Paul S. Martin
Signature Not
Verified
Digitally signed by Paul
S. Martin
DN: cn=Paul S. Martin,
o=Lumileds Lighting,
c=US
Date: 2003.03.14
23:07:56 -08'00'
IEEE Santa Clara – February 12th 2003
www.lumileds.com
Illumination with LEDs
Paul S. Martin
1
Copyrig ht (c ) Lumile ds Ligh ting L LC Compan y C onfide ntial
High Power White LEDs
Outline
• Introduction to Lumileds Lighting☺
• LED Technology & metrics
• Options for making white light from LEDs
• Competition in the market for Illumination Sources
Incandescent & Fluorescent Bulbs.
• Lumileds power LED in Backlighting
2
• Some interesting demos
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
1
Lumileds’ Parents
50/50 Joint Venture between Agilent Technologies and Philips Lighting
Lighting
Philips Lighting:
The world leader in lighting
HP/Agilent:
40 years heritage in LED technology leadership
3
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Lumileds Worldwide
The Netherlands
San Jose, CA, USA. Headquarters
Penang,, Malaysia
Penang
~600 People and $150M in Revenue
4
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2
Who is LumiLeds?
Fully integrated light source supplier that co-develops optimized system
solutions
• LED dice
• Luxeon Power Light Sources
• Arrays of High Flux LEDs on
a metal core PCB
• Automotive Traffic Signals
5
Outdoor Signage
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
High Power White LEDs
Outline
• Introduction to Lumileds Lighting
Lighting☺
☺
• LED Technology & metrics
• Competition in the market for Illumination Sources
Incandescent & Fluorescent Bulbs.
• Options for making white light from LEDs
• Lumileds power white LED performance
6
• Some interesting demos
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
3
Lumileds AlInGaP Technology
1991
1994
3x Improvement
1998
15x improvement
2001
22x improvement
Lumileds invests heavily to develop leading technology in LED material. Our
AlInGaP technology leads the world in performance for Red, Orange, and
Amber light. And we continue to improve performance.
7
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InGaN technology for Green, Blue, and White
8
HP Indicator LED
(1998)
LumiLeds Power LED
(1999)
(2001)
300x400um2
1000x1000um2
1000x1000um2
~ 10 x flux
improvement
~ 17 x flux
improvement
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
4
LED Technology
Haitz’s Law for LED Flux
• LED Flux per package has doubled every 1818-24 months for 30+ Years!!
• 1965 Moore’s Law “# of Transistors/chip will double every 1818-24 months!”
Flux/Package (lumens)
1000
100
Luxeon
10
1
TM
Indicator LEDs
0.1
0.01
0.001
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
9
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High Power White LEDs
Die design - flipflip-chip submount
A silicon submount is utilized for several reasons;
• Silicon & sapphire have similar coefficients of thermal expansion,
expansio n,
• Solder bumping of silicon wafers is an industry standard process,
process,
• A wide range of electronics can be integrated into silicon,
enabling a range of advanced products,
• A hexagonal shape provides a compact optical element.
• Extraction efficiency 2x higher than conventional GaN LEDs
• Power per LED ~1~1-2 orders of magnitude higher.
Active region
sapphire
N-contact
GaN epi
P-contact
Solder
Si submount with patented ESD protection
10
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5
High Power White LEDs
Die design - extraction efficiency
Light extraction efficiency is improved in flip chip designs by;
• No attenuation of light by semisemi-transparent metal electrodes,
• Absorption of wavewave-guided light is dramatically reduced through
the use of highly reflective metallizations,
• No light is obscured by bond pads or wires.
Extraction Efficiency (%)
80
High refle ctivity pcontact
70
Low reflectivity pcontact
60
50
λ ~505nm
40
30
0
10
20
30
40
50
P-Contact Absorption (% pe r pass)
11
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High Power White LEDs
WPE & εe,colored LED [ lm/We]
120
80%
70%
80
60%
60
50%
40%
40
WPE (%)
lumens/W elec)
90%
Approximate State of the Art!
