ & rupiê siøtt of motii'itY mm
ohmrtmé in «11 lîîtiaaott io rwêponé mm Q^I-OÎEIJ?
lo m^p^imm #r lîn-fwarafelw m.^ã.rmMm% %hm %hmif^
i r i t ø whmm rnit of «,«tiirity mm i t t t * -^s •mn no%m4^
&liíioiîg,te rttponati irtrt raplé mnû sii&rp -anå altb^ougli
it»|í- itfié to %ãm pl&øt & il^iilo hig'mr on %hm mit
øHil«iii,.rt tm^rftt ^'^^^ rtløiloii of vø»«tl tøøø&tlon to
ir&ofetiíî ôt«.imilon' tmm^-^^-^!^ mmnmnxi^ity %hê Bwmm &ø
II
m
%hm% tmmé in %hm X U BMÛ II € irtt«#
f
Qm & 4øol;l«lni &øilirlty mrwm ttet Íø,|iito«âi
trøøø of ,Flot I I I Q ,«fi4 III f tnlilliltté øiii^l&l
røøpøfiøøø tø øpttif lo ioli aoltitirt p#røtiî:ts^g«t
•liloli olootly |»&r»ll#lté tl»o«ø of tiiø «ro«&tii&ii
irøt«t hu% ÚXttormé mmjmméXy in %hm %imm ot rta*
l>oo«t4i
fîit rt&otlor*ø of itlfiiotb. trø«« •tørt sloii ln
«or.p&ri«Oû«
4oøor«l'liig to ølMstrimiloø ii^ét ®m ^mm t (i «
lo#4^> irøtøøl élfftrøiitl&iloxi hmâ mmmmmú in øtiooift
øf l î l i B^ mmmm %im pri^r to iii&i åm%m &« m»
^^
øYlétøtøé hy tltt &pf#&.r&aot of l&itr ti&gta im llit
proirøtølft étollii©' ln &tilflty of tht oåtí^lmt*
ø4Wlilmiit Mwtført *^-^ t i l l l mry &oilir«ft
flâø
fm Smm
f olíøtrt&ilow prtê#iiiti & ^lmllar pim%wtm •mX%kou.gh
iteøøt mmåê é-mm If mUê-må f t ø t t l ,fors«llo:ri to li&irt
i&liøîi fl&øt tlnøt t^# •êmm i øi««rf&,iloii«
Hilt
•^trltø of oHøørfailont prøttiii'ø « floimrt %ui%o
årrtgmlar fro» t l ^ i w^iim wm^ «iîtiolp&tti# dtttø**^
tlo i of f t i s t l -âlfrtrtîiil&iløfi loo^ plmoê m ãpr^mnim
mm%mXy l^ 1§ Câ i m€) nfeitte i»« «i^iloip«tti Cørt^li
%)m
ffeø øl^øtrîtt of &øtif# føsttl aifftrtinii&tiøii af
Smm it 10 å^m øfitr ttoø mil ,»oi«tiirt o ^ t t n i wa«
wmém mp%immm tmr lalil&tloiî ø&» abnoriss&l m tlit
h'mmiê •út pris-flou.« afeøørfatlono* Th® r^îtttwal of
&oilflt|r|^ •miísXk wmm dtitot#fl tomt W úByB &fitr that
i||l^
4f
lí»*'
é&tøi vhøn ihø «oll moioturø nârotnt^ h«d btøn ãom
:prtttt4 .øtloø thiit oøntidtrt'J miniøiiii |i|^pro. .i.ti«t#«
ly lO.OIÍ} øné l^tloø ihat &t tltltlit proili3sotior> ot&««4
on
'• IS, seems øø«t trrtgtil'&r mé prohÊ^lí^ o-m hm
«3Cpl&iotâ 00 & b « t i t iii&t iolntot^ r««f#ii«ø« io
øilmull ørt rol&ilftlf «loit#
itt&iitt é^mrmnmy of
tlit ø&fôl^lMø li&li' not hmn momp'lm%^âf %Uø fmøø«l of
f ø t t ø l proauotioîî prøíitfiitá « •tlitiatl.íiîi f i l t t ilf*
f t r t a i fro» tâ&i of & rtntøitl of &ttlflif tmm «
â ø m m i ø&øl^lti»t ^ ^t^^ ^^ r t f o r i t 4 l«itr# m mutê
bt &í5tioip&i«<i & l#ns rttíili«4 fro^ tlit ot«t&tloiimã l&ttr •rmmwmX Bt f t t a t l froíimolloni#
^îliitt
feoøøftrt wøt i^in% iH'ilomtlfîi tfe&t & tt&ttffitni of
ø«al»|al &otlflif Xm itlniotte i r t t ø &fitr ft««tl élf*
førtmil&tloa 1« o^ôørfti io l^&f^ o t t t t å t it & « « i t t r
for «|»#oul&tl'#îî«
tlit îi&rrown#i« of tlit laiit wm
proh^ly ént to olott r«latio»»líl|* l^titt^îi tlit rwm
fmlrtaoîit for f t t t ø l difftrtiiii&tiøn i# xmm pi--:,e-i
mmû %hê «#11 ^oltiiirt miuimm^ %o mm%n%min omhímt
&otlfliyt «M<?^ 1» fsrifetr «fe®tantiat®é l^ tfet mry
í
1W
fi&rrow mm of trmoteÍ«Íi •ílifftrøtîiiaita êt tJit olo^t
of iiiø «#««011»« &oilfl%*
% '^imê m (s i s.$í)
&11 m% itet l&øi •itaits, to^&ra ilit paisitifo idojiti*
floatiao øf 4or»&ae^' -of t h t o«iøblii® hmû hmmn p&»®øat
mnå Qn é'mmø åø %hw omhim wm ol^strftd to b«î tinmiøták&bly dorm& ii*
îhe ©ttlîMitíÍ r l t e af -thø goll
TEXAS TECKNOLOGieAL COLLÊGt LiUIÍÂMI
••UBBOCK. TEXAS
L
Møløttirø otirf® foîlowing t h t ^nm tB rølnt mppmrm%^
Xy áiã noi t f f t o t & rtøtø&l in & « i i f i i f of tfct
ø&inlllm &« l & i t r ol»««rf&tlon« «liow«é «io i«îillOâtlon«
of ømoli & rtfôpori«t#
åf»&loiou« in i i « ««ilf|t3r io t r ø t I l î 1?^ i r t t
I I I f &l«o r«th«r oløøtly^ |»&r.«lltlté i h t Sonã%hm
t r t t « in » o l l i^løiMrø røfi^rtstni® f o r rt«poii«ø«
(Ør&i^ ê).
Altîioiiili & fero&l;.%&iii of mXignÍfîmã
i r & t l i ø l t t &n«! f t t t t l i wmê o l í i t r f t i tn l^ 111 ^^
ø&ø ^ t l l t f t å i^Nit f t ø ø t l forfs&tlo^ teøi méommmêty
øøøøtá prlor io i l i t m^ f I r r l i & i l o a ( i « t l i « i i t i
S n f.f^).
l ^ r l ^ i t h t •ptrlo-é froø f l r ø i I r r l i & i l ' ^ î i
. t t a t l l ^mXy il (S i i#tS) ølitîi p o ø l i l f t éorrø^o^ mm
f l r « i tfié#notå|, iti,# ø&«ii|,iii &fp««,r#é, to rtia&lii
ø t t l f t t Hmt no f ø r t l i t r f t t t t l proimoiloii lits ém^
i#oi^*i»
Ø«íi,|íl«l â t t l f l t ^ Oorrtlmité io i-^ll l^løi'urt om mn
tnotinimg
.áotåfiif
Whmn mm m nm-f?rwrêiw^ åBûtim in ø o t l f i t j f tfeø
ø ø f t r a l rmM-pmmB ot m mm^imm io -s^ll moísturt far*
iøê míXy f l l g f e l l f bttiftta #:^^arlii®'!iiíil ir^mã of tli»
«««« f â r l t l ^ røá to & r t l a l l w l j ««11 <^ietsrî.. :>ø*
i i r t t f i tb:3«t of %m í l i f f t r t ø t f m r i o t i t t ,
fmr frø&tør
i l f f t r t ^ ø t lit rti^oi^øtt feo*tftrt wm tomû %o t J t i t i
whwn -m aittmpi «&« j«&it to Intltîot ais i n i t l a t i ô n of
51
& ø i i f i t y «t & øîsøeifio p o l n i m m I t i ø l l n l í i i ø o î l
» o l « i u r « oiirf«*
'A g,r&åuøl l>tit ooxpløit ûormmnoy hmã hmm øi«
t&listâ liî i r t t I 0 mimu %m I r r l g & t i o n of 4uXy li
r&l«ø4 i l i t « f t r & i ø ø o l l moltimrt øonttiii ^i %hm
ø o i l f r o « &fi^vro3ila&t«lf 1f,tf» to øn mm%Xfm%^å i t ^ f ^
00 ãwty I t whmm t l i t ntict o^«trf«iio.iif of tlst O&INP
hXum mm mÛB (ûr«|»li 1)«. ^ %hm% é&tt i h t t D t Í r t
ø&Mlnæ rtglofî êmfø t.liit &pptmr«iiot ol ^ t i i i g mrm
t o í i p l t t t l j f iorm&nt i^&«i «i mmy 't'rmwiom #^«t,rf«iloîi#
,Moîi«ftr, hy énXy tl & o i i f l i f •«» mtl nro^mmmé
mnû & t & i ^ i ^ r t i i ^ n f•ro^ W io 14 mmm of oøllø
i ø ø f «&« i ^ t # r f t é ln «11 i î & i t r l i i l *
Soøt l î i t r t a ø t ln
r & a i ø l ølâtli o f i l t o^niiøri^iøi ø t l l t a f t ^ t r t f l o t i
o f f t r ø é f ^ ' ^ ø r promt ot m m^mhXXêhmé & o i l f l i f - t
mmmmB of m^ miãmmm &f lig!tifio,É.%ioa in t h t
îîtøl^* a i f f t r t î i i l m i t ^ a o ø l l t i.iiilla«ité Hit l i r t f l i ^ ^ of
%hm p t r l ø i of =itoilftt^#
,å rskpié i,*i04E^&«t 1» o&mfei&l
& « i l f i i ^ - ©o-itiiiíwil røtll åiig'utt 1 mbm %h^ f i r t i
Ímåiom%imnm ot f t ê â # l éitt^tmn%ÍM%im w f ^ i i # i # i .
^ MXy I t t i^-^' ^m^^ ø f i t r « r i f t &ort inolî
I r r l g a t t o n t tli# f l r s i t t a g t i n t l i t r t r ø t m l o f & ø i l . f l i f of i r t ø II ê wm-ê noi-t4 '^y %hm «|5|f#ar&n@« of iøo
r^^wê mi mm^h flaiio^ftiil o # l l s in -im miaålt a-f %'m
msmhimX rtii^otî ( S l øfpronl-m&ttlf IE#tá)» On J'etl;^
•El & ^ M l t t ø o t l f t o«fê.l^|iiii wm ol»atrf«d &ooo^&nloâ
hy & r&<SI&l Inørttøø in miéUi ot o n i t r o t l l o of iliø
røglon iã M ll»4^'i)#
I n i t i & t l o î î of l l i t i l f l o & l l o n in
nmXy d l f f t r t B t l & i t å î ^ l t ø «&« f | r « t o^atrfadi m\
J u l ^ 84*
f i i t Oftii^iiiii on t t e t 4mi« «&« ft^r:^ & o i i f t
t i o 14 roøø tf o t l l « êmmp) mnú & «jNif I n l t l o î i i&ti«ø«n
j^'ltar øiicl pMotø røglont øøt i | i i l t t âlfflo.iilt#
V«««
ø t l forîs&tioíi ø&ø f l r t t si#it-sl m ênty tf C^ i ap^^roîi*
I t M l i t l i * lEUf*) thø mié%h of i l i t mm of TOiiiHiflti
f t ø ø t l t øiíiíinaø4 io tøo mé •%hrm lø^^tri of iNitatlt^
f l i t r t f i t ø & l o f ftøîi^tl .â.|fftrtîiil.âtioa l ^ ir#««
î f BM tt f w&« r t - ^ á l l f mê mpi.û.ty t f f t o i t é ti^s^
ifet s o i l n o l t i i i r t o#îii.t.^i {or t i i f oifetr i i i î i t i ? î i
f & o i o r ) wãW msdm &it^iimi.# f o r i r o t t ^ t ^ t l i t f t 4 to hm
my poin% mhofm ifeø i ^ a l ^ w r t ^ M l r t a t ^ t to «m«i&l?i
ø ø t i f l t y t prowiém-å mB% ifet ø&øfelmø røîs&lnt & o i l f t t
l ^ « « f # r t «11 & i i t a f i « i o l a l i l & i t otsfeløi^ ø o i i f l t f
irom & åon&ni ø i ø t t m or « f i t r mgm% Wt f&ll«4#
êøotiorit m é t ø f i t r t l i a i ûm%m r ø f ø & l t i & sy.si&lii«i
éormøiîi^t t m t i t s t l û g ili® |ffl-pø,rt4iio« QÎ mm% pf^riQå
iM o ^ n i r o l l l î i i t.r#t & « t | f l l f «
fîîø •prmhmhX^ imtmrt^Mom úf rmM% ptrioé wM t h t
i l f f t r t p o t I s r t - t i p t r l ø i r#íiiili"#s#fit^$ líêt'^e-fi f a r i t *
t l ø t im o ø û i m l i l n i o ^ f e l » l m o t i t i t f af %rmm 1«
l l l m t i r & t t í l l i i t r # t I I I § (â^åatatø/ ^iiiøli r « ø t i f t 4
øoîii,i,riií»é i r r l i & t l o i i ø éMrlria- %hB «tøon4 pîi&øt of thø
« pt..rl^tîlt {§r&pli 3 ) t trtmimønt i d t n t l o a l to th&t of
Pl
gro»t.b rin« ln ri«. xxvil.
Irrl6»tian« bagttn *HgB«t ti iu»«i»« f«ti«l
to foro. t r . . in T .iit ef » mmpU%» <îarB*n«y (Sraph
«>• ObB«rv»tiofi« må» st tbs oi8»s ^f tis» ««i«»an
•bomâ rølí. on» ol«»r rlng.
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F i g . XIV, I T, May 11
(20Cx)
F i g . XVI, I T, J u n e 30
(200x)
F i g - XV, I T, Fiay 11
(425x)
F i g . XVII, I T^ J u n e 30
(425x)
Fig. XVIII, I T, July 7
(200x)
Fig- XIX, I T, July 19
(200x)
Fig. XX, I T, July 19
(425x)
F i g . XXI
I T, J u l y 24
(425x)
F i g , XXII,. I T, August 9
(425x)
. ^ •'"V.f
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m
Fig*. X X I I I , . I T, Snd of
Season
(45x)
M'^:-:-::^^'^/^^-^-^-^^^^:.:^-.
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Fig.. XXIV„ II T, July 18
(45x)
Fig.- XXV, II T, End of
Season
(45x)
i
Fig.. XXVI, I C, End of
Season (45x)
Fig.- XXVII, I I I C,. Snd
of Season
(45x)
if
firm% Qrow%h
tûm%itimm%ion gf imwtiî ini%im%im 'wmm mmm
ptiûntoé W %hB tmm% tlmt %hm mmrXim% rmmpmnmmn^
whimk %oo% plmø w-%.lhin th^ huå oontå nê% hm ãmm
%mo%mû »ithøyt m '^AmmXi'^m h|jSlølêi:|eal «%»#,
%h« 7l»il»|.# ii,.iit#mitl imiom%ion$i oi mXonm%i^^ min§
mm tm%mr m%mgmm oî înî%Ím%ion. fM iåmnX'iÍiomion
oi tb« #»rllií'S'i ø'laits df wimihXm imi%im%ion of
mXmm%imn mt mXmm •mmmmm.mmimé hf mmmr%'n%n%j êm
%o ifet •îm%'«irt ot t i t t-trm-iaal hm'å ot %hm mpplm^.
w ' ' iê nm% m'mfmn%ø, m% im ot%mn c|utt® Xøom-^ ii^im
%hm tmXmm impmmim ot %n mm^im tirm% •m%s^$,m in %hm
ini%i^%î&n øf m.%mnim;-
fîm% infintt® Tliilfeit
|iiíl,|^©mtlø^rî# mrm '&h$mrw%û.^ ênring m %wo émy tnt-trf-ml
ÍrO'B MBrmh ii %.a fff^ h;^ m #«#ll|-rig må feiirstiri,g tf
ttrmirîaå huûm m min må m%mm lm%mrml hrmn^hm.
%m,%^rmX 1»^.« mm mmin mnã i«.ttiml Bhnnt^ mnå %hoB^m
%mmim% m tmi% npmrê w#rt #løwr %o mhihi% tl,*-#ir
a#ti'^tl^»
fli,# mil «.øi'@tiir# a-gûttnt ot fr«mt«©îii má
§on%roX |.>.ÍP'Í»' 'êttt^r^é monêiê^^mhXy at ti'it %Xmm ot
Bhoo% m%mmion inX%Xm%Xén. Cm%rot pto%B ^^rimã
tmm %M %m lO.C^ ÍÚî^nho l , t , må 3 ) | thi* 'frT.atiaiii,^
pXo%m from XQ.Ofí %o ll,5-'.^ on m •morroo%n:û ourrm
(OrApha A^ ê^ BM $).
Suring %hB 10 á-iym totXowing
grawth lniilfttion a i i mit moiB^uro oMTvm mrm on
m émotinin$, %ronâ.
%lna ot Aprll S aná ê, t a t a l i n g
£•46 inohmêf r â i s t é th# êoiX miB^uro om%BrA ot %hm
Qon%toX pto%B mom tZá^ mé %hê trmB.%mBn% pto%B
mh^m tM.
t% mm m%wmmn iMs^ pmrioá má April BO
on êon%vot ^:íÍ.øtS| má Mmy t m trmã%mm% pto%B^
%h^'% mê% rê,piû êhm% mtmmiún wmm ohmmrvBâ %o íiavt
•feaktt^ ptmm^
hmorãing %o ohBêrt^tiom^ BhoQ% %ip BM%mnnîon
om %rmê I Q mé It U wm te#li#T#i %o hmm mtoppmé
t^n7tntê%^V:' "vrlôr tø Maj t mú prolialíl^ mn ntkrly mm
Aprit ti imil •m^íBturê ar^r^roxiæmt«Í2/ io^'"'
iØ^Sf r#ê|)#^tlTôly)#
•^•'lat î î î C api,>ea,.r@^a %o bB
mm%ito %m momm ««,-iíini ^urin^ %íi9 Xaitnr ^mri ot
Aprit hu% WêM ohmmrfmå %o hairø i>«&s#d ^ i i T i i y hy
M 10*4*C)*'
ímê I t mná tt T wmrB ohBmrtoá %o imvt ««As»a
•%h®Xr ém%BmMÍon hy m^^ 7 m% wBrm fe»ii-ir-^d ta !-.aT«
ai#p-p#é «« #mrlf «» l^y 1 ^^ " l?.^^"" ^^^.M il,0:í r««p«oiimly)*
trm îî
t «»# (
1 %o hwrw 6«A8#a
«i#fisi§îî hy ^ t ('å u to.zÉ) hu% d«rinii# i ...U; .,i l ø n i ot m pmBi%i^B #«a#atlon 'HBrm noi appartnt w i i i i
1%
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(tfti>l# XII) •arî^a iiíoro und«r oondiiione nf in?iao-
m
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«oi«it3trt %hm méor ©Iroui øianets ot mmrm
ml»m4BM% aoll itoiti%;»rO| m 1» illii.si.ri%iod ^ m mm^
pmriMm of î!«gre« ot tmrimnom in ili® a#iîirol mrBrm§mm
mná in %ho tr^aimoíîi airêr4go« tor th.«. .gra'nd Beriôd^
<tafel« I f ) .
it«®fid arowih
¥isibl# intilatioîi of m mmmonê êhm%
«ICÍ#ÎISIOIÎ
wmB #ff#ot#â liî # » û i î t r •iisiil&r %o %im% ohmêrfm.ê
in ife« iniilaitioii oi ite# êrmå pmriM^
fmmimã^
huém mmro no%mû to l»#'#ø» mmol* #ii^miid#d mmê %hê h^é
m&mXmm^ whioh hmé. tormoé m^r tfe# #p#3i #r %hm mimm%®^
XoB% %hmir omrmû%n®mB^ p-trtiiiiing -íhm fim% tt>mmu
%o mppmmr %hrongh %m •om%^r af %m mé (fii* . l î l l ) .
f^# a##l#'i mwrm mon êXo^niømé ott mé in mmm Xm
m%mnmmm %hm r#gloii ^t 'ife# »oml# êomrM wm mo%mú %o
wmpmé %o m mmh mê l,/t'**'# åm fîôt-aa a@ø in %ím
hmê nmmXê «#ar zonm ot êhm%m •^ãoh mn.i-irgo ml,
omê p^rÍQê -øf tJCttn^ioiî a^iririi %ho •grmim mMãm^
m é i a i i t i t r mtê.rgmm% nf %hm mnê %mk plm^ h^tûrw
mmû |»tâii^t#l|r #fi#r Mm&nê growtto !fiitlatiofi„
•mmmh måm %lm %å^n%itim%ion øt ti.-;^ ##ar r#iiaii
mmmmmm,,'^'.'*-*^'.^'*'^
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mmúinm %hn grBmã porioû^ Thi# wmm pitrtiøiilarly ini#
wlih ir### î t mnd II t mhXoh rmponúmé mp^i»rmåi*
mmXty (fabl# îV) to tts# oontifîiitd hX$h #oll i^i#iiir#
#oni#nig both irt#« hairi.ríi. ^int«tln'#d # om»imon%Xy
a#tiir# «M%|'t^ i# ttoiit dat#. tfc# mQ%mX âm%mm whmm
f i r a t êi4nm ot r«cit##l øt WMtmnion wmrê irisilílt mrm
nm% \mown hm% fraia 0'a.rítln'i4#d ohm^^r^m^timist m%irr%Xy
mt%%r i,rowtíî hmû hø$m^ i% mppmr^å prohM.% %ím%
%rm I t f i m i hmgm ii# irl#ii^l# rmm^t •mhúm Sm^m
Bê mmå %r^m tt t mppr^mim^^y êm^ ES#
Mm #iifiifi#.ani ##r-r#l^tl#n hm%mmn %hw %imê
mr %hm mit ij»l#imr# r#í|'-alr#is#îii# for iîi# .r#»#i*al
mt irisi'fel# m»%mmim ín %rømm I t #»d II t wlijfe
ir#«s t 0 mê îî ê mn hm tmném
Vúmw^r^ Um polni
Qn %hm øoll a-alaiurt ûur^iê at i«feløh # t-#íisi^on mm
^fe##rir#i iô hãm m^-mmê wmn mpprmimm,%øty th« ##ii#
a# i t o i #toê#rt#é r#r ####atii^ iti tli# #1'### of t,h#
fr#iié ptri#d,„ l##*» 1 0 » ^ in ir## î f (øn&pli 4 ) ,
.má XúÆ im %rmm lî t (Qrms^ §)•
l^ntmil #f tîiøtt tip # ti»nsian in I 0 iand 11
§ wm %ui%m diirf#r#nt trm %hm% ohB^rrnã in î t
mmå II t*
î C rt#f>#nd#d 13 d#yii «fi#r th# f i r « i
irrla.aiiøfî iú-rmph 1)» XQ åmym #fi#r ih» i n i t i a t i o n
71
#f ##«l»l#l «#iivii;)^^ wmê l é$y hmt^rm %hm prm^B^Xm
Iniiifttlon of ir##»«l diff#r#itÍl#iion»
å»n«»#l of
#xt#niiion iook ptmmm m XI U m ém^ #fi#r ife# flr,»i
irrigniiofi iêrmph i ) ^ Xê amym mi%mr iii# ai?##rr#d
r#n###l of #a«i^i#l ##iiiriiy,, mé 10 ê^m #fi#r i.h#
i n i i l a i i o n •of ir#«'##l ai.rf#'r'tntlation m# d#t'##t#i#
ø#rr#laii^#íi# of mit «#i#iiir# i# initl#ti#ii
#f m ###o-iid p-tno'd •êî #3it#n'sion mrm Í,mpoii#ibl® ãm
%m %hm ln#tiil|i|r i# min%mim # oonêiwni t # i l aoÍ#i«
mr« pmr^mt #iilis#r m m ti^#lla.|n,i m m flsi m^rw^t^
á##or3,îrîg i# øi^##.rf#iÍoii# â'ni i^ooi mmurém'
mn%m %mm émrin$: 'iât ptrlo-d of it#tlir# #lo.ni#ilo-îit
.###íiaiiofi In ir«# î 0 wm '®mplm%m hy åM^m% It
(S « l l » i £ > | mnå in ir## lî ø % â^^#t 11» Í^ »
Id^S^)^
å l l #ii#fipi« to rmm aoti'rit^ # f t t r %mm
diii## prêmú impmêihtê^
'êmgimning m êuty li» ir## I I I 0 r###iirti'' %.hrm
irrigatiofii âmrl,i^:' i l ^ mmmé phmm of i^# .ttM%
«itte ili# ^^tmntim #f :rt.r@ln-g It into m a,.etlir# «iiti#
•@f mlmnMXm ítrmffe i)«
i l s t l # î i #a# øte»#.rf^å-»
^m 'imêim%im of m inl*
tr*-# lî f llk^#la# fall^d to
r#tpi»îii t® ifet . w r l t t af lrrlgmti<^# &mgvm mn "iií:uât
fs^l# tf Bh&m» %hm
#IP#WMI#
l#ngife of total
##ii#øniîl, ali^øt gro»i^ tá9a:»sth?r »iii- tiao nwiihBr of
sliaøiå m emt tr## whiøi «^e.r# ««#«t3ir«d,
th# t o i # l
ii
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#v«r#g« i«figih, #«# îar#ii#n d##fi into tlio %m f#ria4#
mi growib,,; iife# f|r#i |s#rl#d dttring #îil#is #11 mmnrmê
#hooi« r##î^#iid#dt mé %h% ##Miié i»trl#á in mkimh
mnty # t^ortlfin ^f -i^^.^^ «Æírli,i^îiiîi^ f i r i i gmwm wmm
mhmmrwmû io hmwê prûéumû # mmnã^ fh'm m^v^m^
tmng%h gr^w%h t^r ###fe p#.ri#d 1» g|;•::•-,.
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iiiiil^tea Ûl ããíMMúLi
Tfe* d#ir#« #f ©arr#l#*
%l#n ôf ir««««l diff#reniiaiion ###«#il#n å#i# io «oll
•»ô*aiur# i# mihiwiiiiilomilf ^iilio #igiEtlfi#«íii #«
indiis#i#i If ÍM# a«EÍ #ø#ffi#t«nt of irêriâ'felliiy.
tti# «#il (ie>i«iur# mm'mn m% whimh B-m^Íw m%i^i%y
##«,««4 iD #11 ir##« mm i#i#rmi,ii#d hy #ir#r#iini %hm
«oÍl fl^i#iiir# |Nir##ii^# ai, whi^ INI###1 ###«#ii#n
#ôôîtr,r#d in #11 ir###*
ll##pii# iîi# Inoîtîsiøn of tii#
fi,giir#9 in,iii# dottrmitmiiont %#i^ #f whimh wmrm
fe#li#ir#i io imm hmmn XmmB «^#ri#i»l# trm %hm mêm
%^m r#ifmli# Iiidi#mi#d hm% whímh i,lî,r#^*fc lno.^ #f
f##iiif# ø^tiêmmw mmwåå ûoi ^# di###ri#d, ih# #irøiiå«,rd
á#.fi#ii#ii^ of * tf tl irmm i^ f*#lfí mêm im noi ##n*
«ié#r»d #3i#«#»iT# notordiîii i# mmrwm%imm mnå mwy
hm ##îî#ld#r#d r#'pr#©#niâtlv#,k
l^mêrêmû d#tl-#ii#-fi« fro» ilio mm MÊ^ hm r»Êkúity
###oimi#d tmr mn %hm hmmiê øf^ #%##r##ilon# of tr###
1 t #iîi II t ## émm iø r#i|ion### of' ir### i# Mneon*
i r o l l # i mitir^nmn% mnê inâlrtoily #t th# r##îili of
#^fir#.iiîi-«ni-al #iin@rE»lÍii#t npm puymiøtmgiû^ facior®
iiBIWl«ri.irjj|..|r [..m.|-ainii"v.,.,iliOT •iir'-'.i miMiiiMi'W*
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#1 d#ia wmrm o%iaîn«d #lth ib# following forgîtila for
mm^o^^^^ daiii:
^^
fS
#hi«h d#i#rmin« iti# r#t« of grøwiîit
%#it ##nd^tlng
# •i«dy of «#ml>i#l r#«pon### to ®nyiron^#ni måúr
#Ír#iiflMiiaii### #oi ip#ral>l# io tlio## of iii# mwpBrimmn%
in wblcii #11 bui aoll moi@i^r# wmu hw^Qnâ GQntroi,
ati«h d»viatÍons froííî iht mt'Wri »tisi ^« #nti#lpai#d.
li i# pr#ái#i#d ihât mnd#r olr®uffi#trøo#a út a elos#ly
gu#rd#d #ntfironm#ni d#?Íaiion# trm tlit m^m $re:xtQr
%hmn 0»1S^ mmutú hm rmrwm
X% mmy fe« aan#linl#d trm ihl# # t ^ # tímt ##©3^ilon of ir####l diff#r#iitÍiiilon m^ in fSá of th#
####« hB #ntiol|i#'l#d io i«J^# pl### witlriin t 0«3^l of
ih# #oil miM%Mrm mBXi #iinsid#r#d sinimtm for iu#t#in«»
må m%iri%yî l.#»» t*Qá mhQm %hm i^gro^oopio oo«ífi*
oi«ni mvmrm$.ê tmr %hê uppmr S f##i of fin# Bmåy tmm
#oll#,
Wnêmr ©ir©^rø#i-#îî### of m #3tir#m« or -^brupi
#lt#r#Íion øf ®n^lrona#nt| gr®at#r d#irl#tion from ih#
.r^%Xt
^% ^f %i^^ %^* ®»il
p ø l t i n r t oont«ni l'ø riilîi#d ahovt ih# îndi©#i#d eiinîmum t^r Bm%^ittmû tesmt diff#r#ntlaiion, & ren^wal
of aotiirity m^s^ hm i^ii#ip#t#d in ^onftihim #ppi# ir##a
wiihiii i## émm #fi#r th# d#i# ih#i ##ndlilon« w#r#
i«#d# ad«<iuat« for ihai r««|!>#n»#, providing ihai th#
mmhimi ##« nQ% p«miii#d i# h##on# doræant «nd #I«o
praviding ih#i ihe nonisal r##i p«rlotf« #f th# ir#«
utnmHmmmtmHwm i iw '«•• "i*'''»'"'
« mtmr ioi
Ch#ndl#r, K H., Ji9r|h ^ r l o a p Orf|||rt|y
wm noi #ii#ro##h#i m|^#nt
tê
S#i# |^r##ttr#d fr#«i î a #iid
tt C wmrm oon«l«i#ni in ihl« r##^îi##w
Wiih ih# loîniosih irari#iy, r«#i p#ri#d h###iNi«
«» inhihiiing f##tor i# r«n###l of ir##i#i d i f f # r ^ i l a i i ø n l n # â | # i # l ^ followlng flr^t #####tlon, * 1 *
ihømih a tt«#oiid i# p#«#i,hi# li#for# ih# ##i^imii #iti#r#
doræano^.
In ih# iffl9roh#hl# i^«iâ^## of #, r«n###l of
v####l dlff«r#ntl#tim5 iîi th# Wiîi##ht th# rmêpmBm
Xm mXmw io h# inlti#i«d #tié my^ r#iiiir# m émyB ê..ft#r
#ondiiÍon# h#ir« h##ii: m^mâm mpt'imm imr i t # lniti#ilon»
%|i#r#nil^t rogardloii of th# tia?# #f flr«i tmahli^l
dormano^- in ih#
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ih# li#l.nto®h ir## i»ni#rsi m
r##i p#rlod whioh #âmoi h# hrol^Oîi hy nftîiliinlatlon
#f #oÍl a^i#iiîr#«.
t,ii# rmmm-mt mi w««#l diff#r#îîiltttlon #ft#r ili#
« â ^ h l ^ tma' #ni-#,r#d ooffipl#t# ê&rmnûy in «îon#tîi.#n
ir#»# Is a fmt'tion #f %Xmm followini th# Inltiation
of ##11 éiirition mnå nm h# #«|i##ieá iø i # ' ^ |»1###
froiBi i to 11 éêym mf%êr ^-m4tii^# hiiir# h##i} m^ûm
•$kåm%m%m imr irtwth må mt%êr owhlal ##ii?ii^ hmm.
hmmn rmmmé^.
p» i6*iø (10)î a:#rdii#rt ?• a,^ âradford^ r. a , , «nd
iooîi#r» i* ô,p liif
pPé ^XwmMz í l t ) | #r
n
nmmhiBX m%iwi%y
g f t f t l i l t l âl .-â#ilyity,
th# ### i#iion of oiw^ii
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«øil i«ol«i>4r# #.oni«ni,
:l3#i# r#ir#áil#d # t MM #i#îîd-
#rd d#Tl#ilôn froíi ih# ê.mi mmm m% miiâx mm%in%y
B%mppmá. álihoiíigh «i«ih#i8iiii#iilly ln»ii:nlfi#afsi
C#ô#ffi#|»ni of m r i a h l l l i y n^U) ih# d#rlir'#d d#vi.#*
iion 8m#i h# #nii#lpi»i®d mhmrm d l r # t i #nirir#nfi#îiiml
ini#rf#r#no# in gr##ih m%m •må li# indlr#oi #ff##i
mpon tin©oniro,li#<l ^%#lologi#sl frø#tlon# mrm p^*
iontlal,
|ii|Lii^t.|on §g M%fX^i%^ i â##o,rdiîii| i# åm%m
mh%mimã^ ih# r#n.#w#l of ta«.lílal aotiifit^ mmy h# -mnm
il#ip#t#á tr&m X %m i å^ê •#fi#r th# #øll møiiiuro
#o-ni«ntt wkim llisiitliiit li#» h#iii r#l##d #hoir# ih#
f-oini @oiî#li#r#d
Í^III«ÎÍIÍ
imr #ii,«i.#ln#d á â t i f l t j t
l . # . t '^*f^^ mh^m th# hfircí##o|ii# oô#f-fi#t#ni #wr*
á,g# for th# iop 3 .f#fi of fin# mmûy tmm #oil#.
fhi# oonoliîsloîi li mdiflod hy m oharacttoriitiíã of
##rialn i.r### to ont'tr m r#«i ptrloå áurlng difforlng
#iag## In ih# trowlni #ta#on» th^s fiulllfying mny
m%%mmp% ai i n i i i a t i ø n hy .ih« apûlieation of wai«r,
thm ^^##tlûn ariií#»| #h#n dl##u#«li^ rats í>f
growth.» a# to hoit # i^low ør rmpiú gro#th in tr##tt
ahoMlá h« int#rpr«itdt
îi $fppmrB i>ro'feafel» that
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fi
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«««#ailon hwi ##nilnii»d oaahlal a#tiirity| '»rapid**
growih i# th# noriîal |>r#ir#^## of dlff#,mntiiition of
###««1«.
thia my noi li# ih# ##»# im m #irløily
dirf»## |»or#ti« ir##, ho##T#r, a« f#s##l dlff»i^ni»
iailon o*ari.iiite#ni i# iharp •mé l«ad# dir##t% to
i#ial oaahial ##»##iion iii #hî#h #### *»«low** gronih
i« eii«lni#nir«i«d mnã shouM iricîi##i# # ioial. ^aaaa*.^
ilon of a a i i t l i f im ir##t
ø#{|#lm#io!i#
li»plioailon# d#riv#d fro.M #imdi## of ###^11^
aoiiirlif im %pl#»^ if i h i t mm hm «ppll#d %# ir###
in i#ii«ral, oariT mmh &ra#ti#al wmXm io hoih #r*
ohardist aaé •nMrtti^^øîaio,Î
i» thmmm %ypBê #f ir##®# ^iofe tîiitr m •pm'rmmmn^
rm% p#rÍ-od imr %m r#wtind#r #f ih# ir##ing ##a#^
afi.#r ih# fir#i åmmm^^ mm% hm #jif###d oontlrø.*
mmmXy dari^g %lm mmrXy f-iiri øf th# gro#inf ptriod^
it a #oil moi#iiir# #ntironis#îii of ai laaai t l ^ mini*
mvm r#fi;iir#.«ni i^-r ,sii;-®t,aiii#å íioilirltií'.
i«
th# i r r l i a i l o ^ of a #ii»ft#r a o r ^ n i ir## io I n -
iiii## ironih afi#r a ptrman«isi r#si pariod ha« hmmn
#irsi#r#d i# ohyiou#ly fiitil#*
3#
m%h ir«## ^### r#ai p#riod 1» noi m inhlhii*.
inf faoior io Ihø r#n«wal of a#tlTit>' it la mim*
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tø
pøriani wh#ih#r ih# floaaonal «a«hirø grøwih i# måm
in on# «oniinu#d p«riod or in ««v#ral ##parai# f#r*
Íoda^
4,
^rowih in th# #a«ihi,mi l# r#laiiir«l3r mXm ««
##i^ar#d io ahooi %Xp #3fi#nsion mnå r#fîtair#« a l#nf
parlod for ih# #om| l#ilon of m opiiam« «»a#onal
é#v#l#pî!s#ni*
laswihar #r noi ih# ir## iniai mMm li»
growih in ono ooniinuoiia p#riad or oan #af#lj a#*
##a^li»h ii iii »#ir#ralt 11 It i«p#railir# thai m Xmm
parlod #f ?i#ti^li|r h# plann#d«
Smk Uã åãêmåm iâixiiiiAii. M iMåX måêmm
fXrm% @«i#ih
|p|,^ia^,iip fl .^.||yiiys •åmy d#Í#r®lnatloa ût
ih# r#^uir#Mnii f#r ito# inlilatlon of th# grmé
pBrXmê mt iro.wih .ap|>ari^ii^ $&mm úmpmr %hma a
oorrolailtn i# ##11 litiaiíirt øámnm^ m i# lllii,#irat#d
hf oha#rtatloii# of ^ g t i r t i t Q^ tt 0, l l î Ø^ «^^ ^î^
f» a l l #f *i,#h møwmã a f î r i i d#finli# tlalîila
i n i i i ê i i ^ #f tnian-alon m% iht %imm #h#fi #oll i^iai*
•iir# fôønttni mmB hmX-m ihai •iømtâ minimmm (lO^t^)
f#r #tî#iain«d aailirlif%
f^lli^ d«#idîiøiî# foraai
ir### ar# aald io #fi#n #j£hlhli a alî^^llar r#«p»ii##«
li i# mmmnXy øh«#rf#d ihai #ict#n#lon wmy h# initia«
i#d in apring •^splto th^lr s#wral #-?nn#otlon ^vith
mmy ##11 •i6ol«ittr# ®#^Mr##.
