Integrated Management for Sustainable Use of
Tsunami-affected Land in Indonesia1
Achmad Rachman, Wahyunto, and Fahmuddin Agus2
Introduction
Agriculture plays an important and strategic role in the performance of Indonesian
national economy. Agriculture sector contributes about 17.3% to the National GDP of Indonesia,
the second largest after the industrial sectors. Agricultural sector also absorbs about 44.3% out of
90.8 million of labor (BPS, 2004).
Agricultural development has drawn a significant attention from the government of
Indonesia in order to provide sufficient food for all Indonesian. All possible resources are
mobilized to increase the production of rice, corn, soybean, and other grain crops beyond the
population growth rate of 1.6% per year. The results are not always satisfying. Although, rice
production has increased from 29.4 million ton in 1990 to 32.8 million ton in 2003, however, at
the same time population has also increased from 179 million in 1990 to 217 million in 2003.
During that period, the average growth rate of rice production was only 0.83% per year with
some years (1991, 1993, 1994, 1997, and 1998) having a negative growth due to El Nino
phenomena. Meanwhile, the population increased steadily around 1.6% per year. Consequently,
Indonesian rice import has been increasing with time between 1 to 3 million tons annually (Table
1).
1
2
Paper presented at the Mid-term Workshop on Sustainable Use of Problem Soils in Rainfed Agriculture,
Khon Khaen, Thailand, 14-18 April 2005.
Researcher at the Indonesian Soil Research Institute, Jl. Ir. H. Juanda 98 Bogor 16123, Indonesia.
Java and Bali islands are the main rice producer among the 8 major islands in the country.
In 2000, Java and Bali contributed about 54.2% to the total rice production harvested from rice
field, although these islands comprise only about 7% of the total land area of Indonesia. But the
soils and water from rainfall and irrigation on these islands are suitable for stable and sustainable
food crop production.
The other major islands areas of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Irian Jaya, Sulawesi, Maluku and
Nusa Tenggara are much less densely populated. Except for Nusa Tenggara (east and west) the
climatic condition are suitable for year around crop production provided more drought tolerant
crops are grown during the drier times of the year. In general, however, the inherent soil fertility
is less than for Java and Bali. Table 2 shows soil distribution in Indonesia (Subagjo, 2000). The
predominant soils of Indonesia are Inceptisols (37.5%), Ultisols (24%), Entisols (9.6%), Oxisols
(7.5%), and Histisols (7%).
Together, those soils occupy around 85.6% of the country’s land
surface. Mulyani et al (2003) estimated that about 62% of Indonesian soils are considered low
fertility soils. The low fertility soils are found mainly in the outer island of Java, while the more
fertile soils such as Alfisols, Andisols, and some Vertisols are found mainly in Java where
various infrastructure development have taken place intensively. Therefore, current agricultural
expansion would likely to meet those three soils (Ultisols, Oxisols, and Histosols). The fertility
of Ultisols and Oxisols are low as indicated by low cation exchange capacity (CEC), low base
saturation, and low pH (<5), and high aluminum content. However, they generally are very deep
and well drained.
The other threat for maintaining rice production is land conversion from paddy field to
non agricultural uses. During the period of 1992 – 2002, the rate of land conversion from paddy
field to non agricultural uses was 64,000 ha/year or 0.77% per year.
The paddy field were
2
converted mainly to non paddy field (41.1%), housing complex (28.9%), industrial complex
(4.9%), offices (8.3%), and others (16.8%; Irawan et al. (2001). It is estimated that the potential
lost of rice production due to land conversion is 231,000-270,000 ton rice per year. Without a
strong policy to control the paddy field conversion and a significant improvement of rice
production in the outer islands of Java, the country’s dependence on rice import would likely to
further increase.
Land degradation: National-scale outlook
Land degradation has been a serious problem for many years in Indonesia. It is estimated
that about 20% of 191 million ha of land surface of Indonesia has been degraded with various
degrees of degradation. There are several types of land degradation found in Indonesia. Among
them are accelerated soil erosion by water, soil nutrient depletion, salinization and alkalination.
Accelerated soil erosion is trigged by socioeconomic pressure and ecological factors.