100
100%
30%
20%
20
10%
0
40 0
450
500
550
600
0%
650
Peak Wavelength (nm)
12
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
6
High Power White LEDs
IQE & Extraction Efficiency
100%
100%
90%
Approximate State of the Art!
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
400
450
500
550
600
Extraction Eff. (%)
IQE (%)
90%
0%
650
Peak Wavelength (nm)
13
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Luxeon LEDs in Illumination
Motivation for Luxeon high-power LEDs
• Direct Luxeon efficiency EXCEEDS the best available Saturated light sources.
• Long
Long--Life Luxeon White Efficiency will EXCEED Important Conventional White sources
•Cost of flux is still above conventional sources.
1000
Luminous Performance
(lumens/Watt)
Eye Res pons e Curve
(CIE)
High Pres s ure
Sodium (1kW)
AlGaInP
Fluorescent (40W)
Mercury Vapor (1kW)
100
Halogen (30W)
PC-- White
PC
Tungs ten (60W)
10
AlGaInN
AlGaAs
Red-Filtered
Tungs ten (60W)
1
400
500
600
700
800
900
Peak Wavelength (nm)
14
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
7
High Power White LEDs
Luxeon™ approach
Die design
•
Large area die for high power capability,
•
Electrode design for low spreading resistance,
•
Flip-chip configuration;
Flip• high extraction efficiency,
• low thermal resistance,
• ability to integrate electronics.
Package design
•
Low thermal resistance package,
•
Stable, soft gel inner encapsulant
encapsulant,,
•
Controlled radiation pattern and efficient optics.
System design
•
Low thermal resistance board design,
•
Efficient secondary optical elements.
15
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
High Power White LEDs
Luxeon High Power Package Example
Plastic Lens
Silicone
Encapsulent
InGaN
Semiconductor Flip
Chip
Cathode Lead
Gold Wire
Solder Connection
Heatsink Slug
16
Silicon Sub-mount Chip
with ESD Protection
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
8
High Power White LEDs
5mm Indicator Package Example
Wedge Wire Bond
LED Chip Conductive
Epoxy Die Attach; Ball
Wire Bond Onto Top
Contact
Lens (Diffuser)
Anode (+)
Cathode (-)
17
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Luxeon - Superior Lumen Maintenance
Relative Light Output
120%
100%
High–Power
Luxeon
80%
60%
5mm white LED
40%
20%
L ig hting Resea rch Center - Sept 2 002
Incandescent
(typical)
0%
0
2000
4000
6000 8000 10000 12000 14000
Tim e (hrs)
• Luxeon LEDs have superior lumen maintenance to epoxy encapsulated
(5mm, surface mount, etc.) LEDs by design
• Ongoing tests show Luxeon is stable through 12,000 hours by which time
5mm LEDs have degraded ~80% and Incandescent bulbs have died
• Luxeon (colored and white) is expected to show an astounding 70%
average lumen maintenance (30% degradation) at 50,000 hours
18
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
9
LED Technology & Metrics
Tower of Babble?
optical power out / electric power in = Wall-Plug-Efficiency, WPE, (%,W/W)
photons out / electrons in = External Quantum Efficiency, EQE, %
photons internally generated / electrons in = Internal Quantum Efficiency , IQE, %
photons out / photons generated = extraction efficiency, %, ηe xt
photon energy / applied voltage (times electron charge) = electrical efficiency, %, η v
lumens out / optical watt out = optical luminous efficacy, εo, [lm/Wo]
lumens out / electric power in = electrical luminous efficacy, εe, [lm/We ]
WPE(%) = IQE*ηext *ηv
IQE*ηext = EQE
EQE*ηv = WPE
WPE* εo = lm/We = εe
19
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
LED Technology & Metrics
Tower of Babble take 2 for white LEDs
εo,ph = Luminous efficacy of phosphor/LED blend, [lm/Wo]
ηQD = Quantum deficit in pumping phosphor
η ph = Phosphor quantum efficiency
η pkg = Package Efficiency - Catch all for color mixing penalty in RGB schemes,
phosphor re-absorption & added packaging loss due to addition of phosphor,...