Aooordlng io Øardntrt iraiford and m&mr ( I t ) *
ih# h#r«diiar7 r#«i pmri^ú fa#tør ooîspl«d wiih i#mp*
#raii*r# r#qulr«in#ni» #it#ri$ th# mm% profowid in*
f4i»#ífi## npm ih# i n i i l a i l o n of th# ^rmé p«rlødt ®oil
«#i#iur# h#in,g of iap#riafi## mli^ in th# în#ian##
i h a i p a r t l a l d#tloo.aiioii of th# plania mmy ha#i#n ih#
l»rogr#a» ionard #ospl#iion of th« r t a i p#ridd#
Tlii#»
hmwmrmr^ émmm not #h#d lighi ipon m múpXmm%%m of
ih# Initlaiion #f mm%m'êXm m% m %im whm %}m mmiX
»i#i»|iir# ooniaai mm l i s i i i i ^ io uf^w%h.^ må iBrmmm
a oonelîislon th#i i o i l îi#lâitir#t 'tíiil^sa limiitni i#
ih« aoiiviif- of ii«ri#i#-mai|.iî iláam® In a i.r##t 'irill
fî^-oi Inhihli an lQ:|ii.atl#fi o-f mtiww mmwmêim m% '
%hm teaiiiiiiini. of ih# grmê •f-#ri#d of irowife*
§|.|H^|,|,§y^. fl' É^^X^t
% mmrm$inB ih# soil
«#-i#imrt p#ri#niag.#t at ^iioh: íiho-oi i i p #5î't#î^is:løn
mmê oh^#rv#'d i# tea^'# %^kmn i>l.a#t ín mXl ir###t ^
t i f i t i f i t a n i ##rr#l.aiÍon of BmiX « l # t u r # io ##a«a,«^
ii-on øf #l<^faii#ii ifi líoih ih# f l r # i and ###Oiiid
f#rlod# êi #jci«îi.iiofi wBM mh%M'inmåé Th# rê^p-mm ^t
%.km «#Ii^to#h tr##»t ^^^^*»f» âirsrag#d appra^i ataly
Øtiá ^mXm %m m.mm ai whl#h ####atloa iook pla## in
ih# êmnm%hmm ir###t ^ dt^lailon êmffîøi#nil>' wid#t
ii mmã oáHâidtrad, io ím%ity m ##parat# oorr#lation.
å atandard åairiatlon of * 0»t44 froffl ih# 10.»i< iR#an
P
m
imr a l l ##«»aiioii of #)ti«(i#Íon â#i##i#d In ih# *lona*
ihaii ir### »itii##i# that #ict#ntlôn i« mrB r#«pon#iv#
i# «oil flioi»i,ur# #iid i8or# i»r#dl#iahl« than øiii«r
ir#i»ih r»»{»#n»tt# In ih« ir##»
fh« E»ti #o#ffl#l#ni
of varlahilli;y fîirihar #î3h#ianiiai## ihi# a#«mm|iiÍont
l^lnio,sh ir#«# r#^m|rtd a lø»ilí mmn tmr ###»#*
iion of a#ti¥liy #hl#îi add9 to th# #a,rli#r #iai,#sí#ni
#f #'h##nr#d d#f|iiii# mmú r#,iiilar dlff#r«n##« In r#*
<i:tiir#ii#ni# for growih r#«f#^.### h»iw##n diff#r#ni
Tari#ti## of tr### h#l#niini i# ih« «a«i# «f##i«i.t
and #iih#iantiat#'â ih« mm of mwmm (ss).
tt##tid ûrO'iiih
înliiaiiøn #f a ###oiid :|i#ridd of gro'itiiî too'li
p-ia## mémr iwo êwt^ê êi otnditloníit øa,#h fiirtng, a
diff#r#ni rtttpônit.
fra## î t mnû 11 f mn#w#d
a t i i ^ i f t '^imrm iht ommhi'mm had #,^i#r«-'d ê^rmmûy
•mné ámring m ptriod ©f «jc#-»t^lir#l.f hi'gh soll »|,-#inrm ooaiantt to pr^ûum a ap^sradlo groitih.
å tml*
føfm diiirilmtioîi tf •i,##ond fro-iril'it ^wm'mr nm
nøi#d m %rmm t ø ^å II ê ®horil|r af i#r th»^- had
hmmm a#iimi#d irmm a dow«ii #iai#t mmé whwn th«
.«oil møîtiîirt #oni#nÍ mB m^^h twm %hm ihat of th#
î t mú lî f ir###.
îi iM of int*fr#®i to noi« fnr*
th#r ihai mrm ihm t«fi## th« nrøhsr of ahoot® r#*
di
apondttd io ih# s«#ona aeti^lfe^ ln ih# Q %hm in th»
t ir«»««
th« 8io»i l o i l o a l #xplanation tmr th# diff#r#fie#a
in r#S]^ono# and ih« diff#r«n##s in a a l l » i a i u r # r#*
<|iiir#®#ni« for i n i t l a t l o n is th« inflîi^«# t h a i a
^hyaiologloal r##i pariod fead ur>øn r#n#w«l of #3Ci#n*
alon and th# #î£i#ni to ^hiûh the r#si nnriúú r??at ir#»
mmn%M «#r« »at.|sfi#d ai ih# tiæ# of initiai^aru
A» »,iai#d a a r l i t r t mit ^ l « t t i r # wmy irifluim#©
ih# rmt# of progr«#»løn øf a r#at p#riod sh.O'aia it
b#oofô# l l î i l t l n t mé #ff##i a 4^#i@eat!on oo-ndition
i^iihin %hm i r # « .
t h l » appar«ntly w«« tb« mmø vvitfo
ir### I 0 må 11 0 Í^^rmphB 1 Bnâ B) for Ui#ir i n i *
i i a t i o n r##|^on## t^ mit m^iB^urw #a» #«ir# rapidt moro
i # n # r a l throughømi tb# tr«# and dl<! nôt r#cîuir# mn
high s ffioiatîirê oont#nt for l i # rim##al #« 'irm-.
mnû î l f.
,å oofåpllcatlon ari##@t ho»#ir#rt wihmn ^^m #xi#n«
#ion rttn^ml r#®pon«#« of t t and 2î î ar# a#«o#iai#d
wiih r##i r>ørlodt for th# tr##« #9r#t as ha« h««n
pølnt#a oait wwry a#iiT« di^rîng th« tim# i«»#diat#ly
,^rÍor to ih# i n i t i a t i a n .
Two posi lulo #jiplan«tlo{i#
for t h l â 3|tuation ar# #iigs##i#d:
9lth9r #oa# oih#r
faotor than a physi®l®€Ío«l ^««^ perlod mmy
BIBO
oonirol rB&pm»BB of sîiooi «xt«ridlon »h«n «11 ©nvlronâ;«nial fa#tor# «r« optinwa for growth in nld«««a8ont
#r ih# r»»i p#riod In ir»#« m&B% nm% hm #on«ld«r#d a
h l a n ^ i f\in#tion inolading a l l growih r«tp<m#«»t ^^^
rai.h#r a nuiHhar of fw#tion®t mmBh h#ln$ «|3##ifi©
i-# a ##riain «r#wih prmmmm^
i«#ati«« tt^^aiiioiss whitth ar« #o.«Monlf a^«^#iai#d
wlih r«»i ptriod w#r# in #ir#fr r##f##i i^pioal In
o o n i r o l l l n i i n i t i a t l o n in i r t # î t and ir«# 11 tt
ii a|îp®ar# iik«l|f thmi th# l a i i t r a«#tti»ipiion fea«
lia»i« for tht i^r« po«liiiP# d»#laraiioti ihai r#fiiir#»
m#ni# for înitlation mû th# hrttaJ^lng of a rm^
p#riod ar# dlfftrant mnå #f##ifio for ©h^øi il|i mmm
t«n®ion mû for #a«htal aotiiritjft i M i th# i#o wmy
f ^ e i l o n |>nê#f#îid#«îil^ wlih hm% mm r#»#r?atloiît t.hai
ih# r>iîi#wal #f âOtiTltf iiEi m%mnB'imn follow- thmi of
oaMhÍal lîiitlatio» althonih ii i»#^ h# Inlilhitoíî by
i%m mm rmê% pmri&û r#'í|iîir#îi#nit froai doing sot
th# i l a a Í M l a r l i i ' in th« plîfsloloilo&l 'mmkm^mp
mt %rmmm whlth la r#.if#n#ihl# for a dlff'ør#n## i:n
r#fiiirtm#ni» io hr#-alt a r«ii ptriod diirlng •mid^tø.âson
i# illmsítrattd hy a mmp%Hmn of th# Jonath«ai (I
% lî Ot I t.t II t) #ftd M#lnia#& í l î l ø t l î î t) t a r i #ii##t
å i l tr### #., ih# Jonathan irari#t3r w#r# abl#
io r#n#w a#tiirlt|? in 8s|d*##a®on, altho^,eh ih# Maîii'*
iotth ir##St 'ii^ieh »#r#' @ íhj##i tsi a n#arl|f ld#ntical
#îîtlroîî«®ntt w#r# not aîîl» to do #o.
Conolii«iaa«
Bmmm a»i>##i# of ih# «hooi #3tt#n»lo« »iíidl#« ar#
#f «ti#h ^praoiioal iralm» io or^hardloiø and nurâ#ry^«a
l#oai#d in dltttrloia mmrm i r r i i a t i o n i# a r#4|î*i#iie
ÍQr »t$e<s«#«fiii i r t # growtht
1*
th# ttoil aiolaiiirtt ##ni#nt ia -:*f l l t t l o
OÍ>II##»
^wnoa a# an inhlhit|,i^ faoior t# •inltiation of ahooi
#3ti#iisiím of th# grmnê p#rioé and m-^ hm diîir#giird#d
ai l##«i f#r a #h#ri tiiif afiar gr#'<»ih h#iin8 prm^
iridlng thai ii á### noi rw^liî lliBliing to f@r#« ih#
ir## inio m %mr-Xy ««s«ail,oîi of #icii^#l#n*
i«
th#r# i# nm a|i^ar#ni métmmmm 1^» inéiioing a
»###nd f#rioé of anttnaion in <&rê^r %m mmmpXm%-m ih#
totml „growih r#^air#îi,#ni« of a irø^t 1-^ ^ f l r s i
p#rioé o^ hû #ff@tilt®lf malntainod in mu a#i,iir«
«iai# tmill #^#h r#ftiir#ii#ni# hmm hmmn #ompl#i«d.
i#
my ptmmm'ê. r«ii#w-al of #hoot tip #jct#n-®io-n
ámriîii ffiid*»#ai0îî io «#^pl#it th« air#,rai# \#ngth
gr#wth r#€|ulr«m#ni of ih# irs# it a#aompli^li#d -mty
mt^ m wr^* in«fri#i'tnt m^ of i?,aitri,
4«
li l# #Mgi##i#ii| ih#r#for#t that th# ^ l l iioiai*
iir# ##{ii#^i ah'^^íal^ h# øalnialnaa ahoira th# æ i n l ^ »
r#fuir#d for tmêialnod a#tiiriiy dmring ih« nrand
^#riod io p#r»li a ##it|sl#iion of th# i^rowih r#í|iî|r#-^
mmn% oí the ir#«» h#f#r« iho r»8i p$ri#d 1» #ni#r#d*
fh# aT#rai# fi*^li $rmwmr mr tmrB^rymm rmgmrém
growih a» a »inil# pro##«#.#. âhooi #îii#n#lønt h#ing
quii# ohvioîi»t i» ih# ohi#f oh##r^ailon and dlam#i#r
irowih 1» ilir#n l i i i l a aii®nilon #r 1» mi»tind#r«iood
«in## li 1» tîaawaa^ aa###iai#d dir##ilar wl^. #h##i
«.xt»n#iont
i»«i*li# of ihl# Ífôt#«iigatlorit # . ^ # » i
i h a i li 1» i.fôí:pori^i for th# gr^wêr to r##ofniii# th#
í^røwih #h«ra«ît#ri#i|#^i #f tr#»# •mû %hm r#lailo-ii#hi'^
whi#h i,h# %Xm 'mm i'h# Êí.mmm% of #oil i^i#tiâr# af«
pli©ailo-n# mmy 'hmfm in ø ^ i r o l l i n f ih«#« rêBpmBmm-é
Mmphmmim in ihi# •pmpmr hmm hmm î»la#«d npm ih#
f a#i ^ a i di,a^i#r growih mé laniih gr#-wi^h •In ir###
ar# ##farai# rmmpmmmBf^ ym% i% ha# hwmn d#rønairai#€
ihai,| wh#ii r#g:ml'a"iiai: irw%.h in ir##Jít diaii#i#r
f rowih mmy hm di#r#i#rd#d dBrlni th# graf^ i>«riO'd a#
%h# r#^wlr#»-#ni'# f#r #3ii«ii#l«^ art mm^ %hmm tm'vmû
si,iai«^ tmr a ii'»»taii^#d diaæ#i«r gr#.w^,.
B'mmmr^
%hm o i ^ h a r i l t i ih-ømld oonaolfisMili' r#tmlat# «.oil rø-oiii.
urm ao m it in#'iir# #ti#iain#d dia®#i#r growih #aring
ii#»i #f ih# §r&win§ ##a##îi» îi wmB mBmr^tÊå that
mm.^imX aoiifit^^ iid noi ##aâ# ^ t i l th# i o l l mol«t*
WB aø:rii.#ni In. iíit '®aiid:^ loaa »011, i^i 'Whioh th®3.#
#3fp#rla«nial iro## !wir# growingt ^må hBwn r#aia«#d in
t,h# i#p S ft#i io a poin% tmry cXmø to th# hygroaoojplo oo#ffi©i#ni of th#
SJII.
fhiíti ælghi »i.^|[»»i
m
%hm% åmm^r mt haliîni dla«#i#r growih 1« n#i ftti^
i r # ^ i i and ihi# mmy h# ^ i i r « l j irtt# mnd#r #«riain
tttttidiilona. åtti ii tthømld hm r#iiMi®ø#r#a m^% wmåmr
mm arld or itaii^and •iiiriroa«s«nii «oil fô#l«iBr# oaii
h# d#|îl#i#d mry rafiil^ mm.å will pa#« tolow th#
j^#r«#ni aslnlifi^MB tmr growih aail^lif ln ih« i i ^ t .
th# #noroaQhm#ni of a r#îii pmrXêã %hm l# an i r ø i mmn% di«ig#r and mBy »i#p all growih a#iÍTlif f#r
i^# r#i»aii^r of ih# irowlni ««a»#ii*
li i# ih#r#*
f#r« ií^portffliii ihai a ir## h« i^iniain#d In ooniinu,*
011» growih åurlni. ih# irowini ##a#oii i# lii«$i.r» Tigor
and haalih mné mm |i#iêihl# a nomal lif# Bpmé
m
thm r#laiion#hip of #oil «ioî#iíir# io growih
r#»|>oii##» ia sl
ai>i 1# iro#» #ltuat#d in iî^ T#jea»
t##i4ii#l#g'i#al C#ll#«# orohard wa# ôtîidi#d diarî,r^g
ih# lt4a gr#wîn.g ##aion,
w#r# mmémt
1«
th# followlai øh##riraii®n#
Sh##i ii:p #xt«msloiî and oaii&ial aoiî^it^ ar#
iw# diaiinoi .ijmwih r#»f#n«#^t '^^^^ hairlni ii# êm
»011 i^iaiiirt r#ftirtw)»is imr lnliiation må ^mm
ilnmatloa 'of a#i|,irltf»,
U% OpRhiál grøwih ^•mk ptmm in %wm ,phaii.#-#|. ih#f ir«i durlîîi whi#h ira«h#li iiff#r»nil3ailoii prmmmm
irîai#a| mê ih# ###w-i n whioh ir#»##l diff«r#nti-^
tion pri-d#»iîiai«'d.
t%^ inlilation and soniln«i#d
aaiivitf BM otntaiioii #f •mmth ^mmm had li» ^m
s^il í^iiîtiyir# r#t,«ir#m#ni»*
it
âi my %Xm énring, ih# ir?>wing Jî#a#on mhm #>il
«oÍ»tii,r# hsooræs t limlilng fatiori th# ##»satl» ®f
•##.#»#1 dllff#r-#nttation mm hm •^XmMmXs #or'r#l«it#d to
a d#finit« pøin% m %hm miX m&^iê'%nrê @mrira.
êê
fi#®#l 'ilff#r#iiilati» -##ai^d at a #oll møisturtt
ftrig-#ni øf t # t l • Ø*fit MøQQ^ mhmtB %hm h^gro»«o:^io
ø'OttfflolanÍ 'for th# s ^ i l t
$t
^r^wiãím '^hmt Ihît øaîîilîlrø h,a« r#«íainí»d a#tiY#
aiîd ihai th# r#®i pflrlod hna not h##n «neroach#d tipont
a r#n«ml of t##»#l dlffêr^tiailon ean b« induottd in
ilttnaihan ap|»l# ir##» ai my %imB ûwrxng %tm irowin^
#«a»on wiiMn M êmym «fi#r ih# aai« thai th# l l m î t i n i
faaiort aoll iiol®tur#t wm ralatd ahoiro iht indioated
•ilnlîaus f#r »it»ialn#a f#»##l d|ff#r#ntlatlmî.
$•
»#»i p#ri#d h##á»i# m inhihlilnø faaior io th#
rflrø#wal of iP«®â#l diff#r#.niiail#n in l^.l'nioêh ir###
«o#n afior ih# firøi ##«iailoiit alihongh ih# o^^bîus
wa« oh«#nr#d to r«mlii a#tiir# h«yond thl# poini*
t«
A h r l t f r#n#w,al of ir#íi§#l âiff«r#niltiiøi* wa«
#h##r7#d to i a ^ pla## in on# Hôîisiotth^ ir## m émym
a f i « r th« llîisliini ^ T i r o n s î ^ i a l faotort ®^ll misiai-*
iar#| hmé hmn mmåm ad@fiiai«t hn% a f i t r il«i #':>îl
»oi»iî*r# ûurm hmé ^mXn prf^grm'Bmmû heXm th# poini
#on#ld#r#ii ^iniawi tmr #ii#iain#d aoilirity*
§•
@#»#ailtn of o^hial, aoilvil^ in ^aih irarî#tl##
of appl## iook p'laoa ai a #oll
»Í»ÍÎIÎ^
p#r#«ni ot
S.êt ^ ø»if t OMâ ahoiro ih# ^groioopl© o##ffloi#ntt
wh#!i t o l l i^litiir# w
' a® ohtwrirad io h# th# only ap*
paroîit llmitint #íî'irironsâniml faotor io gr^wih,»
f,
â r#n#wal #f taahial motÍTit^ în mlá*««a#on took
nXaet in Jonathaii mpplm t r t t t trm 1 to S ÚS^B afi#r
ih# ##11 •TOÍtiMr® oont#nÍ» wh#n limitingt wa« rai»#d
mhmwm %hw pølni oon#Íd#r#d miniTO® for #u#t#ln#d
a#iiirliy«>
10«
îto r#n#wal of oasihlal aeilirlty ooiald h# in^
diâttttd In lfeîisi##h appl# tr#«.t afi#r th# f l r a i ##e.t
ii
aaiion.
railur# io r«n#w growth wa# aiirlfettiad io
mmmm oth#r i#vønal«i|| faetor ih<^i #nflronfô#nit proh*
«hljr a .plt#l#lotÍ#al r#«i p#rlod.
II*
Iniilaiian #f ih# frirøá i>#ri,od «h®oÍ i i p m^m
t#n#io,a tooîi pXmm mmn ih# soil i^iaiîî'rtt m» hiA#w
ihai fowîd ^niwa. for #m#iala#d aetlritf*
it.
0###aiioîî of irand :p«riod shooi mM%mBiên 1»
J#î|.aihaii m-ppXm %rêm %mk p'lmmm at a »oll ^ i a i n r a
P«r##ni of Xê.^m # §»,i4,t. whm #oll ^iaimre mm
mhmmrtmê i# hw I | « I Í I Î $ Í i# irtwiht '
li.#
iofnit.ah ir### ê%§pfmå ^lslfclt grm.ê pmri^å
•m-n%m'Hm #f mh.m% m% m «ail »i#ttir# pmrmn% mi
Xå»
mmmmMmmm l#d it ih# h#|.|#f thai -»hø#i tip
mm%mBim' in mpplm ir»#i ia ##iir#ll#d hy m phyBiom
l#ii#al rm% pmr%&å.$ •t^lofe is p##»liar io t,ict#nslon
al,#n# #a-i hmm mø %ppmrmn% #fftti mpon #th#r growih
r#«f #»#-## hy %M- %mmêm ûthtr gro-wih •r$-êpmnmmM mrm
lnflm«t#i' hy a r#êi p#rl#.d parailar io t.h#»,«lv#®^
IS»
îh'# r»ii#.i»al #f sho#i tip #^i#-ii#lon in ^onathaii
i r t t t hmiørm %hêf hmi #fî'itr#i m mmpl'B%-ê mrmmy
w-m Ép#i%åi# mê «par##t •mé rm^mirmå th# mint#nan##
of m mmmmXmXy hXeM aoll is®i#tmr# O'anti^nt for li»
lniilatl«.
Thl# r#if.oii## la atirlhiit#d io th#
failmra iø mmtiMty th# rt#i :p#riO'd rãquiremontiî for
mhm% #ifi#iî#i©n lnliiatiOîi»
ti.
th» r«n#wal of #ho#i %ip #xi#n#lon afi#r ih#
ir##» had hø#n for##d &n% of a aîid*«ts«^r ^a|>l#i#
dormano^ wa» gaa^ral ihronghotti ih# ir«#t prmã'min^
m ir#ai#r at#rai# tthooi l#iif th than thai pro#^r#d
diaris^i ihtt grBnå pmriøé* thm parilal #aiÍ«fa#tion
#f ih# r#»i |>#ri#d r#%iiÍ.r#isHiiii imr #i i«»#i#ii 1^1*»
ilatlon hy a pariitl d##l#oaii#n of th# plaîit «a»
aiiribui#d i# th# growih
mmãmåkpm
Aidritth^ % f.,t, mê H f ^ t A-»^ •rr#îii!ta«rr
i^lMiri. #f 'Hmr tr#« :i##f#'i^,»## i# ^rim^
iiona in âirail#hi# t # i l »oi#imiNi i^ Olai'
êåmbm ê o i l t * f f ^ # # é i n i # of åiiorioaii
t t t « i # i | f#r i o r i l t î i l i î i i ^ l i#i#ii##,
âldrleli,, •»« f:»„|, 1^1^.^ ,lu å»f and î#w|.gt ^ a»,
«P##jf 1^,0% øii3i#:^irailø'n: ln ail.ail-#îi i#
i # l l l ^ l # i w # %iriittiit,n l n i # a ^ mø^
^'11».« J t t w n i l #f áipriamiiiirtt a»«#-ãi^ht
m » ^ t m , i t i f ^ f f i t ^ # .1% i w »
â|.»^i ?• ^^t m«iat «• â*;t ^ i e ^ i # i #• i » t
«^»#- i#i## « iittt t | r # # i aii#«iaail'øû
#f ih# -%ir##-#,#fl# •^affioieiiit'* imtnmX
mi ågrltmlimrtt 'mmmm^ fmX^ 11* Ite*
I 4 f |,' f.* i i t I t l f *
â r t i ^ r t §• i « t « , i §mmrm-9: B-» »#t " ^ w i í l a l
A^iii^llf i:îi: •ih# l^:#Mfa f*#r#i«^,'*»
Prmê-êéXm ^^ â^n#i3^ i # # i # ^ imr ^ r i i - *
t t l i i i i % l ll«|«M#t ^ t ff# pp# I t l ^ i t t
Itii*
\,.
„
t,«.. â*|, «lrr|,iai|-«^; i a i « r i#.-«lr»rø#ni ani
t i i i l # # #f t i i f w mê Åmmmim tmmm in
êm Mm$m ^ w i i r t , * % l i f o . m i a ágrietilimr*
aî . ^ f « r l w i i i S i a i i t n imll#i,lií ém^ t$mm
ipiE#«l#,t ^* f # , mê §«iiht «* t » i »§all#fe# In
.,4rl»tw,|* feiwtrtltf #f åristna tiill#ti,ii
»#• liit âfrii lit 'mm.
' i f # » a i f | ^* F#t »iaifît#nmfi#t of teiaii^rt*
i f m l l l h r l w må i t i i r i t i o n .of flania ai
aiîi BmXmm i h t t i l i i n g F#r##»tag#t** ^ ^ 1 * *
v#r«li|f tf â r l » i í a f##teiiaal M l a i i n iio#
t f t Jiwht i i i t *
Brigm'ê ^* •*^*i «^ ^litta«t ^* ^•r **^^« Moitiure
f i m i t a l ê a i ^f â#il#t* t ^ l i e d .âtai@»
©ip'â.ri.«#iîi of %rl#iili%r#. Btirtam of
i # l l « i M l t t l n i # . 4 i t l§Ot.
Brmm^. å* i*# *€ « h i a l åativlt^^t ^<>% Hahli
må ^#M#r Sho#i lií#ir«|opf8#ni in two :ip#oi#a
m
•1
^ ^ ^ » 1 ^^t •î'taeh åooi moirlhtti^
%ttl#iyt ^*>3l* l^t PP» 4S4»iSt *-wo.
Mi^wardt Hansm !£•• nh# Str^#iiir« af 1##^
máA £Mtf l â i thwîaifimîîaS 8©«fâ«r^ t
l«rfofi7îflt.
m
«tondri#fe»ont â* l t | and Wmihmmmr» f* ^ . t
*lrriiail'#?i iiif#rls«ai# wlth r###h#»
iii C^lifomlat* i a l i f o m l a Agrieulturai
I«ø#rijiî#ni aiaiiofi t n l l a i i n .ti#. 4 t t t
»«adriiae#i^t Á# «.t mê %ihæ#|r#rt F. »2^»i
* ^ # Ma^#fi«»i## #f l*r#d«i#rmin#i .iail^
lil#imr# øondiiiona in îrrigailon fin*
#rlM#ni#t* ,l^r####dini# #f Ãi6#.rl#an
o#Í#i^ for î^rtitisiliMral ôti#îio#t ^^^*
f
i#îidrl#li»#n:t â# i»t ^^ t#ih«i#|f#rt F» J»t
^i»#|#«##s of rrmîi tr%mB %m Ooapara**
tiftt'i^ Laii# . ^ m i # of åirailahl«
'i#l«ÍiMr#t* '^tmmåXngm mi âa#ri#rø
â.o#|#% f#r lîoriiotiliiiral -Sel^nettt ^^31*
i i , pp^ MWMt^ ItSf t
f©
iê
tf
Iaf|Nirt û !•# *iai# #f %i#r lyapmtloîi
it fttnaat** f#3ia# %rie'íalimrai iji^eri*
mm% ê i a i i e ^ ôiill#iin Mo. 404« INiir«fl^#ri
li»*
Eli^holiSt ^mnå^ *i#a»^n#tl Umwtmm of
l i l g h i ar#'Wih in i#«# Hardwooda in
00îm#^il#î3íit«* ^oloisri. fol# ÍBt ^m* 3»
pt,» t4t*»itt ^ulf t ^941.
%oat ^ a r l a a Ut *Tr## trowih i#»ii# a ,%in
'êmm ^^ fhtim^'ittr^,'* Mmtm^^ fol*
t l t 1#* 4t Pf^ 4.ii*ift C^toh«rt IMOt
:tt
l i t e i i i t % !*•• **§røwih In#r#a#nt in ^pXm
trmmm^** Pr####ilni» of A«#ri#aiî ^ ^OGÍOÍ^
for åoriieiilimral ^iiN^##t ^#1« 37,
Pf.» iê'ê*-ioit xm%
tf
l ^ # r | B« i « i ^d ^dai^ont l^ B«t iJtmk
^mê.XmXmm.^ â»'fm
fan Moairand
Moairand ^mpmtiyt
i»w f o r Í 7 l 9 3 f t ppt 566*60.
i#
Of#rhøl,«#rt % Ut ^^f4«*l«i^i ^» !-•» «íid Bam*
h i l l t U !•» «aorr#lail#n# of trunk
ølreuîinrorenee încr«a«# mnå tanpih of
t ^ r i a i n a l arowth wlih lfl#id of
iø»t"
Fro©##dîngâ #f â a a r i o a n âoei#ty t^r
B o r t i e u i ^ u m l mimm^^ ^ o l . 3ft PP*
m * » i f , t^mm
51
aah-t^.
Orant m | # M i | a £ U m MMJU^mm^^^
t h # ^OíÉÍilaiiøompaS rt S#» l o r k t 113?,
pp*
3£
Btúm^^.
â # h i X I # i t « r t *í#^*t mné m^My^ H. %^
\'rmWmMXXt"Uí
P'B l a i t
d^
t %
•^•» #iîd t l n g l t f ,
-my"^ 1i#-»'"f ork-t 19401
i*
4,t
•^--••^•'i
t i ^ ® in r a l l ,rártlli$i#d .Mei,.. ^'*^- ,âp|>l#
tr««^îi, '•'4'-ra#»#dinga ^t MmBrlû-.
•í#i#^
f o r Hortieiíiltiiiral âeitne®t ¥ ø l . Wfp ppm
110*»1,11S, tm$»
m
fi.nglti't *ia'f^ â«t ''''^'mbtm Qrø^h ^ n g « In
li«d .Å#trá#hmnt "t'roe##di'«gø of å,rø#ri®an
i ô # i # t f t^r M.ortl#'îiÍtiiral â#i@ne#t f o l .
S4, |>. 6 1 , 19S6.
^û
m
of 'tmmg Â|ipl# îr«#® In i o i l íiná føai*
â o i l iiij«iitr«4 of far^ing itt>l«tiir^ øon*
i t n t s , •*Prae»#din.a'^ ^t åssarieatn •íioelwtj
f ø r iiørtiønli'armi Sai«fîee. 'f&té S i t pp#
ia*£ft l'iSi
f#liîs«f'@rt F'. ^»» ^â^m# f a e t o r t â f f e e t i n i
t h i Irrlga^ti ^n m ^ir^mn%ts of D®eiduau»
'ájit ^•^^^•^S^^^^^f
tf
^^^*
^'f
^i
'/^i.|^iisi^#r-t •!'# «l»t a n ^ í-i^srîari€^ûa-nt ^W H«. ^
••''î-.,m'
« ê a l l å:'^iôtmr# ^
íiti^^n® in
%û rtê.n% a r a s s i h , • lí*nt ^ ^^ -"*
,./>
¥ a l , t, »o* 1, PP* î l - ^ ^ ,
,
l^^f.
, l>.«lf,
•.... -: m %h.é 1930
i în
., .:.t f i r t t n l í * '3reh«,ríl^,^
,
-.ã
Bt AmmrÍMmn l##iír.
-••
'iral
4ei-ên$íe, ^-^ ÁI« Ê ^ , ,/,,.>•
-53, l^il«
#i
m
P«
1l«ri
, ' . M«t '**'^h# Pr^b«bl# tfalutt •.:'
airerøf#ri^n©«!f a«
^dj-:>int t
ti^tû în lnt'«rpr«ting hppt^
't
i]i|»#rlt«!)i#»** Pr####dlni# of mmnmm
émmim%y imr iiortlemlinral iS#i^«#t ^^^»
4§
i # a t « r t #* !• ani. aiflMr.#îîi#t r. I , , ^:i«^i
41
i l i i « i i # t C » Cét '*tfe« Sff##i øf or#iard
Flani« •mn i n h s o l l Boi#imr#t* Fro#t#i*
i n i t t o f jyi«ri#aii i o e i # i ^ f # r i o r i î e u l *
'MBiMåMa i«Clraw«M|ll looit ^m^mpmny^ nmw
T#rf» Itf9t pp. 404*»i, 464*©.
iiirai •a#i,#îit#t ^^i-* ^^* 'm^ Xê^tm^
ItSi,
4i
ê«
l i i i i » t # t §• 0», «^â#m« f n r i h a r ^ e e n r t i l ^ t
o n i h t t ^ p l t t t l o n of itth##il mXm%wm hy
^pXm f-r#-##t** ^r####dlni# of - ^ r i e a n
. toei#i|r f ø r i o r i i e n l i ^ m l s#i«ii##t ^ ø l *
M t f f t l i § * i l l t S^tiâi
®ligaîi#i i t t . t ^ ^ ^ M I Boi#i^r# s i i ^ i i o n
i^ Mmhrmmm 'Orêhmrêmé^ mmmX mpmr% of
Wmhrmmk i i a i a i#rii#mlimral so#i#t^p
.pf* 4ê*i^i .liåf ••
44
H i i r ø l , §• ê.$ *tO:®# a # « i l i » fro«i C^hiuf^
I r r l t a i l t î i iii: iaaiatti '^hraalcat** ^rmm
###iliii# #f åmrimm ^imim%y tmr i ^ r t i *
# i i l i . « i ^ l â # i « i t # t ^X^ t i t ff«- 'Î4*fø»
IÍW»
4t»
f l l e t H t S^. ø»t * F l t l Í âimdlaa ef % F 1 # t r # t
ar^wih aiid r r ^ i i l B i t ^ s e i « i s i i f i # A g r i *
mX%mm'$ f e i . I i » pp* i S f * i f » I t å f .
ii
tiiti#i««f#rjt 'å» 1..» t i l l i i , i» B^t mé m o *
r##ii» •!• ^éf^ ^PrmmémrB t^r taatini
ênlla imr ^m S#i#iminatlon, of th# -'^^^
f
mdt i ^ i l Ot>n#iiintt»* Fiihlie %ai#*
!• I t » p-P'* l'»f*tøf t I t 3 l .
if
f # a i # r t å» r. må î » a i l i ^ r , u i%t *''^f«*«
t i r i h and f l e l d m Indieaiora of .;3tth»#«
,ftt#ni Âp'pltt fr## l^,rodiietlTlt|^t** r r o *
#t#éiîii# of .áiii#riean ;-^'Oei®ty f o r î ^ r t i •eiilimiml âei#îie#t ^«*^» ^^t PP* 101*0ôt
Ifåt.
ii
f o e w t t« t « t **i^#i Bttwlopsttni of f o o n i D#»
, lieløma- %pl# frmm aa Aff##i#d hy âolla
and ^ C u l i u r a l tr#ai»#ni# t ** ^ i t # r » i i y
mi M#hra»iia a#«#ar#h B t i l l # i l n K#» 98,
B###fôh«rt I i 3 f .
lf*»1
Atnmmm Btmtm
lni.rodíttf^|.fl^
Ai.fliM»«#i#r #iii'di#ø itiBr« ineorporaitd into ih#
a r i i i n a l proá#©t o«illn# in an aii#mpi to «^iai.n
a eorr®laiÍoii h#iw##«î thø i o i a l soll » i » i « r # wlih-»
dranral and th# t o t a l tttápo-ratlon trm th» û%mmm%mrm»,.
An aaenraie #-#rr#laiio^iî h#eam# 'áiffletili to o^htain
a» i-a'ial ##11 ffi.ø|itti.r® withdrawal heai^e Imp04i^aihl#
io d#i#r«.in# •it'iih mny ûm^rêB #f ,pr#ei#ion fro.®i th«
|íloi».*
fh# i S i i r#aiili.»t h^mwmri^ lndi#ai#å a
prohahlt inir#riit e@.rr»lmti^fî hø%mmm th# .mt# of
tt'rapíjr.aiion irûm. Ãi»oii#i#r# |5lat#d 4 må li im%
ah#ir# i h t irttin^ In mpm prairlé and tht rat# o-f
#iraforaiÍ#,n irmm ai«oiiNii#r# l##ai#d 4 •mé It fa#i
mhmê %hê grtîind In an ore.h.mri#
B#eaîj»-^ of a »îig-«'
i##i#il possihllli^ ilmi ir#t$ mmy rm^pûnû in i h # i r
r a i # #f irrøapiration in a mmnmr slmilar io th#
wwmpQrm%im Xømuwã ofe-s#rf#d ír^m aim.om#i#r©t and
ih« potttîitiifel. lMport.a'ne# of t h l s -e.'øntrfteuiion to
orehard hB#hmndr|? íâlthomgh nøi eloîitl|f a l l l t d wlih
th# mmim ohJ#étiir# th# reaeareh), It wa# d«eld#d
i# ft:niln'û# ihf »nE in 1940 in ^rå^r to irarify th#
løff ttvapøratlon dmta.
11
iKdLtSM tiitti^litrf
å larg# aaiauni #f daia.hae h«#ii i*fe#n In th#
pa»i upm %hm irarløtîia pha»#» of #wa:poratlon and
.mieh wmrU hmm 'hmmn ûmm to ohtain #orr#lailon# ^lth
#nyirO''ti'm#nial faeiorøt
âair^rml ihln,i» haira h##-n
d#i#r«sin#d tø aff»ei ih# rat# of «i^a^#raiion.
fh»
tt^ra lafiortrøt of lh,#«# ar#'j (I) %mmpér^%mrm of
ih# air^ it) ,r«lmiiirt hnsiålt^t (S) prwBBurm of ih#
a i f t (4) ir#l##iif of tht alr»^
i^ lli#rai«r# wa»
f'Oiind whleh had h«tn piifeli»h#d ,on r»##ar«ih mørrmm
lating r a t t of tiritforatlan fro-^ ai«#s#i#r» wlih a^oil
h#-ai r#4lat|0îi»
ialéwin <lî aimâlttá owporation in a k'mpmr
i l r e h '• feli# iPintt f#r##i •hmi tmmê nm dir##i r#la-^
iio,n O'f eirmiiøratio'n io #oil i#a|j#,ratiír«»
øliNii#ni»
mmê m-r%Xm (i) in m #tii% of »oll i#i^tratur#
t'Orrelaiiont t# rai# mt i.raniipÍrmilon trm i^liap^
%^^s^. ^^,nm» #'t.yli noi d#i#et -my diff#r#nt# in mi#
of tr^#flriiiií^« whøn t ô l l t#«,p*^ratur#s Tari-#d, fr#îiî
i# iø lO-Q^ F.
M n t i t h t r in»tan##t hosî«w#rt dld
ih# lîiflmno® #f solar h#ai fmdlaiion® fro?R th#
aail hmmm m faetor*
mWhtûå åBå Immmn
fmr pmirB ef »ittndardií8#d whlt« poroua^par*
lil
##laln »ph#r« aifii#i»ti#r# w%rm Be#d Ifi ih# maíp^rimm%.
thr«# »#i« i»#r# #«tahli«h#d m %hm north^att «ia#
of th# iimff«r tr«## of #,a<sh « |i#riø#nial pl.^tt h«ini
«0 «titîai#d thai th« Imlhe pr^%rmûBã •ilighil^ frosî
i^ mú%^r •|i^r||»h#i^ #f ih# hmãy of th# tri?#» (Fii^
^1)» ûn# #h##^ ##i wâ» nX%mê Mm%%h mt th# .âgri*
emlture ií{:iidini in an mpmn f i # l i mmrm m wit^
ohfttruetion #a» 'neart
tm mmmh ««i #»# ^ l h •mm tmur tmø% mimm %m
iroîâf^dt mnû %hm 'mm-mé iw#|ir# f##i a^-oir# th# gromdU*
411 ir««# w#r# #p|îro3«imat#ly U f«#i t'ill*
A nm^
-ahtto-rhir^ «#,reiirf mth rmin mXm (t må 10) was
iJi»«d in # 1 ^ : aiii#iiii#r mMmhXy^
m # pi^ttetio-iî
afaliitti h a i l imimry io th# hmlh«t |* mmi^ mmrm-mm
hmméê mm plae#d nhmm ih# hnlha (Flf. I),,
..^adliii* #f firapoî^iløn l#«### were %mkmm mwmry
#«eonå or tfelri é^ émp^mâing upm ai,#i#«pih#rle mmm
diiiøntt, M#asmr#^#.n,i» wêrm mmêw hf %hm mw of a
eorr#et#d a#âl«» 'emlihratød In euhiø ei^ntlmttitr^,
whleh mt' pMmû álrtetly aiaiîi«i th# liotil« ®ld#.
ittfaait'd i##ii fîih@tiætiat#d, %n ,##ti»i#d aeetiracv
of th# t«ehiil%ti# t-o h'ê i?iihin on# røhie e#ntieî«i#r.
