International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Investigation of the Possibility of Energy
Saving in Existing DC Motor Driving
Systems in the Hellenic Territory and the
Quality of Electric Power in these
Systems: Progress & Future Work
G.Ch. Ioannidis, C.S. Psomopoulos, S.D. Kaminaris, S.Tsiolis
Department of Electrical Engineering, TEI of Piraeus, Egaleo, Greece,
Tel: +30 5381578, e-mail: gioan@teipir.gr
Abstract
In this paper the progress and the future work of a research project entitled
“Investigation of the Possibility of Energy Saving in Existing DC Motor Driving Systems
in the Hellenic Territory and the Quality of Electric Power in these Systems” is
presented. The objective of this work is to explore the possibility of saving energy in
existing DC drive systems in Greece (such as ISAP, METRO, textile & paper industries)
and the power quality in these systems.
As a first step, extensive literature review (research of relevant work (papers) and
books) was successfully carried out. Then, power quality measurements were
performed in existing traction system in Greece. The measurements were conducted in
two substations of the Athens-Piraeus Electric Railways (ISAP). The methodology and
the results of the measured data analysis was part of an interim report and also
presented in an international scientific conference. Furthermore, a paper, in which
harmonic analysis of a medium voltage transformer is performed as well as
recommendations to address power quality problems, has been accepted for
presentation in a specialized international scientific conference.
In addition, the new high-voltage low-loss semiconductor switches relying on silicon
carbide (SiC) were reviewed, and their superior characteristics were revealed especially
when compared to the existing silicon (Si) semiconductor counterparts. Also, a bachelor
thesis on SiC semiconductors was successfully conducted.
Furthermore, a comprehensive survey on the topic of AC/DC & DC/DC converters for
DC Motor Drives was carried out. A substantial number of different AC/DC and DC/DC
topologies appropriate for DC motor drives were presented. This critical literature review
brings out merits, demerits, and limitations besides giving the basic operating principles
of various topologies. This part of the project was the subject of a bachelor thesis, a
presentation in an international scientific conference and an interim report.
Currently, conventional and fuzzy control systems for DC motor drives are investigated
and a comprehensive review is attempted. This research action is going to be presented
in an international scientific conference too.
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
In the near future, an interim report concerning the control (conventional and fuzzy) will
be prepared. Also, a small-scale pilot scheme will be implemented from which, power
and harmonic measurements will be conducted. Moreover, a report of the small-scale
pilot system and a presentation or publication will be prepared.
Finally, a user guide of DC motor drives with emphasis on energy saving will be written.
Keywords: power quality, harmonic mitigation, SiC switches, DC-DC converters,
modeling DC motors, DC motor drive, PI control, fuzzy control,
Acknowledgements
Research co-funded by the E.U. (European Social Fund) and national funds, action
“Archimedes III–Funding of research groups in T.E.I.”, under the Operational
Programme “Education and Lifelong Learning 2007-2013”.
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S. J. Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, New York: WCB/McGraw-Hill,1998
[2]
P. Malatestas, Motor Drives, Tziolas Publications, 2013 (in Greek)
[3]
N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland, Power Electronics, Converters, Applications and Design, John Wiley &
Sons, 1995.
[4]
S.N. Manias, Power Electronics, Symmetria Publ, Athens, 2012 (in Greek).
[5]
J. Martinez IEEE Student member, G. Ramos IEEE member, “Reactive Power and Harmonic
Distortion Control in Electric Traction Systems”
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Samuel NHAVIRA, Vukan POLIMAC , “Quality of Supply Issues arising from DC Traction Loads on a
Metro”, 19th International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Vienna, 21-24 May 2007, Paper
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Mridula sharma, Manish soni, “ Review of Power Quality Issues for Traction System”, International
Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Volume 3, Issue 8, August 2013
[8]
Dr. András Dán, Péter Kiss, “Effect on Power Quality of the High Power Electric Traction (Double
Domain Computer Simulation vs. Site Measurements)”
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Andrea Mariscotti, “Characterization of power quality transient phenomena of DC railway traction
supply”, ACTA IMEKO, July 2012, Volume 1, Number 1, 26‐35
[10] Mehrdad Tarafdar Haque, Farhad Shahnia, Mitra SarhangzadehPower Quality Concerns of Unit
Commitment of Main Transformers for DC electrified Urban Railway Systems, Paper Identification
No. 68
[11] IEC 62236, Railway applications –Electromagnetic compatibility.
[12] W. Runge, Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) of Railway Applications – Guidance by European
Standards, 2005, pp. 1-12.
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[13] C. Sankaran, “Effects of harmonics on power systems”, Electrical Construction & Maintenance,
October 1, 1995
[14] A. Moreno-Muñoz (Ed.), “Power quality: mitigation technologies in a distributed environment”,
Springer-Verlag, London, 2007.
[15] IEEE Standard 519-1992, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Power Systems.
[16] J. Arrillaga, B.C. Smith, N.R. Watson, A.R. Wood, Power System Harmonic Analysis, John Wiley &
Sons, Chichester-UK, 1997.
[17] A. Ferrero, Measuring electric power quality: Problems and perspectives, Measurement 41 (2008)
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[19] Amir Faizy, Shailendra Kumar, “DC Motor Control Using Chopper”, Bachelor Thesis, Department
Of Electrical Engineering, National Institute Of Technology, Rourkela, India.
[20] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, second edition, Springer
Science & Business Media Inc, 2001.
[21] K.Ramesh et al., “Design of Current Controller for Two Quadrant DC Motor Drive by Using Model
Order Reduction Technique”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information
Security,Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.17-24, 2010.
[22] R. Singh, P. Kumar, A.K. Jain, “A Fuzzy Logic based Robust Speed Controller for Chopper Fed DC
Motor Drive”, IJCA Proceedings on National Conference on Future Aspects of Artificial intelligence in
Industrial Automation, 5-8, May 2012. Published by Foundation of Computer Science, New York,
USA
[23] Abdullah J. H. Al Gizi, M.W. Mustafa, Malik A. Alsaedi, N. Zreen, “Fuzzy Control System Review”
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 4, Issue 1, January, 2013.