The important socioeconomic factors affecting human activities leading to soil erosion are
population pressure, poverty, and ignorance. Population and economic pressure have driven
many farmers to cultivate steep land to grow annual crops such as rice, cassava, maize, and
vegetable without practicing proper soil conservation techniques. This has been happening for
years and has been a major factor causing land degradation to critical levels of 22 watersheds of
Indonesia’s 39.
Soil nutrient depletion is a natural process under high leaching condition. However, it
will be accelerated when improper management of plant residue and fertilizers are practiced.
Much of the agricultural land used for food crops is double cropped or even triple crops each
year. Rice is planted at the beginning of the rainy season and then followed by palawija crops.
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The common practice for preparing the land for the next crop is burning the plant residues or
removing them from the plot for other purposes.
The practice can be found easily in both
lowland and upland areas.
In the lowland areas where irrigated or partially irrigated paddy field are common, farmer
used to apply sufficient fertilizers to compensate the removed nutrients. However, with the
current price of agricultural inputs but less improvement in the crop productivity, farmer tends to
apply fertilizer less than recommended.
Consequently, nutrient depletion would become a
serious problem for the Indonesian food security in the next few years. It is estimated that about
42 million ha of Indonesia land are potentially suffering from nutrient depletion.
Another cause of soil degradation is waste disposal from textile industries to water bodies.
The disposal may contains high concentration (210-680 ppm) of heavy metals such as Cu, Zn,
Pb, Co, Ni, Cr, as well as Na.
A proper watse treatment process reduces the heavy metal
concentration to as low as <0.04 ppm, although Na concentration remains high (3.42 – 10.77
cmol(+)/kg). When the polluted water is used to irrigate paddy field, it potentially increases the
salinity of paddy field and reduce rice production 1 – 1.5 ton/ha/season (Sutono et al., 2001;
Suganda et al., 2003).
The Effects of Tsunami on the livelihood of Aceh, Indonesia
Aceh is a province of Indonesia located at the western portion of Sumatra. The province
has about 5,5 million ha land area with a population of about 4.3 million (data before the
Tsunami). The predominant soil found in the province is Inceptisols (66.2%) followed by
Ultisols (11.7%), and Entisols (8.3%). Entisols formed from marine sediments were found
mainly on the coastal line both on the west and east coasts of Aceh. The Ultisols were found
4
mainly in the mountain and plateau areas. The Inceptisols lied mostly in areas between Entisols
and Ultisols.
A massive earthquake on December, 26th 2004 followed by Tsunami has devastated the
coastal regions of Aceh province and Nias, a small island in North Sumatra province, Indonesia.
The west coast of Aceh experienced more devastation than the east coast. The Tsunami reached
as far as 7 km inland in the west coast and up to 4 km in the east coast.
The Government of
Indonesia (GOI) through the Minister of State for National Development Planning announced on
January 19, 2005 that the disaster caused more than 100,000 people deaths, more than 132,000
missed, and more than 340,000 are becoming refugees. The infrastructure damages include 1.3
million homes and buildings, 8 ports, 85% of the water and 92% of the sanitation systems, 120
km of roads, and 18 bridges. The estimated total damages and losses is US$ 4.5 billion
(Bappenas, 2005).
The recovery processes would be significantly complex and costly. Building bridges,
roads, or temporary housing for the refuges could be done in a few months with the joint efforts
of national and international communities. However, the socio economic issues such as land
ownership, relocation of household, child development concern, credit availability for farmers,
and rehabilitation of soil condition may take long and complex development processes.
The
GOI has set up three phases of recovery. The 3 phases include emergency phase, rehabilitation
phase, and reconstruction phase.
The emergency phase (6 month) focused on saving the
survivors as soon as possible and provide them with the minimal need for living.
The rehabilitation phase would take 6 – 18 months with the focus on rebuilding local
governments, reconstructing buildings and offices, making the community ready to move to the
5
Comment: Gunakan data terakhir, cek
din Yahoo atau komas website
reconstruction process, and rehabilitating agricultural land. The reconstruction phase would take
years to be completed.