å l l #irap-o.r-atií»n d,at% |ir#®#ni#d wan cúrrm%--Hi
io t h i eorr#<ítlc»n eo#fflei#nt of t:h# atw»f^ftt«r fro©
whieh th# r#-ading w%» ototained (6),
^ For th# ©aíc« of eoîW'anlonc© th#8# wlll h#reaft'-r
h® røt^rrwâ to m th.^ 4 foot mú 1£ fooi aimofô#i#r««
iil
i a l a l n «|fh#r# aiiio«î#iørt wt,r# mmé in ih# #iip^rlm.^ni.
thr»« »#i« w#r« #»tabli»h#-á ú-n 'th® n 5rthíîa«i #lá#
#f th# âmff«r tr### of ^aoh f :|i«rlfii#nial plsst, h#i»i
«0 »iiiiat#d thai tht fetilhe pr^%ruåBé sligbtly froii
the ©•ui^r p«»ri:ph#ry of tí.'i# bøû^ of tií# tr«?## ifi$m
M)^ Qnm eh#.e,M ##i wmm ptmmmê Bm%h mt %hm âgri*
eulture iisilding %n •m mpmn f i t l i ^h#r# m wiiîi
ohatrnetion wae neart:
In #aeh # t t on# mtM mm tmur tm% mtim %m
gronfidi mnû thm •êmmé iw#-lir# f«#i ahoir# lh# grwni**
All ir### w#r# mpprmimm%^Xy 15 f«#i t'#ll* A non*
-ahôo-rhiim mrmry mth rmin iralw ít må 10) waa
•mmmê tn mmh a i ^ » i i # r mmmmhXy^ m a prot®etio-îi
atalntti h a i l •i^jtirjr i# ih# hmlh»» | *
IÍ#Í^
mmrmmn^
hmméê mmrm ptmmé •^hmm ih# hnthm <:rig. ,X)*
:^adliii# #f mmp^^rm%im l#»##» wwrw taiewi #v#r;r
##eonå or thirê ûMy êmp-méing npm ai«o«|íh«rle eanélila»«,» i#a#'ii,r@s#,iii# w#r# ^ad# W %^^^ ^^« ^^ ^
#or,r#et#i øeal#t 'e^llhrati^d in euhie e#nilffi#i^rst
whieh ma plmmû élr#etl;r aiain»i t h t feotila eld#.
»ftai#d. %mm%ê i'iihst«tiat#d %n ##tîi^i#d aeettraef
#f tîie t«'ehnlqw t® hê •within on# eubie e#nilmtti«r*
â l l emporailøn daia |»r#t#ni#d wm corr#et^Mî
io th« eørroí tlon eo#fflei#ni ot th« atmom#i#r froî5
wl'jieh th« r#'ading «^« ofetain#d (6).
# For the ®aK« ^^ eonvanienc® th«»# ^ i l l h«reaft r
'h® røt^rrwé t^ a# th« 4 faoi and tZ foot atmom#i#r».
it
S^#rl#d» #f drft winûy w#aih#r. prot#d to h# a
prmhtmm in #an,fii for th# bylba a^d n#e#åâliat#d
fr#í|ii«ni eltanlng® wiih aleohol mú dl»iill«d wai#r«
e«eaiA«« ém% wm nm% i>«næiti«d io a#ewmlat« mn %hm
hulhtt and r«®ain for p#rlod# l#n,g#r ihan %m days,
ii 1« døiiiiad that inmmmr'miwB ín «.?aporation i o i a l e
a« hlgh a« iîí w«r# tneowîierad ai aiî:^ on# t|æ# amrini
ih# ##«»#»» and thai If they mmmémé |^ «ii#h ##*
#a#i#n« w#r« f#w«
th« loeation of th# I i « i #aii##d it to h# eon*
tiiîuall^ »îol##i#d l^y |i,i#t#r#h|r diirlîf^ th# I9S^9
« « a « ^ t aefâ-emnilng tmr m -eo'nâldarahle éimmrBpmn^y
iíi th« atasotîal i e i a l a fer ih# p l o i .
fli# mnpmrimm% wm® h#,gw êuXy i i t If3t and
i#r®inai#d| du# i# frost hasard, mn O# oh#r tf of
i h a i ym-mrp
•^#.#iidlilon#d hulh# w#r# ##t ^ aiaiii
ø-n 4mm Si» I'i4ø •mé mwrm ialt,#n
:^a,uli#
ÍÔWÎÎ
$#pi#ahf>r II.,
^
iraph 10' mhmm %hm air#rag# åmity r^aie of #ira»
p-oratlon fer a l l 4 f'^«i m-á .all li foot atî»#a®t#r#
im %hm oreharå énrim i h t Ii40 growlng tt^ason*
êrm^ II irae#.it th# daîly raie of s^iraporíatlon froæ
ih# 4 t^m% mû th# |g f-O'Ot bulhs of th# oheck aei
f #r th# »a«^ |>.^riad.
tal?l# ^ giiree ih^ t o t a i »#a»onal ^V::^^->,ration
VI
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i«d to if«|>«rattar« mê winã veloeity*
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io l t « loeatlon n«ar th# grûmûû^ t h t êwmrmmêmé wind
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fa«ior mwy hm hm% radlâtion ir»m th# el^^^^n eultlfated
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hy fî^ eoll wa# i r # a i l | ' rmmmû^ resialiini in a re*
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with aoil
h«ai radlaiiøn iraailF r#dm##d or ølinliîâied a« a
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thí»i mnm hifh«rt li do#a noi prmrm tfeai tr#«« n«e«««
»arll|^ r#«|>oríd ih# »am#.
luriher r#»«aroh to elearify
i h l « poini wlll #p«n to the grow«r th« po»»|blllty of
in
rmâming th« normall^y hlgh iranepiratlfín rat# ef th«
ir#«» «rewln« on ih« Hlgh Flalne hy orehard praetle#«
dinteied ioward th« r«a««tÍo,n of a toll h«ai ra4la«
ilon fa«tor»
1»
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an #p'«n f|#id wm #lo-#tl:|r ^orrelai^d io itit'P^.r#tiAr#
and humidltf t hmi mm iiodif|.#d or mmmn%m%^^ê hy
winå w#loeii|'«,
i#
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aiion froa m m%mûm%mr loeaitd li f#.#i ah#ir# ih«
gro'm^d wm irt%i#r %hm trm ønt loeaitd 4 f##i ah#i^#
ih# grmmå feriî^ |î#ri.od'# of hi^íí t-'--n#ratîir# and low
htiælilif t hnt h#eaii« #.'^ml te or tmm %hm %hM% -^t
%hm 4 f#ôi aiaoaeitr émrimg •p#rlod# of eoel w#aih#r
mêmmmpmiBå hy high hiiMiidiiy»
i,
Th# r«i« ^f wat#r mm'i^ørmtim trm. at ^^ií.'i îwíU's
loeai«'i in tht ørmhmrê mu elo##lf eorr#lat#d to
ttâf#.rati3r# m.å hMÍclity 'm% mw^ n-:>i øh##rir#d %^ h#
ÍosiÍniiî»il|' ,ii#diri#d %y wlnd ir#l^eity«
4»
ân, ai»««i#r loeaied 4 f##i ahoir« th# ground in
i,h# orehard e§n#ls:.i«'nily #^apørai«d wat#r at a æora
rmpiú rat# than a IB f^ei bulh during p#ri#4# ef hiííU
i#®p^ratur# and low huBBÍdliy,
Low#r i#i8p#ratnr#» and
•
thMt, Hiram F,, *:H»l«'tlt« Mmiålia »«rifttlon«
sarifty of 'Sjia,- Shîa S«p«rt««,nt åtstlaa
* i l » t t o S84., i«f«ltt« 19»|,
113
of the break with England, for the revolutionary element
condemned the general aearch warrants as instrunients of
coerclon and oppreaalon.
The real o t j e c t i o n , howev«rt
l a y in the e f f e c t l v e n e s s of tho w r l t s , which g r e a t l y f a c i l l t a t e d tho enforcement of what the colonista deemed
unjust t a r l f f and navigatlon laws.^^
In the l i g h t cf the early experiences of the c o l o n i a t s , thereforo, It was but natural that when the adopt i o n of the Constltutlon whlch was to provide a sirong
central governraent was under dlscusslon tbe people should
have demanded t h a t , by expreas provlsion, the new govemment should be denled the rlght to authorlze unreasonable
searches and seizures*
Great øpprehenaîon waa f e l t with
regard to the exercise of oppressive and unreasonable
power by government, and th# foxirth Amendzænt waa deslgned
to cloae one of the avenues open to the possible abuaive
uae of power.^^
In consequence, the fíupreme Court hae
been very careful to demand of federal a u t h o r l t l e s the
the c l o s e s t adberence to the minute procedural d e t a l l e
prescribed in the Fourth Mendment.^'''
The cormaon law maxlm
that **ev©ry man's houae is h l s castle" haa guided the
^^ Ralph Volney Karlow, rhe Growth of the unlted
S t a i e e , Revised, (Kew York, 1 ^ ^ , p. 133. See also Nor"ton*s The Constltutlon of .the Unlted S t a t e s , p. 209.
^^ Westel Woodbury V/illoughby, The Constltutlonal
Law of the t n i t e â S t a t e s , (Kew York," 192í>0 » 11» 1173.
^'^ Boyd V. linited S t a t e s , 116 IJ. S. ôl6 (1866) .
y^
114
Court in upholding the s o n c t i t y of prlvate dwellings.
The protectlon afforded by the requirementa of
the Fourth Ajaendmont, however, r e s t r a l n s only the Katlonal
Government, and ha» no effect on the procedure of th#
atates*
In sustalnlng the seizure of a sloop by Maryland
a u t h o r i t l e s in 1855 for v l o l a t l o n of t h a t atate»a f l s h Ing lawa, the Supreme Court declared t h a t if the defense
of the shlp owner
• • • r e s t e d on t h a t clauae of the Constltutlon
of the l-nited States whlch p r o h i b i t s the issulng
of a warrant but on probahle cause supported by
o a t h , the answer i s , t h a t t h i s r e s t r a l n s the issue
of warrants only under the laws of the United S t a t e s ,
and has no application to s t a t e process.^^
For p r o t e c t i o n agalnst unreasonable searches and seizures
by s t a t e a u t h o r i t i e s , the people are dependent upon tbe
requlreaents of t h e i r s t a t e c o n s t l t u t i o n and s t a t u t e s .
The Fourteenth Arændment, whlch ha» had the effect
of n a t i o n a l i z i n g Bomm of the guarantles of the f i r s t
e i g h t amendments, has had no effeot oh the appllcatlon
of the Fourth Âmendment.
In 1894 the Court again observed
t h a t the restriefcions of t h i s amendæent operate oray upon the federal power, and have no reference whatever to
1Q
proceedlngs In the states.-^*^
Only ten years l a t e r the
Court s p e c l f i c a l l y refused to consider the Fourth Amendment, in connection with the requlremenfc of due process
18
laac R. Smifch, Owner of .the Sloop "Volant,"
Plaintiff in Lrror v. The State of ^aryland, 13 How. 71,
Té (lôéé).
^^ Miller V. Texas, 153 U. S. 535, 538 (1896).
y^
115
In fche Fourfceenfch, when Ifc d e c l a r e d j
W# do nofc f e e l c a l l e d upon fco d l s c u a s fche confcenfclon fchafc fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc has made fche
p r o v l s l o n s of fche Fourfch and Fiffch Amendmenfcs fco fche
C o n s t l t u t i o n of the línlfced Stafces, so f a r ae fchey
relafce fco fche r i g h t of fche people fco be secure
againsfc unreaaonable searches and s e i z u r e s and p r o tecfclon againat belni/ compelled to t e s t i f y in a
c r l m i n a l case agalnsfc fchemselves, p r i v i l e g e s and
immunlfcles of c i t l z e n s of fche iJnlted Sfcates of
which fchey may nofc be deprlved by the acfcion of
the Stafces.20
Evidence secured in vlolafclon of the Fourfch Amendm«nt may not be uaed In f e d e r a l courfcs fco convlcfc persona
accused of crtme,^-^ bufc fche sfcafces remain perfecfcly f r e e
to p r e s o r l b e fcbelr own r u l e s of evidence*
In e^amining
the competency of evidence used a g a i n s t the accused in a
sfcate c r l m l n a l prosecufcion, fcbe Supreme Courfc w l l l defcermlne Ifcs a d m l s s a b l l l t y on the b a s i s of the l o c a l r e q u i r e ments of the p a r t i c u l a r s t a t e In q u e s t l o n .
The Courfc haa
been f irm In a a l n t a i n l n g tbafc Ifc is witbXn the e s t a b l l s h e d
power of fche sfcafces fco p r e s c r l b e the evidence whlch is to
be r e c e l v e d in fche c o u r t s of t h e i r own govemmenfc,*^ and
Ifc has been e q u a l l y w e l l sefcfcled fchafc fche Fourfch Amendmenfc
fco fche tinifced Sfcates C o n s t i t u t i o n does nofc affecfc stafce
procedure.^^
2<^ Adams v. New Yprk, 192 U. S. 585, 594 (1904) .
^^ Weeka ^* ^nifced Btates, 232 U. S. 383 (1914) .
^^ Adams V. riew York, 192 U. S. 585, 599 (1904) .
^^ Obio J3X r e l . Lloyd v. D o l l son, 194 U. S. 4 4 5 ,
447 ( 1 9 0 4 ) .
y^
116
In 1909 a oase came before the Supreme Courfc i n v o l v l n g an Arkansas law which had r e q u i r e d a f o r e l g n
corporafcion doing buslnesa wlfchln tlm s t a t e fco submifc
Ifcs books fco desl£;nûtod stafce examlning autborlfciea.?'^
This procedure l e d ulfcimately to tlvB convlcfclon of fch»
company for violafclng fche Arkansas anfci-trusfc lawa.
Be-
f o r e fche Supreme Court, counsel for the c o r p o r a t l o n urged
fchafc fche sfcafce law was in v l o l a t i o n of fche Fourfch Amendmenfct and J u s t i c e Whlfce answered}
t Is Insisfced fchafc the order to produce was so
g e n e r a l and i n d e f l n i t e as to amounfc fco an unreasonable searcli and s e i z u r e , and consequently was wanfcing in due process of law. Bufc conceding, for fcbe
sake of arguîaenfc only and not so d e c l d l n g , t h a t the
due proceas clause of fche Fourfceenth Amendmenfc emb r a c e s In I t s g e n e r i c fcerms a prohlblfclon againafc
unreasonable searches and s e l z u r e s , a quesfclon
h i t b e r t o r e s e r v e d , under circumsfcances analogous
fco fcbose here presenfc, • . • we fchink fche r u l i n g
m&de In prcvious cases e s t a b l i s h e s fcbe unsoundn e s s of fcbe confcenfcion.25
Agreeing wlfch counsel for fche purposes of demonsfcrafcing
fche invalldifcy of fcbe argumanfc, fcbe Courfc agaln refused
s p e c i f i c a l l y to d e c l a r e fcbat fcbe p r o v i s l o n s of the Fourfch
Amendment might never a f f e c t the requîremenfcs of sfcafce
procedui'e.
The Courfc bas continued fco refuse to l a y down a
g e n e r a l r u l e t h a t fche p r o v i s i o n s of the Fourfcb Amendraenfc
are eseenfcial to due process of law.
A» lafce as 1938
2^ hanimond Fackin^: Company v^, Arkansas, 212 U. S.
322
il^WT^
25 I b i d . , 212 U. S. 322, 347-348 (1909).
y^
117
a Clrcuifc Courfc of Appeals was reprimanded by Jusfcice
Koberfcs for c o n s l d e r i n g fche queefcion:
« • • we fchink fchere was no occasion f o r fch# Circuifc
Courfc of Appeals fco dlscusa the quesfcion wbefcher e x omptlon froîr. thc searches and selzuTGS p r o s c r i b e d
by fcbe îourfch Ainendmenfc is afforded by fcbe p r i v i l e g e s
and Imniunities clause of the Fourfceenfch, and we have
no occasion to consider or declde any such quesfcion.^^
Th« facfc fchafc fche Supreme Gourfc has never def inifcely p r o olalmed fchat fcho g u a r a n t l o s of fche Fourfch Amendmenfc are
nofc in aome wlse essenfcial fco due process of law, or fco
fche requlreraenfc of equal p r i v i l e g e s and immunifcies, ia
elgniricanfc.
Each case presenfcs a noir sifcuafcion, and fche
Courfc haa l e f t a j a r fcbe door of J u s t l c e In such a manner
fchat an arbifcrary and oppresslve s t a t e law, wifch r e s p e c t
fco aearches €uid s e i z u r e s , could e a s l l y be sfcinick down
wifch fche wordsî
*This law •offends a p r l n c l p l e of Jusfcice
30 roofced In fche fcradifcions and conscience of our people
as fco be ranked as fundamenfcal.'^^^
The r l g h t fco recelve
profcecfcion from unreasonable aearchea and s e l z u r e s is of
such a nafcure fchat it might e a s l l y be Included in fche
concepfc of due procesa of law, saoured againsfc sfcafce I n frliigeîr*enfc by fcbe î o u r t e e n t h Amendmenfc.
Hfhile fche righfc
ifcself has nofc been n a t i o n a l l z e d , e f f o r t s to t h a t end bave
nofc reacbed a sfcalemate.
Ifc Is imposslble fco fcell wbafc
fciie fufcure bolds for fcboso who advocafce greafcer nafcional
^^ Ka' u e . íáavoP. efc a l . v. Comnlttee for I n d u a t r l a l
Qrjaianiza fH^lt-ÍîT; 3(5^ U7 S7 4^6, él7 111J38)-:
27 Ho£crs v. Peck, 199 U. S. ^»25, 434 (1905).
jT
118
aecurlfcy and profcecfcion for c l v i l l l b e r f c i e s .
Ifc musfc b»
nofced, bowever, fcbafc fcbe sfcafces, fcbus f a r , bave made
ample p r o v i s i o n s of fchelr own for the protecfcion of fchelr
c t t i z e n s a^alnsfc fcije fcype of executive encroachmenfc guafcan*
fceoa by tbe Secoud, Thlrd, and Pourth Åmendînenfca a g a i n s i
infriniiemenfc by fche î e d e r a l Governmenfc.
y^
CHAPTKfí V
iîUAixAiv'TIKS 01 JUDICIAL RIOETS
I.
GE ÎERAL BASIS OF STATE LIMITATIOK
Those who draffced fcbe B l l l of Righfcs wisbed to
wkmkm cerfcain fchafc persons accused of violafclng tho law»
of fche new Kafcional Governmenfc should enjoy in fche f e d e r a l
eourfcs fchoae profcecfcions whlch had grown up wifcb fch# Engl i a h comraon law and wbich were looked upon as parfc of
ih# blrfchrighfc of f r e e Knglishmen*
iíuraerous guaranfciee
of j u d i c i a l r i g h t a are found in fche liffcb, Sixfch, Sevenfch,
and Eighfch Amendmenfcs.^
In fche e a r l y period of consfcifcuiional infcerprefcafciont fche guaranfcies of J u d i c i a l righfca in tbe firsfc eighfc
amandmenfcs were Interprefced as limifcationa only upon fcbe
Kafclonal Governmenfc.
Very e a r l y in American consfcifcufclonal
hlsfcory Chief Jusfcice Marshall d e c l a r e d thafc fche limlfcafclons of fche B i l l of Highfcs
. . . musfc be undersfcood as resfcraining the power of
fcbe g e n e r a l governmenfc, not aa a p p l l c a b l e to fcbe
s t a t e s . ^n fciieir s e v e r a l consfcifcufcions fcliey bave
imposed such resfcricfcions on fcheir respecfclve g o v e m menfcs aa fchelr own wisdom suggesfced . • • ifc ia a
See Appendix I for fciie f u l l %ex% ot fchese amendments*
y^
119 J
t
eubjecfc on whicb fchey Judge e x c l u s i v e l y . ^
î^o c l e a r e r stafcemenfc could have been made of fcbe purpoae
and effecfc of fche 1111 of R i g h t s .
The framers of fche Consfcliiufcion in 1789 b e l i e v e d
fchafc fchey should impose few limlfcafcions upon fche aufcborifcy
of tbe atafce l e g l s l a t u r e s , except auch #» were n e c e s s a r y
from a nafcional sfcandpoinfc.^^
Mafcfcers of l o c a l Infcereet,
fche relafcions befcween a sfcate and i t s own cifcizens, were
j e a l o u s l y preserved a g a i n s t nafcional i n t e r f e r e n c e , p r o fcecfcion, or resfcricfcion.
Tiierefore, no consfcifcufclonal
limifcafcions a p p l i e d fco fcbe sfcafcea excepfc fcbose direcfced
fchere s p ø c i f i c a l l y .
Ifc was fcboughfc fcbafc if the people of
fche sfcafces d e s i r e d addifcional limifcations and safeguarda
on fcheir l o c a l governmenfcs, fche remedy l a y In fcbeir own
hands.
The llmifcafcions of fche f i r s t e i g h t amendmenfca were
c l e a r enougb fco tbe e a r l y i n t e r p r e t e r s of the C o n s t i t u tion.
Tbe F i f t b , Slxfch, Sevenfcb, and Kigbfcb Amendmenfcs
guaranfceed tbe fundamental common law j u d i c l a l rlghfcs fco
fche Amerlcan people—righfcs which fcbeir Engllsh background
fcaughfc fchem were fciie eesence of liberfcy and freedom.
Tbey
knew what fchose r i g h t s meant, and when any queafclon of
infcerprefcafcion a r o s e , ifc was a simple mafcter to s e t t l e ifc
. -4M>..*«m,MMiMWMÍ
of buke
cTtyT"
^ Charlea Warron, "Tbe î^ew • L i b e r t y ' under the l o u r fceenfch Amendmenfc," 39 harvard Law Keview 431 í e b r u a r y , 1926.
jT
120
by r e f e r r l n g fco fche American and Knglish cusfcoms and
uaages under the common law.
Deeply roofced in E n g l i s h
fcradifcion, fche meaniní^ of due p r o c e s s of law, fche "law
of the land,'» had long been fche subjecfc of r i c h J u d i c i a l
infcerprefcafcion.
Indeed, Daniel Websfcer had s a i d of ifc:
By fche law of fche land is more c l e a r l y Infcended
fcbe general law, a law wblch hears before ifc
condenîna; which proceeds upon i n q u i r y , and rendera
judgmenfc o n l y affcer fcrial. The meaning is fchafc
e v e r y c i t i z e n s h a l l hold h l s l i f e , l i b e r t y , proparfcy,
and linmunifcies, under fche protecfcion of fcbe general
r u l o s which govern sociefcy. Everythiug which may
pasa under the form of an enaotment is n o t , fcherefore
fco be c o n s i d e r e d fche law of the land.^
In speaklng of fche "due process** of law requlremenfc as
l a t e as 1 3 5 9 , Samuel Âmes, Chief J u s t i c e of fcha Supreme
Courfc of Khode I s l a n d s a i d î
Sure y, If any c l a u s e in fche Consfcitufcion haa a
definifce meaning, which ahould exclude a l l v a g a r i e s
which would render Courfcs fche fcyrants of fch# Conafcifcufcion, fchls c l a u s e embodying, as ifc d o e s , wifch
Improvemenfcs, the precious f r u l t s of our E n g l l s h
liberfcy, can claim fco have, bofch frora ifcs hisfcory
and long r e c e i v e d infcerpretafclon.
Ifc is no vague
declarafcion concerning fche righfcs of properfcy, which
ean be made fco mean anything and e v e r y t h i n g . S
The phrase, **life, l i b e r t y or property wifchoufc due
p r o c e s s of law**^ came from fche English comsnon law, and
fchere aoems fco be l i f c t l e quesfcion fchafc, under the common
law, the word " l i b e r t y " meanfc s i n p l y " l i b e r t y of fcbe
^ Ihe Timafcees of parfcmoufch College j / * Woodward.
4 Wheafc. 518, 5B1 (IB On
Vîarren, "The î^ew 'Liberfcy' under fche iourteenfch
Amendment," 39 H«rvard Law iievlew, 4 31 ( 1 9 2 6 ) .
' I ^ Conafcifcution of the United S t a t e s of jAmerlca,
Amendmenfc V.
x
121
person," o r , in ofcher worda, "fche righfc fco have one*s
peraon fr#e from p h y s i c a l resfcrainfc,'''^
clude a l l a p e r a o n ' s c i v l l righfcs.
adopfced from fche common law,
«i#aning ifc fchen bor#,
It dld nofc I n -
Since fche phrase wa»
ii was adopfced wifch fch#
Ifcs raeaning wa» fchen p l a l n , and
pressin^; problema of interprefcafclon were unknown.
B#-
tw#en 1789 and 1868 fche due p r o e e s s c l a u s e waa c o n s i d e r e d
by fche United Sfcafcea Suprerae Courfc in o n l y fcwo c a s e a , and
In n e i t h e r of fchoso was fche word "liberfcy" d e f i n e d . ^
The adopfclon of fche Bourteonfch Am#ndmeni in 1868
eomplefced fche c i r c l e of profcecfclon agalnsfc violafcions of
thafc p r o v i s i o n of ancienfc l i n e a g e which guaranfceed fco fch#
cifcizen h î a l i f e , liberfcy and properfcy againafc infcerferenoe excepfc by fcî:rø **law of fche land."
Ilae resfcralnfc
which had been imposed upon fche Hafcional Governmenfc had
now beco rø a limifcafcion upon tbe authorifcy of fcbø s t a t o .
In consequence, any j u d l c i a l procedure which a stafce
adopfced musfc nofc deny any person h i s l i f e , liberfcy, or
properfcy wifcboufc due process of law.
Th# Inaaediafce effecfc of fche amendraenfc was n e g l i gible»
A few years affcer ifca p a s s a g e , fche Supreme Courfc
d e c l i n e d fco make ifcself a perpefcual censor of a l l afcafce
l e g i s l a f c i o n affecfclng fche c i v i l righfca of sfcafce c i f c l z e n s . ^
^ Warren, 0 £ . c i f c . , p» 4 4 0 .
® I b i d . , ?• 4 4 1 .
9 Slauí^hter Bouse Cases, 16 VMllace 36 ( 1 8 7 3 ) .
^'
/ ^
»11
•
122
Due p r o c e s s in the atafce waa doclared by Chief Jusfcice
^ a i t e fco be regulafced by fche law of the s t a t e and ifc
becarae the dufcy of fche Supreme Courfc fco see fcbí^fc ifc waa
nofc in conflicfc wifch fchø suprome law of the land.lO
R e a l i z l n g fchíîfc fche meaning and acope of fche Fourfc##nfch
Amondmenfc was rafcher indefinifce, Juafcice Sfcrong in 1880
added fco fche confusion by saylngt
The Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc makes no attempfc fco
enumerate tho righfca ifc deaigned fco profcecfc, ifc
spealca In g e n e r a l terms, and those are as compreheneive as p o s s i b l e .
Ifcs language is p r o h i b i t a r y ,
but e v e r y p r o h i b i t l o n impliea the e x i s t e n c e of
rigbfcs and inimunities, prominenfc among which is an
immunifcy from i n e q u a l l t y of l e g a l protecfcion, eifcher
l i f e , liberfcy, o r properfcy.H
Whefcher fche iourfceenfch Aiaendment broughfc wifch ifc new
r i g h t s , whefcher and whafc new resfcrainfcs were placed upon
fche a c t i o n of stafce l e g i s l a t u r e s , were uncerfcain.
The irourteenfch Amendmenfc does nofc propose to secure
fco «11 persons in fche Unifced Sfcafces fche benefifc of fcha
aam# laws and fche same r e m e d i e s . l 2
In 1883, J u s t i c e
Mafchewe infcerpreted fche due p r o c e s s c l a u s e in broad fcerma
as f o l l o w a t
Due p r o c e s s of law in fcbe f e d e r a l governmenfc
r e f e r s to tbat law of the land which d e r i v e s i t s
a u t h o r i t y from the l e g i s l a t i v e powers conferred
upon Congress by the C o n s t i t u t i o n of the United
Stafces, e x e r c l s e d wifchin fche limifcs fcherein p r e s c r i b e d , and infcerpreted acoording fco fcbe p r i n c l p l e e
"^"^ Walker v. Sauvlnefc, 92 U. S. 90, 93 ( 1 8 7 5 ) ,
^^ atrauder v. West V i r g i n i a , 100 U. S. 303, 310
(1880).
i s a o u r i V. Lewis, 101 -. S. 2 2 , ôl ( 1 8 8 0 ) .
^
123
of common law. In fch» Fourfceenth Ámendmenfc, by
parlfcy of r e a s o n , ifc r e f e r s fco fchat law of tbe iand
in eaoh Stafce which d e r i v e s ifcs authorifcy from fch«
inherenfc and r e s e r v e d powers of the Sfcate, e x e r t e d
w i t h i n fche liraifcs of fchose fundamenfcal p r i n c i p l e s of
llberfcy and j u s t i c o which l i e afc fcbe base of a i l our
c i v i l and p o l i t i c a l insfcifcufciona, and fche greafcesfc
s e c u r i t y for which r e a i d e s in tbe people fco make fcbeir
own laws and alfcer thom at t h e i r p l e a s u r e . l S
Thle d e c l a r a t i o n had the e f f e c t of saying t h a t fchere waa
one "due p r o c e s s of law" for fche Nafcional Governraenfc, bufc
i h a i **due process of law^ for each sfcate mighfc be very
differenfc.^^
By 1890 fche s t a t e s had been d e c l a r e d free to regul a t e the procedure of d e a l i n g wifch crimes wifchin fcbeir
own b o r d e r s , excepfc fchafc no s t a t e could deprive parfcicular
persoíiS, or c l a s s e s , of equal and i m p a r t l a l j u a t i c e under
ifca l a w s .
i*aw in ifcs r e g u l a r course of admlniafcration
fchrt)ugh courfcs of jusfclce wifchtn fche afcate became due
p r o c e s s , and when a parfcicular procedure of a sfcafce wa»
aecured by fche law of tbe sfcafce, fche consfcifcufcional r e quiremenfc of due procesa had been safcisfied.15
Lesfc fche sfcafces abuse fche righfcs of p e r s o n s , however,
fche Courfc in 1905 affirmed a new qualificafcion of fche
^^ Kurfcado v. Feople of C a l i f o r n i a , 110 U. S. 516,
635 (188377^
14^ I b l d . . 110 U. S. 516, 541 (1883). Jusfcice Harlan,
aie»«!iifcingí
"Due process of law withln the meaning of tbe
disaen
nafcional Consfcifcufcion does nofc imparfc one fchîng with r e ferenee fco fcba povíers of tbe Sfcafces and anofcher wifch r e ference to fche g e n e r a l governmenfc."
'^^ heever v. Texas, 139 U. S. 462 (1890) ; Caldwell
v. Texaa, 137 oT S. 692, 697 (1890).
y^
IL'4
sfcafces* power by s a y l n g :
Duo p r o c e s s of l a w , g u a r a n t e e d by tbe l o u r t e e n t h
Amendment, does n o t r e q u i r e a s t a t e to adopt a
p a r t l c u l a r form of p r o c e d u r e ao long as it a p p e a r s
t h a t tbe accused has had an adequate o p p o r t u n l t y to
defend h i m s e l f and is g i v e n s u f f i c i e n t n o t i c e of tbjs
a c c u s a t i o n . • . the S t a t e Is f r e e to r e g u l a t e tbe
p r o c e d u r e o f i t s c o u r t s I n accordance w l t h I t s own
c o n c o p t i o n of p o l i c y , u n l e s a in so dolnfT^ It o f f e n d s
some p r i r i c l p l e of j u a t l c e no r o o t e d in the
t r a d l t l o n s and c o n a c i e n c e of our people as to be
ranked as fundaiaetital. I*^^
he s t a t e s were d e c l a r e d to have f u l l c o n t r o l over tJie
p r o c e d u r e i n tl:Leir c o u r t s , b o t h i n c l v l l and c r l m i n a l
m a t t e r s , s u b j e c t o n l y t o the q u a l i f i c a t i o n t h a t the p r o c e d u r e adoptod must n o t work a d e n i a l of **fundamental**
r i g h t s o r conflicfc w i t h s p e c i f t c and a p p l i c a b l e p r o v i s i o n s
o f tiie î e d e r a l C o n s t i t u t i o n .
The s t a t e s , t h e r e f o r e , b e -
came s u b j e c t to an u n d e f i n e d type of s u p e r v i s l o n .
By 1907 the Court had a d m t t t e d t h a t due p r o c e s s
of law had n e v c r been p r e c i s e l y d e f i n e d . I ' ' '
'íVhile the
fundainental r e q u i r e m e n t was o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a h e a r i n g and
t h e p r o v t s i o n o f adequate d e f e n s e , f c h e procedure r a i g h t
be a d a p t e d to t h e c a s e in such a raanner t h a t p r o c e e d ngs
tn c o u r t were nofc always e s s e n t i a l . ^ R e g a r d l e s s of t h e
amount of d i a c r e t i o n a s t a t e used in f i x i n g i t s own p r o cedure,
it waa s t i p u l a t e d t h a t when a fundamental r l g h t
of a c i t i z e n of fche Uxiifccd Stafces ts vtolafced, fche -^upreme
•^^ Kogers v. Feck, 199 o. S. 4 3 5 , 443 ( 1 9 0 5 ) ; see a l s o ,
Brown v. l^w JerseTTXld U. S. 172 (1899) .
I t a l i c s added,
•^^ b a l l a r d v. i i u n t e r , 204 U. S. 241 ( 1 9 0 7 ) .
y^
125
C o u r t w l l l i n t e r f e r e ; f c b e lawa o f s s t a t e were d e c l a r e d
to come under tb-e p r o h i L l t t o n of t h e F o u r t e e n t h Amenlmenfc
when fchey t n f r t n g e d "fundamental" r i g h t s . ^ ^
/
In fcryint: tc f tx more def i n i t e l y the bounds and
I t m i t s o f "due p r o c e s s , " c o u n s e l , for y e a r s a f t e r tbe
paaaage of the fourfceenfch Amendmenfc bad been u r g i n g upon
fche Suprerae Courfc t h e argument t b a t some of fche p e r s o n a l
rtghfcs exraraerafced tn fche ftrsfc eighfc amendmenfcs were a p p l i c a b l e a g a t n s t f c h e s t o t e s b y v t r t u e o f t h e îourteenfch
Amendmenfc.
The Courfc avoided such an infcerprefcafcion unfcll
1 9 0 9 , when Jusfcice fek)ody caufciously auggesfcedí
It is p o s a i b l e fchafc some of the p e r s o n a l rtghfes
s a f e g u a r d e d by fciie ftrsfc etghfc amendmenfcs a g a t n s t
nafcional a c t t o n may a l s o be safeguarded agalnsfc
sfcate a c t t o n because a d e n t a l of them woulá be a
d e n i a l of due p r o c e s s of l a w . . . . If t h t s is s o ,
Ifc i s n o t b e c a u s e f c h c s e r i g h t s a r e enumerated i n
fche f i r s t etghfe amendments, bufc because tliey a r e of
sueh a nafcure fchafc fchey are Included tn fche c o n c e p fcion of due p r o c e s a of l a w . l ®
i i e n c e , fche worda "due p r o c e s s of law" as used in fcbe
îourfceenfch Amendment were i n t e r p r e t e d fco s e c u r e fcbe t n d t v i d u a l from fche arbifcrary e x e r o l s e of powers of g o v e r n menfc whtch would o t h e r w t s e be u n r e s t r l c t e d by t h e esfcablished
p r i n c i p l e s o f p r i v a t e r t g b t and j u s t t c e .
To determine
wbefcber an a l l e g e d *'righfc*' mtghfc be d e n t e d , tt was
defcermtned from a h i s f c o r l c a l and documenfcary survey If ifc
IB I b t d . . , 204 U. 3. 241 (1907) ; J[n ££ Ktmmler,
F e t i t i o n ' c F r ' 1 3 6 U. S. 4 3 6 , 448 ( 1 8 9 0 ) ; í^op.ers v. Peck,
î W i r 7 T r ' 4 3 5 (1905).
^^ 'fwining V. S t e t e o£ ^ew J e r s e y ^ 211 U. S. 7 8 , 99
(1908).
y^
126
hod lon;: been a " f u n a a m c n t a l p r i n c i p l e " of l l b r r t y . 2 0
In so f a r aa j u d i c i a l r i ^ h t s sr*e c o n c e r n e d , fche
requiremenfcs of "due p r o c e s s " appe&r to have ueen few afc
t h e ttme of the i.-yvirilxi,.,^I c a s e in 1^09.
uae •A«11 e a t a b -
l i s h e d requiremen:. wa^ t h a t the Court s h o a i a have j u r i s d i c t i o n , ^ * ^ and anofcher was chet t h e r e should be n o t t c e
and opporfcunity i^iven the p a r t i e s f o r a h d a r i n g . ' ^ 3
Sub-
jecfc f c o t h e s e l i m i t a t i o n s , a l l s t a t e laws r e s p e c t i n g pro*
c e d u r e had been a u s t a i n e d .
Thø Suprene Court i n d i c a t e d
t h a t the p e o p l e of tbe sfcates p o a s e s s e i the means of
makiníî a chanL-e vvhen t b e y were d i s s a f c t s f l e d w i t b t h e i r
respecttve
syatems o f p r o c e d u r e .
From fche xwlnin?:::^^ caae as a sfcarting p o i n t ,
l a t e r Coux'fcs have made it c l e a r thafc ifc is the s u b s t a n c e
of fche j u d i c i a l procedurc
t h a t s sfesîte adoptd wbicb w l l l
oe s c r u f c i n i z e d ; the effecfc of a p r a c t i c e is i m p o r t a n t —
fche form fchat is employed ia secondary*
*.
On one o c c a s i o n
he Court a a i d :
it has bøen so o f t e n p o i n t e d oufc in fcbe o p l n t o n s of
t h i s Courfc fchsfc tbe iourfceerith Amendment is concerned
20 i b i d , , 211 U. S. 78 ( 1 9 ) 8 ) . J u s t l c e Moody* s i d e a
of d e t e r m t n i n g whether t b e r e ms a d e n t a l of **fundanøntal
rií^hta** tn a p a r f c i c u l a r case a l s o took liaportont account
of the »*substance** of thø p r o c e d u r e .