[24] Radu-Emil Precup, Hans Hellendoorn, “A survey on industrial applications of fuzzy control”,
Computers in Industry, Vol.62, pp.213-222.
[25] Divya Rai,Swati Sharma, Vijay Bhuria, “Fuzzy Speed Controller Design Of Three Phase Induction
Motor”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 5,
May 2012.
[26] M.Murugandam & M.Madheswaran,” Modeling and Simulation of modified fuzzy logic controller for
various types of DC motor drives IEEE International conference on control system june 2009.
[27] K. B. Mohanty, “Fuzzy remote controller for converter DC motor drives”, Paritantra, Vol. 9, No. 1,
June 2004
[28] C. Elmas and M. A. Akcayol, “Fuzzy logic controller based speed control of brushless DC motor,” J.
Polytechnic, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 7–14, 2000
[29] Thiang, Andru Hendra Wijaya, “Remote fuzzy logic control system For a DC motor speed control”,
Journal Teknik Elektro Vol. 2, No. 1, Maret 2002: 8 - 12
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
[30] R. Kandiban, and R. Arulmozhiyal, 2012 Design of Adaptive Fuzzy PID Controller for Speed control
of BLDC Motor, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN: 2231-2307,
Volume- 2, Issue-1, March 2012.
[31] Satya Sheel and Omhari Gupta, 2012, High Performance Fuzzy Adaptive PID Speed Control of a
Converter Driven DC Motor International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 5, No. 1, March,
2012.
[32] Chan, C. C., and K. T. Chau, “A new zero-voltage-switching dc/dc boost converter,” IEEE
Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 29, no. 1, pp.125-134, 1993.
[33] Chau, K. T., “New Constant-frequency multi-resonant boost convertor,” IEE Electronics Letters, vol.
30, no. 2, pp.101-102, 1994.
[34] Chong, C. C., Chan, C.Y., and Foo, C. F., “ A quasi-resonant converter-fed dc drive system,”
Proceedings of the European Power Electronics Conference, pp. 372- 377, 1993
[35] Hua, G., and F. C. Lee, “Soft-switching Techniques in PWM Converters,” IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp.595-603, 1995.
[36] Luo, F. L., and L. Jin, “Two-quadrant DC/DC Soft-switching Converter,” Proceedings of IEEE Power
Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 1, pp.173-178, 2000.
[37] Uma, G., and C. Chellamuthu, “Modeling and Design of Fuzzy Speed Controller for Constant
Frequency Zero Current Switched Converter Fed DC Servo Motor for Battery Operated Vehicles,”
Proceedings of International Conference on Power System Technology, vol. 1, pp. 211-215, 2000.
[38] T.W.Ching, “Soft-switching converters for electric vehicle propulsion,” Journal of Asian Electric
Vehicles,vol.5, no.2, pp.1019-1026, December 2007.
[39] Chau, K. T., T. W. Ching, and C. C. Chan, “Constant frequency multi-resonant converter-fed dc
motor drives," in Proc. IEEE Industrial Electronics, Control, and Instrumentation Conf., pp. 78-83,
1996
[40] Chau, K. T., and T. W. Ching, “A new two-quadrant zero voltage transition converter for dc motor
drives,” International Journal of Electronics, vol. 86, no. 2, pp. 217-231, 1999,
[41] Ching, T. W., and K. T. Chau, “A new two-quadrant zero current transition converter for dc motor
drives,”International Journal of Electronics, vol. 88, no. 6,, pp. 719-735, 2001
[42] Ching, T. W., "Four-quadrant zero-voltage-transition converter-fed dc motor drives for electric
propulsion," Journal of Asian Electric Vehicles, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 651-656, 2005
[43] Ching, T. W., "Four-quadrant zero-current-transition converter-fed dc motor drives for Electric
Propulsion," Journal of Asian Electric Vehicles, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 911-918, 2006
[44] Ching, T. W., “Review of Soft-switching Technologies for High-frequency Switched-mode Power
Conversion,” International Journal of Electrical Engineering Education, paper No. 4042, 2008
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Conventional and Fuzzy Control
Systems for DC Motor Drives
A comprehensive Review
S.D. Kaminaris1, G.Ch. Ioannidis1, C.S. Psomopoulos1, P. Malatestas1, G.A.Vokas2,
S.N.Manias3
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, TEI of Piraeus, Egaleo, Greece, Tel: +30
5381574, e-mail: skamin@teipir.gr
2
Department of Electronics Enginering, TEI of Piraeus, Egaleo, Greece, Tel: +30
5381180, e-mail: gvokas@teipir.gr
3
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering, NTUA, Zografou, Greece, Tel: +30 772
3565, e-mail: manias@central.ntua.gr
Abstract
In this paper conventional and fuzzy control systems for DC motor drives are
presented.DC drives, because of their simplicity, ease of application, reliability and
favorable cost have long been a backbone of industrial applications. DC motors have
been the primary means of electric traction for a long time. Furthermore, they are less
complex as compared to AC drives system. DC motor is considered a SISO (Single
Input and Single Output) system having torque/speed characteristics compatible with
most mechanical loads. This makes a DC motor controllable over a wide range of
speeds by proper adjustment of the terminal voltage. The control of the speed and/or
torque of a DC motor are achieved by using an appropriate controller usually in a
closed-loop form. The controller used in the closed loop provides a very easy and
common technique of keeping motor speed at any desired set-point speed under
changing load conditions. This controller can also be used to keep the speed at the setpoint value when, the set-point is ramping up or down at a defined rate. For many years
now, PI controllers have been applied for the control of a DC motor achieving fast
control, low cost and simplified structure. On the other hand, fuzzy based controllers
have been successfully applied.
In case a PI controller is used, there are two mechanisms working simultaneously trying
to correct the motor speed. The proportional term (P) implements the fast-acting
correction which will produce a change in the output as quickly as the error arises. The
integral action (I) takes a finite time to act but has the capability to make the steadystate speed error zero.