The Effects of Tsunami on Farmland in Aceh, Indonesia
The Indonesian Soil Research Institute is conducting remote sensing data analyses to
study the extent and intensity of damages on agricultural land due to Tsunami. The analyses was
conducted by comparing data generated from satellite images (Landsat TM-5 and Landsat 7),
before and after the Tsunami. Those data were then cross checked with tabular data obtained
from the Ministry of Agriculture for the Aceh province. Figures 1 and 2 show satellite images
used for the analyses. The results indicated that around 8.6% out of 336,000 ha of agricultural
land were damaged by Tsunami. The damaged paddy fields were found mainly in Aceh Barat
(6107 ha), Aceh Barat Daya (4520 ha), Aceh Jaya (4159 ha), and Aceh Pidie (4023 ha; Table 3),
the first three districts are located in the west coast of Aceh.
Prior to Tsunami, the province was expected to produce 1.5 million ton of rice from 380
thousands ha of paddy field, 190 thousands ha of them were irrigated. Paddy field were found
mainly in the east coast, while in the west cost estate crops such as oil palm were found to
dominate the agricultural activities. Since larger area of paddy field were found mainly in the
east coast as compared to the west coast (Figure 3), the total paddy fields damaged by the
Tsunami is approximated less than 10% of the total paddy field area in the province before the
Tsunami. However, the lost of rice production could be significant. If the provincial average of
soil productivity for rice is 4.2 ton/ha, then the potential lost of rice production from Aceh is at
least 120,000 ton rice per planting season. Rehabilitating the Tsunami affected agriculture lands,
6
both the paddy field and other crops land, would restore not only the food security of rural areas
but also the livelihood of local farmers.
At least four major forms of damage, some areas sustaining a combination of more than
one forms, to farmlands have been identified: 1) changes in landscape, 2) deposition of mud
transported from the sea and coastline, 3) infiltration of sea water into the soil profile, and 4)
deposition of debris on soil surface.
The waves stripped out the land surface along the coastline to, at some areas in the west
cost, at least 1000 m inland leaving some of the formerly agricultural land areas to permanently
inundated with sea water. The areas are no longer suitable for agricultural activities, however, it
can be used as a waves protection area by planting with mangroves.
The Tsunami sent not only sea water but also mud from the sea and coastline to as far as
3-5 km inland in the east coast and 5-7 km in the west coast. As the water receded, the materials
sunk and capped the soil surface with mud and debris. Field observation indicated that the finer
materials deposited farther inland to the extent of the water’s path. The depth of the deposited
materials varied from 1 cm at the area closer to the coast line to >20 cm at the area closer to the
end of water’s path. These materials have gray to light green color and it is very hard when dry
indicating a high clay and some cementing agent contents. The clay content of deposited mud
varied from 7.8% to 42.8% depended on the source of materials (Table 4). Figures 4 and 5 show
paddy field covered with mud to as high as 40 cm and dry land covered with 20 cm mud,
respectively.
The electrical conductivity of the deposited materials was 19.8 – 84.2 dS/m (Table 4), a
level far exceeding most crop tolerable level of 2-3 dS/m. Dried mud on the soil surface forms a
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hard pan or crust that restrict infiltration of rainfall causing a significant amount of runoff but less
fresh water infiltrated into the soil to leach out the toxic materials.
Salinity of Soils
The seawater composed of salt, mainly in the form of NaCl. Other forms include a
combination of basic cations (K, Ca, Mg) and sulfate, bicarbonate, and chlorine anions.
The
seawater that flooded the agriculture land, in some areas lasted for several days, had a chance to
infiltrate into the soil profile and increased the salinity of soil or deteriorated soil structure due to
high sodium content. A preliminary study has been conducted to evaluate the effects of Tsunami
on soil salinity. Two transects were chosen, called Darussalam and Lhok Nga transects. On each
transect five points of observation were selected based on the level damages as indicated on the
satellite images.
Figures 6 and 7 show the soil EC (Electrical Conductivity) and ESP
(Exchangeable Sodium Percentage, the percentage of sodium relative to the sum of potassium,
calcium, magnesium, aluminum and hydrogen on the exchange site) of top soil (0 – 10 cm) and
sub soil (10 – 20 cm) of original soil 30 days after the Tsunami. The EC for soil removed from
Lhok Nga transect were much higher than the soil from Darussalam transect. Soil samples
collected from Lhok Nga transect were from paddy field and dry land from Darussalam transect.