Í21 J h l d . , 211 V. S. 78 ( 1 9 0 8 ) .
^^ Pennoyer v. Keff. 95 U. S. 7 1 4 , 735 (1878) ; S c o t t
V. MclleaT"154 U. I. 3-1, 46 ( 1 8 9 3 ) .
^*^ rÍQvey 2. . L l l i o t lu7 u, S. 4 0 9 , 444 (lí.i97) ; K o l l e r
V. KojUl/TTô U. S. 3 9 8 , 409 ( 1 ^ 0 0 ) ,
^^ 'i'winin,!:>: ^* i!®J ^ c r s e y . 211 U. S. 78 ( 1 9 0 8 ) ,
£ u p r a . p. 125.
127
wlfch fche subafcance and nofc wtfch fche forms of p r o c e d u r o , aa fco make unnecessfiry any e x t e n d e d d i s c u s s i o n
of the q u e s t i o n h e r e p r e s e n t e d . The due p r o c e s a
c l a u a e d c e s nofc guaranfcee to a c i t i z e n of a Sfcate
any p a r t i c u l a r form or method of S t a t e p r o c e d u r e . ^ ^
O b v i o u s l y , such e g e n e r a l l z a t t o n g t v e s no s u b s t a n f c l a l
c r i f c e r i a by whtch fco adjudge a parfclcular pracfcice.
The
Courfc, however, has offcen p r o c l a i m e d t
Á sfcafce ta f r e e to regulafce fche procedure of ifcs
c o u r t s In accordance wlfch i t s own c o n c e p t t o n of
p o l t c y and f á t r n e s s u n l e s s i n s o doing t t o f f e n d s
some p r i í : . c i p l e of j u s t i c e so r o o t e d tn fche fcradlt i o n s and c o n s c i e n c e of our people as fco be r a n k e d
aa fundamenfcal*^^
The&e "immutable p r i n c i p l e s of j u s t i c e which I n h e r e
tn tbie v e r y Idea of f r e e government which no member of
fche Unton may dtsregard"^*^ have been slowly d e f i n e d .
Some
o f f c h e "fundamentel p r i n c l p l e s o f l i b e r t y and J u s t t c e
whtch I t e a t t h e base o f a l l our c i v i l and p o l i t i c a l tnsfclfcufctons"28 a r e to be found tn the F i f t h , S i x t h , Sevenfch,
and Eighfch Amendmenfcs.
The e x t e n t to whtch t h e s e l l m i t a -
fctons on f e d e r a l J u d i c t a l p r o c e d u r e bave been r e a d tnfco
fche due p r o c e s f c l a u s e of fcb© iourfceenth -Amenclmenfc has been
defcermlned o v e r a long p e r l o d of adjudicefcion.
25 ^ifcoourl ex r e l . i.^urwita v. i.ortL^ 271 U. S. 4 0 ,
42 ( 1 9 2 6 1 .
See aXso ^ r a n
v. i^angum, bhrltt of i u l t o n
C o u n t / ueor i a , 2ô7 L. ^. 3^9, 3;:i (1915) .
^^ w^nyúer v. ^ a s ^ a c h u a e t t s ^ 291 ^. b^ 9 7 , 105 ( 1 9 3 4 ) ;
see a l s o Irown ¥t _al. v. .^iissisaippi^ 297 U. S. 2 7 8 , 285
(1936) .
^'^ i i e i á H i !• l^Bîiéi' ^^^ ^* ^* ^ ^ ^ ' ^^^ ( 1 8 9 8 ) .
^^ >^urtado v. C a l i f o r n i a , 110 U. S. 516, 535 ( 1 8 8 3 ) .
y^
128
II.
INDICTMKHT BY ORAND JUfíY
Ko person s h a l l be held to answer for a c a p i t a l
or ofcherwiae infamous crime, u n l e s s on a presenfcsienfc
or indicfcmenfc of a Grand J u r y , . . . 2 9
John i o u v t e r haa deftned fche grand Jury as :
A body of raen, consfcifcufclng afc common law of nofc
l e s s fchan fcwelve nor more fchan fcwenfcy-four, r e s pecfctvely refcurned by fche s h e r l f f of every counfcy
fco e v e r y s e s s i o n of fche p e a c e , oyer and fcerminer
and g e n e r a l j a i l d e l i v e r l n g fco whom indicfcmenfcs
are p r e f e r r e d . ^
The grand jury is fche jury of accusafcion.
Ifc is fche body
which defcermlnes if fcbere has been an o f f e n s e againsfc fcho
sfcafce, and tf Ifc f i n d s such an o f f e n s e , refcurns a wrifcfcen
accuaafcion agatnsfc fche p r i s o n e r .
Having been a w e l l -
e s t a b l i a b e d agency of J u d i c i a l prooedure, ifcs incorporafcion in fche Ftffch Amendmenfc made ifcs use in f e d e r a l
c r i m l n a l prosecufcions a fundamenfcal necesslfcy.
Many of
the sfcafces, constdertng fcbe grand jury a n e c e s s a r y s a f e guard of c i v i l liberfcy, made Ifcs use a consfctfcufcional
requirement in fcheir own j u d i c t a l procedure.
Early in fche consfctfcufctonal htsfcory of fche Untfced
Sfcafces, Chtef Jusfctce Marsball made Ifc c l e a r fchafc stafce
J u d l c i a l procedure was a mafcter over which fche líafcional
Oovernmenfc had no confcrol, and fchafc fche p r o v i s t o n s of fcho
i i f f c h Mmndsmnt were resfcrainfcs on fche power of fche
29 Untfced Sfcafces Consfcitution, Amendmenfc V
^ John i o u v l e r , l o u v i e r ' s Law Dicfctonary, Thlrd
K e v i s i o n , (Kansas Cifcy, 1 9 1 4 ) , fTH^TT.
X
129
íiafcional Governmenfc o n l y » ^
Affcer fche passage of fche
lourfceenfch Amendmenfc, bowever, fcha Courfc r u l e d fch*ifc by
vtrfcue of fche **due process" c l a u s e fcho sfcafces could nofc
abridge cerfcaln "righfcs" and " p r i v i l e g e s " which wer© i n herenfc in a free governmenfc.^^
The Courfc d e c l l n e d , however,
fco enumerate fche rtghfcs whlch fche iteiendmenfc waa destgned
fco profcecfc.
As e a r l y ae 1883, the Supreme Courfc r u l e d fchafc i n dicfcmenfc by grand Jury was nofc a neoeasary complemenfc of
due p r o c e s s of law in sfcafce c r i m t n a l proceedings.
Speak-
ing fchrough Jusfctce Mafchews, fche Courfc aald fchafc "due
p r o c e s s " for fche sfcafces
. . . r e f e r s f c o f c h a f c law o f f c h e land I n each sfcate
whtch d e r i v e s ifcs aufchorifcy from fche inherenfc and
r e a e r v e d powers of fche stafce, exerfced wlfchin fche
llmifcs of fchose fundaraenfcal p r t n c i p l e s of liberfcy
and Jusfctoe whtch I t e afc fche base of a l l our c t v t l
and poltfcical Insfcitufctons, and fche greafcesfc securifcy
f o r wiilch r e a t d e s tn fche people fco make fchelr own
l a w s , and alfcer fchem afc fcheir pleasure.^^^
In consequence, subsfcifcufcion for a presenfcmenfc or tndicfcmenfc by a grand Jury of fche proceedtng by Informafcion,^
51 Barron v. 1 alfctmore^ 7 Fefcers 243 (1833).
wii iiiii I w mmmmmmmmm
mm
mmmmmmmmmmÊmmiÊimÊmmmmmmm
52 Sfcrauder v. Wesfc V i r ^ i n t a , 100 U. s. 303, (1880) ;
S a a l v. Belaware ,"^10^117 S. 370 (1881) .
55 l urfcado v. Caltfornia> 110 U*. S. 516, 535 (1885) .
5^ An Infonaafcton I s : "A complalnfc or accusafcton
exhtbtfced againsfc a person f o r some c r i m l n a l o f f e n s e . . . .
It d l f f e r s tn no respecfc from an indicfcmenfc In ifcs form
and subsfcance, excepfc fchafc ifc is f l l e d afc fche mere d t a c r e fcton of fche proper law o f f t c e r of fch^ governmenfc, ex
o f f l c i o , wtfchoufc fche tnfcorvenfcton of a grand Jury.""" r-ouvier,
To v i e r ' s Law Dtcfcionary, I, 1563. "When a consfcitufcion
oieclarea tlîat f e l o n l e s may be prosecuted by informafcion
y^
130
affcer examinatlon and c.ramltment by a m a g i s t r a t e , c e r t t fyin/. to the probable g u i l t of the defendant, was declared
to be due procosa of law.
The Court refused tc r u i e t h a t
indicfcment by Informatlon deprtved a defendant p r o t e c t t o n
of the " l l b a r t y " which the i o u r t e e n t h Amendnent had been
destgned to g u a r a n t e e .
Since the pracfcice showed n e l t h e r
inequaltfcies nor dlscriminafcion, there was no d e n i a l of
"fundamental" r i g h t s .
iVhoreaa at common law an
ndictmcnfc
by grand j u r y was an essenfcial prellmlnary fco t r i a l for
f e l o n y , it was declare:i within tbe power of a s t s t e fco
a b o l i s h fche grand Jury e n t i r e l y and proceed by informafcton.55
Due process of law does not require t h a t an i n f o r mafcion f i l e d by fcbe prosecufclng attorney should have been
preceded by fche a r r e s t or preliminary examinuuion of the
accuaed.
In s u s t a i n i n g an Orcgon s t a t u t e which provided
f o r indlcjtmeîifc^by informatton, the Suprame Court d e c l a r e d :
The aistincfcton sout.ht to be drawn between the p r e s e n t case and t h a t of íiurtado. on the ground thafc
the Oregon s y s t e n did not require t h a : tbe informat i o n be preceded by the a r r e s t or prellminary
e-xjiûiáaî.lon of tbe accused is untenable
a f t e r a commttí íent by a m a g i s t r e t e , we understand e x a c t l y
what is raeent since information for the prosecutlon of
mlnor offenses Is said by Hackatone to be aa old as the
common law i t s e l f , " l-'avis ^. i u r k e . 179 U. S. 399, 403
(1900).
^^ hurtado v. t a l i f c r n i e . 110 U. S. 516 (1883);
Pro?m y."" ^ew'^er3ey, 175 U. S. 172 (1899) • r p i l l l v. ^ebr a a k a , 176 U. S. 8 3 , 87 (1900); Palko v. ^ o n n e c t l c u t .
302 i. S. 319, (1937).
J^
131
Bufc fiince, a» fchts courfc has so offcen h e l d , fche
•due proceas of law* c l a u s e does nofc requtre fch#
Sfcafce fco adopfc fche tnsfcttutlons and procedure of a
grand Jury, we are unable fco see upon whafc fcheory
Ifc can be h e l d fchcfe an examlnafc on, or fche opporfcunlfcy f o r o n e , p r l o r fco fche formal accusafcion by
fche d t s t r i c f c afctorney, ta o b l t g a t o r y upon fche
Sfcafces.5o
Indeed, Ifc was defcermined lafcer fchat fch# proaeeufcing
afcfcorney may f i l e an informafcton againafc an a l l e g e d murderer
pending fche invesfcigafcion of tíie coroner wlthoufc fchereby
vtolafcing fche due p r o c e s s of law requiremenfc of fcbe Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc.57
it would seem, fchen, fchafc fcbere waa
no limifc upon fche power of fche sfcafces fco defcermine fcho
manner in which indicfcmenfcs were fco be presenfced.
howev#r, fchis ia nofc fche c a s e .
There are Itmtfcs
beyond which sfcafce procedur© may nofc p a s s , and affcer fche
advenfc of fche iourteenfch Amendment, fche Supreme Courfc
was qulck fco d e c l a r e fchafc fche sfcafees which requlred t n dicfcxaenfca by grand Jury shouid nofc pracfclce any d i s c r i m l nafcton tn fcheir mefchod of selecfcing j u r o r s .
The consfctfcu-
fcton of J u r t e s waa held to be a very essenfctal parfc of
fche profcecfcion whtch such a mode of Indicfcmenfc Is Infcended
fco s e c u r e .
In fche words of Jusfctce Strong:
The v e r y Idea of a Jury is a body of men composed
of fcbe p e e r s or equals of fche person whose rtghfcs
ifc is selecfced or summoned fco defcermine; fchat; t s ,
o f h i s n e i g b b o r s , f e l l o w s , associafces, persons
5^ i^m j^oon V. Oregon, 229 C S. 586, 590 ( 1 9 1 3 ) .
See a l a o " ^ t n e a v. ^^shtefcon, 277 U, S. b l , 86-87 ( 1 0 2 8 ) .
37 i)a.vta V. Burke, 179 u. S. 399, 403 ( 1 9 0 0 ) .
y^
132
having fche same l e g a l sfcafcus in sociefcy as fchafc
whtch he h o l d s . 5 8
As e a r l y as 1380 ifc was indlcafced fchafc a negro who had
boen indicfced by a grand Jury, from which q u a l i f l e d members
of h l a own race had been ayafcemafcically excluded, waa den i e d h i a liberfcy la violafcion of fche lourfceenfch Amendmenfc.59
Thafc fchere may nofc be discrlmlnafclon in the s e l e c fcton of grand J u r l e s has been afftrmed many fctmes s i n c e
fche e a r l y c a s e s on fche subjecfc.
As Jusfcice î l a c k s a l d
o n l y recenfcly:
'-^afc fcho ^ourfceenfch ifeendmenfc prohibifcs is r a c i a l
discrimtnafcton tn fche selecfcton of grand J u r l e s .
,>
• . . If fchore has been d l s c r i m t n a t i o n , whethor
';
accomplished i n g e n i o u a l y or Ixigenuously, the c o n v l c t t o n cannofc sfcand.^0
Chtef Jusfctce Sfcone expressed a aimllar senfclmenfc in fche
lafcesfc case on fche subjecfc when he s a i d :
Where • . . fcimely objecfcion has l a i d bare a d i s crimlnafclon tn fche selecfcton of grand Jurors, fche
convtcfcton cannofc sfcand because fche Conafclfcufcion
protocfcs fche procedure by whtch ifc was obfcained.41
Ifc is apparenfc, fcherefore, fchafc fchough fche sfcafcee
are under no obllgafcion fco use fche grand Jury as a meana
5® Sfcrauder v. Wesfc V i r g t n i a , 100 U, S. 303, 308 (1880)
59 I b l d . , 100 U. S. 303 ( 1 8 8 0 ) ;
U. S. 3 7 t m 8 8 1 ) .
^^ fíill V. Sfcafce of
1163 ( 1 9 W T
/ ^
^eal v. i>elaware, 103
e x a s , 62 Sup. Cfc. Itep. 1159,
133
of Indlcfcmenfc, fchey a r e , neverfcheless, bound by p r l n c i p l » » of **Ju3fclce" and "liberfcy" in whafcever procedure
fchey do adopfc.
Dlscrimlnafctons and i n e q u a l i t i e s , in any
o a » # , are c l e a r l y u n t e n a b l e .
III. DOUFL£ JEOPARDY
. . . nor s n a l l any person b e aubject f o r f c h e aame
o f f e n s e fco be fcwice pufc tn Jeopardy of I t f e or
liiîib;
.
.
.^*^
The Fiffch Amendmenfc s p e c l f i c a l l y provides a resfcrainfc
on fche J u d t c i a l power of fche Kafcional Govemment:
ho p e r -
»on s h a l l be subjecfc f o r the sfime o f f e n s e fco be fcwlce pufc
Xn Jeopardy of l i f e or Itmb.
Stnce fche passage of fche
tourfceenfch Amendmenfc, however, counsel have offcen urged
fchafc due p r o c e s s of law embraces fche guaranfcy wlfch respecfc
fco sfcafce J u d i c t a l procedure.
The Supreme Courfc h a s , fchus f a r , c l e v e r l y and cons i s t e n f c l y r e f u s e d fco defcermtne whefcher fche guaranfcy
agalnsfc double Jeopardy has been read tnfco fche due process
c l a u s e as a resfcrainfc upon fche afcafces.
For example, In
1902 fche Courfc averfced fche quesfcion by r u l i n g as f o l l o w s :
If fche due p r o c e s s of law required by fche Fourfceenfch
Amendmenfc embraces %IJB guaranfcee thifc no person s h a l l
be fcwice pufc in Jeopardy of I t f e or llmb—upon which
quesfclon we neeá nofc e x p r e s s an opinton—whafc waa
s a t d in United Sfcafces v^* '^^rez ts appltcable fco fchls
c a s e . . . ond t s adveFse t o the contenfcion o f f c h e
accused fchafc he was fcwtce pufc tn Jeopardy.^5
*2 untfced Sfcafces Consfcifcufcion, Amendroenfc V,
i^mmmmtmmmmmmmÊ^
mm mi .—11 •• ,mm»
••
m»»mmi I.HMM • • • • • . ^ !!• I M I WWM. I 11 •—! • ^
^^ Pryer v. l l l l n o l s . 187 U. S. 7 1 , 86 ( 1 9 0 2 ; .
y^
134
Thua, fchrough an indirecfc p r o c e s s of r e a s o n i n g , fche
Courfc h e l d fchafc a refcrlal affcer a hung Jury does nofc
consfctfcufce double Jeopordy.^^
The Courfc had p r e v t o u s l y dectded fchafc a p r i s o n e r
who had served a porfcion of fche fcerra for which he wa»
senfcenced mlghfc be resenfcenced, if ifc were defcermined on
a r e h e a r i n g broughfc by fcJie p r i s o n e r thafc fche o r t g i n a l
senfcence Was unlawful.^5
Affcer dectding fchafc a proceed-
tng of t h t s ktnd, (tnstttufced by tbe prisoner) did not
consfctfcufce doublo Jeopardy, the Court refuaed tc examine
tho confcenfcton of counsel fchat thc due process c l a u s e p r e v e n t e d fche sfcafces from fcwtce plactng persons tn Jeopardy
of l l f e or limb.
In 1907 fche Courfc held fchafc it was an esfcabllshed
r u l e fchafc one is nofc pufc tn Jeopardy If fche indicfcmenfc
under whtch he ts t r t e d ts so r a d t c a l l y defecfcive fchafc ifc
would nofc supporfc a Judgmonfc of convlcfcion.
Under such
circumsfcances, the accused may be fcrted on anofcher charge.^^
In susfcatntng a sfcafce pracfctce tnvolvtng fche procedure
sfcipulafced, Chtef Jusfctoe l u l l e r said f o r fche Courfc:
As Ifc was fchus correcfcly decided fchafc fche accused
was nofc, by fche presonfe indtcfcmenfc, pufc in Jeopardy
f o r the second fcime for fche same o f f e n s e , we need
nofc go furfcher or constder any queafcion of a
^^ untted Sfcatos v. Joaef Ferez, 9 Wheafc. 679 ( 1 8 2 4 ) .
^^ ^-^^-trphy V. j^aasachusefcta^ 177 ^. S. 155 (1900) .
^^ Sboener v. Commonwoalth of r e n n s y l v a n i a , 207 U, s.
1 8 8 , 195 (1907) .""
y^
135
l e d e r a l nafcure.^'^
Onoe again fcbe Courfc had d e c l i n e d fco defcermtne whefcher
profcecfcion from double Jeopardy was a requiremenfc of du#
proceaa of law.
In fche meanfcirae, a lower f e d e r a l courfc r u l e d fchafc
fche p r l n c t p l e of fche common law againsfc double Jeopardy,
r e c o g n i z e d by fche F i f t h Mendmenfc as a resfcrainfc upon fch»
Federal Governroenfc, ia a l s o wifchin fche scope of fche due
p r o c e s s c l a u s e of fche îourfceenfch Amendiaenfc as an i n h i b l fcion on fche sfcafces.^®
This d e c i s i o n , however, haa neifcher
been afftrmed nor rejecfced by fche Supreme Courfc.
In a recenfc c a s e , fche Courfc upheld a Connecfcicufc
efcafcufce which allowed fche sfcafce fco appeal crtminal c a s e s
where e r r o r s of law were commifcfced by fche fcrlal Judge, and
thon fco refcry fche acoused.^^
In speaking of fche appellanfc*»
argumenfcs Jusfcice Cardozo s a i d :
In a p p e l l a n t ' s vtew fche lourfceenfch Amendmenfc is fco
be fcaken as embodylng fche prohibtfcions of fche I if fch.
hia fchests is even broader.
whafcever would be a
violafcion of fche o r i g t n a l b i l l of Ktghfcs (Amendmenfcs I fco VIII) if done by fche f e d e r a l governmenfc
is now e q u a l l y unlawful by force of fcíie Fourfceenfch
Amendmenfc if done by a sfcafce. There is no auch
general r u l e . ^
^*^ I b t d . , 207 U. S. 188, 196 ( 1 9 0 7 ) . The same quesfcion was as deltberafcely avoided fcwo years lafcer in ííeerl
!• Bfcafce of Montana, 213 U. S. 135, 138 ( 1 9 0 9 ) .
^^ Ex parte ^ l r i c h , 42 J e d . 587 ( 1 8 9 0 ) .
49 paxko V. Connecticut, 302 U. S. 319 ( 1 9 3 7 ) . The
accuaed had beên c o n v l c t e a of murder tn the second degree
and sentenced to l i f e imprisonment. On r e t r i a l he was conv i c t e d of murder in the f l r s t degree and g t v e n fcbe deafch
penalfcy.
50 I b t d . , 302 J. S. 319, 323 ( 1 9 3 7 ) .
/
\
136
Th# Courfc valtdafced fche Connecfcicufc pracfcice, bufc fch»
queafcion of nafctonal profcecfclon againsfc double Jeopardy
was leffc hanging tn m i d - a i r by fche sfcafcemenfc whtch f o l l o w e d :
1?íhafc fche anawer would have fco be tf fche Sfcafce were
permifcted affcer a fcrtal f r e e from error fco fcry fche
accuaed over agatn or to brtng anotb^r case agatnsfc
htm, we have no o c c a s t o n fco c o n s t d e r . We deal wtfch
th« sfcafcufce before us and no ofcher.^i
The iaupreme Courfc hae nofc yefc anawered fche quesfcton
whefcher fche guaranfcy of liberfcy in fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc prohtbifcs fche sfcafces from fcwice plactn.r, persons in
Jeopardy of I t f e or Itmib.
Whtle fche sfcafces have been
allowed fche mosfc freedom p o s s i b l e wtfch respecfc fco fchte
parfctcular aspecfc of J u d l c t a l procedure, fchere rematn
c e r t a i n **fundamenfcal p r i n c t p l e s of Itberfcy and Jusfcice**
which fche afcafcee may nofc I n f r l n g e .
If a sfcafce's courfcs,
affcer a fcrial f r e e of e r r o r , were permtfcfced fco fcry fch#
accused over a g a i n , ifc la u n l i k e l y fchafc fche Supreme
Courfc's i d e a of "common Jusfctce'* would subsfcanfctafce a
pracfclce so o b v t o u s l y Injurtous fco prtvafce r i g h t .
IV.
SIXI-IKCfílMIKATIOK
. . . nor s h a l l b e compelled i n any criminal case
to be a wifcness agalnsfc htmself, . . .^^
Profcecfcion againsfc self-incrimtnafcion is one of
fche more modern of fche common law righfcs found in fche
Fiffch Amendmenfc.
O r t g i n a l l y a limifcafcion o n l y upon fche
51 I b t d . , 302 U, S. 319, 323 ( 1 9 3 7 ) .
mmmimmmmmmtmmt
*—
^^ Unltod S t a t e s C o n s t l t u t l o n . Amenciment V.
y^
137
power of fche tiafctonel Governmenfc,ô5 the Pourfceenfch Amendmenfc provtded c o u n s e l an opporfcunlfcy fco urge fchafc ifc,
a l s o , wa» part of fche "Itberfcy** guaranfceed again»fc sfcafce
encroachmenfc by virfcue of fche due proceas c l a u s e .
In
1908 Jusfcice Moody blunfcly announced fchafc exempfclon from
compulsory s e l f - t n c r i m i n a f c i o n In fclie sfcafce courfcs is not
eecured by any parfc of fcbe f e d e r a l Con8fcifcufcton.54
The
words **due p r o c e s s of law** as used tn fcho Fourfceenfch
Amendmenfc secure fche tndtvtdual from fche a r b i t r a r y e x e r c i s e
of powera of goverrjuenfc unresfcrained by fche esfcablisb^d
p r t n c i p l e s of prtvafce "rlghfc and Jusfcice,** bufc exempfclon
from self-tncrtLatnafcton tn fche courfcs of a sfcafce depends
enfctrcly upon fcbe p o l t c y of fche sfcate.
If a s t a t e d e s t r e s , fche p r t v i l e g e againsfc s e l f tncrtminafcton may be wtfchdraiwn and fche accused pufc upon
fche sfcand aa a wlfcneas f o r fche sfcafce.^5
Xn facfc, fch#
Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc would nofc prevenfc a sfcafce from adopfcIng or confcinutng fche c i v t l law inafcead of fche common law,
and fche p r t v i l e g e agalnsfc self-tncriminafcion is nofc allowed
hy fche c i v i l law.56
^^ Barron v. Balfctmoro, 7 Fefcers 243 ( 1 8 3 3 ) ; Thorinfifcon V. i § n l i o m e r y , n R : T T r ^ . 4 9 0 , 491 ( 1 8 9 0 ) .
5* Twininr v. Sfcafce of ^íew J e r s e y , 211 U, S. 7 8 , 93
(1908) î Tr^^r^m^; I 3 7 " 1 J : S . 3 0 6 , 342 (1915) ; Palko
!• ConnecttcutT 302 U, S. 319 ( 1 9 3 7 ) .
^5 Snyder v. Massachusetta, 291 U. £. 97, 105 ( 1 9 3 4 ) .
^^ Twtning V. l^ew J e r s e y , 211 U, S, 7 8 , 113 ( 1 9 0 8 ) ;
liolden vTlIi?áy,""l6TU. S. 5 ê 6 , 387, 389 ( 1 8 9 8 ) .
y^
138
On a e v e r a l oocasions fche Supreme Courfc has d i s posed of c e r t a t n cases tn whtch counsel urged fchafc fche
Fourfceenfch Ainendmenfc protecfced fche accuaed agatnsfc comp u l s o r y self-tncrtminafclon by accepfctng fche argumenfc, f o r
argumenfc's aake o n l y , and fchen f i n d t n g fchafc the law in
quesfcion did nofc desfcroy fche a l l e g e d rtghfc.
For example,
^^ *^ft<^^ Z» ^>''ansa3 57 the courfc argued tn fchts f a s h t o n :
Assumtng fchafc a sfcafce sfcatufce r e q u t r t n g a wlfcnesa fco answer
Incrtmlnafctng q u e s t t o n s would v i o l a t e fcl)© Fourfceonfch Amendmenfc, and fchafc an tmprtaonmenfc by vtrfcue of fche stafcufce
would be d e p r t v t n g fche wifcneas of h i s liberfcy wifchoufc due
p r o c e s s of law, the Courfc r u l e d fchafc fche Kanaaa anfcifcrusfc
law compelling wifcnesses fco fceafcÍXy was nofc t n v a l t d .
Th#
sfcafcufce tn quesfclon granfced tmmuntfcy from prosecufcton in
fche sfcafce courfcs, and fche facfc fchafc an t n d t v t d u a l * s fcesfctmony mighfc be used in a subsequenfc f e d e r a l antifcrusfc suifc
a g a l n s t him was nofc fclioughfc fco be a mafcerial considerafcion.
The Courfc d e c l a r e d :
**We fchlnk fche l e g a l
mmuntfcy ts in
r e g a r d fco a proaecutton In fche same Jurisdicfcton, and wben
fchafc is f u l l y gtven ifc ts enough.**58
stnce fcbe Kansas law
d i d nofc consfctfcute a s a n c t i o n of double Jeopardy, fcbe Court
felfc no need of answertng a f e d e r a l quesfcton.
Regardlesa of how w t l l i n g l y fche Courfc argued fche
tssu© wifch c o u n s e l , fchere was no protecfcton againsfc sfcafce
57 199 u. S. 372 (1905).
5Q I b t d . , 199 U, S. 372, 282 (1905).
y^
139
acfclon wifch respecfc fco compulaory self-incriminafcion
b e f o r e 1936.
Bowever, In a a e r i e s of recenfc casea fcl^e
Courfc haa r u l e d fchafc fche facfc fchafc a sfcafce may wlfchdraw
fche p r i v l l e g e againsfc self-lncrL'ninafcion, wtfchoufc v t o l a fcing fche Fburfceenfch Amendmenfc, does nofc mean fchat a 3fcafco
can convicfc a p r i s o n e r on fceafclmony obtalned by fcorfcuous
^fchird degree" mefchods.S®
v^hile compulston may be used
fco r c q u i r e fcbe appearance and fcesfcimony of fcbe accused
wifchoufc violafcing due p r o c e s s , compulalon by fcorfcure fco
exfcorfc a c o n f e s s i o n is a differenfc mafcfcer.
In Brown
Z* ^ i a s t s s i p p i ^blef Jusfcice Hughes dec ared:
The Sfcate la free fco regulafce fche proceîure of Ifca
courfcs tn accordance wtfch tfca own concepfcions of
p o l i c y , u n l e s s in so dotn% tfe »offends some p r t n c i p l e
of jusfcice so rooted in the tradifciona and conacience
of our peoplø as fco be ranked aa fundai-aenfcal.^
One of fche requiremenfcs of fchoae **fundamenfcal** p r l n c t p l e a
of Jusfcice is fchafc a sfcafce may nofc subsfcttufce a fcrtal by
o r d e a l f o r a fcrlal of f a i m e s s .
Unlawful **fchird degree" mefchods are not confined
fco fche Inflicfcion of p h y s i c a l v i o l e n c e and fcorfcure in o b fcalnlng a confeaaton^
In fche words of Jusfctce black in
1940:
The reeord • • • shows wifchoufc confllcfc, fche dragnet
mefchods of arresfc on s u s p i c i o n wtfchoufc warranfc, and
fche profcracfced quesfctonliig and c r o s s quesfcioning of
fchese tgnoranfc young c o l o r e d fcenanfc fanrrørs by sfcafce
o f f i c e r a and other whifce cifcizens in a fourfch f l o o r
^ Brown efc al^ v. ^ a s s i s s i p p i , 297 U, S, 278 ( 1 9 3 6 ) ;
Ltaenba v. í'oo'p e ~ f 'Sfcate o,f c a j i r o r n i a , 62 Sup. Cfc. Rop,
Sfe0,^^5"" (19415.
60
297 U, S. 2 7 8 , 285 ( 1 9 3 6 ) .
y^
140
J a t l room, where as p r t s o n e r a fcbey were wîfchoufc
f r l e n d s , a d v t s o r s o r c o u n s e l o r s , and under c t r c u m s t a n c e s c a l c u l a t e d f c o brefåk f c h e s t r o n g e s t n c r v e a
and fche sfcoufcesfc r e a i s f c a n c e . ^ ^
Ifc was fche o p t n t o n of fche Courfc fchafc '*fchis requtremenfc—
of conformtng fco fundamenfcal sfcandards of p r o c e d u r e tn
oriminol
fcrtals—waa
made operafcive agatnafc fche sfcafcee
by fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc.**^^
The mosfc recenfc c a s e on fche subjecfc r e a f r t r m s
f c h e e a r l i e r o p t n i o n a prohibifctng f c h e use o f f c h i r d degree
m#fchod»«
In r e v e r s t n g a Texas d e c i a i o n , Jusfcice Eyme»
sfcafced:
Thm Courfc has sefc a s i d e convicfcions based upon
c o n f e s s i o n s e x t o r t e d from tgnoranfc p e r s o n s who have
been subjecfced f c o p e r s t s t e n t and p r o t r a c t e d q u e s fctontng, or who have been fchreatened w l t h mob v l o l e n c e , or who have been u n l a w f u l l y h e l d tncommunicado v/ithout advice of f r i e n d s or c o u n s e l , or who
have been t a k e n afc n l g h t fco l o n e l y and iaolafced
p l a c ø s f o r quesfcionlng.
Any one of th'-se groimds
would b e s u f f i c t e n t cause f o r r e v e r s a l .
All o f
fchøm a r e fco be found in fchls c a s e . ^ 5
Ifc i3 a p p a r e n t , t h a n , fcb*afc no d e v i c e of self-incrÍTnlnafclon
may be u s e d by fche s t a t e s fco exfcort c o n f e s s i o n s from p e r sons a c c u s e d of c r t m e s .
By v t r t u e of tho due p r o c e s s
c l a u s o of the l-ourteGnfch ânendmenfc fche accused ia profcecfced
from
**fchtrd degree** mefchods.
Bowever, wifch respecfc fco
s e l f - i n c r t m t n a f c t o n , fche profcecfcion exfcends no f a r t h ^ r , and
^^ Chambera efc a l . v. F l o r i d a , 309 U. S. 227, 238
(1940).
^^ I b t d . , 309 0. S. 2 2 7 , 238 ( 1 9 4 0 ) .
^^ ^^^'^ !• ^fcafce of e x a s , 62 Sup. Cfc. Rep. 1139,
1143 (1942) . See a l s o ^thlto v. T e x a s , 310 U. S. 530
( 1 9 4 0 ) ; Smitb v. O^Grady, 311*^^. S. 529 (19^il) .
'
y^
mammmmmimmi*'''mmt^
mmm
<»«Í*W^W^ÍW«WP."^^**
141
whatever rulea of procedure the states adopt will ce due
process, if they are lawfully carrtcd out, unless some
unforeeen requirement presents itaelf In tbø future.
V.
EMIiMi.>IT iX)MAIN.í^
nor s h a l l p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y be taken for publtc
u s e , wtthout J u s t compensation;U5
•
»
«
The rifîiht of eminent domain has been aeftned as fche
power to take p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y for p u b l i c u s e , and as one
of the i n a l i f n a b l e righfcs of soverelgnfcy.^^
ib© limlfcation
^ A considerati;;!* oi fche ^uarEnuee tii^î; no person
a h a l l be depriveâ of l i f c , l i b e r t y or propertjf without
due procesa of law, s e c u r t d a g a i n a t f e d e r a l erjcroachment
by the r l f t h Amenameiit, anu l a t e r a g a i n s t the s t a t e s by
the íoarfceenfch Amendment, need not be fcreated as a
s e p a r a t e t o p i c . - h t l e t h i s p r o v i s t o n of the amendraent
is new In tíie Constttufclon of fche Unifced i^fcates, as a
Itmtfcafcion upon fche powers of fche s t a t e s , it is old as
a p r i n c i p l e of c i v t l i z e d government.
It ts í'ound in th#
Mftgna C a r t a , and, in substance if not In form, in n e a r l y
or qulfce a l l the c o n s t i t u t t o n s t h a t have boen from
fcime fco time adopted by fche s e v e r a l s t a t e s of the Unlon.
The Courfc haa def i n t t e l y proclaimed t h a t the words **due
procGSS of law** reî'er to t b a t law of the land tn eaoh
s t a t e whtch d e r i v e s i t s aufchority from the Inherent and
r e s e r v e d powers of tbe s t a t e , e x e r t e d within the l i m i t s
of those fundar.iental p r i n c t p l e s of I t b e r t y and J u s t i c e
wblch 1'^'^. ct tbe base oí' s l l our c i v t l s.nd p o l i t t c a l
i n s t i t u t i o n s . Dae prooess for the s t a t e s is t b a t law
whlch Í3 reasonable to the e x t e n t t h a t no **fundamGrital"
ri^x.hfcs are v i o l a t e d .
It n e c e s s a r i l y follovws that each
acfe of a s t a t e l e g i s l a t u r e , or o t h e r org.'an of governraent,
may presenfc new circumsfcances whlch w i l l r e q u l r e aii Investigafelon of p r i v a t e r l g h t s under "due process.** Each
cs e must be determtned upon ifcs m e r î t s as It a r i s e s .
^^ ^'nlted pfc ates C o n s t i t u t i o n . Amend-irient V.
66 The West Kive.i . ~ IdRe Coinpany. r l a i n t l f r s in
j i i I ^i • •• - ) • ..
,__. . . 1 • . 1 1 . iømm aÊfmimII i I w." ••
tj*^"-^ i
mtfmmmm^
i r r o r v. *^o ...tái^h ±:l2i» '-' ^*^'í'» ^ 0 7 ,
y^
556 (184 ' - y
M H M M B I^ m'm-^^mmmmmm ^
_ mm^' ^'mmm^f^m^—mmmmÊmma^m^t^^
•
mmmm^
142
on fclie power in fche Ftffch Amendmenfc, r e q u i r i n g Jusfc
corapensafclon, wa» f o r fche purposo of safeguarding fche
sacred inafclfcufclon of privafce properfcy, bufc o r i g i n a l l y
resfcralned o n l y fche power of fche Nafclonal Qovernmenfc.^'^
Since fche righfc of eminenfc domain is an Inherenfc
power of governmenfc, fche rtghfc of fche sfcafces fco fcake
privafce properfcy f o r publtc use has nofc been dtspufced,
and fchey werccsrlglnally f r e e fco in^ose fchí?ir own llmifcafciona on fche use fchey made of fche power.
however, fche
Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc has nafclonallzed fche same fundamenfcal
limifcafcion which blnds fche i e d e r a l íiovernmenfc; fche sfcafcea,
I t k e w t s e , musfc g t v e Jusfc compensafcton, and, in addifcion,
fchey are bound by fche requlremenfcs of due p r o c e s s of law.^^
E e s i d e s fcheae requiremenfcs, fche mode of e x e r c i s i n g fche
righfc of emlnenfc domain, in fche absence of any p r o v i s i o n
In fchô organtc law preacrtblng a confcrary c o u r s e , ia
wifchin fche discrefcion of fcbe legislafcures of fche sfcafces.^^
The power may be conferred on munictpalifcies,'''^ public
^*^ Barron v. lalfctmore, 7 Fefcers 2 4 3 , 248 ( 1 8 3 3 ) ;
Thorin fcon y. '^^rxtRomery, 147 U. S. 4 9 0 , 491 ( 1 8 9 3 ) .
^^ Appleby v. Cifcy of B u f f a l o , 221 U. S. 524, 530
(1911) • 'ôltT of Trtncinna't v. i ^ u i a v i l l e & i-Jashvtlle
Hatlroád-T?7,"^25':^U. S. 59Q-(1 ^ W T
^^ Secombe v. Hallroad Company, 23 Wall. 108, 117'
118 (1B7ÎT7^
Sweet V. Kecbel, 159 U. S. 380 ( 1 8 9 5 ) .
y^
143
u t i l t f c l e s , ' ' ' ^ or even on t n d i v i d u a l s . ' 7 2
The power of
emtnenfc domain exfcends fco fcangtbles and t n f c a n g t b l e s , t n c l u d t n g c h o s e s tn acfcton, confcracfcs,
and charfcers.'75
F'undamenfcally, tfc is a righfc which may nofc be confcracfced
away or ofcherwtse s u r r e n d e r e d , f o r as fche Courfc has s a t d :
The confctnued extsfcence of a governmenfc would be of
no greafc v a l u e , if by tmpltcafcion and presumpfcion,
ifc was disarraed of fche powers n e c e s s a r y fco accompl i s h fche ends of tfcs creafcton; and fche funcfctons tfc
was d e s i g n e d fco perform . . . ^74
Thus, when a s t a t e c o n f e r s fche rlghfc of emtnenfc domatn
tfc ts done by a confcracfcual agreemenfc which may be a b r o gafced by a change in fche g e n e r a l law.