Fuzzy control provides a formal methodology for representing, manipulating, and
implementing a human's heuristic knowledge about how to control a system. Basically,
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
you should view the fuzzy controller as an artificial decision maker that operates in a
closed-loop system in real time. It gathers output data y(t), compares it to a reference
input r (t), and then decides what the system input u(t) should be to ensure that the
performance objectives, will be met.
In fuzzy control there is a more significant emphasis on the use of heuristics, but in
many control approaches (e.g, PI control) there is a similar approach. Fuzzy logic
control provides a methodology for representing and implementing our knowledge about
how best to control a process.
In this paper conventional PI and fuzzy based controllers will be presented in order to
highlight their basic characteristics and applications for DC motor drives.
Keywords: DC motor drive, PI control, fuzzy control, closed-loop system, modeling DC
motors
Acknowledgements
Research co-funded by the E.U. (European Social Fund) and national funds, action
“Archimedes III–Funding of research groups in T.E.I.”, under the Operational Programme
“Education and Lifelong Learning 2007-2013”.
References
[1] N. Mohan, T.M. Undeland, Power Electronics, Converters, Applications and Design, John Wiley &
Sons, 1995.
[2]
S.N. Manias, Power Electronics, Symmetria Publ, Athens, 2012 (in Greek).
[3]
Amir Faizy, Shailendra Kumar, “DC Motor Control Using Chopper”, Bachelor Thesis, Department
Of Electrical Engineering, National Institute Of Technology, Rourkela, India.
[4]
R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics, second edition, Springer
Science & Business Media Inc, 2001.
[5]
K.Ramesh et al., “Design of Current Controller for Two Quadrant DC Motor Drive by Using Model
Order Reduction Technique”, International Journal of Computer Science and Information
Security,Vol. 7, No. 1, pp.17-24, 2010.
[6]
R. Singh, P. Kumar, A.K. Jain, “A Fuzzy Logic based Robust Speed Controller for Chopper Fed DC
Motor Drive”, IJCA Proceedings on National Conference on Future Aspects of Artificial intelligence in
Industrial Automation, 5-8, May 2012. Published by Foundation of Computer Science, New York,
USA
[7]
Abdullah J. H. Al Gizi, M.W. Mustafa, Malik A. Alsaedi, N. Zreen, “Fuzzy Control System Review”
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 4, Issue 1, January, 2013.
6
International Scientific Conference eRA-9
[8]
Radu-Emil Precup, Hans Hellendoorn, “A survey on industrial applications of fuzzy control”,
Computers in Industry, Vol.62, pp.213-222.
[9]
Divya Rai,Swati Sharma, Vijay Bhuria, “Fuzzy Speed Controller Design Of Three Phase Induction
Motor”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 5,
May 2012.
[10] M.Murugandam & M.Madheswaran,” Modeling and Simulation of modified fuzzy logic controller for
various types of DC motor drives IEEE International conference on control system june 2009.
[11] K. B. Mohanty, “Fuzzy remote controller for converter DC motor drives”, Paritantra, Vol. 9,
No. 1, June 2004
[12] C. Elmas and M. A. Akcayol, “Fuzzy logic controller based speed control of brushless DC motor,” J.
Polytechnic, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 7–14, 2000
[13] Thiang, Andru Hendra Wijaya, “Remote fuzzy logic control system For a DC motor speed control”,
Journal Teknik Elektro Vol. 2, No. 1, Maret 2002: 8 - 12
[14] R. Kandiban, and R. Arulmozhiyal, 2012 Design of Adaptive Fuzzy PID Controller for Speed control
of BLDC Motor, International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) ISSN: 2231-2307,
Volume- 2, Issue-1, March 2012.
[15] Satya Sheel and Omhari Gupta, 2012, High Performance Fuzzy Adaptive PID Speed Control of a
Converter Driven DC Motor International Journal of Control and Automation Vol. 5, No. 1, March,
2012.
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Calculation of out-coupling efficiency for
OLEDs with patterned ITO/glass
interface, using the effective medium
approximation method.
N.A.Stathopoulos1, S.P.Savaidis1, G.Pagiatakis2, D.Alexandropoulos3, M.Sigalas3,
M.Vasilopoulou4
1
Technological and Educational Institute of Piraeus, Department of Electronics
Engineering, 12244 Aegaleo, Greece
2
School of Pedagogical and Technological Education (ASPETE) – Marousi Athens
3
Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
4
NCSR “Demokritos”, Institute of Advanced Materials Physical Chemistry Processes
and Micro-Nano-Electronics, POB 60228, 15310 Agia Paraskevi Attiki, Greece
Abstract
Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are multilayer devices with semiconducting
polymer thin films sandwiched between two electrodes. Their typical anode layer is a
transparent thin film of indium tin oxide (ITO) while the cathode is a metallic layer (e.g.
Aluminum). The ITO layer is usually pre-coated on a glass substrate with a thickness of
about 100nm and a refractive index higher than that of the glass and polymer layers
beneath it. In the visible spectrum this layer usually traps an amount of optical intensity
that is produced by the device reducing its out-coupling efficiency. A common method to
reduce its influence on the OLED’s efficiency is to pattern the interface between glass
and ITO that mitigates the waveguiding phenomena through the ITO layer. In order to
calculate the influence of a patterned periodic roughness of the interface to the outcoupling efficiency, we propose the use of the effective medium approximation method
with variable thickness. The spectral response, the limitations and the accuracy of the
proposed method are discussed while the microcavity effects are studied for various
roughness thicknesses in the visible spectrum.
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Numerical investigation of a Distributed
Bragg Reflector comprised by alternate
layers with focusing and defocusing
nonlinearity
N. Moshonas1, 2, P. Papagiannis1, S. P. Savaidis2, N. A. Stathopoulos2
1
National Technical University of Athens, School of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, Zografou, 157 73, Athens, Greece
2
Department of Electronics, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Piraeus,
Aigaleo 12244, Greece, nmoshon@central.ntua.gr
Abstract
In this work we propose a conceptual Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) comprised by
layers possessing third order nonlinearity of alternate sign, thus being of the focusing
and defocusing type accordingly. We approach the problem numerically using the
Transmission Line Method (TLM), which has been proven able to simulate many
problems in Electromagnetism in general and in Optics more specifically. This time the
TLM has been properly modified to resolve the inclusion of Kerr nonlinearity.