The paddy field tended to hold deposited mud inside the bunds, therefore, increased the chance to
elevate soil salinity, while in the dry land the mud has been washed away by the rain.
There is a tendency that the EC for the top soils has been elevated from <1 dS/m for not
affected soils to as high as 40.97 dS/m and to a lesser degree of increase for the subsoil.
According to the information given by the local farmers, there has been 3 times of rainfall since
8
the tsunami. The rainfall may have enhanced the infiltration of salt materials into deeper soil to
increase the salinity for both the top and subsoil.
Soil salinity is an important growth-limiting factor for most non-halophytic plants. Salts
inhibit plant growth by osmotic stress, nutritional imbalance, and specific ion toxicity (Cornillon
and Palloix, 1997; Gunes et al., 1996). High levels of sodium on the exchange complex as
indicated by the ESP value greater than 15 may deteriorate soil structure which in turn reduce
plant growth (Ben-Hur et al., 1998).
Another problem facing the recovery process of agriculture is the widespread of debris on
the farmland. The debris consisted of concrete cement, wrecked cars, and many other materials
that need efforts to clean out from the farmland.
A preliminary recommendation has been released to the Ministry of AgricultureIndonesia by the Indonesian Soil Research Institute-Bogor on dealing with the elevated soil
salinity on dry land and wet land rice.
The recommendation is based on the thickness of mud
deposited on the field. Table 5 indicates the management recommendation that can be applied to
the field before planting seeds. The recommendation is subject to modification after more data is
collected.
Thematic Research Needs
The above discussion emphasizes the vital importance of understanding and mapping the
intensity and extent of damages caused by Tsunami on agricultural lands and how it affect the
socio-economic conditions (tenure system, labor availability, and gender issues of local farmers).
The information will be useful in guiding the rehabilitation processes, mobilizing aids, and
locating agriculture related investments.
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Also of prime importance is development of best bet menu of farming systems, because
farmers will start their cultivation in areas with less severe damages. Validation and refinement of
the best bet menu should follow, and these will be very important because of the wide range of
the nature of damages, while we lack experience to reclaim such damages.
Finally,
dissemination, especially in the forms of farmers’ practical guidelines, such as in leaflet and
booklet formats, will be necessary in disseminating the research and literature study results.
The proposed research activities include:
1. Inventory of the damage of agricultural land
2. Action research to test and refine technologies of soil rehabilitation
3. Evaluation of the dynamics of soil properties post Tsunami
4. Dissemination of findings in the forms of seminars/workshops/meetings, proceedings,
scientific papers, practical booklets, and leaflets.
The goals are:
a. Analyze the distribution of affected agricultural land using the remote sensing and GIS
technologies.
b. Classify the levels of soil damage and reassess crop suitability spatially
c. Appraise socio-economic (especially tenure system, land/man ratio, and household
structure)
d. Develop ‘best-bet technologies’ for soil rehabilitation.
e. Refine the best-bet technologies through concurrent farmer-led action research at
representative sites.
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f. Evaluate the dynamics of soil physical and chemical properties under the natural and
treated (rehabilitated) conditions.
g. Disseminate research results to various users including farmers, government/policy
makers, academicians and the public that are interested in the research results.
The outputs will be:
Output 1 An interactive GIS-based map presenting the level of damage, consisted of several
layers of thematic maps including land use before and after Tsunami, classification of
land damages and
land suitability post-Tsunami. These layers of maps will be
complemented with narrative and tabular description of soil and
local
socio-
economic conditions. Attempts will be made to also include selected social conditions
in the map.
Output 2 Best bet technology menu for rehabilitating Tsunami-affected agricultural land.
Output 3 Refined technology menu for rehabilitating Tsunami-affected agricultural land.
Output 4 Policy recommendation for providing/distributing supplies and technical assistance to
enable the community to implement agricultural recovery.
Output 5 Scientific documentation and analysis of the dynamics of soil properties and water
salinity.
Output 6 Various practical guidelines, maps, policy papers, as well as scientific papers
Brief Discussion on Each Activity
Activity 1.
The objective of this activity is to analyze and classify the distribution of affected
agricultural land using the remote sensing and GIS technologies and ground checks, as well as
11
(re)evaluation of land suitability for selected agricultural commodities and development of bestbet technologies for soil rehabilitation. The outputs are a package of interactive GIS-based map
and a series of hard-copy maps at 1:100.000-scale showing the spatial classification of damages,
land/man ratio, and crop suitability.