Xt ts a fundamental and c o n s t l t u t i o n a l requtremenfc
fchafc fche e x e r c t s e of fche rtghfc be f o r a p u b l t c p u r p o s e , and
fche courfcs a r e charged wtfch fche r e s p o n s t b t l t f c y of defcerm t n t n g whefcher fchts Itmtfcafcton ts abused,
In fche words
of Chtef Jusfctce Hughesî
Ifc ts w e l l esfcabltshed fchafc In c o n s t d e r l n g fche
appltcafcton of fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc fco c a s e s of
expropriafcion of privafce properfcy, fche quesfclon
whafc ts a p u b l t c use ts a J u d t c t a l o n e .
In d e c t d ing such a quesfclon, fche Courfc has appropriafce r e g a r d fco fcbe diverslfcy of l o c a l condifctons and cons i d e r s wifch greafc reapecfc l e g i s l a f c i v e declarafctons
"^^ O f f t e l d V. New Yor , îiew Haven and H a r t f o r d
R a i l r o a d i r S i FiHyT 203 V. S. 2 ^ ( 1 ^ 5 6 7 .
"72 c i a r k v. Nash, 198 b. S. 361 ( 1 9 0 5 ) .
''^5 c t n c l n n a t i v. L o u i s v i l l e & N a s h v i l l e R. C o . ,
223 U. S. 390 U y i 2 T .
"7^ I b t d . , 223 b. S. 390, 406 ( 1 9 1 2 ) . See a l s o
C o n t r i b u ' i ô r s ' to _the F e n n s y l v a n t a i t o s p i t a l v. Ctfcy of
T h t l a d e l p h l i ifc a l . , 245 U. S. 20 (1923)7
y^
144
and in parfcicular fche Judgmenfcs of sfcafce courfcs a»
fco fche usea c o n s i d e r e d fco be public in fche lighfc
of l o c a l e x i g o n c t e s .
bufc fche quesfclon remains a
J u d t c i a l one whtch fchls Courfc musfc dectde in p e r forming tfcs dufcy of e n f o r c i n g fche p r o v i s i o n s of fcho
l e d e r a l ConsfcÍfcufcion.'^S
However, ifc is nofc essenfctal fco due process of law fchafc
an enfcire com;mintfcy or even any considerable porfcion
ahould dlrecfcly ©njoy or parfcicipafce tn any improvement
tn order fco conafcifcufce a publtc use wifchtn fche law of
emtnenfc domain.
in fche e x e r c i s e of fche rtghfe, nofc o n l y
preaenfc demands of fche p u b l t c , bufc fcnose whlch may be
f a i r l y anfcicipafced in fche fufcure may be constdered.'^ô
Whan fche infcended uae of properfcy fcaken fchrough
fche righfc of emlnenfc domain is p u b l i c , fche neceesifcy
and expedtency of fche appropriafcion of privafce properfcy
may be defcermtned by any agency, and in any manner, fchafc
a sfcafce may designafce whe fcher ifc is by a corporafcion or
a l e g t s l a f c t v e body.
These quesfctons are l e g t s l a f c i v e in
characfcer, no mafcfcer who may be cfiarged wifch fcheir d e c i s i o n , and a hearing fchereon is nofc essenfctal fco due process
in fche sense of fche Fourfceenfch Aasiendmenfc.''''^
hence, if a
sfcate d e s t r e s , ifc may permtt each of the agencies which
ifc has g t v e n fcbe power of emlnenfc domain fco defcermtne fche
'^^ Ctnctnnafci v. Vesfcer, 281 U, S. 4 3 9 , 446 ( 1 9 3 0 ) .
"^^ Hlndge Company ejt a l . v. Counfcy of i^os A n g e l e s ,
262 U. S, 700 ( 1 9 2 3 ) .
"^*^ I'^agg V. Weaver e^ j l . , 251 U, s. 57, 58, 59
( 1 9 1 9 ) ; l^orfch Xaramie I«and Company 2« ^ f f m a n efc a l . ,
268 0 , S, 276, 286 U9^5) .
X
145
quesfclons of necesaifcy and expediency for i f c s e l f .
Feasonable compenaafcion muafc be made fco fche owner
If prlvafce properfcy i» acfcually approprlafced for p u b l i c
u»#«
In defcermtntng fcbe amounfc of compenaafclon and
damages, a l l fchat» ia essenfclal ta fchet, in aome appropriafce
way, before some properly consfcifcufced fcrtbunal, fche p r o p e r t y owner s n a l l have an opportunifcy f o r a heartng whlch
aafciaflefl fch# easenfclal requlrement of due proceas in fche
Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc.*^^
The Courfc has r u l e d , a l s o , fchat
Ifc ts nofc required fchafc fche assessraenfc of daiaages s h a l l
be made by a Jury; fche award may be made by commlsaioners
where fchere ia p r o v i s t o n f o r a review of fcheir proceedings
in fche eourfca.'^^
Where fche afcafces have adequafce p r o v i -
stona f o r aeeured paymenfc of compensafcion wifchoufc unreasonable d e l a y , fche appropriafcion of properfcy by erainenfc
domain may precede fche ascerfcatnmenfc of compensafcion.°^
The sfcafces, fchan, are f r e e fco fcake prtvafce properfcy
f o r publtc purposes, subjecfc o n l y fco fcwo llmifcafcions which
ara of fundamenfcal s i g n i f i c a n c e :
(1) The courfca e x e r c i s e
fche power fco defcermine whefcher fche appropriafcion has been
f o r p u b l i c purposes; and (2) due process of law requirea
"^^ ^^gkua V. Forfc Streefc unton Depofc Company, 169
U. S, 55^ (lÉîSaT; 1^orfch'n7aramie Lind Comp'any y. noffman,
268 U, S. 276 (192'^T7
**
79 Long sland Wafcer Supply Company v. í r o o k l y n ,
166 U. S r ^ S ' (1897)7
2^8
y^
^^ ^^ays Z* ^'o^fc ££ Seafcfcle efc a l , , 251 ú, s. 2 3 3 ,
(192^7
146
fchafc properfcy owners be afforded an opporfcunifcy fco be
h#ard tn courfc on fche mafcfcer of compensafcion and damages.
These llmifcafclona are for fche purpose of securing fchose
fundamanfcal rtghfca and prlvllog#« which musfc remaln inviol a t e tn a free governmenfc»
/ ^
CiiAFTKR VI
GUARASTIES OF JUDICIAL RXGKTS (COHTi
I.
J)
TRIAL BY JUHY
In a l l c r i m i n a l prosecufctons, tho accused s h a l l
enjoy tne r t g h t fco s apeedy and p u b l t c fcrial, by an
imparfctal Jury of fcne Stafce and disfcrtcfc wherein fche
crirae s h a l l have been commlfcted, • . • • * •
In Suifcs of common law, whj're fche value in conf c r o v e r s y s h a l l exceed f c w e n f c y d o l l a r s , f c h e r t g h t o f
fcrial by Jury s h a l l be p r e s e r v e d , and no facfc fcrted
by a J u r y , s h a l l be ofcherwiae re-examined tn any
Courfc of fche unifced Sfcate^^ than according fco fche
r u l e s of fche common law*2
In fche absence of any cases resulfcing from a sfcafce^s
r e f u a a l fco granfc a **speedy"
fcrial—required
tn f e d e r a l
courfcs by vlrfcue of fche Stxfch Amendmenfc—tfc may be surmtsed
fchafc fche r u l e tn sfcate c r t m l n a l proccdure ts much the same
as fche r u l e esfcabltshed for f e d e r a l procedure tn Beavera
Z* ^^herfc when fcb-e Court aatdî
The righfc of a speedy fcrtal ta n e c e s s a r l l y relafcive;
ifc Is consistenfc wifch delays and dependa upon c t r cumsfcances. Ifc secures rlghfcs fco a defendanfc. Ifc
does nofc preclude fche r t g h t s of publtc p o l i c y . Ifc
cannofc be clatmed for one offense and prevenfc arresfc
The Consfcitutton of the bntfced Sfcafces of Amertce,
Araendmenfc VI.
^ J [ b t d . , Amendmenfc V I I .
y^
148
f o r o t h e r o f f e n a e s ; . • ^5
Slnce the r t g h t fco a speedy fcrtal ts neifcher u n q u a l t f i e d
nor a b s o l u t e , tfcs appltcafcion w i l l undoubfcedly depend upon
a fcesfc of reaaonablenesa whtch w t l l , as auggeated, vary
wifch ctrcumstances*
The Sixfch Amendmenfc a p e c i f t e s fchafc fche accused
a h a l l , tn fche f e d e r a l courfcs, enjoy fche rtghfc fco a '*public"
fcrtal. Ifc hae been urged fchat sfcar-chamber or secrefc p r o c##dlng8 In sfcafce courfcs would be In violafcion of one of
fche fundamenfc9l requlremenfcs of due proceas of law tn
fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc»
Z* ^ashingfcon.^
Thts poinfc was r a i s e d tn Galnea
In fchat case fche fcrlal courfc had announced
afc fche c l o s e of tbe af temoon s e s s l o n on fche ntnfch day of
a sensafctonal murder fcrial fchafc fche afcmosphere was **prefcfcy
u n b e a r a b l e , " and fchafc fche p u b l t c would be eJKîluded, b e g l n n l n g on fche morrow.
The sfcafce supreme courfc found on
examtnafcton of afftdavtfca, however, fchafc fcbe o r d e r was
never c a r r t e d o u t .
l ^ n c e , fcl^e Supreme Court of fcbe bnifced
Sfcafces found tfc unnecessary fco dectde wbefcbicr fche Fourfceenfch Araendmenfc r e q u t r e s a publtc fcrtal in a afcafce courfc
fco fcbe exfcenfc fchafc the S i x t h AmGndîjent r ø q u i r e s such a
fcrtal In a f e d e r a l courfc.
5 198 U. S. 7 7 , 87 (1905). Ifc musfc be nofced fchafc
thlfl is a case d e a l l n g w fch f e d e r a l procedure, bufc since
it greafcly r e l a x e s fche requtremenfc of a ^'epeedy fcrtal,"
ifc may l o g i c a l l y be supposed fchafc fche Courfc would d e a l
wtfcb a s t m i l a r quesfcton of st!»te prooedure In an e q u a l l y
lonienfc f a s h l o n .
^ 277 U, S. 8 1 , 85 (1928).
X
149
The p h r a s e **fcrial by Jury,** aa u s e d tn fche
hafcional Consfcifcufcton, meana a fcrial by J u r y as u n d e r sfcood and a p p l t e d afc common law, and t n c l u d e s a l l fche
# s s e n f c i a l eleraenfca ae fcboey were r e c o g n i z e d in fchis counfcry
and England when fche Consfeifcufcion waa adopfced.
The J u r y ,
fchen, musfc consisfc of fcwelve men, neifcher more nor l e s 8 . 5
The fcrtal muafc b# in fche p r e s e n c e and under fche s u p e r i n fcendence of a Judge h a v t n g power fco insfcrucfc fchem as fco
fche law and a d v t a e fchea tn reppecfc of fche facfce.^
I inally,
fche common law r e q u t r e s fchafc fche ^'erdicfc of fcbie J u r y musfc
be unanimous«'7
Bowever, fcbe guaranfcy of fcrlal by J u r y in c r i m t n a l
and c t v i l suifcs la a requtreraenfc of fche í^afcional Governmenfc, and fche consfcifcufcional p r o v i s i o n s of fche Sixfch and
Sevenfch Amendmenfcs wtfch respecfc fcherefco have no a p p l t c a 'fcion fco sfcafce J u d i c t a l p r o c e d u r e . B
Wifch fche adopfcion of
fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc, neverfcbieless, c o u n s e l began
fco u r g e fchafc by virfcue of fcbe due p r o c e s s c l a u s e fche conafcifcufcional r tghfc of
fcrial
by Jury—fche coramon law J u r y —
^ Thompson v. Ufcab, 170 U. £. 3 4 3 , 350 ( 1 8 9 8 ) .
^ Capifcal T r a c t i o n Company jr. Hof, 174 u. S. 1, 13
(1899).
'^ Amertcan F u b l l a h i n g Company v. > t s b e r , 166 U. S.
4 6 4 , 468 (18ÍÍ7) .
^ J o í ^ B a r r o n , S u r v t v o r of Jobn C r a i ^ , f o r fche
Use of XHke Tlerrnai^, Lxecutor of J o l j r T r ã Í A v. n^ *''ayor
•S d C l t y C o u n c i l of F a l t t T . o r e , 7 P e t e r s 243 Tl833) ; ^ e s t
TT^I-ouisÍQna, 194 U, t. 2 b b , 2ol-ki62 ( 1 9 0 4 ) ; VValkor v.
S k u v t n e t , 92 U. S. 9 0 , 92 ( 1 8 7 5 ) .
""
y^
150
could nofc be denied by fche sfcafces.
Thafc fche îourfceenfch Amendmenfc did nofc have fch#
offecfc of nafcionalizing the r i g h t of t r i a l by Jury in
c r l m i n a l proceedinga was i n d i c a t e d as e a r l y aa 1889
when the Supreme Court, speaking through Jusfcice E r a d l e y ,
saidt
The iourfceenfch Amendmenfc does nofc profeas to
secure to a l l persons in fche Unifced Stafces fche beneflfc of fche same lawa and fche same remedies. íireafc
diversifctes in fcheae reapecfcs may extsfc in fcwo S t a t e s
»»parated only by an iiaaginary l l n e . On one side of
t h i s I t n e there may be a rtghfc of fcrlal by J u r y , and
on fche ofcher slde no such r i g h t . Each p r e s c r i b e s
ifca own modes of j u d t c l a l proceeding,^
Only a few yeara lafcer tfc was definifcely decided fchafc
fcrial by Jury in a capifcal caae ia nofc eaaenfcial fco due
p r o c e a s of law tf fche s t a t e s p r e s c r i b e anofcher precedure.'^O
Thus, ifc has become I n c r e a s i n g l y evidenfc fchafc fche Sixfch
Amondmenfc does nofc apply fco proceedtngs In sfcafce courfcs.
Indeed, *'fcrtal by Jury has never been afftrmed fco be a
n e c e s s a r y requistfce of due process of law."^^
Efforfcs fco read infco fcJrie due proceas clause of
fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc fche rtghfcs guaranfceed by fche
Sevenfch have been e q u a l l y ineffecfctve.
T r i a l by Jury ia
no more a requiremenfc in c l v t l cases fchan ifc Is tn c r t m t n a l prosecufctons.
9
Mt s a o u r t
Aa e a r l y as 1875 the Supreme Courfc
V. .bewis, 101 u, S. 22, 31 (1880).
^^ H a l l i n ^ e r v. Davts, 146 0. S. 314, 324 (1892).
^^ Maxwell V. iíow, 176 U. S. 681, 603 (1900).
tfesfc v . - I ? n i a n a , T ^ U. S. 256, 262 (1904).
y^
See a l s o
151
held v a l i d an acfc of fcbe I«outstanR legtslafcure which
provided f o r fche J u d t c l a l dispoaifcion of cerfcain fcypefl
of c t v i l oa»»» wtfchoufc fche aid of a J u r y .
In speaking
of fche Sevenfch Aniendmenfc tn fcbiafc c a a e , Chtef Jusfclca
Watfce a a i d , " T h i s , ae has been many fcimea declded, r e lafces only fco fcrials In courfcs of fche Unifced Sfcafces.**^^
One cannofc claim fco be deprived of properfcy wtfchoufc du#
proceas of law, fcherefore, mtírely because fcbe Judge fcook
fche case from fche j u r y and dlrecfced a verdtcfc for one of
fche parfcies.^5
Since fche s t a t e s are not bound by the requirements
of the coramon law j u r y , they are free to modtfy t h e i r
own sysfcems as fchey d e s i r e .
Aa fche Courfc s a i d in Maxwell
jr. Dow;
Whefcher a fcrial in a c r i m i n a l caae nofc captfcal
s h a l l be by a j u r y composed of etghfc t n s t e a d of
fcwelve J u r o r s , and whefcher or nofc indtcfcmenfc f o r
an infamous crtme is by grand Jury, are mafcters
p r o p e r l y determined by fche cifcizens of each sfcafce
f o r fchemselvea, and do nofc come wifchtn fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc so long as a l l persona wtfchin fche
jurisdlcfcion of fche Sfcafce are made l i a b l e fco be
proceeded againsfc by fche same kind of procedure,
and fco have fche same ktnd of fcrtal, and fche equal
profcecfcion of fche lawa is aecured fchem.^^
Due p r o c e s s of law,
fciierefore,
is nofc denied by afcafce
^^ Walker v. Sauvinefc, 92 u. s. 90, 92 (1875). The
same declarafcion was made again by Chief Jusfcice Waifce tn
Fearson v. ^ewdall, 95 U. S. 294, 296 (1877).
^^ Brand v. Union Elevafced Kailroad Company. 238 U. S.
586 (191577
14 ^Jaxwell V. Itow. 176 U. S. 681» ^ U900) .
y^
152
J u d t c t a l procedure whtch dtapenses wifch fche neceesifcy of
a Jury of fcwelve, or wtfch unanimifcy tn fche verdlcfc.iS
in
I t k e manner, a sfcafcufce providing for a fcrial by a '*3fcruck^
j u r y , empanelled in accordance wifch fcho p r o v l s t o n s of law,
doea not t r e s p a s a upon any fundamenfcal r t g h t of fche d#fendanfc.
**The accused cannot complatn if he is fcried by
an tiî^arfctal J u r y .
iie can demand nofchtng more.**^^
By the
same fcoken, a law reducing fche niimber of perempfcory c h a l lengee allowed a defendanfc cannofc be s a i d fco deny any
fundamenfcal rtghfc of due proceaa.
If a sfcafce dtspensea wifch a Jury fcrial, however,
some ofcher procedure musfc be subsfcifcufced fco defcei^tne
quesfctons of facfc—a bench, board, or commisslon.
íí'erely
because a sfcafce may dtspense wtfch a Jury fcrlal wifchoufc
vlolafctng due p r o c e s s , ifc does nofc follow fchafc Ifc may
subafcifcufce fcrlal by o r d e a l ; an opporfcunlfcy fco be heard
is one of fche fundamenfcal p r t n c l p l e s of due p r o c e s s . 17
Ifc
is nofc wifchin fche province of a legtslafcure, fcherefore, fco
d e c l a r e an i n d t v i d u a l guilfey, or presumably guilfcy, of
a crime by sefcttng up unreasonable and arbtfcrary c r t t e r l a
of presumpfclons fco guide a courfc in ifcs defcermtnafcion of
^^ Jordan v. Massachusetts. 225 U. S. 167, 176 (1912) •
• • • • • ~ ~ «
* •
• •
^^ Brown V. UQ^ Jersey^ 175 U. S., 172, 175 (1899) .
^"^ Brown V. Mississippi, 297 U. S. 278, 285 (1936) ;
Irank v. Manj^mm, 237 U. S. 309, 331 (1915).
X
153
an i n d i v i d u a l » a g u i l t under p a r t i c u l a r circurastances.
Consequenfcly, when the Georgia l e g l s l a t u r e tn 1929
made the o f f i c e r s of any i n s o l v e n t bank g u i l t y of fraud,
u n l e a s they could prove o t h e r w i a e , the Court d e c l a r e d
t h a t an u n r e a s o n a : l e and arbifcrary Inference had thereby
19
been created.-^*'
The act WfS i n v a l l d a t e d because an
u n f a t r pre suT.ptlon had been creuted before a h e o r l n g ,
constifc^fcin<j, a d e n i a l of due process of law in v t o l a c i o n
of the l o u r t e e n t h AmendiLent.
Ltke the s t a t e s t h a t have r e t a i n e d the grand J u r y ,
f c h o s e t h a t s t i l l permtt p e t i t J u r i e s i n criminal o r c i v i l
proceediní^a must not employ any d i s c r i m i n a t l n g p r a c t l c e a
because of race or color in determinlng e l l g i b i l i t y for
Jury s e r v i c e .
^íhen the stp.tes permit t r i a l by Jury afc
a l l , fche rivhfc ts granted to a l l persons on an equal
b a a i s , for the constltufcion of J u r i e s Is a very e a s e n t i a l
p a r t of fcbe p r o t e c t i o n such a moie of t r i a l is tntended
to s e c u r e .
However, in the words of J u s t i c e Strong:
We do not say t h a t witbin the l i m i t s from wbich
it ts not exoluied by the .ámendrnent. a S t s t e may not
p r e a c r i b e the qualiflc<>tÍons of i t s j u r o r s anl in
so dcing make discr îiinatlons. It may eonftne the
"^^ Mciarland, >:?upervÍ8or of Fubltc Accounts of
Louiaiana' v. Anioricaxi ^uRar i'-eflnin,: Company, 241 U. S.
7 9 , 86 {1916T^
'*-^' Manley v. Sfcate pf ^^eorgia. 279 U. S. 1, 5-7 (1929) .
he c o u r t had ©"ârlier austatned a i^ew i^ork Isw which
provtded for the sumrnary abatemenfc of properfcy of l i t f c l e
value when it had been declared a nuisance by the l e g Islafcure,—Lawton V. S t e e l e . 152 U. S. 153 (1894).
y^
154
s e l e c t i o n to males, to freeholdera, to persons
w i t h l n c e r t a i n a . e s , o r t o p o r s o n s having e d u c a t l o n a l q u a l i f i c a t l o n a . We do n o t b e l l e v e the
l ' o u r t e e n t h Amend-îenfc was e v e r t n t e n d e d to p r o h i b i t
t h t s . . . i t s a m was a ^ a i n s t d l s c r i m i n a t t o n b e cauae of r a c e or color.^-O
h e n c e , a «eat V i r g t n i a law which excluded nogroes from
J u r y s e r v l o e waa i n v a l i d becøuse I t c o n s t i t u t e d a d e n i a l
of due p r o c e s s of law, ana of e q u a l p r o t e c t i o n of the
lawa,
in v i o l a t i o n of the F o u r t e e n t h Amendment.*^^
I n t t a J u d t c i a l p r o c e e d t n g s , e s p e c i a l l y , '^no
afcafce can d e p r i v e p a r t i c u l a r p e r s o n s or c l a s s e s of
p e r s o n s of e q u a l and i m p a r t t a l J u a t i c c under the law.**22
In a c r i m t n a l p r o c e e d i n g ,
t i i e r e f o r e , where b o t h the
Judge and the J ^ r y a r e u n a e r tbe i n f l u e n c e of mob dominat i o n , t h e Supreme Court w t l l i n v a l t d a t e a c o n v t c t t o n on
t h e ground thfit fchere h s s been a d e n i a l of due p r o c e s s
of
law.^5
Merely becísuse fchere were no n e g r o e s on a Jury
whlch c o n v l c t e d a p e r s o n of the Afrlcan r a c e does nofc
n e c e s s a r t l y d e p r i v e the l e f e n d a n t o f equal p r o t e c t i o n o f
the leTc o.' due p r o o e s s of Inw.^^
Howevor, "The v e r y
^^ ^ t r a u d s r v* Aest Vl \ 3 l n i a . 100 U. S. 5 0 3 , 310
(1880).
^^ X b t a . . 100 U. S. 305 ( 1 8 8 0 ) .
^2i C a l â w e l l v. i e x a s . 137 U. S. 692, u97 ( 1 8 9 0 ) .
jii]f...i I m
lii. I 1.1 II II tii "II
-f—
,_. .1.1
aii
*•*» m
w
^5 jágonsc^t; a l . v;. },^ . ..:., ''-eeper o.f ^he -^. >c -uisaa.
S t a t e Feni
r í , 2Ul U. S. 66 Í 1 9 2 3 ) .
'^ V l r , : l n l a \_,
/ ^
i d v e r s . 100 U. S. 31S, 31S U8e0) .
155
i d e a of a J u r y ia a body of raen composed of t h e p e e r a or
e q u a l s o f the p e r s o n whose r l . - h t s I t i s a e l e c t e d o r summoned to d e t e r r Ine.'*'^^
In / ccordance wlfeh t h i s vlew,
t h e C o u r t haa r u i e d t h ? t when a neirpo haa been c o n v t c t e d
by a J u r y in a locallfcy where moxnbom of h i a own r a c e
have been ayafceraaticall^- anu a r b t t r a r i l y e x c l u d e d from
J u r y s e r v l c e , h t a convtcfclon c a n n o t sfcand, f o r tfc
consfcifcufces a d e n i a l of due p r o c e s s of law wtfchtn fche
meantng of fche -^ourfceenth %Lendînent.26
While fche Courfc has been c a r o f u l tn permtfcfcing
fche sfcafces almosfc f u l l confcrol o v e r fche p r o c e d u r e in
their courta,
i t has heen e q u a l l y v i g t l s n t i n s e e i n g
thafc d i a c r i m i n a f c i o n s a r e nofc pracfclced upon p a r f c i c u l a r
persons or Íroups of persons.
by J u r y , however,
Wtth r e s p e c t t o t r i a l
it has been the phtloaophy of the Court
that
The rlghfe to t r t a l by J u r y and the tmmunlty from
prosecufcion e x c e p t as the r e s u l t of an indlctmenfc
may have v a l u e and t m p o r t a n c e . Even s o , t h e y are
n o t of the v e r y e s s e n c e of a achftr.,;e o£ o r d e r e d
iiberty.
To a b o l i s h tlmm is n o t to violafce a
*prÍDCÍplQ of J u G t i c e ao r o o t e d in the t r a d l t i o n s
and c o n s c i e n c e of our people as to be r a n k e i aa
faadameiital* . . . . iew v/ould b e s o narrow o r
p r o v i n c i a l as fco mainfcain t h a t a f a i r and e n l g h t e n e d
^^ S t r a u a e r x» J'^^^ Vtrfeinia. 100 U. S. 3 0 3 , 308
(laao).
26 H o l l i n a v. Oklahoma. 294 U. S. 394 ( 1 9 3 5 ) ;
l ^ o r r l s v7" A l ~ ã : i i l . 294 U. S. 587, 589 ( 1 9 3 5 ) ; F i e r c e
V. T.n^rl^înria, 305 U. S. 354, 357 ( 1 9 3 9 ) . In ivawlins
7,
. ^ 2 0 1 U. S. 656, 640 ( 1 9 0 6 ) , it was Sfild,
'''"Th'eFe "is n o t h i n ^ tn the i-'ourteenth Amen'lT^ent to prevenfc
a s t a t e from ©xcusing c e r t a l n c l a s s e s from J u r y s e r v l c e
on t h e bon^ f i u e ground t h a l it was for the sood of fehe
comiîiunlty thâ:. t b e i r r e g u l a r work should n o t be I n t e r rupfce-, p r o v i a e d t h a t tbe e x c l a s i o n t s not the r í ^ s u l t o f
race or color prejudice.'*
y
\
156
ayafcem of Jusfctce would be i m p o s s i b l e wifchoufc
thftm.27
II.
NOTICE OF CKARGE
I n a l l c r i m t n a l prosecufcions, f c h e accused s h a l l
. . . be Informed gf fche nafcure and cause of fche
accusafcion; . . .*Ô
Kvøn b e f o r e t h e pasaage of the Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc—and p r e c e d i n g fche sfcrenuoug efrorfca of c o u n a e l fco
n a f c i o n a l t z e fche ftrsfc ©Ighfc amendmenfcs—fche Suprerae
Courfc had eafcablislrød fche docfcrlne fchafc fche p r o c e d u r e
adopfced by a afcafce musfc safctsfy fche consfctfcufctonal
requiremenfc of r e a a o n a b l e nofclce and an opporfcunifcy fco
be h e a r d . 2 9
I n d e e d , fche r l g h t was d e c l a r e d fco be as
fundam,enfcal as tfc was i n a l l e n a b l e , and nofc fco be conf i n e d fco c r t m i n a l c a s e s .
In 1864 fche Courfc made tfc
p l a t n fchafc "conmon Jusfcice r e q u l r e d fchafc no man should
be condemned In h i s p e r s o n or properfcy wifchoufc nofctce
and an opporfcuntfcy fco make h i s defense.**50
When fche îourfceenfch Amendmenfc became a parfc of fche
Consfctfcufcion, fcíie Courfc mme
t h e requtrf^'nQnt of sufftcienfc
nofclce a r t g h t fimdamenfcal fco due p r o c e s s of l a w . 5 1
The
^'^ Falko V. Connecttcufc, ^'^ o. S. 319, 325 ( 1 9 5 7 ) .
28
Untfced Sfcafccs Consfctfcufcton, Amendmenfc VI.
^^ Faldwin v. H a l e , 1 Wallace 223 ( 1 8 6 4 ) .
Miwi^iwai— i.1 «•!'•»»
m
II
•"
'•»
mmm
III
ua_w,ji. •••••iii«"'i*i"W""*i
III
l i i i i ' » « »1111 . » "
•
' '
' •
'
•'-
•
' "
'"
I
'
•
30 ^ b t d . , 1 Wallace 22», 231 ( 1 8 6 4 ) .
^^ Bovey V. Blliofc, 167 u. s. 4 0 9 , 444 ( 1 8 9 7 ) ;
H o l l e r v ^ ^ l i o l l y . TfenT:' ^. 3 9 8 , 409 ( 1 9 0 0 ) .
y^
157
atafce remalncd f r e e to
. . . r e í ; u l a t e tlie p r o c e d u r e o f i t s c o u r t a I n
a c c o r d a n c e w i t h i t s omi o o n c e p t i o n a cf poliC2í,
u n l e s s In so doing It ' o f r e n d a some p r i n c i p l e of
JiîSfctce so r o o t c d in thc t r a d i t i o n and coiuiclence
of our p e o p l s &s to te ranked as f i n d a m e n t a l . * ^
And one of the
I n p o r t a n t *'fundaînenfcsl p r i n c i p l e s of
Jusfcice** is fche ri,^ht of tbe aocused to have an adequ«t»
opportunifcy to defend hlmaelf and a u f f i c i e n t n o t i c e of
the a c û u s a t l o u .
iiowGiVer, t h o r e is no p a r f c l c u l s r l y
p r e s c r i b e a p r o c e d u r e by whtch nofctce s h a l i o& .^iven; It
ia enou h t h a t it he **aaequate** or **suff lcient**.
ihe
facfc t h i t a s t a t e may employ tliB c t v t i laii ©Aclaflively
is c i e a r ©viaence fchat t h e r e
i r e no c o n v e n t i o n a l common
law i'. qulremenfcs ia g i v i n g nofcice febiat w^xst be f o l l o w e d .
J u a t t c e F i t n e y a d e q u a t e l y e x p r e s s e d the o p i n l o n o f f c h e
Courfc re>;ardlng fcirls raatfcer of procedure by s a y i n g í
. . . r e p e a t e d d e c i s l o n s o f t h i s c o u r t have put I t
beyond the r m g e or f u r t h e r iøbato t h s t the *duo
proce33* c l a u s e of the ioarfeeenth AmcndTienfc nas
no't the effecfc of imposlng upon the Sfcfitea any
p a r t i c u l a r form or inode of p r o c e d u r e , so lon.r as
thc e s s e n t i a l rl.;;hfcs of n o t i c e anri a h e a r t n g , or
o p p o r t i n i t y to be heard, before a^ompetent
fcribuTial arc n o t tnfcerfcred wlfeh.
Hence, want of s forînal arral,;.:nment,56 treafcci by a s t a t e
5^ ivo e r s v. Feck, 199 U. S. 4 2 5 , 454 (ISOo) .
^•^ xwinin:-; v. ^^ J e r s e y ^ 211 U. s. 7 6 , 115 ( 1 9 0 8 ) .
^ ^ r a n k z* Man^.um. 237 U. S. 309, 340, ( 1 9 1 5 ) .
A 3ln i i . a r ' s t i a t e m e n t appenr.-. tn hoti^crâ v. Feck. 199 U. S.
4 8 5 , 435 (1905) •
55 in an erraignjacnt thc d e f e n d a n t is c a l l e a to the
b a r .or nhe oouri;, to anaaar h© a c c a s a t l o n c o n t a i n a d in
thd indlctmen::,.
It la a form of n o t l c e woll a s t í î b l l a h e d
In fcbe common l a w . See John t o u v i e r , Louvirr* a LG:. L i c _t:ÍQnarv. 1, 2 3 9 .
158
»» d e p r t v t n g the occused of no su sfcantial rt nt b e c s u s e
of the nafcure of Ifcs p r o c c d u r a l r e q u i r e m e n t a , does n o t
aniounfc fco a deprlvafcion of l i b e r t y w i t h o u t dúe p r o c e s a
of i a w .
iurfchermore fche Supre^iie Court has d e c i d e d thafc
fche wanfc of a formal a r r a i g n m e n t to a second infoi^matlon
of t n e same o f f e n s e d o e s nofc d e p r i v e the accused of any
substanfcial
rtêihfc.^^
The l l b e r a l i f c y of fche Supreme Courfc tn a l l o w t n e fche
sfcstes to f t x t h e t r own p r o c e d u r a l r e q u t r e m e n t s wifch
r e s p e c t fco the method fco be employed In tnformtng th#
a c c u s e d of fche nafcure and cause of fche charge againsfc
him h a s been v l g o r o u s l y q u a l l f i e d by fche admonttton fchat
**what may n o t be fcaken away Is nofctce of fche cFiarge,
and an adequafce opporfcunity to be hear.; in defense of tt.**57
In a caae tn 1941 fche Courfc r e v e r s e d a convlcfclon of
murder in a sfcafce courfc because an l ^ ^ o r a n t n f g r o , havtng
no nofcton of fehe c h a r g e s againsfc him, was t r i c k e d infco
a c o n f e s s i o n ana senfc fco p r t s o n . 5 ^
xhe fundamental r i e í t of tne accusad to be
informed of the n a t u r e of fcne c h a r g e againsfc him haa
l o n g he^n a requiremenfc of American J u d l c i o l p r o c e d u r e .
Firsfc b i n d i n g the sfeafces as a parfc of the " h i g h e r law**
concepfc of **cornmon J u s t l c e , " ifc is noí. a r e q u t r e m e n t of
^^ •• arÍRnd v.* .•^t^fc'^^ of Washlnjton. 252 U. S. 642,
647 (1914) .
37 Snydcr v. ^ftjijc^buae.113, 291 U. S. 9 7 , 1 0 5 ,
(1934) ; hfjr 'ware" Dealerg Mutual l ' t r e I n s u r a n c e Co. \r,
C l l d d e r Co. e t . a l . , 2( 4 U. b. 1 5 1 , 15G (1951) .
59 Smith V. O ' J r a d y . 311 U. i-. 329 ( 1 9 4 1 ) .
/
\
169
stafce p r o c e d u r e by virfcue of fcn# úae p r o c « s 8 c l a u a e of
fche lourfceenth Araendment.
III.
WITNESSKS
I n a l l c r t m i n a l proaecufclons, f c h e accuaed s h a l l
e n j o y fche righfc . . . fco be confronfccd w i t h fche
wifcnesses agatnsfc hlm; fco hsve compulsory p r o c e s s
f o r OL'fcaining w i t n e s s e a I n h i s f a v o r ; . . . 3 9
Llke o t h e r p r o v i s i o n s of fche Sixfch Mendment, the
rlrhfc of the accused to be confronfced w t t h the wtfcnessea
a g a l n s t htm and fche rtghfc fco have compulsory p r o c e s s f o r
obfcatning wifcnesses tn h l s fovor were infcended fco s e r v e
o n l y as r e s f c r a t n t a upon the power of fche N a t t o n a l
øovernîjrønt, and had no a p p l i c a t i o n to sfcafce J u d l c l a l
procedare.^^
However, wtfch fche pasaage of fche iourfceenfch
Amendmenfc Cåme atfcempfcs feo n s t i o n a l i z e the g u a r a n t i e s
of fcbe S i x t n Amendøienfc, and f o r a number of y e a r s ifc waa
opexi fco doui>t whefcher
;he s t a t e s would c o n t t n u e fco be
froe f c o p r e a c r l b e methods o f l o c a l p r o c e d u r e , f o r
was nofc
it
nown fco vihafc exfcenfc fche B i l l of Righfcs mighfc
be r e a d I n t o th© due p r o c e s s c l a u s e of fchc Fourfceenth
Amendment.
In 1892 fche Supreme Courfe r u l e d fehafc the accused
need n o t be p r e s í n t wnen h l s case is b e t n g examlned by
an appellafce c o u r t . ^ 3 .
in g i v t n g the o p t n i o n of fcne
^ ^ U n i t c d S t a t e s C o n s t i t u t i o n , Ameniment \ T .
40 P a r r o n v. F a l t t m o r e , 7 P e t e r s 243 ( 1 8 3 3 ) ;
Spte.a v . ' T n î H o I s , " ' Í ^ 3 ^. S. 131 (1887) .
^^ Schwab v. b e r g ^ r e n , 145 U. S. 442 ( 1 8 9 2 ) .
X"
160
Courfc, Jusfctoe K a r l a n r e m a r k e d :
Th# p e r s o n a l p r e s e n c e of fche a c c u s e d , from fche b e g i n n i n g fco fche end of a fcrlal f o r f e l o n y , t n v o l v i n g I t f e
or l i b e r f c y , as w e l l aa efc fche fcime f t n a l Judgmenfc
ts r e n d e r e d againafc him, may b e , and musfc be assumed
f c o b e , vtfcal f c o f c h e p r o p e r conducfc o f h i s d e f e n a e ,
and oannofc be d t s p e n s e d wlfch.^^
Suoh an afcfcitude would seem to have the effecfc of nafciona l i z i n g f c h e p r o v i s t o n o f f c h e b i l l o f iiighfcs whtch r e q u t r e s
a p e r s o n accuaed of a orime to be confronfced wifch fche
wifcnesses a g a t n s t hirn.
^ w e v e r , t h i s dtctvua o f the Court
was desfcined fco be fche subjecfc of much q u a l t f y t n g a d j u d i cafcton^
In facfc, o n i y fcwelve y e a r s lafcer came a d e c l a r a fcton whtch fcended fco shock fche v e r y foundafcions upon whtch
t h e o p t n t o n of Jusfcice Harlan resfced.
Speaking f o r fche
Courfc, Jusfctce Feckham s a t d î
As fco fche i e d e r a l Consfcifcufcion, ifc w i l l bo o b s e r v e d
f c h a f c f c i r i e r e i s n o s p e c t f i c p r o v t a t o n f c h e r e t n whtch
makes Ifc n e c e s s a r y In a sfcafce courfc fchat fche d e f e n d anfc s h o u l d be confronfced wifch fche wifcnesaes a g a t n s t
him tn c r t m i n a l t r l a l s .