IQE*η ext*η v
εe,white [lm/We] = WPE(T,I) * εo,ph [lm/Wo] * ηQD * ηph(T) * ηpkg
20
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10
LED Technology & Metrics
LED Skulduggery
Paul’s Top 5 Sins
21
What am I hiding?
1) Quoting EQE without Vf or WPE
1) Vf, power efficiency
2) Quoting low duty factor results
2) Thermal resistance, heating
3) Quoting WPE without current or
current density & total power out.
3) GaN in particular has strong
dependence of WPE on current
not much light comes out of a
device at very low currents!
4) Quoting WPE without temperature
4) WPE is strongly dependent on
junction temperature for
AlInGaP, less so for AlInGaN.
5) Quoting Cd without Flux
5) Radiation pattern
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
High Power White LEDs
Outline
• Introduction to Lumileds Lighting
Lighting☺
☺
• LED Technology & metrics
• Options for making white light from LEDs
• Competition in the market for Illumination Sources
Incandescent & Fluorescent Bulbs.
• Lumileds power white LED performance
22
• Some interesting demos
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
11
White Light from LEDs
Three methods of Generating LED White Light
• Each method has potential strengths!
Red + Green + Blue LEDs
UV LED + RGB Phosphor
UV LED
Spectrum
Combined
Spectrum
Red Peak
Blue Peak
Phosphor
Emission
Green Peak
410
470
525 590 630
23
470
525
590 630
(nm)
(nm)
RGB LEDs
Binary Complimentary
UV LED + RGB phosphor
Combined
Spectrum
Blue LED
Spectrum
Phosphor
Emission
470
525 590 630
(nm)
Blue LED
+
Yellow phosphor
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
White Light from LEDs
White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)
• Advantages:
• Simple and single Yellow phosphor versions available today!
• Decent color rendering (Ra = 75 for Blue LED + Yellow Phosphor)
• Disadvantages
• Limits on efficiency due to Stokes shift, self absorption, temperature
temperature effects…
• Better color rendering (i.e. multi phosphor comes at cost of luminous
luminous efficiency!)
• So how does this approach measure up using our OIDA metrics? (YAG
(YAG + blue)
• Knowns: εo,ph [lm/Wo] ~ 330lm/Wo, η QD = 80%, η ph(25C) >95%
εe,white [lm/We] = WPE(T) * εo,ph [lm/Wo] * ηQD * ηph(T) * η pkg
• For 150lm/W WPE(T,I) * η pkg = 60% at appropriate temperature & drive!
• For 200lm/W WPE(T,I) * η pkg = 80% at appropriate temperature & drive!
• Today’s production best is from Lumileds at ~10% :-)
24
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
12
White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)
Today, PC LEDs are in the 2020-30lm/W range!
• Todays white LEDs are in the ~20~20-30lm/W range!
0.9
Ce3+ doped garnet family,
e.g.(Y,Gd)3 Al5 O12
LED, T = 25C
LED,T = 105C
0.8
YAG:Ce
Planckian locus
0.7
530
Combined with the same LED, Ce3+
phosphors hit the Planckian at different
color temperatures:
CIE1931
520
540
0.6
510
0.5
500
70
590
0.4
50
620
630
2500K
0.3
CCT=4000K, Ra=75
60
600
10,000K
40
3300K
490
30
640
5000K
20
10
0.2
0
400
480
0.1
470
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
25
0.6
0.7
600
700
nm
800
Ra = 75 is not great (good FL has 83)
but it is OK for some applications.