The DBRs are used in Integrated Optics as highly efficient reflectors, as in the case of
Fabry-Pérot Interferometers and of the Vertical cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSEL).
The third order nonlinearity is rarely considered in practice since the usual dielectric
materials that are used to build the thin films, that are the layers of a DBR, are only
weakly nonlinear. However, during the last two decades there is an increasing interest
in highly nonlinear optical thin films. Many new composite materials have been created,
focusing and defocusing, which possess nonlinear index n2 with values ranging from
10-14 to 10-5 cm2/W. This means that if the intensity of light is high enough, (like in the
case of high power VCSELs), the nonlinear response of the medium can alter the
effective refractive index of each layer considerably. Until today these materials are
mainly used to create single thin films, while there are only very few attempts to use
them in multilayer structures. Our investigation shows that the careful selection of the
number of layers, the initial refractive index difference, but also the nonlinearity of the
materials, we can create a DBR whose characteristics, like the reflectivity and the Bragg
wavelength, are dependant on the incident power of light.
Keywords: TLM, Dielectric Mirrors, Third Order Nonlinearity
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Interface engineering in bulk
heterojunction organic photovoltaics
using vacuum-deposited and solutionprocessed transition metal oxides
D. G. Georgiadou1, M. Vasilopoulou1, G. Papadimitropoulos1, A. M. Douvas1, S. P. D.
Davazoglou1, P. Argitis1, N. A. Stathopoulos2, S. P. Savaidis2
1
2
Institute of Microelectronics, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Paraskevi, Athens,
Greece
Department of Electronics, Technological and Educational Institute of Piraeus, 12244
Aegaleo, Greece
Abstract
Engineering the electrode/organic interfaces of P3HT:PCBM organic photovoltaics is a
key factor in achieving high efficiencies, since the metal contacts usually pose a large
energetic barrier that hampers charge extraction, transport and collection. In our group
we have investigated different materials that can be deposited either in vacuum or from
solution at the anode or cathode side of the device and act as efficient interfacial layers.
In this presentation, successful examples from our studies of thin nanostructured films
based on partially reduced tungsten and molybdenum oxides and related soluble
molecular oxides (polyoxometalates), acting as electron/hole extraction layers in OPVs
will be discussed. The incorporation of these interfacial layers results to dramatic
improvement of devices efficiencies and of their time stability. For all different materials
a correlation of the materials composition, film morphology and electronic properties
with the device performance will be made. It can be concluded that the use of oxidebased compounds with tailored properties as highly effective interfacial layers provides
a simple and versatile method to optimize polymer solar cells using easy and costefficient materials and methods.
Acknowledgements
This research was co-financed by the European Union (European Social Fund –
ESF) and Greek national funds through the Operational Program "Education and
Lifelong Learning" of the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) Research Funding Program: ARCHIMEDES III.
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Reverse geometry analysis of arbitrary
3D beams to optimize the Boundary
Element Method model through
Response Surface Methodology
E. Ganiaris1 2, V. Sagias1 2, C. Stergiou1 2, G. Besseris1 2, R. Benhadj-Djilali2
1
Dpt. of Mechanical Engineering, Technological Education Institute of Piraeus, Aigaleo,
Greece, E-mail: K2169961@kingston.ac.uk, sagias@teipir.gr, stergiou@teipir.gr,
besseris@teipir.gr
2
Dpt. of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kingston University, London, UK
E-mail: R.Benhadj-Djilali@kingston.ac.uk
Abstract
In this paper a novel methodology is introduced for optimizing the reverse geometry
analysis of an arbitrary 3D beam, by using adaptive techniques with embedded the
Response Surface Methodology (RSM) quality tool. The optimization criterion is based
on error estimation of the equivalent stress, calculated using analytical and numerical
methods. The RSM method is used to explore and define the factors that influence in
higher level the BEM (Boundary Element Method) mathematical model that is produced
based on the CAD Geometrical one. The methodology was tested by implementing a
program within the boundaries of a parametric 3D solid modeler by using its Application
Programming Interface (API).
Key words: quality tools, RSM, adaptive techniques, BEM, CAD, API
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Advances in Electronic Sensoring
Through High-tech fabrics Intelligent
Systems (ETSHIS)
D. I. Tseles, T.E.I. Piraeus, dtsel@teipir.gr
Abstract
Progress in personal monitoring health systems is presented is this paper. Acquisition of
biological signals can be realized through wearable embedded systems, that are based
on microcontrollers and RF modems. The wireless sensors networks technology has
been adapted for implementation of Body Sensor Networks (BSN). A novel data
acquisition system has been designed and implemented in order to acquire body
physiological parameters measurements. Emergency call possibility is also considered.
Development of an innovative software leads to diagnosis schemes through detection of
abnormal arrhythmia incidents. This progress to the development of a standard model
for monitoring patients remotely gives results that push research to improve patient’s
safety.
Key Words: personal monitoring health systems, wearable embedded systems,
wireless sensor network, data acquisition systems, ECG diagnosis.
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Interconnection of Smart Wearable
Devices and Smart Homes
C. Petropoulosb, C. Kolovosb, A. Talavarib, A. Fotopoulosa, A. Mastragelopoulosc
P. H. Yannakopoulosb, G. Priniotakisb
a
b
Information Technologies in Medicine and Biology, Department of Informatics and
Telecommunications, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Technological Education Institute of Piraeus, Petrou Ralli & Thivon 250, GR122 44,
Aigaleo, Greece
c
Elnetron M. Ltd, Athens, Greece
Abstract
In latest years Internet-of-Things gave numerous advantages in making houses smarter
in terms of energy, danger, information notification and in general monitoring.