The S t x t h Amendmenfc does
nofc a p p l y fco p r o c e e d t n g s in sfcafce courfca.45
The o c c a s i o n f o r fchia oufcburafc was fche resulfc of an
objeofcion fco t h e raanner In whlch a i o u t a i a n a c o u r t had
a l l o w e d a deposifcion fco be enfcered as e v t d e n c e in a c r i m i n a l
proceeding.
Ifc was argued fchafc s i n c e fche a c c u s e d was nofc
f a c e d wtfch fche wtfcness, and s t n c e fche deposifcton was n o t
I b i d . , 143 J . S . 4 4 2 , 448 ( 1 8 9 2 ) . Thls d e c i s i o n
t u r n e d t o o g r e a t l y o n the s t a t e c o n s t i t u t t o n a l r e q u t r e m e n t s
of p r o c e d u r e s t m t l a r to the S t x t h Amendment fco have much
effecfc as a c r i t e r t o n f o r lafcer d e c t s t o n s .
^^ VVesfc V. L o u i s t a n a , 194 U, S, 2 5 8 , 261-262 ( 1 9 0 4 ) ,
y^
161
admtfcted in accordance wifch fche r u l e s of common law,
h# had beon dented due process of law in vtolafcton of
fche iourfceenfch Amendiaent»
After d e c l a r t n g fchafc fche Stxfch Amendmenfc dtd not
apply to proceedtngs tn stafce courfcs, and fchafc fche sfcafcea
were f r e e fco alfcer fche comraon law tn any way fchey d e s i r e d ,
Jusfcice Fockham wenfc ahead tn h t s opinlon fco modlfy fche
effecfc of fche sfcafcemenfc by fcrytng fco Jusfctfy fcbe i-outsiana
procedure in the l i g h t of fche Stxfch Mendmenfc.
iki gave
greafc effecfc fco fche facfc fchafc fchere was only a sltghfc
devtafcion from fche common law pracfcice.
He sfcressed fche
potnfc fchafc fche wtfcness from whom fche deposifcion had been
fcaken had p r e v i o u s l y fcesfclfted agalnsfc fche accuaed in a
p r e l t m i n a r y h e a r t n g , where fchc lafcfcer Imá had an opporfcunifcy
fco cross-examtne him.
Jusfcice Feckíiam's bold declarafcion
fehafc denied the a c c u s e d ' s r i g h t fco be confronfced wtfch the
w i t n e s s e s a g a t n s t htm was almost casfc infco i n s i g n t f t c a n c e
by fche q u a l t f y i n g circumsfcances wifch which he surrounded
tfc.
Bence, fche Courfc waa fcorn befcween fcwo exfcremesj
Jusfctce Earlan had declared fchafc fche peraonal presence of
fche accused, from fche beginntng fco fche end of a fcrial
f o r f e l o n y , was vlfcal fco fche conducfc of hia defense, Imp l y i n g fchafc parfc of fche Slxfch Amendmenfc should be read
infco fche due process clause of fche î-ourteenfch Ainendraenfc.^*
^^ Schwab V. Ferí^^ren, 143 U. S. 442, 448 (1892)
y^
162
Juflfclce Feokham, on fche ofcher hand, fcried fco esfcablish
tiMi facfc tÍAafc the Slxfch Amendraenfc does nofc require p e r sons accused of crime in sfcafce courfcs fco be confronfced
wtfch wtfcn#«fl#a agatnafc fcham.*5 Subsequenfc d e c i s t o n s I n dlcafce fchafc the Court has taken the middle ground, l e a n i n g
s l i g h t l y toward the vtewpoinfc expressed by Jusfcice fíarlan
fchafc fche accused ahould be confronfced by fche wlfcnesses
againsfc him whenever tfc ia n e c e s s a r y or vifcal fco h i s d e fense.
Shorfcly affcer fche fcurn of fche Twenfctefch Cenfcury a
Juror was discharged in a murder t r i a l (before he waa
awom) f o r reasons which ttm sfcafce courfc considered suffictent^
The prospecfcive Juror was quesfctoned in fche
absence of thB accused and h i s c o u n s e l , bufc Tirlfch fche l a t t e r ' s consent*
The í^ntucky courta held that the o c c a -
s i o n a l absence of a defendant durlng a t r t a l , from whtch
no t n j u r y r e s u l t e d to h i s s u b s t a n t i a l rtghfcs, was nofc
vtfcal fco h t s d e f e n s e , and, hence, was nofc a d e n i a l of due
p r o c e s s of law.
The d e c l s i o n of fche afcafce court was up-
h e l d by fche Supreme Courfc because fche procedure allowed
conformed fco fche laws of fche sfcafce, and because tfc did nofc
consfcifcufce a subsfcanfctal tnjury fco fundamenfcal righfcs.^^
In fche same year, fcbe d e c t s l o n tn fche case of
jelfes V. Murphy^*^ fcended fco indtcafce, by analogy, fchafc
^^ We_8fc jv. Loutsiana, 194 ^. S. 258 (1904) .
46 i^ward v. Kenfcucky, 200 ^. ^. 164 (1906) .
^'^ 201 U. S. 123 (1906) .
y^
163
th# righfca of presence and croaa-examinafcion face fco
face are nofc e s a e n t i a l tn a t a t e courfcs.
The record in
fchafc caae ahowed fchafc fche defendanfc was so deaf fchafc h#
had nofc been able fco hear any of fche fcesfctmony cf fche
wifcneaaea agalnsfc him.
hø could only hear by meana of
an e a r fcrumpefc, and fche evldence had nofc b##n repeafced
fco him.
The Supreme Courfc, while regrefcfcing fchafc fche
evtdence had nofc been repeafced fco fche accused, held fcb^afc
h» waa nofc dented due process of law, despifce fche f a c t
t h a t hô d l d not hear a word of the ev dence agalnat him.
It was fche oplnton of fche Courfc fchafc
The appellanfc was nofc deprtved of hia liberfcy wtfchoufc due procesa of law by t'm manner tn which he
was fcrted, so aa to v t o l a t e fcije p r o v t s t o n of fche
i-ourfceenfch Asiend^ienfc fco fche l e d e r a l Consfctfcufcion.
Thafc Amendmenfc, it haa been said by t h i c c o u r t ,
*dld nofc r a d t c a l l y ciiange fche r e l a t i o n s of fche sfcafce
and Federal Uovernmenfc fco each o t h e r and of b o t h
governments to fche people.*^®
Thafc fche presence of fche accused may be dlspenaed
wtfch afc v a r i o u s s t a g e s of fche proceedtngs tn sfcafce courfcs
was agatn auggesfced by fche Supreme Courfc in 1915.^^
The
Courfc held fchafc fche prosence of fciie p r t a o n e r when fche
verdicfc ts rendered ts nofc so essenfcial a parfc of fche
h e a r i n g fcbiafc a r u l e of pracfcice allowing him fco watve fch»
4Q I b t d . , 201 U. S, 123, 129 (1906).
mmmmmmmmmmm
'
4^ irQnd v. - ^ i ^ . 237 u. i>. 309, 343 (1915). In
t h t s caae ifc appeared fchafc fche accuaed and h i s counsel
were advised by fchc fcrial Judge nofc fco be presenfc when
fche verdicfc was refcurned lesfc an acqutfcfcal would resulfc
in mob violence*
y^
164
r i g h t c o n s t t t u t e s a d e n i a l of due p r o c e s a of l a w .
The
C o u r t poinfced oufc fcliat many deparfcures from fche common
law p r o c e d u r e respecfctng j u r y fcrtals d t d nofc r u n a f o u l of
t h # i o u r t e e n t h Amendment,
t n c l u d t n g p r o v t s i o n s watvtng
t h e p r e s e n c e o f f c h e accused d u r i n g porfcions o f h i s f c r i a l ^
In 1928 fche iiupreme Courfc r e f u s e d fco c o n s t d e r a
ea»e where tfc waa confcended fchafc fche d e f e n d a n t was d e n i c d
du# p r o c e s s of law b e c a u s e t h e r e c o r d d t d n o t a f f i r m a t i v e l y show h i s p r e s e n c e in t h e courfcroom afc a l l fclmes
during
fche
fcrtal.50
'phe c a s e waa sumînartly d i s p o s e d of
in vlew of fche facfc thafc fche r e c o r d confcalned d a i l y enfcries
showtng " a l l parfcies and c o u n s e l presenfc,** maktng tfc u n n e c e a s a r y fco p a s s on fche consfctfcufctonal quesfcton i n v o l v e d .
Ifc is no wonder, fchen, fchafc in 1934 Jusfcice C a r dozo o b a e r v e d fchafc fche Supreme Courfc lias n e v e r **squarely
held**5I tliafc fche íourfceenfch Amendmenfc guaranfcees fco a
defendanfc in a sfcafce courfc fche p r i v i l e g e to be p r e s e n t
i n h t s own p e r s o n throughoufc a f c r t a l , o r f c h e p r t v i l e g e
of confronfctng and c r o s s - e x a m i n i n g h i s a c c u a e r s facfc fco
f a c e — p r i v i l e g e s a s s u r e d defendanfcs i n f e d e r a l courfcs b y
fche Sixfch ^endmenfc.
l^everfcheleas, f o r fche purpose of
d e c t d i n g fcbe case afc b a r Ifc waa assumed by fche Supremo Courfc
in Snyder v. ^iaasachusefcfca^^ thafc in a prosecufcton f o r a
50 (jaines v. ^VasbtnEfcon, 277 U. s. 8 1 , 87 ( 1 9 2 8 ) .
^^ ^nyder v. Massachusefcfcs, 291 U. s. 97, 106 ( 1 9 3 4 ) .
52
2
y^
91 U. S. 9 7 , 105-106 ( 1 9 5 4 ) .
165
f e l o n y In a sfcafce courfc, fche defendanfc does have fche
p r i v i l e g e under fche lourfceenfch Amendmenfc fco be p r e s e n t
In h i s own person wbenever h i s preaence hss a r e l a t l o n ,
r e a s o n a b l y subsfcanfclal, fco fehe fulness of h i s opporfcuntfcy
to defend htmself agatnafc fchc c h a r g e .
The Courfc aflcumed,
furfcher, fchafc under such ctrcumafcances fche accused haa
fche rlghfc fco confronfc h l s aecusers and cross-examtne fchem
face fco f a c e .
iiov/ever, fcb^ majortfcy of fche Courfc dld
nofc c o n s t d e r a sfcafce*s r e f u a a l fco allow fcbe accuaed to
accompany fche Jury and the courfc fco a vtew of thB acena
of fclifi crtme as a d e n i a l of a rlghfc fundamenfcal fco hla
defense.^5
It is apparenfc, then, fchafc whefcher or nofc a pex*son accused of a felony s h a l l be perraifcfced to face hia
accusors depends upon fche laws of fche sfcafce tn whtch he
ts b e i n g fcrted, and upon fche Supreme Courfc's tnfcerpretafclon of ind v i d u a l pracfcices tn fcheir effecfc upon fch#
fundamenfcal righfc of fche defendanfc fco profcccfc himself.
Cerfcatnly, Ifc has been defcermtned fchafc FJB need nofc be tn
fche courfcroom afc every sfcage of fche fcrtal, or afc fche fcimo
53 Xbtd., 291 U, S. 97, 128 (1934). In a vigorous
dtssenfc," ' î u i t i c e s Itoberts, Brandeis, Sufcherland, and Bufcl c r aaserfced fchafc fchs presence of fche accused, even afc a
view, waa essenfctal fco due p r o c e s s . Thts was so bocause
of fcheir tnfcarprefcafcion of tije s i g n t f t c a n c e of fche vtew
In relafcton fco fcbe fcrial ifcself. They were w i l l i n g enough
to admifc fciiafc fche accused need be presenfc only when Ifc ts
m a t e r i a l fco h i s d e f e n s e , bufc fchey d t f f e r e d wtfch fche majori t y of fchc Courfc in infcerprefcing fclie facfcs of fc};ie case^
y^
166
fche f l n a l Judgmenfc is r e n d e r e d againsfc hlm.
The p r o v i a l o n of fc>ie Slxfch Amendmenfc which d e c l a r e s f c h a f c f c h e a c c u s e d a h a l l have "oompulsory p r o c e s e
f o r obfcaintng wifcncsses I n h t s favor" i s a p p l i c a b l e f c o
fche sfcatea o n l y so f a r as such witn©s»03 a r e w i t h i n the
J u r t s d t c t i o n of t h e c o u r t and wifchtn fche power of ifcs
process^54
Sfcafce courfcs a r e nofc bound fco accepfc d e p o s i -
fcions from oufc-of-sfcafce wifcnesses, r e g a i ' d l e s s of how
n a t e r i a l t h e t r f c e s f c l m o n y i s alleged f c o be, unless i t
h a s b e e n wifchtn fche diecrefcion of fchetr l a g i s l a f c u r e a to
make p r o v i s i o n a f o r such e v e n t u a l i f c t e s .
In fche worda of
Chtef Juafctce l u l l e r ;
Th# require.menfcs of fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc a r e
safc s f i e d if fcrial ts had a c c o r d i n g fco fche sefcfcled
c o u r s e o f J u d t c i a l p r o c e d u r e obfcalntng t n f c h e p a r fctcular Ffcate, and the laws operafce on a l l p e r s o n s
a l t k e and do nofc subjecfc fche t n d i v t d u a l fco fche a r b l f c r a r y e x e r c i s e of th powera of govemmenfc.55
Ifc has b e e n sfcrongly t n d l c a t e d , however, fchsfc a sfcafce muat
c x e r c l s e e v e r y p o s s i b l e power fco obfcain fche wtfcneasea who
a r e In fcb^ir J u r i s d t c f c t o n f o r fciie benefifc and profcecfcion
of fche accused.
Whefcber or nofc a p e r s c n accused of a f e l o n y s h a l l
be permlfcfced fco f a c e h t s a c c u s e r s depends upon fche lawa
of fche sfcafce In whtch be Is b e t n g fcrted, and upon fche
Supreme Coiirt*s I n f c e r p r e t a t t o n of sfcafce p r o c e d u r e w i t h
^ M.inder v. ^eorp^la, 183 U. S. 559, 561 ( 1 9 0 2 ) .
^mmmmmm^mmimmm^
m^
m'mmmmmmmmmmmmmmimmm^ ^
^^ I b i d . , 183 u. S. 55S, 562 ( 1 9 0 2 ) .
y
167
r e a p e c t fco ifcs effecfc upon fcbio fundamenfcal rtghfc of t h e
defendanfc fco profcecfc Fitmoelf.
Ifc is enough fco say fchafc
fche a c c u s e d imaafc be confronfced vith tho wlfcneases againsfc
htm wlienever ifc is vtfcal fco h i a d e f e n s e .
i b w e v e r , fche
accused need nofc be tn fche courfcroom afc e v e r y sfcage of
fche fcrtal. In
s a f c g u a r d i n g fche righfcs
of a defendanfc,
t h e sfcafces a r e bound by fche addifcional obllgafcion of e x e r c i s l n g e v e r y p o a s i b l e power fco obfcatn wifcnesses who a r e
w l t h t n fcheir J u r i g d l c f c i o n f o r h l a benefifc and profcecfcion.
I.V.
COUNSEL
I n a l l c r i m l n a l prosecufcions, f c h e accused s h a l l
e n j o y fche rlghfc . . • fco îriave fche asslsfcance of
counsel for his defen3e.56
T h i s lasfc p r o v i a t o n of fcbe Stxfch Amendmenfc, n o t
u n l i k e f c h e r e m a t n d e r o f f c h e P l l l o f Highfcs, waa o r g i n a l l y
infcended fco s e c u r e one of fche esaenfcials of a f a i r fcrial
agatnsfc encroachmenfc by fche i^afctonal Oovernmenfc.
Th#
sfcafces were nofc bound by fche requlreiaenfc, however, and were
l e f t f r e e fco regulafce fcheir own p r o c e d u r a l requiremenfca
tn a c c o r d a n c e wlfch fcheir respecfcive d e s i r e 3 . 5 7
Wtfch fche p a s s a g e of fche î-ourfceenfch Amendmenfc, a c companied by efforfcs fco nafctonalize fche F i l l of Righfcs,
t h e quesfcion whefcher a sfcafce was bound fco f u r n t a h c o u n s e l
tn c r i m t n a l c a s e s fco p e r s o n s who would ofcherwtse have none
56 Untfced Sfcafces Consfcifcufcion, Amendmenfc V I .
^*^ B a r r o n v. lalfctmore, 7 Fefcers 243 (1833) |
V. hej^ J o r - i e y , 7o 'J. S. 1^2 (1899) .
X
Frown
168
became a mafcfcer of apeculafcion.
In an e a r l y oase t n -
v o l v t n g fche due p r o c e s s c l a u a e of fche lourfceenfch AmendMenfc,
a lower f e d e r a l courfc s a i d , by way of illusfcrafcion,
fchafc If a atafce should d e p r l v e a p e r s o n of fche b e n e f i t
of c o u n s e l , tfc would nofc be due p r o c e s s of law.58
Thls
obifcer dtcfcum, however, d i d nofc have fche effecfc of d e c i d i n g fche imporfcanfc nafctonal quesfclon.
In 1927 fche Supreme Courfc fcacifcly pccognized fchat
t h e r i g h t o f c o u n s e l was e e s e n t i a l t o due p r o c e s s I n s t a t e
courfcs.5Q
A convtcfc wiio had been convtcfced of murder
w h i l e s e r v t n g one senfcence in fche Oregon sfcafce pentfcenfctary
objecfced fchafc bs had been tn fche cusfcody of a warden, bofch
in and oufcstde fche courfcroom, d u r i n g h i s
fcrial,
and fchat
I t tended t o impalr h i s opportunity t o prepare hia defense.
However,
the Court answeredj
There ts no showtng thafc he had nofc f u l l opporfcunifcy
fco consulfc wlfch c o u n s e l or fchafc he was tn any way
prevenfced from s e c u r t n g needed wtfcnesses.
The a s s t g n menfc is w h o l l y wtfchoufc mertfc.60
The facfc fchafc fche arguraenfc of fche defendanfc waa nofc summ a r t l y d t a m i s s e d may be c o n s i d e r e d e v i d e n c e fchafc fche Court
c o n s i d e r e d fche rtghfc fco r e c e i v e fche benefifc of c o u n s e l a»
b e i n g fundamenfcal fco a
f a i r fcrial.
The necessifcy of c o u n s e l becomes paramounfc u n d e r
circumsfcancea where ifcs absence s e r t o u s l y i m p a i r s fche
^® I5 parfce hJmins,
134 l e d . 4 0 4 , 418
(1904) .
^® K e l l e y v. ^ r e ^ o n , 273 U, S, 589 (1927) .
60 I b l d . , 273 U. S. 5 8 9 , 591 ( 1 9 2 7 ) .
y ^
169
r i g h t of the accuaed to defend htmself.
In one of the
a e n s a t i o n a l Scotsboro Caeea^J- in 1934, the c o n v l c t i o n
of a group of negroee charged with rape was r e v e r s e d by
the Supremo Court because they had been dented s u f f l c l e n t
counael in an Alabama t r t a l c o u r t .
In speaking of the
circumatances i n v o l v a d , Jusfcice Sufcherland a a i d :
. . . f c h e necessifcy o f counsel was s o vtfcal and imperafctve fchafc fche f a t l u r e of fche fcrial courfc fco
raako an effecfcive appotnfcmenfc of counsel was l i k e wise a d e n i a l of due proceas wlfchtn fche meantng of
th# l'ourteenth Amendment. Whether t h l s would be so
in other crL-ntnal prosecufcions, or under ofcher c i r cumsfcances, we need nofc defcermine. All fchafc tfc ts
n e c e s s a r y now fco d e c t d e , is fchafc in a capifcal c a s e ,
where fche defendanfc is unable fco employ c o u n s e l , and
is tncapable adequafcely of maktng hts own defense
because of Ignorance, f e e b l e mtndedness, t l l i f c e r a c y ,
or fcbe I t k e , ifc ts fche dufcy of fche courfc, whefcher
requesfced or nofc, fco a s s i g n counsel for him as a
n e c e s s a r y requistfce of due process of law; and fchat
duty is nofc dtscharged by an asslgnment at such a
ttme or under auch circiimsfcances as fco preclude
fche g i v t n g of effecfcive atd tn fche preparafcion and
fcrial of fcbe c a s e . To hold ofcherwlse would be fco
ignore fchafc fundamenfcal posfculafce, already adverfced
t o , *fchafc fchere are cerfcatn Imraufcabie p r i n c i p l e s of
Jusfcice which tnhere in fche very idea of f r e e g o v e m whtch no member of fcbe Union may d i s r e g a r d . «62
One of fche aufchortfctes for fche d e c i s t o n , g t v e n in fche optni o n of fcbe Courfc, was a afcat:emenfc of Judge Cooley fchafc
"wtfch us tfc Is a u n t v e r s a l p r l n c t p l e of consfctfcufcional
law, fchafc fcbe prtsoner s h a l l be allowed a defense by
counsel.**65
The Courfc, however, narrowed Cooley*s
61 ofcts Fowell, W i l l i e Foberson, Andy Wrighfc. and
Olen Mon'tf?omery v. Alabama, 287 U. S. 4 5 U932) .
62 I h t d . , 287 -^. S. 4 5 , 71-72 ( 1 9 3 2 ) .
65 Xbid,, 287 U. S. 4 5 , 70 ( 1 9 3 2 ) , quofeing 1 Cooley*
Consfe. Llmr"8feh Ld. 7 0 0 .
y^
170
etatement regarding the n e c e a a t t y of counael by applying
it o n l y to the case at hand.
The Court did not atfeempt
to e s t a b l i s h a g e n e r a l riAle, but concemed ifcself almosfc
e x c l u s l v e l y wtfch fche facfc fchat a group of tgnorant n e g r o e s ,
incapable of makin^.;; fchoir own d e f e n s e , had been h u r r t e d l y
convtcfced of a f e l o n l o u a crime.
Whon counsel had f i n a l l y
b##n appoinfced fco defend fchem, fchere was I n s u f f t c t e n t
opporfcuntfcy fco prepare fcheir c a s e .
In fche optnton of fche
Courfc, fche ctrcumafcances made fche rtghfc of counsel e s s e n fctal fco due process of law.
In 1936, Chtef Jusfcice iiughes was more absolufce
in h i s afcfcifcude fcoward fche essenfcial nafcure of c o u n s e l
in c r t m i n a l proceedlnga, for he declared postfctvely fchat
a '*3fcafce may nofc deny fco fche accused fche atd of counsel,*'^^
and fche Chief Jusfcice dld nofc surround h l s o b s e r v a t i o n
wtth q u a l t f y i n g auggesttons.
The same tdea was expreflsed
o n l y four years lafcer, f o r In defcerminlng whefcher the
oase of an tgnoranfc negro charged wifch murder had been
d i s p o s e d of fcoo hasfcily, Jusfcice Black s a i d f o r fche Court!
. . . thifl court musfc reapecfc and i s relucfcanfc f c o
infcerfere wlfch fche sfcafces* defcermtnafcton of l o c a l
s o c t a l p o l i c y . The parfcicular sacr»edness of fche
righfc of Gounse.l demands fchafc we s c r u p u l o u s l y examtne fcije r e c o r d . 6 5
A *'scrupulous** examtnafcton of fcbe r e c o r d , however.
^ Brown V. M t s s i s a t p p i , 297 u. s. 2 7 8 , 286 a 9 3 6 ) .
MM^MMM«.M|MM.
••«••
mmimmømmmmÊmÊmmimmmtmimmmm^mi^mm^
^^ Avery v. Alabama, 302 u. S. 4 4 4 , 447 ( 1 9 4 0 ) . The
essenfctal nature of fcbe righfc of counsel was nofced again
in Smtfch V. C*Grady, 311 ^. S. 329 ( 1 9 4 1 ) .
171
d t s c l o s e d fchafc fche accused had had ample opporfcunifcy to
c o n a u l t w l t h t h e lawyer who had been appoinfced fco defend
htm, and fchat ample tlme had been allowed f o r p r e p a r a t l o n
of fche d e f e n s e .
The supreme Court c o n s t d e r e d t h e s e e l e -
laents n e c e s s a r y fco a f a l r fcrial, and wifchoufc fchem fchere
would be a d e n i a l of liberfcy In vtolafcion of fche l o u r t # # n t h Amendmerfc.
i o r a number of y e a r s ,
t h e n , fche Courfc had rafcher
constsfcenfcly h e l d fco fche vtew fchat due p r o c e s s of law
r e q u t r e s t h e a s a i s t a n c e o f e o u n s e l i n c a s e s wbere the
defendanfc's liberfcy ts afc sfcaice.
v.
iiowever, even in Powell
Alabama,66 i t had been suggesfced t h a t thB r i g h t might
not be a b s o l u t e .
I n apeaking o f t h a t case o n l y f t v e
y e a r s a f t e r t t s d e c i s i o n , J u s t i c e Cardozo o b s e r v e d j
The d e c i a t o n d t d not t u r n upon the f a c t thafc beneflfc
of c o u n s e l would have been guaranfceed fco fche d e f e n d anfcs by fche p r o v l s t o n a of fche S t x t h Anendment If t h e y
had been prosecufced in a f e d e r a l courfc.
The d e c l s i o n
fcurned upon fche facfc fchafc tn fchc p a r f c i c u l a r stfcuaf c t o n l a t d b e f o r e u s i n f c h e e v l d e n c e f c h e beneftfc o f
c o u n s e l was easenfctal fco fche subsfcance of a h e a r i n g . 6 7
In May or J u n e , 1942, tfc was d e c i d e d by a b a r e
majorifcy fchafc the righfca confcalned in fche S l x t h Amendment
a r e n o t to be r e a d tnfco fcbe due p r o c e s s c l a u s e of fche
Foiirteenfch Amendment per sm.^
Å farmhand who was on
®® 287 U. S. 4 5, 71 (1932) .
^"^ ^ a l k o V. Connecfcicufc, 302 U. S. 319, 327 (1937) .
^® Befcts V. F r a d y , Warden, 62 Sup. Cfc. Rep. 1252
(1942).
y^
172
t r i a l i n a Maryland c o u r t f o r r o b o e r y c o u l d n o t a f r o r d
an atfcorney, and asked fche courfc fchafc c o u n s e l be a p potnfced f o r nim.
The Judge a d v i s e d him fchafc fchia c o u l d
n o t b # don#, and a f t e r h l a s u b s e q u e n t c o n v l c t t o n , t h e
d e f e n d a n t s e t up a c l a i m of d e n i a l of due p r o c e s s of 3aw.
In d e l i v e r i n g fcbe o p i n l o n of fche Courfc, J u s t i c e Roborfcfl
»aid!
The Stxfch Amendmenfc of t h e nafctonal Conafcitution
a p p l i e a o n l y fco fcrtala In f e d c r a l courfcs.
The due
p r o c e a a c l a u s e of fcho Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc does
nofc incorporafce, as s u c h , fche s p e c l f t c guaranfcees
found in fche Slxfch Amendmenfc alfchough a d e n t a l by
a afcafce of r t g h t s or p r t v l l e g e s s p e c i f t c a l l y emb o d i e d in fchBt and o t h e r s of tbe f t r s t eighfc amendmenfcs may, in cerfcatn circurasfcancea, or tn c o n n e c fcton wtfch ofclier elemenfcs, operafce, in a g t v e n c a s e ,
fco d e p r i v e a Itfctganfc of due p r o o e s s of law In
violafcton of fche Fourfceenfch.69
Ifc was c o n s t d e r e d tmporfcanfc fchafc fche defendanfc had b e e n
a b l e fco conducfc h t s own d e f e n s e r e l a t t v e l y i n f c e l l i g e n t l y ,
f o r tf l a c k of c o u n s e l had p l a c e d htm afc a s e r l o u a d t s advanfcage, fche Courfc would have w t l l i n g l y r e v e r a e d th#
d e c i s t o n of fche lower
fcrlbunal.
In fche Itghfc of fche e v i -
dence in fchis p a r f c i c u l a r c a s e , Jusfcice Boberfcs s a l d furfcherj
, . . we a r e unable fco say fchafe fehe concepfc of due
p r o c e a s tncorporafced in fche lourfceenfch Amendmenfc
obllgafces fche afcafces, whafcever may be fchetr own
v t e w s , f c o f u r n l s h c o u n a e l t n e v e r y such c a s e .
Every
courfc has power, if tfc deems p r o p e r , fco appoinfc
c o u n a e l whcre fchafc oourse seems fco be r e q u i r e d tn
fche infceresfc of f a i r n e s a . ' ^ O
69 x t j i d . , 62 Sup. Cfc. Eep. 1252, 1256 ( 1 9 4 2 ) .
70 I b i d . , 6<; ^ u p . Cfe. itep. 1252, 1261 ( 1 9 4 2 ) .
X"
173
Thla vlew of due p r o c e a s waø u n t e n a b l e fco thrBW
members of fche Courfc.
In a v t g o r o u s dtsaenfcing o p t n t o n ,
in whtch he was J o t n e d by Juafclcea Doxxglas and tlurphy,
Juafclce F l a c k d e c l a r e d :
If fchis case had come fco us from a f e d e r a l courfc,
tfc la c l e a r we should have fco r e v e r s e ifc, becauae
fche Sixfeh Au endmenfc makes fche righfc fco c o u n a e l In
c r l m i n a l c a a e s t n v i o l a b l e b y f c h e f e d e r a l governmenfc.
I b e l l e v e fchafc fche iourfceenfch Amendmenfc made fcho
Slxfch a p p l i c a b l e fco fche atafces. lufc fchts vtew,
alfchough o f t e n urged t n d i s s e n t s , has n e v e r been
a c c e p t e d by a m a j o r t t y of t h i s Courfc and is nofc a c eepfced fcoday. I b e l l e v e . . . fche p r c v a i l t n g vtew
o f due p r o c e s s . . . g i v e s f c h i s Courfc such vasfc
s u p e r v t s o r y powers fch'^fc I am nofc p r e p a r e d fco a c c e p t
it wifchoufc grave doubfcs, . . •'^I
The views of fche minorlfcy c l e a r l y r e p r e s e n t t h e argument
of t h o s e wno would nafcionaltze fche F t l l of Ktghfcs, and
w l t h t h e supporfc of i l a c , .^urphy, and i^ouglas, ifc
cannofc be s a i d fchafc whafc has been accomplished f o r fche
p r o v i s i o n s o f f c b e F t r s t Amendment i s i m p o s s l b l e f o r f c h i a
p r o v i s t o n of fcbe Stxfch.
In fche meanfcime, however, fche
righfc of c o u n s e l ts r e l a f c l v e , and rematns dependent upon
t h e circumsfcances i n v o l v e d t n e a c h c a s e .
V.
FXCESSIVF EAÎL, ÎIKES, AND CKUEL PUKI.
3
E x c e s s l v e b a i l s h a l l nofc b e r e q u i r e d , nor e x c e s s ve f i n e s tmposed, nor c r u e l and u n u s u a l p u n t s h menfcs t n f l t c f c e d . 7 2
I n f c h e e a r l y days o f f c b e E n g l i s h law, crlratnalfl
were p u n i s h e d by fcorfcure and mufcilafcion, so tt was fco
^^^ I b i d . , 62 Sup. Cfc. liep. 1252, 1262 ( 1 9 4 2 ) .
72
Unlfcea S t a t e s Constitufcion. Amenomenfc V I I I
y^
174
flafeguard fchemselves from fche p o s a i b l e barbarifcy of fcheir
own governmenfc fchat fcho American people d e v l s e d fcho Eighfch
Amondraenfc.
That a r t l c l e of fche Consfcifcufcion, nofc u n l i k e
fche rcmainder of fche B i l l of Fitghfcs, was s o l e l y a resfcrainfc
on fche power of fche Kafctonal Governmenfc.
Thus, tn 1866,
fcwo years before fche adoptlon of fche iourfceenfch Amendmenfc,
when profcecfcion was soughfc under fche Etghfcn Amendment from
the a l l e g e d harshness of a Massachusetfcs i l q u o r law, fche
i>upreme Courfc blunfcly s a i d , "Of t h t s p r o p o s l t t o n Ifc i#
enough fco say fchafc the arfclcle of fche Constifcufcton r e l l e d
upon • . • does nofc apply fco Sfcate but to Nafcional l e g i s lafcton^**'75
ibwever fchts may b e , wifch fche newly d e v i s e d consfcifcufctonal mandate In 1868 fchafc **Ko Sfcafce s h a l l . . .
deprive any person of l i f e , liberfcy, or properfcy, wtfchout
due procesfl of law,**'7'* efforfcs were made fco read fcbe prov i s t o n s of fcbe Fighfch Atnencimenfc infco fche due proceas
c l a u s e of fche iourfceenfch.
One of fche e a r l y afctempts
c e n t e r e d around the plea that î^ew York*s metbod of e x e c u tion—fchc eiecfcrlc cnair—was a oruel and unjusfc puntshmenfc.'^^
In suîamarizing fcne argumenfcs of fcbe p l a i n t i f f ,
the Court s a i d :
^^ Fervear v. The Commonwealth, 5 Wall. 4 7 5 , 479
(1866) .
'^^ United S t a t e s Consfcifcufcion, Amendmenfc XIV.
^75 in Re Kemmler, 136 U. S, 436 ( 1 8 9 0 ) .
y^
175
Ifc ts nofc confcended, ae it could nofc b e , fchafc fche
Eighfch Ainendmenfc wae tnfcenaed fco apply fco the Sfcafces,
bufc tfc ia urged fchafc fche p r o v l a t o n of fche iourteenfch
Amendmenfc, which f o r r l a s a Sfcate to make or enforce
any law whtch s h a i l abridge fche p r t v t l e g e s or iîrøuntfctes to a prontbifcton on fche Sfcates from fche imposlfcion of c r u e l and unusual puntshmenfcs.'76
To fchts vtew ifc c o u l d o n l y be anawered fchafc,
Frofcecfcion fco l i f e , liberfcy and properfcy resfcs
p r i m a r i l y wifch fche Sfcafces, and fchc amendmonfc furniahes
an addifcional guaranfcy againsfc any encroachmenfc by
fche Sfcafces upon those funaar.îonfcal r i g h t s whtch belong
to c i t t z e n s h t p , and which the sfcafce governmenfcs were
creafced to preaerve.77
It was defcermined fchat fche enacfcmenfc of fclie sfcafcufce waa
In i f c s e l f wifchtn fche l e g i s l a f c i v e power of fche sfcafce, and
fche courfcs of fche sfcafce had sustatned fehe a c t t o n of tho
legtslafeure.
The Supreme Court, feherefore, wae unable to
p e r c e i v e t h a t febere had been a d e n t a l of due procesfl of
law or of any p r l v i l e g e s and immunifcies of fche pefcifctoner
which he mtghfc clatm.
Only fcwo years lafcer, fche majortfcy of fche Courfc
flusfcained fche Imposifclon of an e x c e s s t v e f i n e by a Varmont
c o u r t f o r a vtolafcton of ifca Itquor laws.*^^
Ifc held fchat
t l ^ s t a t e courfcs had dectded fcbe case on a ground broad
enough fco matnfcain ifcs Judgmenfc wifchoufc tnvolvtng any
f e d e r a l quesfcion.
The Courfc dellberafcely avoided a defcer-
minafcion of whefcber fche Etghfch Amendmenfc could be read infco
fehe due procesa c l a u s e of fche i o u r t e e n t h by r u l t n g as f o l l o w s :
^76 x b i d . , 136 ^. --. 4 3 6 , 446 ( 1 8 9 0 ) .
'^^ I b i d . , 136 U, S, 4 3 6 , 448 ( 1 8 9 0 ) .
m,mi»'m>'-m mi
'
^^ Onieil V. Vermont, 144 U. S. 323 ( 1 8 9 2 ) .
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176
We f o r b e a r t h e considerafcion of fchls quesfcton, b e oause as a i e d e r a l quesfcion, ifc is nofc a s s i g n e d aa
e r r o r . • • • ^ o r e o v e r , as a î e d e r a l quesfcion, ifc baa
always been r u l e d thafc fche Sfch ArÆndmenfc fco fche
Consfclfcufcton of fche Unifced Sfcafces does nofc a p p l y
fco fche Sfcafces^79
The Courfc waa nofc unanlmous in fchafc d e c i s t o n , however*
Jusfcice l i e l d l e d i ^ r l a n and i rewer in a powerful
diaaenfcing o p l n t o n .
For fclsem, fclie penalfcy tmposed was
e x c e e d t n g l y s e v e r e , c o n s i d c r i n g fchafc fche o f f e n s e was one
of a e l l i n g tnfcoxicafcing I t q u o r wtfchoufc fche aufcliorifcy of
fche Sfcafce.
The f t n e imposed amounfced fco aboufc 1 6 , 5 0 0 ,
or ftffcy-four y e o r s tmprtsonnenfc.
Ifc was s i x fcimes as
greafc as any courfc in Vermonfc could have imposed f o r
manslaughfcer, f o r g e r y , or p e r j u r y .
The mtnortfcy, fcoo,
r e c o g n t z e d fchafc fche f i r s t eighfc anendraenfcs are Itmifcafctons on fche power of fche Kafclonal Qovemmenfc, bufc fchey
tnvoked fche iourfceenth Amendmenfc in an efforfc fco prevenfc
unresfcratned abuse by s a y i n g î
, , . so f ar as fchey d e c l a r e or r e c o g n t z e fciie rtghfcs
of p e r s o n s , fchey a r e rlghfca b e l o n g t n g fco fciiem aa
cifcizens of fche *^ntfced Sfcafces under fche Consfctfcufcton;
and fciie iourfceenfch Amendmenfc, as fco a l l such rtghfcs,
n l a c e s a limtfc upon sfcafce power by o r d e r t n g fchafc no
Sfcafce s h a l l make or e n f o r c e any law whtch s h a l l
a b r t d g e them.
If I ara righfc tn fchts v l e w , fciien
e v e r y cifclzen of fcîia untfced Sfeafces is profcecfced
from puntsbmenfcs whtch are c r u e l and u n u s u a l .
Ifc ta
an tmmunifcy which b e l o n g s fco him agalnsfc bofch sfcafce
and F e d e r a l acfcton.^O
T h t s ts fche c r y whtch would have nafcionallzed fche B i l l of
Flghfca; tfc ts a l s o t h e a p p e a l wh ch fche Courfc has g e n e r a l l y
'^^
b i d . , 144 U. £. 523, 331-332 ( 1 8 9 2 ) .
^ I b l d . , 144 u. S. 3 2 3 , 363 ( 1 8 9 2 ) .
y^
177
d o c l i n e d fco accepfc.
In 1908 fche Courfc d e c t d e d fchafc an tndefcermtnafce
senfcence and p a r o l e acfc d t d nofc d e p r i v e a p e r s o n of liberfcy
wlfchoufc due p r o c e s s of law because ifc confcained a p r o v i a i o n fchat no p e r s o n wtio had been fcwice p r e v t o u s l y convicfced of a f e l o n y should be e l i g i b l e f o r a p a r o l e . ^ ^
The
pefcifcioner, fchus i n e l t g i b l e , p l e a d fchafc he was b e i n g u n Jusfcly p u n i s h e d , and fche Courfc answeredi
The Sixfch and Eighfch Amendmenfcs do nofc limlfc fciie
powers of fche Sfcafces, as has been many fcimes d e c i d e d .