460
450 nm
0.0
0.0
500
0.8
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)
The 22-phosphorphosphor-converted LED – 2pcLED
0.9
1 LED + 2 phosphors
combospec
2.00
0.8
Adding green and red to the
blue of the LED opens a huge
color gamut and allows for
de-luxe white of any color
temperature – one option:
• SrGa2 S4 :Eu2+ - green
• SrS:Eu2+ - red
Ra = 92
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.7
0.00
400
530
520
500
600
510
8206
7193
7118
0.5
500
590
0.4
600
10,000K
610
620
630
SrS:Eu
2500K
0.3
3300K
490
combospec
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.2
480
470
460
The dipole-allowed 5d-4f
transitions of Ce3+ and Eu2+
are uniquely suited for color
converters:
high absorption, small
Stoke’s shift
640
5000K
0.1
800
HP LED, T = 25C
HP LED,T = 105C
Planckian locus
Phosphors
CIE1931
Series15
540
0.6
700
TG:Eu
400
Ra = 92
500
600
700
800
0.0
0.0
26
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
13
White from Blue LED + Phosphor(s)
Progress on Temperature stability of Phosphors
(Y,Gd)AG: Ce
measured on powders
25 C
(Y,Gd)AG, 4 mol% Ce
100
[Gd]
0%
I(T)/I(25C), %
80
60
25
40
50
75
20
radiance under 460 nm excitation
1200000
50
1000000
100
120
800000
150
200
600000
400000
200000
0
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
nm
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
Temperature, C
1200000
25
1000000
50
100
800000
novel phosphors with improved
color specs emerge; in this case
using a Ce 3+ - Pr3+ transfer of
excitation energy and yielding
more temperature stable behavior
27
120
150
600000
200
400000
200000
0
400
500
600
700
800
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Compan y
White Light from LEDs
White from UV LED + RGB Phosphors
• Advantages:
•
•
•
•
White point determined by phosphors ONLY! (i.e. tolerant to LED variation)
Excellent color rendering possible!
Superficially “Simple to manufacture!” Reality is not so simple!
Temperature stability of phosphors. (Can be great!)
• Disadvantages
• Potential for damaging UV light leakage.
• Limits on efficiency due to Stokes shift, self absorption, temperature effects,…
• So how does this approach measure up using our OIDA metrics? (UV + RGB)
• Knowns: εo,ph [lm/Wo] <300lm/Wo, η QD = 70%(380nm), η ph(25C) >95% (guess?)
εe,white [lm/We] = WPE(T) * εo,ph [lm/Wo] * ηQD * ηph(T) * η pkg
• For 150lm/W WPE(T,I) * η pkg = 75% at appropriate temperature & drive!
• For 200lm/W WPE(T,I) * η pkg = 100% at appropriate temperature & drive!
28
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
14
UV LED pumped RGB Phosphors
UV LED must be >2x Green LED WPE for same lm/W!
• Downshift in color causes fundamental energy loss.
Power Conversion (%)
• Scattering in phosphor + absorption in package (inc. phosphor) reduces
reduces extraction
efficiency! Today’s best package efficiency is ~50% for Blue + Yellow phosphor,
UV + RGB phosphor likely to be even worse!
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
370
Assuming 50% pkg. Efficiency!
380
390
400
410
Re d 630nm
Blue 460nm
Gr ee n 540nm
White
White + Pk g
420
430
UV Pump Wavelength (nm)
29
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
White Light from LEDs
White from RGB LEDs
• Advantages:
•
•
•
•
Long term likely the most efficient!
Excellent color rendering possible! (There is a price thou
Very large color Gamut available!
Dynamic tuning & monitoring of color point possible!
• Disadvantages
• Temperature stability of LEDs varies with color.
• Dynamic tuning & monitoring of color point required?!
• So how does this approach measure up using our OIDA metrics? (UV + RGB)
• Knowns: εo ,RGB [lm/Wo] ~ 300lm/Wo, η QD = 100%, η ph(25C) = 100%
εe,white [lm/We] = WPE(T) * εo,ph [lm/Wo] * ηQD * ηph(T) * η pkg
• For 150lm/W WPE(T,I) * η pkg = 50% at appropriate temperature & drive!
• For 200lm/W WPE(T,I) * η pkg = 67% at appropriate temperature & drive!