Miniaturized sensors and developed services can offer different communication paths
available in various smart devices via cloud based technologies like Data-as-a-Service
(DaaS), Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS). Smart
Wearable Devices is the latest state-of-art effort of academia and industry to for the
enhancement of communication and the velocity between IoT applications, smart
devices (smartphones, tablets & smart TVs) and social networks. Smart Wearable
Devices could offer possibilities in decentralization of house control and act as a
possible interconnection linkage of various IoT technologies.
Keywords: Internet-of-Things, Cloud Technologies, Smart Wearable Devices
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Investigation of Organic Coatings
Effectiveness on Concrete
Reinforcement Corrosion Protection
with the Synergistic Influence of
Corrosion Inhibitors
S. Kalogeropoulou
Electrical Engineering Department, Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus,
P.Ralli & Thivon 250, 122 44 Egaleo, Athens, Greece, Email: skalog@teipir.gr
Abstract
The application of organic coatings on the surface of reinforced concrete is the most
common protective method, particularly when long-term durability and outstanding
performance are important. Coatings prevent the access of harmful substances for both
the concrete and the embedded steel from the environment into the concrete, such as
chloride ions, carbon dioxide or sulphur dioxide.
Exposure to sunlight (ultraviolet radiation), moisture and heat are the main factors
influencing the durability of paint coatings and substrates. Even though each factor can
separately lead to deterioration, the result of the combination of the three factors is
much more serious than of each factor individually. Ultraviolet radiation, moisture and
heat can lead to the breakdown of the resin in painted surfaces which binds the pigment
to the substrate surface. Degradation can vary from mere surface discoloration,
affecting the aesthetic appeal of a product, to substantial loss of mechanical properties,
which severely limits their performance.
This study refers to the investigation of organic coatings and corrosion inhibitor
performance in the protection of concrete reinforcement in highly corrosive conditions.
For this reason five different types of organic coatings (a two-pack epoxy coating, a twopack polyurethane coating, a nanotechnology coating and two acrylic dispersions) are
applied on concrete surface for the corrosion protection of steel reinforcement and their
effectiveness is compared, when they are used alone or simultaneously with an
aminoalcohol corrosion inhibitor.
Initially, for a fast evaluation of the anti-corrosive behavior of coatings applied on
reinforced concrete, measurements were performed with the Strain Gauge (SG)
technique.
Consecutively, the gravimetric mass loss of reinforcing steel bars of coated specimens
after a certain period of exposure in the corrosive environment was determined.
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Afterwards a series of coated specimens were exposed to UV radiation and tests were
performed before and after the exposure. Specimens were classified according to their
dry film thickness and their performance to cross cut test and pull-off strength test.
Specimens were also visually inspected for fading, yellowing or chalking.
Subsequently, in another series of coated specimens liquid water permeability and
water-vapour transmission rate were determined, since these properties are closely
related to reinforcement’s protection.
Moreover carbonation depth in coated specimens of hardened concrete by the
phenolphthalein method was determined.
The results of the methodologies applied indicate the diverse behavior of coatings in the
exposure environments and lead to a classification of their protective effect.
Keywords: concrete reinforcement corrosion, organic coatings, corrosion inhibitors,
UV-radiation, permeability.
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Examination of physicochemical
properties of organic coatings applied
on concrete
P.Pantazopoulou1, Th.Zafeiropoulou2, S.Kalogeropoulou1, E.Fountoukidis3, G. Batis2, K.
Papadopoulos4
1.
Electrical Engineering Department, Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus,
P.Ralli& Thivon 250, 122 44 Egaleo, Athens, Greece
2
. Faculty of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Greece
3.
Civil Engineering Department, Technological Educational Institute of Piraeus
4.
Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Centre for Scientific Research,
Demokritos,Athens, Greece, Email: parpant@teipir.gr, skalog@teipir.gr
Abstract
Reinforced concrete structures are supposed to perform well over their design life and
exhibit outstanding durability. Unfortunately poor construction practice and / or hostile
environments can lead to corrosion of the reinforcing steel in concrete. The main
mechanisms for corrosion are carbonation through atmospheric carbon dioxide ingress
and chloride attack, usually from diffused chlorides. Various methods are employed to
decrease reinforcement corrosion and consequently delay concrete deterioration, such
as increasing the concrete cover, lowering the concrete permeability, adding inhibitors,
sealing the surface or by protecting the reinforcement.
Surface coatings on concrete have become well established mainly to prevent the
deterioration by creating a physical barrier between the concrete structure and the
environment and to improve or maintain the appearance. They offer an effective and
reliable solution for the protection both of the concrete and the embedded steel. In order
to perform well, a high-quality organic coating is supposed to have good adhesion to
concrete even when it is wet and be resistant to the high alkalinity of concrete, it should
be able to penetrate into the pores and cracks of concrete, it must have good resistance
to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and weathering and have good mechanical strength, it
should prevent the entry of water but allow the water vapor permeation and finally it
should be highly resistant to the permeation of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide and to
the penetration of chloride ions in the pores and cracks of the concrete.
The purpose of this study is to compare the effectiveness of five different types of
organic coatings (epoxy, polyurethane, nanotechnology and two acrylic dispersions)
applied on concrete surface to the corrosion protection of steel reinforcement.
For this reason a series of coated specimens were exposed to UV radiation and tests
were performed before and after the exposure. Specimens are classified according to
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
their dry film thickness and their performance to cross cut test and pull-off strength test.
Specimens were also visually inspected for fading, yellowing or chalking.
In another series of coated specimens liquid water permeability and water-vapour
transmission rate were determined, since these properties are closely related to
reinforcement’s protection. The results of the methodologies applied point out the
differences between the coatings and enlighten the classification of their protective
effect.
Keywords: concrete,
permeability.
reinforcement
corrosion,
organic
coatings,
UV-radiation,
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Open Source Platform for Wireless
Sensor Networks
P.G. Papageorgas1, T. P. Iliopoulou1, D. Pyromalis2, T. Valavanis1, S. Kamvasis1 , D.