• • • Tiie lasfc-named Amendment was not infcended fco,
and does nofc, limifc the power of a Sfcafce in d e a l i n g
wifch criiîie coramifcfced w i t h i n ifcs own b o r d e r s or wifch
fciie puntaiimenfc fciiereof, a l t l i o u g h no Sfcafce can d e p r t v e p a r f c i c u l a r p e r s o n s or c l a s s e s of p e r s o n s of
e q u a l and imparfcial Jusfctce under fcbe l a w . ° 2
O b v t o u a l y , fciiere was Itfcfcle limifc fco fche sfcafces* power
f c o p r e a c r i b e f c i i e t r own pulea g o v e m t n g b a i l , f t n e s and
puntshmenfcs under such a consfcrucfcion of fche Etghfch and
Fourfceenfch Amendmenfca.°5
Soon affcer fche fcurn of fche cenfcury, however, fchere
came a sltghfc change in fcbe afcfcifcude of fche Courfc.
Sfetll
nofc granfcing fciiafc fchø p r o v t s t o n s of fche Etghfch Amendment
^^ Ugbbanks v. Armsfcrong, '^aráen of fche Mtchigan
Sfcate ^ Fr s b n , " W i ^ . S. 4 8 r T l 9 0 8 ) .
•liii'
i'iH
I' ' ' " —
^^ I b i d . , 208 U. S. 4 8 1 , 487 ( 1 9 0 8 ) .
McKane vT^^^Irston, 153 U. S. 684 ( 1 8 9 4 ) .
^Wiiii.
I •••'•*• m • • — • •
mmm
L
.1 |i
See a l s o
•!
^ The Supreme Courfc ( t n 1912) willini^,Iy susfcained
a sfcate s t a t u t e wiiich p r e s c r i b e a a b e a v i e r p e n a l t y f o r
second o f f e n d e r s than f o r o t b e r a .
Such a r u l e was d e c l a r e d nofc to v i o l a i i e "fundamenfcal righfcs** and was deemod
a mafcfcer of l o c a l d i s c r e t i o n .
Urahari v. >State of ^iiesfc
V i r j ^ i n t a . 224 u, S. 616 ( 1 9 1 2 ) .
y^
178
wer# requtreraenfca of due p r o c e s s p e r a e , tiie Court would
w t l l i n g l y examlne s t a t e p r a c t l c e s t o f l e e i f t h e r e iiad
b e e n e n c r o a c h m e n t s of tiie **liberty*' which was an inlierenfc
righfc of c i f c t z e n s h t p .
When fclie Supreme Courfc was examtn-
ing a heavy f t n e whtch iiad been imposed on a Toxas o t l
corapany, f o r example, tfc d e c l a r e d :
it ts nofc confcended tn fchts connecfcion fchafc fche p r o iitbifciona of fciie Etghfch Amendmenfc fco fche i e d e r a l Consfcifcufcton againsfc e x c e s s i v e f t n e s operafces fco c o n fcrol fciie l e g l s l e f c t o n of fche Sfcafce.
Tli© f i x t n g of
puntsiimenfc f o r crime or penalfctes f o r u n l a w f u l acfcs
againafc ifcs laws ts wlfciitn fche p o l t c e power of tbie
S t a t e . We can o n l y i n t e r f e r e witii such l e g i s l a t t o n
and J u d i c i a l a c t i o n c f the Sfeate e n f o r c i n g i t J f
f c h e f i n e s imposed are s o g r o s s l y e x c e s s t v e a s f c o
amounfc fco a deprlvafcion of proper'fcy v/ifcho fc due
process of^law.^
The d e c t s t o n of fche Courfc may have been a mantfesfccfcion
of fche subsfcanfcive profcecfcion whtch was b e t n g accorded
prtvafce
properfcy wtfch unprecedenfced f r e q u e n c y d u r t n g fchia
p e r i o d of American hisfcory.^5
iiowever, fciie requtreirrønfc
of due p r o c e s s of law opened a d o o r , fciîough o n l y s l i g h f c l y ,
whtch iiad hifcherfco been c l o s e d fco fche ^afcional Governmenfc^
Tiîe fcrend whlch was indicafced in Wafcer-Flerce O j l
Company v. Texas^6 wtfch r e s p e c t to p r i v a t e properfcy was
r e v e a l e d i n anofcher f i e l d o f p e r s o n a l liberfcy t n 1 9 1 5 .
Wlien fche Courfc validafced a C a l i f o r n i a s e n t e n c e of fourfceen
^ Wafcer-Fierce u t l Company jr. Sfcafce of Texaa, 212
U. S« 8 6 , l l l ( 1 9 0 9 ) . I t a l l c s added, Soe a l s o Coffey v,
Counfcy of í i a r l a n , 204 U. S. 6 5 9 , 662 (1907) •
^5 s e e Chapfcer I, Farfc I I ^
^^ 212 U. S. 86 ( 1 9 0 9 ) .
y^
179
y e a r s f o r p e r j u r y , ifc Indtcafced fchafc sfcafce f l n e s and
punisiimenfcs Tousfc come w i t i i i n tha scopo of due p r o c e s a
of la^m^^
^Vhiltí t h e Kighfcii /saendmenfc reapecfcing e x -
c e s s i v e b a t l , e x c e s s t v e f t n e s , and c r u e l and u n u s u a l
puniatuîienfcs ta n o t a I t m i t a t i o n on the power of fciie sfcafces,
some of fchese rtghfcs aro deemed so fundamental as fco b#
t n c l u d e d in fciie concepfc of due proceofl of law embodted in
fciie iourfceenfcii Amen:l:^.£r:fc.
Each sfcafce s f c t l l p o s s e s s e s
wlde d t s c r e f c i o n I n p r e s c r t b t n g p e n a l t t e s f o r violafctons
of ifcs l a w a .
To esfcablish appropriafce penalfctes f o r fciie
commiaston of crtme and fco c o n f e r upon J u d t c l a l fcrtbunals
a d i a c r e f c i o n respecfcing fciie amounfc of b a i l fco be r e q u t r e d
or fciie puntsbjnenfc fco be inflicfced tn parfcicular c a c e s ,
a r e funcfcions p e c u l i a r l y b e l o n g i n g fco fciic sfcafces^
Each
a l l e g e d violafcion of fchts fcrusfc presenfcs a separafce c a s e
fco be d e c i d e d on fcije b a s i s of *'fundamenfcal p r t n c i p l e s of
liberfcy and Jusfclce.**
^^o poaifcive r u l e could c o v e r e v e r y
stfcuafcion.
^*^ C o l l t n s v. Joiinsfcon, Wardon of fche C a l t f o r n i a
Sfcafce F r l a o n , ' 'S'o^ U. S. bOÍi, 510 UuTb) .
y^
CK/J>TER VII
SUMîuABY AKD CONCLUSIONS
The exfcenfc fco whlch fclie B i l l of Righfcs has been
r e a d infco fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc haa been a sfcory of
growfch and c h a n g e .
When fche Consfcifcufcton was presenfced
f o r rafcificafc on tn 1787, fche people afc once demanded
fchafc fche righfcs whtch fciiey r e g a r d e d £.s fundamenfcal
s h o u l d be profcected a g a t n s t v t o l a t l o n by fcbe îíafctonal
Oovemmenfc.
They w e r e , tn g e n e r a l , tiie sajtie r t g h t s whtch
fciie people iiad s e c u r e d agatnafc sfcafce encroacimienfc by
f c i i e i r respecfctve b i l l s o f righfcs.
In response fco fchts
demand, Congress proposed fci-ie ftrsfc t e n amendments which
prohtbtfced fciie i^afcional Governmenfc from vlolafctng cerfcain
d e f t n e d rtghfcs of fche p e o p l e .
Tb^ guaranfctes of fctsese
araendmenfcs d t d nofc affecfc fcbjs powers of fcboe sfcafces tn
any s e n s e , and deapifce the argur.ienfc of c o u n s e l fco fciie
confcrary, fche Suprene Courfc would nofc a'iopfc fche ftrsfc
eigbfc amendmenfcs as a yardafcick wtfch which fco measure
sfcafce pracfcices anrl p o l i c i o s . ^
or protecfcion from fcii#
sfcafces of fcbe l i b e r f c i e s s e c u r e d againsfc tnfrlngemenfc by
fche x^afcional Governmenfc in fclie f i r s t e i g h t arr.endments,
tlic p e o p l e were forcod to r e l y on t h e i r r e s p e c t t v e stafce
^ See C h a p t e r 1 f o r tlÆ e a r l î ' t n t e i ' p r e t a t l o n of fciie
B t l l o f Htghfcs,
y^
181
consfctfcufcions and courfcs.
In 1868, liowever, fciiose wiio belleved that tlie
B i l l of Rights should be nationalized—that t s , tiiat the
B l l l of fíights sliould be made applicable to tlie s t a t e s —
were provided a new means of r e a l t z i n g t h e i r goal.
The
Fourteenth Amendment iiad been adopted, and tt contained
the declaration that **í^o Stafce s h a l l . . . deprive any
person of I t f e , l i b e r t y , or property wltiiout due procesa
of law.**
Subsequently, cerfcatn counsel began fco confcend
fchafc fciie worda **liberfcy*' and **properfcy** of whtch fche afcafcea
were forbidden fco deprive a peraon "wttbout due proceac
of law,** might be construed in ordér to tnclude wttiitn
t h e i r scope a l l o i v t l righta pertainlng to the individual.
Th»# word **ltberty** seemed an e s p e c t a l l y convenient v e h i c l e
infco which fco pack a l l kinda of righfcs, parfctcularly fchose
confcained in fche Bafclonal B i l l of îiighfcfl.
Tlæ Supreme Courfc qutckly deraonafcrafced ifca r e l u c fcance fco accepfc whafc ifc, constdered a new meaning and
infcerprefcefcion of ''liberfcy.^^
The piirase **ltfe, Itberfcy,
or properfcy wifciioufc due process of law** came from fciie
English common law, and fche word **llberfcy** meanfc aimply
**liberfcy of fciie person,** or **fche righfc fco iiave one*s
person îree from physical resfcrainfc.**
a l l of a peraon's c l v t l righfcs.
Ifc dtd nofc tnclude
As far aa fciie Courfc was
^ See Chapfcer I, Parfc I I , for a d i s c u s s i o n of fciie
e a r l y infcerprefcafcton of fche iourfceenfch Amendmenfc.
/ "
182
concerned, fciie due p r o c e s s c l a u s e tn fclie Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc liad fche aame scope as fche s t m i l a r claufle in fci^ F'iffch
åmenúmmntm
Indeed, fche lourfceenfch Araendraenfc **conferred no
n#w and addtfctonal righfcs, bufc only exfcended fche profcect t o n o f the n a t l o n a l C o n s t i t u t i o n over r i g h t s o f l i f e ,
I t b e r t y , and property fchafc prevtoualy exisfced undor a l l
fche sfcafce conafclfcutiona.'*5
In t r y t n g to apply the Fourteenfch /îmendmenfc s o l e l y
fco fche purpose f o r which ifc liad been designed—fcîie profcecfclon of the newly liberafced negro—fche Courfc may aeem
fco have fcurned a deaf ear to p l e a s f o r fciie nafctonalizafcion of fche B i l l of iitghfcs.
If fchls were tfcs d e s t r e ,
fche rebuff was o n l y fcemporary and only parfcially s u c c e s s ful.
Aa » a r l y as 1883, fciie Supreme Coxirfc d e c l a r e d fciiat
due procesfl tn the Fourteenth Amendment
. . . r e f e r a f c o f c h a f c law o f f c h e land t n each Sfcate
whtch d e r i v e s tfcs aufchorifcy from fciie tnherenfc and
r e s e r v e d powera of fche Sfcafce, exerfced wtfchin fciie
limtfcs of fchose fundamenfcal p r i n c i p l e s of l berfcy
and Jusfcice wnich I t e afc fche baae of alT^our c i v i l
•jncl p o l t f c i c a l insfctfcufcTôns . . A
Such an infcerprefcafcton of fciie lourfceenfch Araendmenfc suggesfced fchafc fcîie power of %he sfcafces was limifced by fciie
requiremenfcs of due procesa of law, bufc fci3e **fundamenfcal
p r l n c t p l e s of liberfcy and Jusfciceí' wiilch limifced sfcafce
power were l e f t undefined u n t t l tiie Supreme Court satd
5 Mobile & Ohio Kailroad ^* Tennessee, 153 U. S.
4 8 6 , 506 (1894T.
**
^ I^rfcado V. Feople of C a l i f o r n t a , 110 u. S. 516,
536 (18^317
fcallcs
addeTT
y^
183
In 1908j
Ifc Is poflflible that some of tlie personal rlghtfl
aefeguarded by tlie f l r s t etght amendments agalnst
National action raay a l s o be safeguarded againat
stafce acfcion, becauae a dental of fchem would be a
denial of due process of law. If fchis Is ao, it
ts nofc because fchose rtghfcs are enumerafced tn tlie
f i r s t e t g h t amendments, but because they are of
such a nature that they are included in tiie conception of due process of law.5
The iourteenfch Amendment aucceeded in provtdtng a
n#w b a s i s for tije protection of c i v t l l i b e r t y , bufc fcije
exfcenfc of fche nafctonaltzafcton of fche flrsfc eighfc amendmenfca
waa nofc quickly ascerfcatnable.
In defcermtning fcîie exfcent
to which the B t l l of Rights has been read into fche iourfceenfch /úaendmenfc, fche Itne of d i v t s i o n may seem fco be
wavertng and broken if fchere is a iiasfcy cafcalogue of
fche cases whtch iiave come before fche Supreme Courfc.
Re-
f l e c t i o n and analyats, iiowever, w i l l tnduce a d l f f e r e n t
view.
Tiiere emergea evtdence of a r a t t o n a l i z a t i o n whlch
givea to apparently dlverse dectstons a proper order and
coherence. fCertain p r l v i l e g e s and tmmuntties have be#n
k
taken over from fche nafcional B i l l of Rlghfcs and brought
wtthln fciîs Fourfceenth Amenåment as llmitationa upon s t a t e
power by a process of absorptton.
Tliese tn thetr ortgtn
w#re e f f e c t t v e agalnat the íiafcional Governmenfc alone.
If
fche Fourfceenfch Amendmenfc has absorbed fcheai, fciie procesa
of absorpfcion has had ifcs source tn fciie b e l i e f fch-fc nelfcher
liberfcy nor Jusfcice would exisfc tf fchey were denied.
/
5 Twining V. Sfcafce _of J<ew Jersey, 211 U. s. 78, 99
(1908) •
y^
184
A differenfc plane of s o c t a l and moral v a l u e s tfl
reached tn p a s s t n g fco ofcher r i g h t s guaranfceed by thm f i r s t
e i g h t amendmenta whtch fciie Courfc has declared nofc of fciae
very e88#nc# of a acneme of ordered liberfcy.
They may
have value and imporfcance, bufc for fche sfcafcea fco a b o l i a h
fchem has been deemed nofc fco violafce a p r t n c i p l e of Jusfctce
»o roofced tn fcbe fcradifcions and conscience of our people
aa fco be ranked as fundamenfcal.
F t n a l l y , befcween tÍMse
two exfcreme vtews ts a fcwllight zone wtiere fcliere may be
found ofcher guaranfcies of fche ftrsfc eighfc amendmenta.
These, t o o , w i l l be a p p l i e d a g a i n s t stafce encroachmenfca
on p e r s o n a l liberfcy if fche facfcs tn a g i v e n case and fciie
confcemporary r u l e of reason adopfced by the Court finda
them e s s e n t i a l to due procesa of law^
The f I r s t cafcegory of Supreme Courfc d e c l s t o n s
embraces p r o v t s i o n s of fcbe firafc eighfc amendmenfcs whlch
have been made secure againsfc sfcafce encroaciTmenfc.
A»
parfc of fche p r o c e s s of abaorpfcion, fche ciianging concepfcton of due process of law was bufc a preltmtnary sfcep
tn fche f u l l nafcionalizafcton of fciie guaranfctes of fci5#
Ftrsfc Amendmenfc.
^n 1931, fciie, presumpfcion crcafced s i x
years e a r l i e r in Gtfclow v. _^ew York^ became fciie esfcabI t s h e d optnton of fciie Courfc when ifc was announced fchafc '*Ifc
ta no l o n g e r open fco doubfc fchafc fciis Itberfcy of thB p r e s s ,
and of s p e e c h , is wifchin fciie Itberfcy safeguarded by fcije
6 a t t l o w V. Feoplc of ^ew York, 268 U. s. 652, 666
(1925).
y^
185
due proceaa c l a u s e of fche Fourfceenth Ajnendment from i n v a e i o n by fltat« acfcton.*'"^
ireedom of aaaembly, cognafce
fco fche righfc of f r e e apeoch, waa qutckly d e c l a r e d to be
an e q u a l l y fundaraental p r t n c i p l e of l l b e r t y and Juattce
which no stafce could i n f r t n g # , and 3inc# 1938 fche sfcafcos
have been denied fcho righfc fco abridge fciie c o n s t t t u t i o n a l
guaranty of r e l l g t o u a l i b e r t y .
bence,
tne fundaraental
c o n c e p t of l l b e r t y embodted in the Fourteenfch Amendment
embraces the l i b e r t t e s guaranfceed by fche Ftrsfc Amendmenfc.
Tlie righfcs guaranfceed by fciie Flrsfc Amendment,
fciîough abaorbed by fciie Fourfceenfch, are no more abaolufce
agatnsfc fche sfcafces fchan fchiey are agatnsfc fche Nafctonal
Govemnienfc.
^n fctmes of war or nafcional c r i s i s , fci^e
afcates iiave been able fco resfcrain oral or p r i n t e d remarks
because of tlie tiireat of tmltcensed stafcemenfcs fco nafcional
securifcy.
Tiie "fundamenfcal" freedoms, even tn peacefcime,
may nofc be used fco deprive sfcafcca of fche prlmary rlgîifc of
s e l f - p r e s e r v a f c i o n , and f o r fciietr own profcecfcton fche sfcafces
are f r e e fco pass lawa prohibifctng tiie teaching of crtmlnal
anarchy and crtmlnal syndtcallsm.
S^hen the rtghfcs of
''^ Near v. Mjnnesofca ex r e l . Qlson, Counfcy Afcfcorney,
283
283 Uu. s. 697p 707 U ^ s l ) . ifc is fco be nofced fchafc as a
mafcfcer of htsfeory, and as a mafeter of law, the rtghfc of
f r e e speech was nofc tn any degree so fundamenfcal as mosfc
of'fche ofcher rt^hfcs recifced tn fche E t l l of ixighfcs.
Ifc
was nofc Included as one of a p e r s o n ' s fundamenfcal and ina l i e n a b l e ri-hfcs in fche b t l l of rtghfcs adopfced by anv of
tiie sfcafces p r i o r fco fche i e d e r a l Consfclfcufcion. Tho r l g h t
to freedora of speech in g e n e r a l , as a separate guaranty,
was creatod for the f i r s t time in t h t s country by the
r t r s t Amendmont fco the C o n s t i t u t t o n .
See Chapter I,
' Part I.
X
186
f r e e speech, p r e s s , and aasembly are p r o h i b l t e d under
such laws, however, the Court has been very c a r e f u l to
see t h a t they are not t n a p p r o p r i a t e l y a p p l t e d .
raust be evidence of c l e a r and preaent danger,
There
and it muat
be siiown t h a t tiie r e s t r a i n t imposed by a s t a t e iiaa tiae
e f f e c t of prevonttng acfcs of force and v i o l e n c e .
Tlie
abuae of any liberfcy for fche purpose of incifcing o t h e r s
fco violence and crtme ts n e o e s a a r i l y wifchin fciie confcrol
of fche a t a t e s .
The Pourteenfch Amendmenfc has made poasible a
f a l r opporfcunifcy fco bold public meefcings, even as applted
fco minorifcy groups of agtfcafcors.
Ifc is fcha rtghfc of f r e e
men fco crifcicize fc ie governmenfc under which fchey are
l i v l n g , and fco advocafce fundamental ciianges tn ifcs sfcrucfcure and composifcion.
Tiie llmtfcafcton upon p e r s o n a l
Itberfcy noed have only approprlafce rclafcion fco fche safefcy
of fciie sfcafce.
i^gtslafcton whlch pasaes beyond fcliafc need
vlolafces fche Consfctfcufclon.
Freedoffi of speech, p r e s s , and assembly are nece s s a r l l y subjecfc fco a degree of sfcafce regulafcion.
Ko
sysfcøm of regulafcion, ijowever, may be ii igposed upon a
f r e e people if tfc aurrounds fundamenfcal Itberfctes wlth
c e n s o r s h t p or subjecfcs freedom of expresaion fco a sysfcem
of prev ous resfcralnfc.
The fcaxliog power of fche sfcafces,
f o r exaraple, cannofc be fche v e h l c l e of arbifcrary resfcrainfcs
on freedom of e x p r e s s i o n , and fchafc power may nofc be used
fco llmtfc fciie circulafcton of tnformafcton fco wbtch fche
y^
187
p u b l l c la enfcifcled b;.
guaranfcies.
virfcue of fciie consfcifcufctonal
The p o l i c e power of fche sfcafces has become
t h e g r e a t I n s t r u m e n t f o r regulafctng freedom o f e x p r e s s t o n ,
and b e f o r e t h e nafcionalizafclon of fche Firsfc Amendmenfc tt
waa a l l t o o f r e q u e n t l y an inatruraenfc of o p p r e s s t o n .
fcoday, iiowever,
If
a sfcafcufce purporfctng fco iiave been enacfced
fco profcecfc fciie p u b l i c healfch, tiie p u b l i c m o r a l s , or fche
p u b l t c safefcy has n o i í î a l or subsfcanfclal relafcton to fchose
objecfcs, or t s , beyond a l l quesfcton, aii tnsfcmamenfc of
o p p r e s s t o n and dtscriiiitnafcton, fciie Courfc w i l l so a d j u d g e ,
and fcijereby g t v e effecfc fco fche roqutremenfc of Itberfcy in
fciie lourfceenfch Amendment.®
hi any e v e n t , whafcever r e g u -
lafclon ts permifcfced musfc nofc b u r d e n fcbe fundamental r i g h t
of f r e e l y communicafctng i d e a s , o p i n i o n a , or iiiformafcion.
Thm e a r l y s u c c e s s of stafce courfcs in confcrolling
an ofcherwlse c r i f c t c a l p r e s s fchiough confcen^fc p r o c e e d l n g s
h a s b e e n refcarded in recenfc yeara as a resulfc of fciie
n a f c t o n a l l z e d Firsfc Mendment^
Court,
Tîiø confcemporar*y Supreme
whtch seems u n u s u a l l y d i s p o s e d to profcecfc freedom
o f e x p r e s s l o n , i s r e s p o n a i b l e f o r f c h e ciiange^
A free
p r e s s sfcands as one of fche greafc tnfcerprefcers befcween fctie
Q-overnmenfc and fche p e o p i e , and fcho courfcs may no l o n g e r
use f c h e t r l e g a l p r o c e s s e s f c o escape p u b l l c scrufctny and
crlfcictsm.
® Chapfcer II confcains a d l s c u s s i o n of fcho g e n e r a l
exfcenfc fco whtch freedom of e x p r e s s t o n may be regulafced
uiider f c i i c p o l l c e power.
y^
188
The nafctonalizafcion of fciia righfc of f r e e apeech,
moreover, haa b»»n accompanted by fche nafctonaiizafclon
of fche rtghfc of labor peaceably fco adverfcise ifcs g r i e v ances by ptckefctng tfcs a d v e r s a r i e s .
S u c c e s s f u l union-
i z a t i o n in many areas of fciie Unifced Sfcafces iiøs been a c compliaiied l a r g e l y because of the resfcrainfc wnich fche
itrsfc Amendmenfc iiaa placed upon fciie sfcafces fciirougbi fciio
iourfceenth Amendmenfc.
Thi© r i g h t to p t c k e t a b u s i n e s s in
a p e a c e f u l maniier is nofc confined fco dispufces befcween
employer and employee, but may be extended to a l l who
are competing in tiie same economic group.
ireedom of
e x p r o s a i o n , so v i t a l fco organtzed l a b o r , raay be resfcrained
in dispufces only wijere fchere is c l e a r evidence of f o r c e
and v i o l e n c e .
however, fche Supreme Courfc recenfcly nar-
rowed fciie broad lafcifcude which had p r e v l o u s l y been g l v e n
p e a c e f u l pickefctng wiien ifc allowed a sfcafce fco 4-ocaltze
tndusfcrtal confltcfc by prohtbtfctng fche exerfcion of concerfced pressure direcfced afc bustnesseB wholly oufcstde
fciie economic confcesfc of r e a l dtspufce.
This sfcafce acfcion
was suflfcained,^ despifce fche facfc fchafc fche p e a c e f u l means
employed had proved a very effecfcive meana of persuading
tiie p u b l i c fchat the employer concerned was fciie cause of
a legifctmafce g r i e v a n o e .
In making ifcs d e c i s t o n , fciie
^ Carpenfcers and J o i n e r s wnion
213 efc a l . V. li fcfcer's Cafe, ejfc a l . ,
JT^W*
I'iiê sfcate a c t l o n a l l u d e d to
c l o s e l y d t v i d e d Court.
In a strong
J u s t i c e i l a c k was Joined by J u s t i c e e
J u s t i c e îíeed dissenfeed separafeely^
y
of Amertca Local £ o .
62 Sup. Ct. Fep. 807
was ausfcained by a
dissenting optnton,
Douglas and î- urphy^
189
Supreme Courfe neceflaarlly departed from fehe p r e v i o u a l y
» » t a b l i a h e d p r i n c t p l e fehat p e a c e f u l p t c k e t t n g must be
permtfetod wliorever it w i l l prove most e f f e c t i v e .
Th#
n»w t r e n d , however, may be i n t e r p r e t e d as an e f f o r t to
p r o t e c t p r t v a t e property wifchoufc, afc fciie same fcime,
s e r i o u s l y endangertng fche effecfctvencss of p e a c e f u l
pickefcing^
Ifc remains a fundamental righfc of labor fchat
the organtzafcion be nofc deprived of a reasonable opportunifcy fco adverfctse tfcs g r i e v a n c e s .
Freedom of conscience and of r e l i g t o u s b e l t e f is
absolufce, alfciiough frøedom to acfc in fche e x e r c i a e of
r e l i g i o n is s u b j e c t fco regulafcton f o r fciie profcecfcion of
sociefcy.
The exfcenfc fco whtch sfcafce regulafcton may go
has come under fche purvtew of fche Supreme Courfc o n l y
by virfcue of fche Fourfceenfch Amendment, f o r n a t l o n a l l z a t i o n
of r e l i g i o u s freedom accompanted n a t t o n a l i z a t i o n of tiio
ofcher liberfciea in fche Ftrsfc Araendment.
Ûbviously, r e -
l i g t o u s c o n v t c t i o n a do nofc r e l l e v e fche i n d i v i d u a l from
obedience fco an ofciierwlse v a i i d g e n e r a l law of fciie sfcate
tiiafc is nofc aimed afc fche promofcion or reafcricfcion of
reiisious beliefs.
Tiie Courfc, iiowever, has been c a r e f u l
fco see fcbafc fche p o l i c e measurea of fciie sfcafces do not
aubjecfc r e l i g t o u s groups fco c e n s o r s h i p , and do nofc provide
a means of discrtminafctng againafc unpopular r e l i g t o u s
organizafclons.
ThB r e l t g i o u s c o n v i c t i o n s of t n d t v t d u a l s do not
prevenfc the sfcafces from adopfcing appropriafce means of
y^
190
evoking and f o s t e r i n g a senttraenfc of nafctonal u n i t y
aiBong tiie c h i l d r e n in fche publtc s c h o o l s .
The facfc
fciiafc fche mefcliod adopfced may have fciie effecfe of f o r c t n g
some c h i l d r e n fco expresa a senfcimenfc which, as fchey i n fcerprefc tfc, fchey do nofc enfcerfcain, and which violafces
fcheir deepesfc r e l i g l o u s convicfctona, has been h e l d fco
oonsfctfcufce a leglfcimafce e x o r c t s e of sfcafce power.
Chtef
Jusfcice Sfcone was able fco see fchafc under such circumsfcances c t v t l liberfcy was wanfcing.
he urged fchafc fche
Consfcifcufcton expreases more fchan fche convicfcton of fch#
people fchafc democrafcic p r o c e s s e s musfc be preserved afc a l l
cosfcs,^0 and he has been Joined in recenfc monfche by
Jusfctces Llack, Douglas, and :.lurphy tn fche vtew fciiat
the mind and s p t r t t of fciie i n d i v i d u s l rausfc be preserved
at a l l cosfcs.
In fciie lafcesfc case on fciita aubjecfc, fciie
flfcrong dtssenfctng minorifcy urged fchafc a sfcate could not
c o n s t i t u t t o n a l l y fcax a non-commerclal, non-proftfc acfctvtfcy of Jehovah's Wifcnesses devofced e x c l u s t v e l y fco fche
dissemlnafcion of i d e a s , educafctonal and r e l i g i o u s in
ciiaracfcer.
For them, even fciie s l i g h t auppresston of
the r t g h t s of mtnorifcy groups is infcolerable.
As Chtef
Jusfctce Sfcone recenfcly observed, "The more humble and
needy fche c a u s e , fctie more effecfclve fche suppress on.'*3.1
^O itiinersvilXe School Í)i8fcrlcfc. Eoard of Educafcion
of M i n e r s v i l i e .^cnool DistrTcfc efc a l . v. aobifcls. efc a l . .
3 0" U. S. 586 (1"940) • Jusfcice Stone, dissenfcing^
^^ Jonea v. City of «^polika, 62 Sup. Cfc. Iiep. 1231,
1252 (1952r;
y^
191
ThB afcfcitude of tiie Chief J u s t i c e , supported now
by J u s t i c e s Elacic, Douglas, and Murpiiy o f f e r s a ray of
hope for the sustenance of tiie precepts and belieffl
of amall minorlfcies whoae freedom of mlnd and aptrifc
ta so offcen engulfed by carelesaneas and tnfcolerance.
Ifc ia nofc tmpoaaible fchafc in fche future the Itberal a t t i fcude of fciiese Jusfclces w i l l become fche prevailtng optnton
of fche Supreme Courfc.
In the meanttme, tfc ia g r a t i f y i n g
to know tmt such a group as t h i s , s l t t t n g on tije higiiest
trtbunal tn the land, are so v l g l l a n t of freedom of
conscience and expresaion.
J^ationallzatton of th# b l l i of Highfca iias not
becn wlaolly confined to the F i r s t Amendment.
Tije pro-
v t s t o n of tiie Fifth Amenclment that prlvate property siiall
not be taken for public use without Just compensatton has
made it necessai*y tiiat c e r t a i n fundamental procedural
llmitafctons be observed by fciie sfcafcea tn exerctsing fche
rlghfc of eminent domatn.
(1)
Tlse courfcs n e c e s s a r l l y
e x e r c i s e fche power fco defcermine whefchor %he ^'fcaking" iias
becn for publto purposes.
(2)
And due process of law
requlres fciiat property owners be afforded an opportunity
fco be heard in oourt on tiie matter of compensation and
damagea.
Subject to these procedural requtrements,
tiie s t a t e s are free fco exercise fche rlght aa tiiey deaire.
The l i m i t a t l o n s enumerated are for tiae purpose of securtng fundaraental r l g h t s and privilegefl whtch must reraaln
i n v i o l a t e in a free govemment.
y^
192
The requlrement of tiie Stxth Amendraent tiiat not i c e be gtven of tiie natur# and oaua© of the accusatlon
in a ortmtnal proceedlng haa been a untveraal requireaent of Amertcan Jurlaprudence since 1789.
F i r s t a part
of the*'hlgiier law" concepfc of '*common Jusfcice,'* ifc hafl,
by vlrfcue of fche lourteenth Araendment, becorae a fundamental r#qulrement of due proceaa of law.
TÎ3# power of
th# s t a t e s to f i x tiieir own j u d t c i a l procedural r e quirementfl is fchus qualifled by fciie demand of l i b e r t y
and Justlce contained In the Fourteenth Amendment^
Fundamental among the requiremenfca reaiding ttierein ar#
th# n e c e s s l t y of s u f f i c t e n t notice and #n adequate Ijoaring before a court of compefcenfc Jurtsdtcfcion, bofch admtnisfcered accordtng fco fche mode esfcabltsiied by fciie law
of fclie sfcate concerned.
Ifc is tn esfcabltshing fche gen-
e r a l course and mefciiod of procedui^ fchafc fche sfcafcea have
been allowed fco exercise much dtscrefcion.
In regard fco fciie second cafcegory of Supreme Gourfc
d e c t s i o n s , a dtfferonfc plane of s o c i a l and moral values
is reaclied, for fciiere are found ofciier righfcs guaranfceed
hy tiio f i r s t etght amendments whtoh fciie Courfc iias iield
fco be nofc of fciie very essence of a scheme of ordered
liberty^
Frotection againat tiie tndtscrtminafce quarfcer-
ing of s o l d i e r s , for example, may have had mertfc once,
but tbe c o n s t t t u t i o n a l guaranty has never been the subJect of Judictal e x p o s t t i o n .
The rtghfc fco keep and bear
arma may have been of vifcal significance tn fche daya
X"
193
wh#n a goûdly number of a q u l r r e l guns was aufftctenfc fco
arresfc the deatgns of an a g g r e s s o r , but tn a world of
raechanical warfara it lias lifcfcle tmporfcance.
In con-
##qu#nc#, sfcafc# legislafcion wlfch respecfc fco fciie p o s s e s flion and uae of arms knows no limtfc, excepfc fchafc tfc must
not t n f r t n g e the n a t i o n a l m i l t t t a laws^
The r t g h t to fcrial by Jury and the immunity from
prosecufcion excepfc as fciie resulfc of an indtcfcmenfc r e turned by a grand Jury may have value and tffiporfcanoe.
Even s o , fciiey are nofc of fche very essence of a acheme of
ordered liberfcy*
To a b o l t s h fciiem haa heen defcermlned
by fciie Courfc not fco violafce a p r t n c i p l e of Jusfctce so
roofced in fciie fcradlfcions and consctence of our people
aa fco be ranked as fundamenfcal.
Yefc, p a r a d o x i c a l l y
enough, fciie insfcifcufcion of fcba Jury ia much o l d e r in our
consfcifcufctonal sysfcem fcixan ia freedom of apeech.
írom
a hisfcorical and l e g a l sfcandpotnfc, fciie Jury ahould be
ranked as more fundamenfcal fciian free speech.
The Sup-
reme Court, iiowever, has nofc been confcenfc fco evaluafce
fche i^porfcance of c i v i l Insfcifcufclons wiiolly on a ciironologioal basis.
Rafchor, fche Courfc has come fco examine
fciie subsfcance of a new insfctfcufcton or a new p r o c e d u r e ,
and when ifc was defcermined fchafc a f a i r and enltghfcened
flysfcem of Jusfcice is posaible tn fche absence of tndtcfcmenfc by grand Jury and fcrial by fche common law pefctfc
J u r y , fche Courfc refused fco make fchese fclme-honored t n sfcifcufctons requirenienfcs of sfcafc^ procedure.
y
The rtghfc of
194
t r i a l by Jury has not been n a t i o n a l t z e d , because in tho
l i g h t of oxpertence and pracfcice ofcher modea of procedure
have proved e q u a l l y Jusfc and f a l r .
While fche Courfc has been g e n e r a l l y dtsposed to
permtfc fche sfcafces almosfc f u l l confcrol over fcirø procedure tn fcheir c o u r t s , tfc haa been e q u a l l y vigilanfc in
s e e i n g fchafc dtscrtmtnafcions are nofc pracfclced upon p a r fcicular groups of p e r s o n s .
Members of fcbe African r a c e ,
for example, may nofc be syafcemafclcally excluded from
Jury s e r v t c e , and fcbe convicfcion of any person of fchat
r a c e under such ctrcumstances w i l l be t n v a l i d a t e d as a
d e n i a l of due process of law.
Immuntfcy from compulaory aelf-tncriminafcton has
been h a l d fco be no raore essenfctal fco due proceas of law
fchan are t r i a l s by Jury.
Indeed, fcoday as tn fche p a s t ,
t h e r e are s tudenfcs of our penal sysfcem who look upon fciie
tmmunlfcy as a mischtef rafciier fchan aa a beneftfc, and who
' would Itmifc ifcs scope or desfcroy ifc alfcogefcher, as many
sfcafces iiave done.
i^o doubfc fchere w t l l always remain fche
need fco give profcecfcion agalnsfc fcorfcuous "fchtrd-degree'*
mefci ods
for no device of self-tncrimtnafclon raay be used
by fche sfcafces fco extorfc confesstons from persons accused
of c r t m c .
Jusfctce, In fche mind of fciie Courfc, however,
does nofc p e r i s h when fcbe accuaed are subjecfc fco fche dufcy
of responding fco o r d e r l y t n q u i r y .
Cerfcain of fciiC firsfc eighfc amendmenfcs fco fche ^ede r a l Consfcitufcion, then, bave been absorbed by fche ) ourteenfch Amendmenfc as llînifcafctons upon sfcafce power.
Ofchers
195
iiave been s q u a r e l y denounced as fundamenfcal r e q u i r e menfcs of liberfcy, and confctnue fco s e r v e o n l y as Itmtfcafcionfl upon fche Kafcional Govemmenfc.
Befcween fchese fcwo
exfcreme v i e w s , however, is a fchlrd cafcegory of Suprema
Courfc d o c i a i o n s .
They consfctfcufce a fcwtllghfc zone where
fchere may be found ofcher guaranfcies of fciie firafc etghfc
amendmenfcs w h t c h , under cerfcatn condtfclons, may be deemed
e a s e n f c i a l fco due p r o c e s s of l a w .
The Supreme Court h a s never d e f i n i t e l y p r o c l a t m e d
t h a t the íruaranfctes of fche fourfch Amendmenfc are nofc tn
some d e g r e e e s s e n f c i a l fco due p r o c e s s of law.
Each
c a e e presenfcs a new stfcuafcion, and fche Courfc iias leffc
a j a r fche door of Jusfcice tn such a manner fchafc an a r b i fcrary and o p p r e s s i v e sfcafce law reapecfctng s e a r c h e s and
s e i z u r o s c o u l d e a s i l y be sfcruck down as denytng fundamenfcal
p r i n c i p l e s of Jusfcice in vtolafcion of fche requiremenfc of
liberfcy confcained in fci^ lourfceenfch Amendmenfc.
The rlghfc
fco r e c e t v e profcecfcion from u n r e a s o n a b l e s e a r c h e s and
s e t z u r e s t s o f s u c h a nafcure f c h a f c i t r a t g h f c e a a î l y b e
i n c l u d e d tn fciie concept of due p r o c e s s of l a w .
So while
f c i i e righfc tfcself has n e v e r been nafcionaltzed, t t i s tmp o s s t b l e fco f o r e f c e l l wtfch a c c u r a c y whafc fche fufcure h o l d s
f o r fcboae wiio advocafce greafcer nafctonal securtfcy and p r o fcecfcton for c i v t l l i b e r t i e s .