The zoning activities will consist of 3 steps:
1. Development of base field maps.
The base field maps will be developed in Bogor before the initiation of the ground survey.
Rough delineation of affected areas will be the main output at this step, which will be
corrected through the ground truth at the second step. The base maps will be developed based
on the following spatial data:
a. Satellite images will include, but not limited to, Landsat TM-5 and Landsat-7 taken in
2002, 2003, 2004 (before the Tsunami) and Landsat TM-5 and Landsat-7 taken on 2930 December 2004 and January 2005 (after the Tsunami). The satellite images will be
sorted to obtain the best images with <5% cloud interference.
b. Topographic maps at scale 1:50.000 (Bakosurtanal, 1975-1995)
c. Land use maps at scale 1:1.000.000 (BPN, 2003)
d. Paddy field maps at scale 1:1.000.000 (CSARD, 2004)
e. Land Unit maps at scale 1:250.000 (LREP, 1990)
2. Ground truth
The ground survey will be carried out to appraise the level of damages. Classification of the
level of damages will be based on the FAO guidelines “Guidelines for Soil Reclamation and
Resumption of Cultivation” (FAO, 2005). Adaptation to the guidelines will be made as
necessary based on field and laboratory findings.
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3. Develop maps and best bet menu technologies.
At this stage, a computer based map, printed maps, written report, and recommendation for
rehabilitating the Tsunami affected agricultural lands will be formulated. Thematic maps that
would be produced include mud thickness, electrical conductivity, salinity, ESP
(exchangeable sodium percentage), CEC (cation exchange capacity), available P, aggregate
stability, and land suitability. Suitability of the areas for major crops will be (re)assessed
using crop suitability guideline (Balittanah, 2003). The ‘best bet menu’ for soil rehabilitation
will be developed based on expert judgment and literature studies.
Activity 2
On-farm farmer-led action research approach will be employed during the research
activities to test selected technology menu that are most relevant to the problems of farmers’ in
each representative sites. The approach combines both technology from the research institution
(supply driven innovation) and technology from farmer (indigenous knowledge/practices). The
on-farm research approach aims not only to develop technologies for research purposes, but more
importantly, to refine and deliver the technologies directly to the farmers through direct
involvement of farmer in the research processes and dissemination packages (Activity 4). Various
aspects such as soil and water managements, and crop management will be looked into
exhaustively.
Number of treatment to be compared will not exceed three, including the control
untreated plot. Farmers’ selection will include, as wide portion as possible, of the ostensibly
recoverable transect. Treatments to be implemented will be focused on neutralizing the salinity
through surface drainage to wash out salts, deep tillage to enhance percolation, organic matter
13
applications to improve water retention capacity and soil aggregation, fertilization, and planting
of tolerant crops. Detailed treatments will be defined after the conduct of inventory and best
menu development activity (Activity 1) and after interaction with farmers.
Soil property changes and crop yield will be monitored. At the site of each farmer’s
cooperator, a hardwood peg will be installed as a reference point for soil and crop sampling.
Composite samples (1 kg each) and undisturbed samples using ring sample (7.5 x 5 cm) from
each farm at 0-20 cm and 20 – 40 cm depths will be taken every 3 months. The Samples will be
analyzed for EC, salinity, pH, ESP, exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K), ECEC, available P, and
bulk density, aggregate stability, and porosity.
Activity 3
Analysis of the the changes of soil chemical and physical properties of affected areas is
important as a basis to develop further land management strategy and to contribute to the
literature on salt affected soil properties. The monitoring activity will be conducted once a month
on selected transects near each of the four Action Research sites. This activity will be conducted
in line with crop adaptability activity. Matrix of correlation, and stepwise regression analysis will
be used to explain the relationship between crop growth and key soil properties.
Researcher from the Soil Research Institute will provide equipments and train local staffs
(BPTP and/or Dinas Pertanian Aceh) and students to conduct the monitoring. We expect to train
4 local staffs, and 4 students for this purpose. Close supervision will be provided by Soil
Research Institute Samples will be analyzed at Soil Research Institute’s Laboratory and research
findings will be written in co-authorship manner with BPTP, students and the students’
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supervisors. In general, Activity 3 will be aimed at providing scientific explanation of the soil
processes.