Tseles2
1
Department of Electronics Engineering, Technological and Educational Institute of
Piraeus
2
Department of Automation Engineering, Technological and Educational Institute of
Piraeus
Corresponding author: P. Papageorgas
Abstract
In this article the research performed in the framework of development the
POLYTROPON platform is presented. POLYTROPON is an Open Source Platform for
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) suitable for research through experimentation and
education in the associated scientific fields of embedded systems and WSNs. This
platform is suitable for smart metering and home energy management by controlling
electric loads, thus contributing to the development of the smart grid infrastructure. As
an important part of the research performed, the details of realizing an electronic load
suitable for the automated characterization of Solar panels are also presented.
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
An Electric Network Power Quality
evaluation model using Fuzzy Sets and
Field Measurements: Progress & Future
Work
G.A. Vokas1, S.D. Kaminaris2, P.A. Kontaxis2, P. Langouranis
1
Department of Electronic Engineering, TEI of Piraeus, Egaleo, Greece,
Tel: +30 5381180, e-mail: gvokas@teipir.gr
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, TEI of Piraeus, Egaleo, Greece,
Abstract
In this paper the progress and the future work of a research project entitled “An Electric
Network Power Quality evaluation model using Fuzzy Sets and Field Measurements” is
presented. The objective of this work is to develop a Fuzzy Expert System (FES)
methodology able to calculate a Fuzzy Total Power Quality Index (FTPQI) of a specific
point included a global and concentrated information about its PQ level. FES will be
based on the Fuzzy and multi-criteria decision making theory developing a complex
mathematical model, which will calculate a unique FTPQ Index for every measured site
using as input the measurements of this network point for a specific time period. The
purpose of the proposed intelligent approach is threefold :
• To provide a comprehensive, dynamic and user-friendly methodology,
• To quantify the Fuzzy Total Power Quality Index (FTPQI) that could contribute to the
ranking of examined connection network nodes of an electric network by evaluating
their corresponding FTPQI.
• To provide the system administrators a reliable and scientific way to check the total
power quality of electric networks providing also the possibility of ad-hoc network
improvement remedies.
Research progress and future work per WP is presented as follows:
Work Package 1 (WP1): Literature review and Greek Electric system investigation
Act.1.1. Literature and record of international standards
An extensive literature survey and recording of the international research developments
and trends, as well as an investigation and recording of the Greek Electric system
peculiarities were successfully carried out. Both legislative and technical literature for
Power Quality (PQ) issues were included, such as: a) Legislative rules applicable in
European countries (still NOT applied in the Greek electric system), b) the State-of-the19
International Scientific Conference eRA-9
art PQ measuring procedures (low/medium voltage, single/multi-parallel field
measurements), c) definition of the proper measuring equipment to be used, etc.
Innovative solutions for power quality improvement were also a point of interest
Act.1.2. Investigation and recording of the Greek Electric system peculiarities
A detailed research of the Greek Electric network system characteristics in Medium and
Low Voltage was taken place, such as: instability of the main Greek electric system
under specific circumstances; instability of weak island networks supplied by
autonomous diesel stations; concentrated industrial facilities with non-linear loads, etc.
The results of the above literature analysis was part of an interim report and also used
to a paper (entitled : “Electric Network Power Quality assessment using Fuzzy Expert
System
Methodology”) presented in an international scientific conference («8th Mediterranean
Conference on Power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Energy Conversion» «MEDPOWER 2012»).
Work Package 2 (WP2): Questionnaires formation and suitable questionnaire’s
participants selection
Act.2.1. Questionnaire A: How end-users affect the system power quality; formation
according to WP1.
Act.2.2. Questionnaire B: How deeply the system power quality affects the end-users
equipment; formation for the users nearby the measurements’ location.
The second step included: “Collection and analysis of the Experience of significant
users (large consumers, producers, system administrator)”. The aim of this Action was
to connect any possible disturbance in the network with impacts on equipment and
network facilities. For this reason two (2) Questionnaires for the Low and Medium
voltage network users were created; one in order to investigate how the users affect the
system power quality, and a second one to investigate how deeply the system power
quality affects their equipment.
Act.2.3. Evaluation of the answers of Questionnaires A & B
Moreover, a technical report, based on the analysis Questionnaires A and B, presenting
the importance of each Disturbance on terms of Power Quality, as it is recorded in
Questionnaire’s participants is prepared. As expected, it provides valuable results
concerning the proper choice of the potential network measuring points. In addition, a
presentation in an international scientific conference analysing the questionnaires A&B
and the statistical results is going to be prepared too.
Work Package 3 (WP3): Measurements of Power Quality characteristics and record of
different disturbances.
Act.3.1. Selection of 6 low and medium voltage measuring locations (network nodes)
and of a group of end-users that will participate in the survey. Record of specific
characteristics of each measuring location.
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
This action is in progress. The measurements are being assessed by private
instruments. The performed measurements took place in Photovoltaic stations, Wind
parks and other common use areas (such as TEI Piraeus). More intensive
measurements are going to be performed as soon as the main instruments will be in our
possession (tender under progress). Then measurements will take place in a wider and
more intense manner, in terms of different sites and longer measurement periods.
Act.3.2. Measurement of Power Quality characteristics
This action is in progress. The measurements are being analysed. Major findings of the
measurements were among others a remarkable level of harmonic distortion, however
under the acceptable limits, as well as other type of disturbances such as sags, swells
and shutdowns. The measurements in the Wind parks presented many shut downs of
the Wind Park because of high and infrequent disturbances of the electric grid itself.
Act.3.3. Statistical analysis and evaluation of the measurements.
This action is in progress. After the use of the new instrument for Power Quality
measurements, the whole amount of the measurements will be analysed, compared to
the standards and evaluated in statistical form.
In the near future, will be prepared :
• a technical report, based on the decision making process of choosing the
measurement point, the measurements conducted to all measuring points analyzing the
impacts of each disturbance and the importance of each Disturbance in terms of Power
Quality, as it is recorded through the measurements analysis.
• a journal publication /a presentation in an international conference for the
measurements analysis and evaluation analyzing the occurrence of disturbances
referring to the measurement point and presentation of their importance.
