What is HEAT?
•  Form of energy and measured in JOULES
•  Particles move about more and take up
more room if heated – this is why things
expand if heated
•  It is also why substances change from:
solids
liquids
gases
when heated
  The
temperature of an object tells us how
HOT it is
  Measured in degrees Celsius - °C
  It is NOT the same as heat energy although
the two quantities are related.
e.g. a beaker of water at 60 °C is hotter
than a bath of water at 40 °C BUT the
bath contains more joules of heat energy
  If
an object has become hotter,
it means that it has gained heat energy.
  If
an object cools down, it means it has
lost energy
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
Heat energy always moves from:
HOT object
• Energy transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
COOLER object
e.g.Cup of water at 20 °C in a room at 30°C gains heat energy and heats up – its temperature
rises
Cup of water at 20 °C in a room at 10°C
loses heat energy and cools down – its
temperature will fall.
  Heat
is transferred through a material by
being passed from one particle to the next
at the warm end move faster and
this then causes the next particles to move
faster and so on.
  In this way heat in an object travels from:
  Particles
the HOT end

  Occurs
by the particles hitting each other
and so energy is transferred.
  Can happen in solids, liquids and gases,
  Happens best in solids-particles very close
together
  Conduction does not occur very quickly in
liquids or gases
  Materials
that conduct heat quickly are
called conductors
  All metals are good conductors of heat
  Copper is a very good conductor of heat
  Pans for cooking are usually made with a
copper or aluminium bottom and plastic
handles




the cold end
Materials that conduct heat slowly or poorly are
called insulators
Glass, wood, plastic and rubber are poor
conductors (good insulators)
Nearly all liquids including water are poor
conductors (good insulators)
Gases, including air are poor conductors,e.g., wool
feels warm because it traps a lot of air
A fridge has insulation material round it to keep it
cold – reduces amount of heat conducted to inside
from the warmer room
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  Takes
place in material where particles can
move around inside the material, i.e. liquid or
gas
  The heat is carried by the particles themselves
moving
Convection
currents
  Occur because an area with warm particles
expands and becomes less dense than the
cooler areas nearby. The warm area rises.
Cooler particles fall into the space left by the
warm particles and convection current is set up
  Hot
liquids and gases expand and rise
while the cooler liquid or gas falls
2. Goes across
3. Then down
1. Hot air rises
  The
sun can cause large convection
currents - WINDS
  During daytime the land warms up more
than the sea. The warm air rises over the
land and cool air falls over the sea. So we
feel a sea breeze.
  Rising convection currents can be uses by
glider pilots to keep their planes in the air
and by birds to stay aloft.
4. And across
  Transfer
of heat directly form the source to the
object by a wave, travelling as rays.
  Heat radiation is also known as
INFRA-RED RADIATION
  All
objects that are hotter than their surroundings
give out heat as infra-red radiation
  Heat transfer by radiation does not need particles
to occur and is the only way energy can be
transferred across empty space
  Hotter
objects emit (give out) heat
surfaces emit heat at different speeds
  A dull black surfaces loses energy more
quickly – it is a good radiator
  A bright shiny or white surface is a poor
radiator
  Marathon runners need to keep warm at the end
of races, covering in shiny blankets reduces
radiation and therefore heat loss.
  Different
Bright shiny can
Poor radiator
Dull black can
Good Radiator
Temperature
 Cooler
 Substances
 Dull,
Cold
objects absorb (take in) heat
absorb heat at different speeds
Insulator
Radiation
black surfaces absorb heat quickly
 Bright,
Transfer
shiny surfaces absorb heat slowly
 In
hot countries, people wear bright white
clothes and paint their houses white to reduce
absorption of energy from the sun.
 Petrol
storage tanks sprayed silver to reflect
sun’s rays
Heat
Conduction
Shiny, bright can
Poor absorber
Dull black can
Good absorber
Emitter
Convection
Conductor
Absorber
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