Activity 4
Dissemination of findings and recommended technologies to farmers, decision makers,
extension workers, and scientists will be carried out in various ways including workshop,
seminar, poster presentation, scientific paper, practical booklet, and leaflets.
Four seminars will be convened by Soil Research Institute and the research team will be
sponsored to attend related workshops and seminars convened by other institutions at
international, national, provincial, and district levels during the course of thee year research.
The first seminar will be conducted in June 2005 at BPTP Aceh after the completion of
Activity “1” (Inventory of the damage of agricultural land). Besides presentation of the results of
Activity we will invite the papers from related research institutions to exchange the results and
increase coordination between institutions. Leaflets describing the best bet step by steps
procedure for rehabilitating saline soils will also be distributed during the seminar.
The second seminar will be conducted in December 2005 to present the research progress
either in Jakarta or Banda Aceh. The third seminar will be conducted at the end of year 2 (2006)
and the fourth seminar will be at the end of the project (December 2007). Representation of
participants from international, national, provincial, and district levels will be maintained as
much as possible.
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Expected Impacts
Restoration of the productive capacity of soils to provide food and income to farmers in areas
affected by Tsunami.
Beneficiaries:
The information and technology will benefit farmers in restarting their farm management and the
local and national governments in facilitating the local farmers and allotment of supplies
necessary for soil restoration. The research result is expected to also contribute to the scientific
literature for handling and anticipation of similar damages not only for Indonesian problem, but
also for the international community. This will maximize benefits from the research for Aceh as
well as other affected areas in Asia and elsewhere.
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References
Agus, F., dan E. Husen. 2005. Tinjaun umum multifungsi pertanian (Multifunctionality of
Agriculture. p. 1-16 dalam Husen, E., A. Rachman, Irawan, dan F. Agus (eds). Prosiding
Seminar Nasional Multifungsi Pertanian dan Ketahanan Pangan, Bogor 12 Oktober dan 24
Desember 2004.
Annonymous. 2004. A Framework for Reclamation Action Plan for Affected Soils (draft). FAO,
Rome.
Badan Pusat Statistik. 2004. Statistik Indonesia. http://www.bps.go.id.
Bappenas. 2005. www.bappenas.go.id
Ben-Hur, M., M. Agassi, R. Keren, and J. Zhang. 1998. Compaction, aging and raindrop impact
effect on hydraulic properties of saline and sodic Vertisols. Soil Scie. Soc. Am. J. 62:13771383.
Cornillin, P., and A. Palloix. 1997. Influence of sodium chloride on the growth and mineral
nutrition of pepper cultivars. J. Plant Nutr. 20:1085-1094.
Djaenudin, D., Marwan H., Subagjo H., dan A. Hidayat. 2003. Petunjuk Teknis Evaluasi Lahan
Untuk Komoditas Pertanian. Balai Penelitian Tanah, Bogor.
FAO. 2005. A Framework for Reclamation Action Plan for Affected Soils”. FAO, Rome.
Gunes, A., A. Inal, and M. Alpaslan. 1996. Effect of salinity on stomatal resistance, proline, and
mineral composition of pepper. J. Plant Nutr. 19:389-396.
Irawan, B., S. Friyatno, A. Supriyatna, I.S. Ahugrah, N.A. Kirom, B. Rachman, dan B. Wiryono.
2001. Perumusan Model Kelembagaan Konservasi Lahan Pertanian. Pusat Penelitian Sosial
Ekonomi Pertanian, Bogor.
Mulyani, A., F. Agus, and Wahyunto. 2003. Land suitability and land use changes in Indonesia.
Paper presented at the 2nd AMAF + 3 Sysmposium on Research and Development of
Sustainable Agriculture. Phnom Penh 25 - 26 February 2003.
Subagjo, H., N. Suharta, dan A. B. Siswanto. 2000. Lahan Pertanian Indonesia (Agricultural
Lands of Indonesia). p. 21 – 66 dalam Sumberdaya Lahan Indonesia dan Pengelolaannya.