Work package 4 (WP4): Development of the mathematical model based on Fuzzy logic
and expert systems
Act.4.1. Transformation of Verbal rules in mathematical Equations
Act.4.2. Selection of appropriate fuzzy expert model. Design of final mathematical
function.
Act.4.3. Verification of the model in accordance to the measurement results.
Currently, the development of a mathematical model based on Fuzzy Total Power
Quality Index for Electric Networks is attempted. (“MEDPOWER 2014”)
In the near future, will be prepared:
• a technical report analyzing : of the experience gained in WP1 & WP2, the appliance
of fuzzy logic technique in Power Quality issues, the importance of each Disturbance in
Power Quality Index and the defuzzification method and the transformation of the verbal
equation in mathematical tools
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
• a presentation in an international conference or journal publication analyzing the
importance of each disturbance and the fuzzification method of the mathematical model.
Work Package 5 (WP5): Ranking of examined network points and proposals for the
Power Quality improvement
Act.5.1. Hierarchical ranking of the Power Quality indexes of the measured sites.
The different sites will be ranked according to their Fuzzy Total Power Quality index.
Act.5.2. Proposals for the Power Quality Improvement
A Technical Report of representative solutions using the nowadays experience and
knowledge in order to improve the power quality according to every disturbance
combination measured at every measuring point of WP3, will be prepared.
Keywords: power quality, harmonic mitigation, fuzzy logic, expert system, electric
disturbances, quality standards
Acknowledgements
Research co-funded by the E.U. (European Social Fund) and national funds, action
“Archimedes III–Funding of research groups in T.E.I.”, under the Operational
Programme “Education and Lifelong Learning 2007-2013”.
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ΛΔΗΣΟΤΡΓΗΑ΢”, ΒΑ΢ΗΛΖ΢ Κ. ΠΑΠΑΓΗΑ΢ ΚΑΘΖΓΖΣΖ Δ.Μ.Π., ΑΘΖΝΑ 1985
[2] “ΠΑΡΑΓΧΓΖ ΖΛΔΚΣΡΗΚΖ΢ ΔΝΔΡΓΔΗΑ΢ ΑΠΟ ΑΝΑΝΔΧ΢ΗΜΔ΢ ΠΖΓΔ΢”, Μ.Π. ΠΑΠΑΓΟΠΟΤΛΟ΢
ΚΑΘΖΓΖΣΖ΢ ΔΜΠ, ΑΘΖΝΑ 1997
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ΠΔΜΠΣΖ ΔΚΓΟ΢Ζ
[4] ΒΟΚΑ΢ ΓΗΧΡΓΟ΢, ΓΑΕΗΓΔΛΛΖ΢ ΓΖΜΖΣΡΖ΢, ΚΑΣ΢ΗΚΑΡΖ΢ ΥΡΖ΢ΣΟ΢, ΜΑΡΓΗΧΛΖ΢ ΚΧ΢ΣΑ΢,
ΠΔΠΟΝΖ΢ ΓΗΧΡΓΟ΢, “ΠΟΗΟΣΖΣΑ ΠΑΡΔΥΟΜΔΝΖ΢ ΖΛΔΚΣΡΗΚΖ΢ Η΢ΥΤΟ΢”, ΣΔΥΝΗΚΟ
ΔΠΗΜΔΛΖΣΖΡΗΟ ΔΛΛΑΓΟ΢, ΑΘΖΝΑ 1993
[5] M.H.J.Bollen, “ What is Power Quality?”, Electric Power Systems Research 66 (2003) 5-14
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[7] Mark McGranaghan, Bill Roettger,”Economic Evaluation of Power Quality”, IEEE Power
Engineering Review, February 2002
[8] Tom A.Short, Senior Member, IEEE, Arshad Mansoor, Senior Member, IEEE, Wes Sunderman,
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TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY VOL. 18, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2003
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[10] H.M.S.C. Herath, Student Member, IEEE, Victor J. Gosbell, Member, IEEE, and Sarath Pereara,
Member, IEEE, “Power Quality (PQ) Survey Reporting: Discrete Disturbance Limits”, IEEE
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Investigating power issues on a 2,500-hp pipeline booster station adjustable frequency drive”, IEEE
INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS MAGAZINE, NOV/DEC 2005
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[12] “Power Quality Knowledge-Based Services”, 2006 Annual Portofolio EPRI, 1997
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France
[17] ΓΔΧΡΓΗΟ΢ ΢ΚΗΚΟ΢, “ ΠΟΛΤΚΡΗΣΖΡΗΑΚΖ ΜΔΘΟΓΟ΢ ΛΖΦΖ΢ ΑΠΟΦΑ΢Ζ΢ ΓΗΑ ΣΖΝ
ΑΞΗΟΛΟΓΖ΢Ζ ΚΑΗ ΔΠΗΛΟΓΖ ΘΔ΢ΔΧΝ ΔΓΚΑΣΑ΢ΣΑ΢Ζ΢ ΑΝΔΜΟΓΔΝΝΖΣΡΗΧΝ ΜΔ ΣΖΝ ΥΡΖ΢Ζ
ΣΖ΢ ΘΔΧΡΗΑ΢ ΣΧΝ Α΢ΑΦΧΝ ΢ΤΝΟΛΧΝ”, ΓΗΓΑΚΣΟΡΗΚΖ ΓΗΑΣΡΗΒΖ ΔΜΠ, ΑΘΖΝΑ ΗΟΤΝΗΟ΢
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Systems Conference and Exposition, 2004. IEEE PES,New York October
[19] Haizhen Wang, Don O. Koval, Wilsun Xu, “Canadian Rural Power Quality Statistical
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Team building scenario through the
hands-on activity of a balance
construction using recycling materials
Baldoukas A.1, Zisos I.2, Skountzos A.3, Spyridakos A.2, Tseles D.2, Vryzides I.2
1
TEI of Central Greece, abald@teemail.gr
² TEI of Piraeus
3
Physics teacher in secondary education
Abstract
Recycling as a major contemporary issue can barely touch teamwork issues unless you
follow the idea of bringing the team together with scientific discovery, described in this
paper. Business executives are working in groups of 5, assembling complex
experimental devices, using recyclable materials, see Fig. 1. Only help in assembling is
a nearly identical device on a photo or schematic. The facilitator participates in helping
members to realize behaviors and actions but also to record characteristics of group
behavior, completing pre-and post-tests, tracking their characters aspects.