Ifc t s nofc u n r e a s o n a b l e
fco fluppose fchafc tf some revolfctng p r o c e d u r a l requtremenfc
wtfch respecfc fco u n r e a s o n a b l e s e a r c h e s and s e t z u r e s were
adopfced by a sfcofce, fche presenfc l i b e r f c y - c o n s c i o u s Supreme
X
196
Court would not hesifcafce fco tnvoke fche I'ourfch Amendment
tiiTough fche requtremenfc of due process of law as a means
of curfcatling fcl3# abualvo use of aufciiorifcy.
The conafcttuttonal immunlfcy agatnsfc double Jeopardy is anofcher unaefcfcled guaranfcy.
The -ourfc ha»
f r e e l y permifcfced fclio sfcafcea fco adopfc a procedure allowing fchem fco appeal criminal casea wiiere e r r o r s of law
were made by the fcrial Judge, and fchen fco refcry fcii#
accused.
Such a procedure was allowed because fchere ia
no g e n e r a l r u l e fchafc fche lefcfcer of fciie Fiffch Amendment
must serve as a c r i t e r l o n of sfcafce procedure.
'/ibafc fciie
answor would have fco be tf fche stafces were permtfcfced by
fchair sfcafcufces fco fcry fcîie accuaed over agatn affcer a fcrial
f r e e from e r r o r , or fco b r i n g anofcher case a|iatnsfc htm, haa
nofc been defcermtned.
here agatn fchere ts reason fco b e l t e v e
fchafc auch a procedure would consfcifcufce fcîiø d e n i a l of a
fundamenfcal pr n c t p l e of Itberfcy and Jusfctce ao roofced
tn our fcradifcions as fco be ranked as fundamenfcal.
iinal
defcerminafcton of fche quesfcion w t l l depend upon wiiefcher
fcbie confcemporary r u l e of reason adopfced by fche Supreme
Court f t n d s t h a t such a degree of double Jeopardy ia
incompafcible wifch due prooeas of law.
The guaranfcy of fcbe l i f fch Amendmenfc fchafc fclie a c cused a h a l l be confronfced wifch fche wifenessea a g a t n s t
him bsa been made a p p l i c a b l e %o the afeafees only ao f a r as
tt ta necesaary or vifeal feo liis d e f e n s e .
Any defendant
has the p r t v t l e g e under feiie i ourteenfeh Amendment feo be
y^
197
presenfe tn h t s own persoii whenever h t s presence iias a
s u b s t a n t i a l r e l a t l o n t o the f u l n e s s o f iits opportunity
to defend h i m s e l f a g a i n a t the charge.
I h i s does not
mean t h a t iie need be tn the courferoom afe every stage of
the t r t a l , or at the time f i n a l Judgment ia rendered
a g a i n s t htm.
Wli#tiier pr not a person accused of a f e l o n y
s h a l l be permttted to face h i s accusors depends upon the
laws of the s t a t e in which he is being t r t e d , and upon
ttie Supreme Court's infeerprefeafeton of t n d i v i d u a l p r a c t i c e s
in t i i e i r e f f e c t upon the fundamenfcal rtghfc of fcbe defendanfc fco profcecfc htmself.
Tbe Sixfch and iourfceenfch Araend-
menfcs would undoubfcedly be invoked by a liberfcy-consctous
Court to s t r t k e down a s t a t e law which fciireafcened such
a fundamental p r i n c i p l e of Jusfclce.
Sfcafce courfcs are nofc bound fco accepfc deposifcions
from oufc-of-sfcate w i t n e s s e s , r e g a r d l e s s of how matertal
fcheir fcesfctmony is a l l e g e d fco be for fciie defendafc, unlefls
ifc has been wtfchtn fche discrefcion of fcheir l e g i s l a f c u r e s
to make p r o v t s i o n s for such e v e n t u a l i f c t e s .
The p r o v t s t o n
of fche Sixfch Amendmenfc wiiich d e c l a r e s fchafc fche accused
s h a l l iiave compulsory process for obfcaintng wlfcnesses tn
h i s favor is a p p l i c a b l e fco fciie sfcafcea only so f a r as
auch wifcnesses are wifchtn fche Jurtadicfcton of fche courfc
and wifchin fche power of ifcs p r o c e s s e s .
Wtfchtn fche Itmifca
of fchis requtremenfc, ijowever, fche s t a t e s must e x o r c i a e
e v e r y p o s s i b l e power to obfcain fche wifcnesses f o r fciie
benefifc and protecfclon of the accused.
X
^undamenfcal Jusfctce
198
r e q u l r e s fchafc fche defendanfc nofc be subjecfced fco fcrial hy
ordeal.
Tiie r i g h t of counsel is anofcher b o r d e r l i n e guaranfcy.
Thoae who look no furfcher fchan Fowell v. AIabamaJ^2 raay
complacenfcly assure fchemselves fchafc fche righfc of counsel
tfl so vtfcal and trr^orfcanfc in casea where l i f e or liberfcy
is afc sfcake fchafc a d e n t a l of appotnfcmenfc of counsel consfcifcufcea a d e n t a l of due process of law.
Furfcher exam-
inafcton w t l l induce a dtfferenfc vtew, for fciie r i g h t ifl
r e l a t i v e , depending upon tiie circumatances r e v e a l e d by
tiie r e c o r d s tn t n d t v i d u a l c a s e s .
The d e n t a l by a s t a t e
of righfcs or p r i v t l e g e s s p e c t f i c a l l y embodied in the
S t x t h .Amendment, and otiîer of the f i r s t e i g h t wnich o c cupy a place in tiie s o - c a l l e d " t w t l i g h t ' ' zone, may
operafce under cerfcatn circumsfcances tn a gtven case fco
deprive a llfcigant of due process of law tn violafcion
of fche Fourfceenfch Amei îmenfc.
ibwever, fche i>upreme Court
very recenfcly d e c l a r e d fchafc wiien a defendant is able to
conduct h i a own defense r e l a t t v e l y I n t e l l i g e n t l y , tt
is nofc necessary fch^-fc counael be appotnfced fco conducfc
hia d e f e n s e , u n l e s s fche abaence of counsel placea iiim
at a a e r i o u s disadvanfcage.
The view of fciie r i g h t of counsel r e c e n t l y sancfcioned by fche maJorifcy of fche Court was not unantmous,
f o r Jusfcices Black, itouglas, and ]v.urphy f o r c e f u l l y
"^^ ^fcis Fowell, >^illte ivoberson. Andy Wri^^hfc,
and Olen'I Snfc.LTOmery v. Alabama, 287 U. s. 4 5 a 9 3 2 )
y^
199
aaaerfced fchafc fciie p r e v a t l t n g view of due proceofl demanda
fchat counflel he constdered essenfcial tn any oase where a
peraon ia on fcrial f o r h i s I t f e or liberfcy.
Stnce "fcho
S i x t l i Amendment makes fche righfc fco counael tn crtmtnal
c a a e s i n v i o l a b l e b y f c h e l e d e r a l Uovernmenfc . . . f c h e
Fourteenfch Amendmenfc made fciie sixfch appltcable fco fche
8fcafce3."^5
Xhia afcfctfcude of fclie dtssenfctng minorifcy
c l e a r l y represenfcs fche argumenfc of fchose iiow would
nafcionaltze fche B i l l of Ktghfcs more f u l l y , and wtfch fche
aupporfc of b l a c k , Murpiiy, and Oouglas, ifc cannofc be s a i d
fchafc whafc has been accomplished f o r fche p r o v i s i o n s of
fciia iirsfc Amendraenfc ts nofc impossible for fchts p r o v t s t o n
of fche Sixfch.
In fciie meanfcime, however, fciie righfc of
c o u n s e l ts relafcive, and remains dopendenfc upon fclie c t r oumsfcances involved in each c a s e .
While fcbe Eighth Amendmenfc r e s p e c t i n g e x c e s s i v e
b a i l , e x c e s s i v e f t n e s , and c r u e l and unusual punishiients
is not a limlfcafcion on fche power of fciie sfcafces, some
of fchese righfcs mtghfc e a s t l y be deemed so funuamenfcal
as feo be included tn the concepfc of due p r o c e s s of law
embodted tn fcbe iourfceenfch Amendmenfc.
Each sfcafce sfctll
p o s s e s s e s wtde discrefcion in p r e s c r i b i n g penalfctes f o r
violafctons of tfcs laws.
To esfcabilsh appropriafce penalfciea
f o r fche commission of crtme and fco confer upon J u d t c t a l
t r i b u n a l s a d i s c r e t i o n respecfctng fche amounfc of b a t l fco
15 i , e t t a V. Frady, Warden, 62 Sup. Ct. Kep. 1252,
1262 (1942) .
y^
200
be r e q u i r e d or the puniaiiment to be t n f l t c t e d In parfcic u l a r cafles, aro funcfcions p e c u l t a r l y belongtng fco fche
afcafces. Each a l l e g e d v t o l a t i o n of t i i t s fcx»u8fc presenfcs
a s e p a r a t e caae^ for no p o s i t i v e r u l e could cover every
sttuatlon^
Tlie c o n s t i t u t i o n a l g u a r a n t i e s which l l e in the
"twiltght'* zone, t h e r e f o r e , w i l l b e applied a g a i n s t s t a t e
encroaciiments on personal l i b e r t y if the f a c t s in a gtven
caee and the confcemporary r u l e of reason adopfced by
fciie Courfc flnd fciiem essenfctal fco due process of law.
Rtghfcfl whtch have been designafced as belongtng tn fchia
c l a a s are n e c e s a a r i l y relafctve and depend upon ctrcumsfcances.
Ofeiier r i g h t s , such as fche rtghfc fco keep and bear
arma, fciie righfc fco fcrial by Jury and fche immunity from
p r o s e c u t t o n except as the r e s u l t of an tndtcfcmenfc r e fcurned by grand Jury, and fciie p r t v l l e g e of betng f r e e
from compulsory aelf-incriminafcion, have been denied as
n e c e s s a r y tn a scîieme of ordered liberfcy.
Though fchese
righfcs may once have iiad merifc, fcbey are nofc essenfctal
fco due procesa of law.
Bowever, wiien fciie sfcafces volun-
t a r i l y make thom p r i v i l e g e s of cifctzenship, fchey musfc be
allowed a i l persons on an equal b a s i s .
The itrsfc Amendmenfe is repi'esenfcafctve of guaranfctes
of fcbe F l l l of Kighfcs which have been made Itmtfcafctons on
sfcafce power.
b e l i e v i n g aa fchis nafcion has from fche firafc
tiiafc the freedom of worsiitp and freedora of e x p r e s s t o n are
y^
201
c l o s o l y a k t n f c o f c h e Hllmtfcable p r i v t l e g e o f f c i i o u g h f c
tfcself,
any l e g i s l a f c t o n affecfcing fchese freedoms
is
scrufctntzed fco see fchat fciie tnfcerferences allowed a r e
o n l y fciiose approprtafce fco fche matntenance of a c t v i l l z e d
sociefcy.
Courfcs, no more fchan consfctfcufcions, iiowever,
cannofc infcrude tnfco fciic c o n s c t e n c e a of men or compel
f c i i e m f c o b e l i e v e confcrary f c o f c i i e t r fatfch o r t h t n k c o n fcrary fco fcheir convtcfctona,
bufc courfcs are compefcenfc fco
adjudge fciie acfcs men do under c o l o r of a conafcifcufcional
righfc and defcermine whefciier fche clalmed rtghfc is Itmlfced
by ofcher r e c o g n t z e d powers, e q u a l l y p r e c t o u s fco manktnd.
So fche mtnd and s p t r t f c of man remain f o r e v e r f r e e , w h i l e
i i i s acfcions may be resfcratned tn fche tnfcerest of accommodatton fco fche compefclng needs of h i s f e l l o w s .
The d e s i r a b t l t f c y of fche n a t i o n a l t z a f c t o n of cerfcaln
p r o v i s t o n s of fcbe B i l l of iUghfcs w l l l depend upon fclie
i n d l v t d u a l ' s potnfc of vtew.
ifc Is b e l i e v e d by many sfcu-
d e n t s o f p u b l t c a f f a i r s , however,
that fciie esfcablish-
menfc of u n i f o r m p r i n c t p l e s fco g u t d e sfcí to l e g i s l a f c i o n
affecfctng c i v i i l i b e r f c i e s w i l l resulfc
for private r i g h t s .
i n greafcer securtfcy
I t i s urged b y o t h e r s thafc such
p r i î i c l p l e s w i l l a l s o a l d In fche esfcabl siimenfc of a more
effecfclve syafcem of protecfcing fche righfcs of sociefcy tn
zeneral.
lîiose who oppose fchc' n a f c t o n a l i z a t t o n of t h e
E t l l of í i i g h t s , hûwever, o f t e n do so on the ground t h a t
fciie p r o c e s s J e o p a r d i z e s fciie power of fche sfcafces fco p r o v i d e
adequafcely f o r f c h e h a n d l t n g o f l o c a l p r o b l e m s .
X
202
Recenfc d e c t s t o n s of fciie Supreme Courfc reweal t h a t
a majorlfcy of fchafc high fcrtbunal are dtsposed fco guard
c t v i l Itberfcies c a r e f u l l y , fchougii ifca membera do nofc a l ways agroe on the infcerprefcafcton of fche evtdence whtch
n e c e s s a r t l y gutdea fciio applicafcion of general p r i n c i p l e s ^
Somefctmes fche Courfc seema e n t i r e l y fcoo conservafctve tn ifca
afcfcifcude fcoward fche i n a l t e n a b l e righfcs of man, bufc the
c o r r e c t t o n of any unfctmely d e c i a i o n s musfc be enfcrusfced fco
fufcure I t b e r f c a r t a n s , guided and p r o p e l l e d by fche deraand
f o r fche essenfcial afcfcribufces of a free government—fundamental righfcs of whtch a free people musfc forever b«
vtíîtlanfc.
y
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. X
BIBLlOGRAPliy
A.
Adama v.
Amertcan
312
American
Hem ^ o r k ,
iederafcton
U. s. 321
Fublishing
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(1941)
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V Xo y / )
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Joiin B a r r o n , S u r v t v o r of John C r a i g , f o r fche U»e of
Luke Tierman, Execufcor of John Craig v. Tîie Mayor
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B a r t e i s v. lowa, 262 U, S. 404 (1923)
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Befcfcs V. Brady, Warden, 68 Sup, C t . Rep, 1262 (1942)
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(1915)
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Brown efc a l . v. M i a s l s s t p p i , 297 u, S. 278 (1936)
Brown v. l^w J e r s e y , 175 U, S, 172 (1899)
Buckus V. Forfc Street union Depot, 169 U. S, 557 (18ÍB)
C a l d w e l i v. Texaa, 137 U. S, 692 (1890)
C a l l a n v. Wilson, 127 U. S, 540 (1889)
Canfcwell efc a l . v. Connecfcicufc, 310 '^* S. 296 (1940)
Caplfcal xracfcton Company v. iiof, 174 u, S. 1 (1899)
C a r l s o n v. C a l i f o r n t a , 310 U. S. 106 (1940)
Carpenfcers and J o i n e r s union of America b o c a l ho» 215 efc
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(1^942)
C a r t e r v. i'exas, 177 U. S. 442 (1900)
Chambera e t a l . v . i l o r i d a , 309 u . S . 227 (1940)
Ciiapltnsky v. Stafce of i«ew iiampshire, 62 Sup. Cfc, iiep.
766 (1942)
C h t c a g o , i*iilwaukee, and Sfc. Faul n a i l w a y Company v. Minnesofca,
y^
134
U,
s. 418
(1890)
205
Cinctnnafct v. Vesfcer, 281 U, S, 459 (1930)
Clfcy of Ctncinnafci v. l o u i s v i l l e '^ K a s h v l l l e H a i l r o a d
C o . , 223 U. S. 390 (1912)
C t v i l Flghfca C a s e a , 109 u, s. 3 (1883)
C l a r k V. î<ash, 198 U, s. 361 (1905)
Coffey V. Counfcy of b a r l a n , 204 U. S, 669 (1907)
C o l l i n s V. clohnafcon, Aarden of tlie C a l t f o m t a Sfcafce F r l s o n
237 U. S. 502 U915)
Confcrtbufcors fco fcbe F e n n s y l v a n t a bosptfcal v. Cifcy of F h t l a d e l p h t a efc a l . , 245 u. S. 20 (1917)
C o r r t g a n efc a l . v. Buckley, 271 U, S. 323 (1926)
Cox ot a i . V. i^^ew iiampshlre, 312 U, S, 569 (1941)
Oavla V,
Davls V,
i^avts V.
Oe Jonge
Dryer v.
b e a s o n , 133 U, s, 353 (1890)
^ u r k e , 179 U. S, 399 (1900)
^^assachusetfcs, 167 U. s, 43 (1879)
v. Oregon, 299 U* S. 353 (1937)
U l t n o i s , 187 U, S, 71 (1902)
Ex parfce R l g g t n s (C, C. A.) , 134 Fed. 404 (1904)
Ex parfce U l r i c h , 42 Fed. 537 (1690)
F e l t s V. Murpiiy, Warden, 201 U, S. 123 (1906)
F t s k e V. K a n s a s , 274 U. S. 380 (1927)
Fox V. S t a t e of Washlngfcon, 236 U, s, 273 (1915)
I r a n k v. Mangum, S h e r i f f of i u l t o n Counfcy, G a . , 237 U, S.
5K)9 (1915)
G a t n e s v. Washingfcon, 277 U. S, 81 (1928)
Q a r l a n d v. Sfcate of Washtngfcon, 232 U. S, 642 (1914)
Gtlberfc v. Sfcafce of Minnesofca, 254 U. S. 325 (1920)
Gifclow V. Fecple of i*ew York, 268 U. s. 652 (1925)
Qraham v. Sfcate of Wesfc V t r g t n i a , 224 t i . S. 616 (1912)
G r o s j e a n , Uupervtsor of F u b l t c Accounfcs of E o u i s t a n a v.
Armrican i^ress C c , I n c , 297 U . s . 233 (1936)
Hague, Mayor, o t a l . v . Committee f o r i n d u s f c r i a l O r g a n i z a t t o n efc a l . , 307 U. S. 496 (1938)
Flale V. i^i^nfcucky, 303 <^. S. 604 (193S)
i i a l l t n g e r v. D a v l s , 146 U. s. 314 (1892)
iíamilfcon efc a l . v. Regenfcs of fciie Untverslfcy of C a l i f o r n t a ,
efc a l . , 293 'ú. S. 245 (1934)
Eammond Facktng Company v. A r k a n s a s , 212 U. S. 322 (1909)
Eardware D e a l e r s Mufcual i t r e I n a u r a n c e C c v . Gltdden C c
efc a l . , 284 U. S. 151 (1931)
Eays V. Forfc of Seafcfcle, efc a l . , 251 -. o. 233 (1920)
Eerberfc efc a l . v. L o u i s i a n a , 272 U. S. 312 (1926)
ixemdon v. Lowry, S h e r i f f , 301 U. s. 242 (1937)
K i l l V. Sfcafce of T e x a s , 62 Sup. Cfc. Kep. 1159 (1942)
Holden V. Hardy, 169 U. S. 366 (1898)
H o l l t n s V. Oklahoraa, 294 U. S. 394 Í1935)
iíofcel and Reafcauranfc Employees Infcernafcional A l l i a n c e L o c a l
ho. 122, efc el' v. Wisconsin Employmenfc Kelafcions
Board, efc a l . , 62 Sup. Cfc. Rep. 706 (1942)
y^
206
Hovey v. Elliofc, 167 U. 3. 409 (1897)
iioward v. iventucky, 200 U. S. 164 (1906)
Hurfcado v. People of C a l t f o r n i a , 110 U. S. 616 (1883)
In ne Kemmler, 136 u. s. 436 (1890)
Jack V. ivansaa, 199 U, s, 372 (1905)
Jacobson v. Maasachusefcts, 197 U. S. 11 (1905)
Jones V. C i t y of Opeltka, 62 Sup, Ct. Rep. 1231 (1942)
Jordan v. Maesachuaefcfcs, 225 U. s. 167 (1912)
Koerl V. Sfcate of Montana, 215 U. s. 135 (1909)
K e l l e y v. Oregon, 273 U, s. 589 (1927)
Lawfcon V. Sfceele, 152 U. S. 133 (1894)
Looper v. Texas, 139 u. S. 4 62 (1690)
Lem v\íoon v. Oregon, 229 U. S. 586 (1913)
Llsenba v. Feople of Sfcafce of C a l i f o m t a , 62 Sup. Cfc.
280 (1941)
Long I s l a n d Wafcer Supply Company v. Brookljrn, 166 u. S.
685 (1897)
L o v e l l V. Cifcy of G r l f f i n , 303 U. S. 444 (1938)
Manley v. Stafce of Ueorgia, 279 U. s. 1 (1929)
Maxwell v. Dow, 176 U, S. 581 (1900)
Mciarland, Supervisor of Fublic Accounts of Loutsiana v.
Amerlcan Sugar Refining Company, 2 4 l U. s. 79 (1916)
McKane v. i>urston, 153 U. B. 684 (1894)
Meyer v. Stafce of Kebraska, 262 U. S. 390 (1923)
Milk ^agon Drivers Union of Chicago, Locai 7 5 3 , efc a l . v.
Meadowraoor D a i r l e s , I n c , 312 u, s. 287 (líWrl)
M i l l e r V. Texas, 153 U. S. 535 (1896)
Minder v. Georgia, 183 U, S. 55v (1902)
M i n e r s v t l l ô Sciiooi Dtsfcricfc, Loard of Education of Mlnersv t l l e Sciiool i ^ l a t r i c t e t a l . v . G o b i t t s , e t a l . , 310
U, S. 586 (1940)
Missourt V. Lewis, 101 U. S. 22 (1880)
Mlssourl ex r e l . iiurwifca v. i^orfch, 271 U. s. 40 (1926)
Moblle & Ohio Railroad v. Tennessee, 153 U. S. 486 (1894)
Moore efc a l . v. Dempsey, Keeper of fcine Arkansas Stafco
Fenifcenfciary, 261 u. S. 86 (1923)
Munn V. I l i l n o i s , 94 U. S. 113 (1876)
Murphy v. Massachusefcfcs, 177 U. S. 155 (1900)
î^afcional Safe Depostfc Company v. Sfcead, Afcfcorney General
of fcbe Stafce of I l l i n o t s , 232 U. s. 58 (1914)
Keal V. Delaware, 103 U. S. 370 (1881)
iíear v. Mlnnesofca ex r e l . Oison, Counfcy Afcfcorney, 285 U. S.
697 (1931)
îíew York ex r e l . iryanfc v. Zlmmerman efc a l . , 278 U, s.
63 (1928)
^ o r r l s V. Alabama, 294 -. -. 587 (1935)
Korth Lararate Land Company v. iaoffman et a l . 268 U. s.
276 (1925)
y^
207
O f í i e l d V. Kew York, Kaw iiaven and iiartford Railroad
Company, 203 U. S. 272 (1906)
Ohio ex r e l . Lloyd v. D o l l t s o n , 194 U. s. 446 (1904)
0»NeÍl V. Vermonfc, 144 U. s. 325 (1892)
Falko V. Connecfcicufc, 302 U. s. 319 (1937)
Pafcfcerson v. Colorado ex r e l . The Afctorney General of fche
Sfcate of Coloraao, 205 U, S, 4 54 (1907)
Fearaon v. Yawdall, ys U, s, 294 (1877)
Fennoyer v. ileff, 95 U. s. 7l4 (1878)
fcernard Fermoli, Flainfctff in Error v. i ^ n i c i p a l l t y Kc 1
of the City of i^ew Orleans, Dofendant in Error, 3
iioward 589 (1845)
Fervear v. The Commonwealth, 5 Wallace 475 (1866)
F i e r c e v. l o u i s i a n a , 306 o. s. 354 (1939)
P i e r c e , Governor o f Oregon, e t a l . v . Soctety o f Sifltera,
268 U. s. 510 (1925)
Ozle P o w e l l , í l / i i l i e iioberson, Andy Wright, and, Olen Montgomery v. Álabama, 287 U. S. 45 (1932)
F r e s s e r v. I l l i n o l s , 116 U. S. iá52 (1886)
F r u d e n t i a l Insurance Company of Aaerica v. Cheek, 259
U. S. 530 (1922)
Rawlina v. Georgia, 201 U, S, 638 (1906)
Rindge Company et al^ v. County of Loe Angeles, 262 U, S.
700 (1923)
Rogera v. Feck, 199 U, 8, 425 (1905)
i o l l e r V. i o l l y , 176 U, s, 398 (1900)
Sciirietder v* Sfeafce (Town of Irvingfcon), 308 U, s, 147
(1939)
Schenck V. Unifced Sfcafces, 249 U, s, 47 (1919)
Schwab V. Berggren, 143 U. S. 442 (1892)
Joiin Thomas Scopes v. The Sfcate of Tennessee, 152 Tenn.
424 (1926)
Scofcfc V. Mcîíeal, 154 U. S. 34 (1893)
Secombe v. Rallroad Company, 23 Wallace 108 (1874)
Senn v.
i l e Layers Frofcecfcive Union efc. a l . , 301 U. S,
468 (1937)
Shoener v. Commonwealfch of Fennsylvanta, 207 ^. S, 187
(1907)
S l a u g h t e r Louse Cases, 16 s^allace 36 (1873)
Smtth V. O'Grady, 311 U. S. 329 (1941)
I s a c iu Smtth, Owner of fcbe ^>lcop "Volenfc,** Flatnfciff tn
Lrror v . TÍÍÔ Sfcafce of ^aryland, 18 iioward 71 (1855)
Smifch V. Texas, 311 u, S. 128 (1940)
Snyder v. iiíiassachusefcfcs, 291 u. s. 97 (1934)
S p l ø s v. I l l i n o t a , 123 U. s, 131 (1887)
Sfcrauder v. Weafc V t r g i n i a , 100 ^. S. 303 (1880)
Sfcromberg v. C a l i f o r n t a , 283 U, s, 359 (1931)
Sweet V. Rechel, 159 U. S. 380 (1895)
Tiiorapflon v. Ufeah, 170 u, S, 343 (1898)
y^
208
T h o r i n g t o n v. isontgomery, 147 U, fî, 490 U893)
T h o r n h t l l v. Alabama, 310 ^. S, 88 (1940)
Truax e t a l . , C o p a r t n e r s , Dotng l^ustneas under f e i i e i i r m
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257 u. S. 311 (1921)
Tlie T r u s t e e s of u>arfcmoufch C o l l e . e v. lî/oodward, 4 Wheafcon
518 (1819)
Tumey v. Uhto, 510 u. S, 273 U927)
î'wlntng V. Sfcafce of î*#w J e r s e y , 211 u. S. 78 (1908)
Ughbanks v. Armsfcrong, Warden of fche Mtciiigan Sfcafce P r i s o n ,
208 U, S. 4 8 1 (1908)
Unifced Sfcafces v. Crulkshank efc a l . , 92 U, S. 542 (1876)
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Valenfctne v. Cbj^esfcensen^ 62 Sup. Cfc. Rep. 920 Í1942)
V l r g i n l a v . i i t v e r s , 100 u . s . 313 (1880)
Walker v. Sauvtnefc, 92 U, £• 90 (1876)
Ward V. Stafce of T e x a s , 62 Sup. C t . iiep. 1139 ',1942)
Wafcer-Pierce O t l Company v. Sfcafce of e x a s , 212 U, S.
86 (1909)
Wafcson v. J o n e s , 13 Wallace 679 (1872)
Weeks v. Untfced Stafees, 232 U. S, 383 (1914)
Wesfe V. L o u l s t a n a , 194 U. S. 258 (1904)
The Wesfc R t v e r Bridge Company, Flainfctffs tn lîlrror v.
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6 Roward 507 ( 1 8 4 8 ) .
WbAfce V. T e x a s , 310 u. S. 630 (1940)
áhtfcney v. C a l t f o m i a , 274 u. S. 357 (1927)
B.
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Peard
C h a r l e s A., An Eoonomic Infcerprefcafcton of fcbe Consfcifcufcton of fcl^ Untfced ^fcafces.
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iiew York:
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mmmmm'immmm
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209
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m
^^^
^
«MaMMMM[(iPM*MMMM«4M%.
mÊmmÊmmmmmimnmmmmmmimmmÊtimmmmm»m^mHmi\.\m\*mma •
mmmmmmmÊÊmtmmmømmimmmÊmmmmmiimmm
K l l i o f c , *)onatiian, Debatea on fcíie Adopfcion of fche e d e r a l
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II
.11
»i.i»i—
'
"
M c H w â t n , C. l i . , Gonsfcifcufctonalism and fci^ Ciian-tng
^ o r l d . i*ew Yorks Maomtllan i ompany, 1939.
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Tiiomas James, J^ Consfctfcufcton of the ^ntfced
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iwrr
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of fche uni'fced Sfcafces. i^ew York: h a r p e r & Frofciiers,
8777~
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Thorpe, I r a n c l a Bewfcon, jA Siiorfc Consfcifcufcional i tsfcory
of fciie Unifced Sfcafce'a. Fosfcon: Lifcfcle, Brown, and
"To^mpany, 1921.
Thorpe, I r a n c t a î^ewfcon, Tiie Conafcifcufctonal Hisfcory of fche
Unifced Sfcafces. Vols. ' Í I , I I I ; t:hicago: Callaghan
& Company, 1 ^ 1 .
Warren, C h a r l e s , Congreaa, fcbie Consfcitufclon, and fche
Supreme Court. Ivevisec}.V I osfcon: Lifctle, Brown,
and Company, 1935.
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Bosfcon;
Warren, Ciiarlea, "The Kew *Ltberfcy' under fche Fourfceenth
Amendment," 39 harvard Law Bevtew 431 (1926).
'
•!
mmmmmm»»mmmmÊ»m
mmmmmmmmm
mmmmmmmÊmmmmmmmmmÊmm
Whipple, I<îon, Our ^Anctent Ltberfcies.
Wilaon Company, 1927.
l^ew ^ork: h, såí. .
Wtlloughby, Wesfcal V^oodbury, Tiie Consfctfcufctonal Law of
fciie Untfced Sfcafcea. Vols, i, I I , I I I ; i)iew ^orks
Baker, Voorhee and Company, 1929.
iSrlghfc, Benjaraln Hefccher, J r . , Aamrican Infcerprefcafciona
of í^afcural Law. CambrIdge :'"iiarvar'd Universifcy F r e s s ,
T13T7
APPENDIX
/ ^
APPEísDIX A
TiiE BILL OF RIGHTS
Amendmenfc l^
T4 ^ ^ongrgiaj s h a l l maice no law reøpecfcing an esfcabllshmenfc o f r e l t g t o n , o r prohtbifcing f c h e f r e e e x e r c i s e
fclioreof; or a b r t d g i n g fche freedom of s p e e c h , or of fche
p r e s a ; o r t h e righfc o f f c i i e people p e a c e a b l y f c o assemble,
and fco pefcifcton fciie Governmenfc f o r a r e d r e s s of i?rtevances.
Amendmenfc l ,
A w e l l regulafced i^mifcla, b e t n g n e c e s s a r y fco fciie
securtfcy of a f r e e Sfcafce, fciie righfc of fche people fco
keep and b e a r A r a s , s h a l l nofc be i n f r t n g e d .
Amendmenfc III.
i^o S o l d t e r s h a l l , tn fcime of peace be quarfcered
in any iiouse, wtfchoufc fciie conaenfc of fciie Owner, nor tn
fctme of war, b u t tn a manner fco be p r e s c r i b e d by law.
Amendmenfc IV.
The rlgiifc of fciie p e o p l e fco be s e c u r e in fciietr
p e r s o n , h o u s e s , p a p e r s , and e f f e c t s , agatnsfc u n r e a s o n a b l e s e a r c h e s and s e l z u r o s , s h a l l nofc be vtolafced, and
no Warranfc a h a l l i s s u e , bufc upon p r o b a b l e c a u s e , supporfced
by Oafch or affirmafcion, and p a r f c i c u l a r l y d e s c r i b i n g fche
p l a c e fco be searciied and fciie p e r s o n s or fchtngs fco be
setzed.
Amendmenfc V,
i^o p e r s o n s h a l l be h e l d fco answer f o r a captfcal,
or ofchsrw se infajnous c r i m e , u n l e s s on a presenfcmenfc or
tndicfcmenfc of a Grand J u r y , axcepfc in c a s e s a r l s i n g tn
f c h e l a n d o r n a v a l f o r c e s , o r i n f c h e Milifcta, wiien t n
acfcual s e r v t c e tn fctmo of War or p u b l i c d a n g e r ; n o r ' s h a l l
any p e r s o n be subjecfc f o r fche same o f f e n s e fco be fcwtce
pufc tn J e o p a r d y of l i f e or I t m b ; nor s h a l l be compelled
in any cr m l n a l c a s e fco be a wtfcness agatnsfc h i m s e l f , n o r
X
213
be deprived of I t f e , Itberfcy, or properfcy, wlfchoufc due
p r o c e s s of law; nor s h a l l prtvafce properfcy be fcaken f o r
p u b l t c u s e , wtfchoufc Jusfc compensafcion.
Amondmenfc VI,
In a l l c r i m t n a l proaecufctons, fciie accuaed aiiall
enjoy the r t g h t to a speedy and public fcrial, by an imparfcial Jury of fcho Sfcafce aiid disfcrtcfc wiieretn fche crime
s h a l l have been commtfcfced, whtch disfcricfc a h a l l have
been p r e v i o u a l y aacerfcatned by law, and fco be tnformed
of fciie nafcure and caUae of fche accusafcion; fco be confronfced wlfch fche wifcnesaes againsfc htm; fco hsve compulsory proceaa f o r obfcatning wtfcneases in hia f a v o r , and
fco have fciie Aasiafcance of Counael for h i s defense.
Amendmenfc V l.
In Sutfcs afc common law, where fciiø value tn confcroversy s h a l l exceed fcwenfcy d o l l a r s , fche righfc of fcrtal
by Jury a h a l l be p r e s e r v e d , and no facfc fcried by a J u r y ,
s h a l l be ofcherwtse re-examined íii any Courfc of fciie
Unifced Sfcafccs, fchan according fco fciie r u l e s of fciie common
law«
Amendmenfc Vlii,
mmmmmmmmmHmmmmmmmmmmi\m»»»wmmm
mmimmmmmmmmmm
Excessive b a i l s b a l l nofc be r e q u l r e d , nor exc e s s i v e f t n e s imposed, nor c r u e l and unusual puntshmenfcs infltcfced^
Amendmenfc
IX.
The enumerafcton in fciie Consfclfcufcion, of cerfcaln
rtghfcs, s h a l l nofc be consfcrued to deny or diaparge
ofchers refcatned by fche p e o p l e .
Amendmenfc X.
The powers nofc delegafced fco fche Unifced Sfcafces by
fche Consfcifcufcton, nor prohtbifced by tfc fco fche Sfcafces,
are r e s e r v e d to the ^stafces respecfctvsly, or fco fche
people*
AI^FEKDIX B
TEE lOURTF^íKTfí AMB íDMEKT
|£§^fcton 1.
A l l p e r s o n s born or nafcuralized In
t n e u n i t e d ofcafces, and s u b j e c t fco fche Jurisdlcfclon fciiereo f , a r e cifcizens of fche Unifcea Sfcafces and of the Sfcafces
w h e r e t n fciiey r e s l d e . No Sfcafce s h a i l make or enforce
any law whtch s h a l l a b r i d g e fciie p r t v t l e g e s or tramuntfciea
of cifctzens of fche Unifced Sfcates; nor s h a l l any Sfcafce
d e p r î v e any p e r s o n of l i f e , liberfcy, or properfcy, wifchoufc due p r o c e s s of l a w ; nor deny fco any p e r s o n wifciiin
tfcs J u r i s d i c f c t o n fciie e q u a l profcecfcion of tiie l a w s .
Secfcton 2.
ítepresenfcafclves s h a l l be a p p o r t i o n e d
among fcne s e v e r a l Sfcafces e c c o r a i n g fco fchetr respecfclve
n u m b e r s , counfcing fcbue whole number of p e r s o n s tn e a c h
Sfcafce, e x c l u d t n g I n d t a n s nofc fcaxed. But when tiie r t g h t
to vofce afc any elecfclon f o r fcise c h o t c e of elecfcors f o r
Presidenfc and Vlce Prestdenfc of fche Untfced Sfcafces, Repr e s e n t a f c i v e s in C o n g r e s s , fche Execufcive and J u d l c l a l off i c e r s of a Sfcafce, or fche members of fche Legislafcure
fchereof, Is d e n i e d to any of fche male tnlaabifcanfcs of
such Sfcafce, b e i n g fcwenfcy-one y e a r s of ago, and clfctzens
of fciie Untfced Sfcafces, or in any way abr dged, excepfc f o r
parfcictpafcion i n r e b e l l on, o r ofcher c r i m e , f c i i e b a s i s
of represenfcafcton fcherein s h a l l be reduced in fche p r o p o r fcion which fche number of such male ctfclzens s h a l l b e a r
fco fcias wiiole number of male ctfcizena fcwenfcy-one y e a r s of
age tn such Sfcafce.
Secfcton 3. Ho p e r s o n s h a l l be a Senafcor or Hepreaenfcafcive tn C o n g r e s a , or e l e c t o r of Fresldenfc and Vice
Fresidenfc, o r iîold any o f f t c e , c i v i l o r milifcary, under
fciie Untfced Sfcafcea, or under any Sfcafce, who, having p r e v t o u s l y fcaken an oafch, as a member of C o n g r e s s , or as an
o f f t c e r of t h e Untfcad Sfcafces, or as a member of any
Sfcate l e g t s l a f c u r e , or BB an ©xecufcive or J u d i c i a l o f f i c e r of any Sfcafce, fco s u p p o r t fche Consfcitution of tiie
Untfced Stafces, s i i a l l have engaged in i n s u r r e c t i o n or
r e b e l l i o n agatnafc fche sams, or g i v e n a i d or comforfc fco
fche enemies fchereof. Bufc Cor*gress may by a vofce of
t w o - t h i r d s o f e a c h llouse, remove such d t s a b l l l t y .
Secfcion 4^. î h e validifcy of fche p u b l t c debfc of
fche Untfced Sfcafces, aufchorized by law, t n c l u d t n g debfca
t n c u r r e d f o r paymenfc of p e n s i o n s and bounfcies f o r s e r v t c e s t n s u p p r e s s i n g insurrecfcton o r r e b e l l i o n , s h a l l
nofc be quesfcloned. Fufc neifcber fche Unifced S t a t e s n o r
X"
215
any S t a t e s i i a l l assume or pay any debt or o b l i g a t t o n t n curred in a i d of i n s u r r e c t l o n or r e b e l l i o n agatnst tiie
United S t a t e s , or any claim f o r tiie l o s s or emancipation
of any s l a v e ; but a l l such d e b t s , o b l t g a t t o n s and claLms
s h a l l be iield t l l e g a l and v o t d .
S e c t l o n b. The Ccngreaa s i i a l l iiave power to e n f o r c e , iiy appropriate l e g i a l a f c t o n , fche p r o v i a i o n s3 oof
fchis arfcicle.
X
X