Center for Soil and Agroclimate Research and Develoment, Bogor.
Suganda, H., Diah Setyorini, H. Kusnadi, I. Saripin, dan U. Kurnia. 2003. Evaluasi pencemaran
limbah industri tekstil untuk kelestarian lahan sawah. p. 203-221 dalam Undang Kurnia, F.
Agus, D. Setyorini, dan A. Setiyanto (eds). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Multifungsi dan
Konversi Lahan Pertanian, Bogor 2 Oktober dan Jakarta 25 Oktober 2002. Puslitbangtanak,
Deptan.
Sutono, S., Y. Hadian, H. Kusnadi, dan A. Abdurachman. 2001. Perubahan sifat kimia tanah
sawah dan kualitas hasil tanaman akibat limbah industri tekstil. p. 163-188 dalam Djaenuddin
et al. (eds). Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Lahan dan Pupuk, Bogor
30-31 Oktober 2001. Puslitbangtanak, Deptan.
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List of Tables
Table 1.
Rice harvested area, rice production, and imported rice of Indonesia, 1990-2003.
Table 2.
Soil distribution in Indonesia (x 1,000 ha)
Table 3.
Satellite images analyses on damaged paddy field due to Tsunami in Aceh.
Table 4.
Characteristics of deposited mud measured on 26-29 Januari 2005 in Aceh
Besar.
Table 5.
Preliminary recommendation for rehabilitating the soil from salinity problems based
on land use and mud thickness.
List of Figures
Figure 1. Ikonos satelite images of Lho Nga Aceh Besar before and 3 days after the Tsunami.
Figure 2. Landsat TM 7 of north Meulaboh, Aceh Barat before and after the Tsunami.
Figure 3. Wet land rice distribution in Aceh and North Sumatra.
Figure 4. Paddy field under mud cover in Lho Nga 30 days after the Tsunami.
Figure 5. Dry land covered with 20 cm mud in Banda Aceh 30 days after the Tsunami.
Figure 6. The Electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soil
collected from the Darussalam transect.
Figure 7. The Electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soil
collected from the Lhok Nga transect.
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Table 1. Rice harvested area, rice production, and imported rice of Indonesia, 1990-2003.
Year
Harvested
Area
x 1,000 ha
1990
10.5
1991
10.28
1992
11.10
1993
11.01
1994
10.73
1995
11.44
1996
11.57
1997
11.14
1998
11.61
1999
11.96
2000
11.79
2001
11.42
2002
11.52
2003
11.49
Source: Agus and Husen (2005
Rice
Imported
Production
Rice
--------------x 1,000 t ------------29,366
29,048
31,356
31,318
30,317
32,334
33,215
32,095
30,537
31,118
32,345
31,283
32,369
32,846
29
178
634
0
876
3,014
1,090
406
5,765
4,183
1,513
1,400
3,100
2,400
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Table 2. Soil distribution in Indonesia (x 1,000 ha)
Soils
Sumat Java
Kaliman Sulawe
Bali&Nusa Maluku Total
ra
tan
si
Tenggara
& Papua
14,494
3,327
128
4,448
6,591
Histosols
5,395
321
381
164
237
1,698
2,594
Andisols
18,006
6,452
1,210
857
3,698
1,614
4,175
Entisols
70,520
20,393
3,276
9,186
14,903
5,201
Inceptisols 17,561
45,794
8,859
53
4,303
21,938
1,172
9,469
Ultisols
14,111
2,657
0
751
4,531
272
5,900
Oxisols
5,152
1,236
767
2,003
0
1,093
53
Alfisols
9,913
6,277
1,116
702
685
682
451
Mollisols
2,155
0
0
60
2,079
0
16
Spodosols
2,118
2
364
307
0
1,445
0
Vertisols
1,845
688
40
282
372
33
430
Complex
47,240 13,210
52,891
18,743
7,208
50,212 189,503
Source: Subagjo et al. (2000)
20
Table 3. Satellite images analyses on damaged paddy field due to Tsunami in Aceh.
No.