A novel method that captures the interest, excites the imagination, stimulates scientific
thinking, releases creative thinking, raises awareness on environmental protection,
demystifies science and strengthens teamwork.
Among the key business benefits could be the interdepartmental cooperation, group
dynamics, best practices implementation, team effectiveness, communication, practical
leadership, creativity, exploring excellence, fun & motivation, networking, out of the box
thinking and uniting teams.
Fig.1 Team building effort in constructing a “two parallel branches balance”
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
How can the Plato’s alarm clock be
constructed only using recycling
materials
Baldoukas A.1, Zisos I.2, Bourika I.3, Tseles D.2, Skountzos A.4
1
TEI of Central Greece, abald@teemail.gr
² TEI of Piraeus
3
4
Teacher in primary education
Physics teacher in secondary education
Abstract
The central mechanism os Plato’s alarm clock is the Pythagoras cup. The Pythagoras
cup is a smart cup of wine brought a line defining the limit of filling and a curved pipette.
When someone overfill the fluid covering the siphon, all the wine rows out of the cup
automatically. Considered invention of Pythagoras (6th century BC.) who wanted to
teach his students the need to respect the measure in our lives.
The Plato’s alarm clock, invented by the ancient Greek philosopher Plato (428–348 BC)
who used it at night, possibly for signaling the beginning of his lectures at dawn. Plato’s
alarm clock is consisted of three main vessels. The upper ceramic vessel supplies the
next vessel (constructed as the Pythagoras cup) through an (appropriately calculated
for every case) outflow funnel. When the second vessel becomes full at the
programmed moment (for example after 7 hours) through the internally located axial
pipette, it evacuates fast towards the next closed vessel and forces the contained air to
come out whistling through a tube at its top. After its function, the third vessel empties
slowly (through a small hole located at its bottom) towards the lower storage vessel in
order to be reused.
In the frame of “TechnoRecycle” sub-project of the scientific project Archimedes III a
competition was organized named “From the Pythagoras cup to Plato’s alarm clock
using recycling materials”, see www.technorecycle.gr. The participants were called to
construct a Plato’s alarm clock, like Fig. 1, using recycling materials. In the competition
were three innings, one of Thessaloniki, one of Mytilene and one from Athens. The
competition results were presented in this paper.
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Fig.1 A Plato’s alarm clock made of recycling materials
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
TechnoRecycle scenario for
demystifying science using recycling
materials in order to construct a clock
work car
Baldoukas A.1, Spyridakos A.2, Zisos I.2, Skountzos A.3, Tseles D.2, Bourika I.4
1
TEI of Central Greece, abald@teemail.gr
² TEI of Piraeus
3
Physics teacher in secondary education
4
Teacher in primary education
Abstract
The “TechnoRecycle” scenario target is to build and evaluation of a cost-effective
educational interactive environment in typical school classes and in interactive
workshops around Greece and Cyprus, where: pupils, teachers, undergraduate,
postgraduate, PhD students and parents-adults, working in groups, firstly will construct
experimental devices assembling recycled raw materials, such as plastic bottles and
bawls and then will use them as an experimental apparatus.
In this paper will be presented the results of implementing the above scenario in
teachers’s groups of primary and secondary education in Larissa city, see Fig. 1.
Fig.1 Teachers’s groups constructing a clock work car in TechnoRecycle workshop
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International Scientific Conference eRA-9
Development and application of artificial
neural networks in the prognosis of
global irradiation
K.P. Moustris1, K.A. Kavadias2, A.G. Paliatsos3, Fırat Ertürk4
1
2
Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics, Dpt. of Mechanical Engineering, Technological
Education Institute of Piraeus, Greece, E-mail: kmoustris@teipir.gr
Laboratory of Soft Energy Applications & Environmental Protection, Dpt. of Mechanical
Engineering, Technological Education Institute of Piraeus, Greece, E-mail:
kkav@teipir.gr
3
4
Laboratory of Environmental Technology, Dpt. of Electronic-Computer Systems
Engineering, Technological Education Institute of Piraeus, Athens, E-mail:
agpal@teipir.gr
Dpt. of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, Email: erturkf@itu.tr
Abstract
Solar energy is one of the most promising natural resources, which raises increased
interest by its durability, abundance and cleanliness. Hourly solar radiation received at
any location on the globe is very important in regards to solar power installations sizing,
simulation of solar energy processes, sizing of thermal storage systems, etc. The aim of
this work is the estimation of the daily total global irradiation on a horizontal plane at two
different locations within the greater Athens area (GAA), Greece. The two selected
locations are Agios Kosmas with an altitude of 6m above sea level (south coastal region
of the GAA) and Penteli with an altitude of 756m above sea level (north mountainous
region of the GAA). For this purpose, artificial neural network (ANN) modeling
techniques were applied. For the appropriate ANN training, hourly values of air
temperature, relative humidity, sunshine duration and global irradiation were used,
covering a five-year period, 2006-2010. For evaluating the potential of the prediction of
the proposed ANN model, the 2011’s dataset was used as a testing dataset. The
aforementioned meteorological parameters have been recorded by the monitoring
network of the Hydrological Observatory of Athens, operated by the National Technical
University of Athens, covering the six-year period 2006-2011. More specifically, two
different ANN models were developed for each one of the two examined locations. The
first ANN model predicts the daily sunshine duration of the next day. Then, this
prediction feeds the second ANN model which predicts the daily total global irradiation,
24 hours ahead. Both models use as input data, during the training phase, historical
meteorological data from the previous days from the two examined locations. For the
evaluation of the predictive ability of the proposed models appropriate statistical indices
were used. Results showed that the proposed ANN model’s predictive ability is quite
satisfactory at a statistical significant level of p<0.01.
Keywords: Solar irradiation, prediction, artificial neural networks
28