District/City
Paddy Field
Ha
1
Aceh Singkil
4971
2
Aceh Selatan
17916
3
Aceh Barat Daya
18249
4
Nagan Raya
23668
5
Aceh Barat
41538
6
Aceh Jaya
15529
7
Aceh Besar
30915
8
Kota Bd.Aceh
476
9
Aceh Pidie
38302
10
Bireun
20507
11 Kota L.Seumawe
4155
12
Aceh Utara
39337
13
Aceh Timur
53571
14
Aceh Tamiang
21682
15
Kota Langsa
2005
16
Simelue
3186
17
Kota Sabang
10
Total
336017
Source: Wahyunto et al. (2005, unpublished)
Paddy Field
Damaged
Ha
NA
3627
4520
NA
6107
4159
3574
213
4023
1666
392
650
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
28931
Percent
Damaged
%
NA
20,2
24,7
NA
14,7
26,7
11,2
44,7
10,5
8,1
9,4
1,6
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA = Analysis is progressing.
21
Table 4. Characteristics of deposited mud measured on 26-29 Januari 2005 in Aceh Besar.
Lamcot, Aceh Besar
Sand
Content
(%)
52.8
Clay
Content
(%)
7.8
Mud
Thickness
(cm)
10 - 20
Kenene, Aceh Besar
26.2
42.8
Lampineung, Aceh
12.3
Village
Soil EC
Salt Content
(dS/m)
60.86
(ppm)
31,280
15 - 25
84.19
46,268
42.3
15 - 25
80.11
44,116
47.2
24.8
2-5
38.95
20,140
6.2
41.9
2-5
19.8
9,804
Besar
Tanjung, Aceh Besar
Mire, Aceh Besar
22
Table 5. Preliminary recommendation for rehabilitating the soil from salinity problems based on
land use and mud thickness.
Land Use
Dry Land
Paddy
Field
Mud Thickness
(cm)
<5
Alternative Technology
5 – 15
1. Establish a simple/ditch irrigation to wash out the
salts from the field.
2. Deep tillage (20-40 cm) to enhance percolation.
3. Apply more organic fertilizer to enrich soil organic
matter
> 15
1. Restore/improve irrigation canals to wash out salts
from the field.
2. Deep tillage (20-40 cm) to enhance percolation
3. Introduce salt tolerance crops.
4. Apply more organic fertilizer to enrich soil organic
matter.
Tillage to incorporate mud with the soil, then planted
with rice after cleaning up the debris.
<5
Deep tillage to incorporate the mud with soil.
5 - 15
1. Restore irrigation canals to wash out salts from the
field.
2. Remove debris from the field.
3. Apply deep tillage (20-30 cm) to incorporate mud
with the soil.
4. Apply more organic fertilizer to enrich soil organic
matter.
> 15
1. Establish/restore irrigation canals to wash out salts
from the field
2. Remove debris from the field
3. Apply deep tillage to incorporate mud with the soil
4. Introduce salt tolerance crops.
5. Apply more organic fertilizer.
23
Before Tsunami
3 days After Tsunami
Figure 1. Ikonos satelite images of Lho Nga Aceh Besar before and 3 days after the Tsunami.
Before
After
Figure 2. Landsat TM 7 of north Meulaboh, Aceh Barat before and after the Tsunami.
24
Figure 3. Wet land rice distribution in Aceh and North Sumatra.
25
Figure 4. Paddy field under mud cover in Lho Nga 30 days after the Tsunami.
26
Figure 5. Dry land covered with 20 cm mud in Banda Aceh 30 days after the Tsunami.
27
a)
Soil EC, dS/m
16
14
0 - 10 cm
12
10 - 20 cm
10
8
6
4
2
0
1.00
2.50
3.50
4.00
4.50
Distance from shore, km
b)
ESP, %
80
70
0 - 10 cm
60
10 - 20 cm
50
40
30
20
10
0
1.00
2.50
3.50
4.00
4.50
Distance from shore, km
Figure 6. The Electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soil
collected from the Darussalam transect.
28
a)
45
40
0 - 10 cm
Soil EC, dS/m
35
10 - 20 cm
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1.00
2.00
3.50
4.00
5.00
Distance from shore , km
b)
120
100
0 - 10 cm
10 - 20 cm
ESP, %
80
60
40
20
0
1.00
2.00
3.50
4.00
5.00
Distance from shore, km
Figure 7. The Electrical conductivity (EC) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) of soil
collected from the Lhok Nga transect.
29