30
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
15
High Power White LEDs
WPE & εe,colored LED [ lm/We]
120
80%
70%
80
60%
60
50%
40%
40
WPE (%)
lumens/W elec)
90%
Approximate State of the Art!
100
100%
30%
20%
20
10%
0
40 0
450
500
550
600
0%
650
Peak Wavelength (nm)
31
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
High Power White LEDs
IQE & Extraction Efficiency
100%
100%
90%
Approximate State of the Art!
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
400
450
500
550
600
Extraction Eff. (%)
IQE (%)
90%
0%
650
Peak Wavelength (nm)
32
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
16
Typical InGaN EQE vs. Current
20
120
InGaN LEDs
λd ~530 nm
16
100
Power LED
Luminous Flux (lm)
External Quantum Efficiency (%)
Performance characteristics
12
8
4
"5 mm" LED
0
50
λd ~530 nm
80
60
Power LED
40
"5 mm" LED
20
0
100
150
200
0
2
50
100
150
200
2
Current Density (A/cm )
33
InGaN LEDs
Current Density (A/cm )
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
High Power White LEDs
AlInGaP Red lm/W & IQE Temperature Dependence
100%
100
80
Lumen/Welec
90%
Approximate State of the Art!
T0 = 173C Photometrically
80%
70
70%
60
60%
50
50%
40
40%
30
30%
20
20%
10
10%
0%
0
0
34
~IQE (%)
90
50
100
150
200
250
300
Peak Wavelength (nm)
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
17
White Light from LEDs
Three methods of Generating LED White Light
• Each method has potential strengths!
Red + Green + Blue LEDs
UV LED + RGB Phosphor
UV LED
Spectrum
Combined
Spectrum
Red Peak
Blue Peak
Phosphor
Emission
Green Peak
410
470
525 590 630
Binary Complimentary
470
525
590 630
(nm)
470
(nm)
RGB LEDs
35
Combined
Spectrum
Blue LED
Spectrum
Phosphor
Emission
525 590 630
(nm)
Blue LED
+
Yellow phosphor
UV LED + RGB phosphor
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
Opto-electronics Industry Assoc.
OIDA
2002
Efficiency (lm/W)
Cost ($/klm)
Lifetime (khrs)
CRI
2005
2007
30
100
20
75
21st Century Lighting (lm/W)
2010
75
10
20
80
60
2012
2020
150
5
100
85
200
2
100
85
120
Required LED Pump WPE(T,I) * η pkg
White Technology
2002
2005
2007
2010
2012
2020
Efficiency (lm/W)
RGB White
Blue + Phosphor(s) White
UV + 3 Phosphor White
30
10%
12%
15%
60
20%
24%
30%
75
25%
30%
38%
120
40%
48%
60%
150
50%
60%
75%
200
67%
80%
100%
36
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
18
High Power White LEDs
And the efficiency winner is?
• UV + RGB phosphors IF
• UV LED is fundamentally ~2x higher WPE than green LED?
• And RGB phosphors with high efficiency at high temperature can be
be found?
• Blue + Yellow phosphor IF
• Blue LED is fundamentally ~1.5x higher WPE than green LED?
• And phosphor with Ra > 85 & high efficiency at high T can be found?
found?
• Red, Green and Blue LED IF
• AlInGaP T0 can be raised or other Red semiconductor can be mastered?
mastered?
• Will InN ever make efficient Red?
Anyone going to Vegas?
37
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
High Power White LEDs
Outline
• Introduction to Lumileds Lighting
Lighting☺
☺
• LED Technology & metrics
• Options for making white light from LEDs
• Competition in the market for Illumination Sources
Incandescent & Fluorescent Bulbs.
• Lumileds power white LED performance
38
• Some interesting demos
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
19
Illumination Markets
How Much Energy is Used for Lighting
• In 1999 the US used 3 Trillion kWhr of Electricity!
• 20% or 600 Billion kWhr of Electicity generated was used in Lighting!
• Incandescent/Hal. lamps burn 40% of electricity to produce 15% of
of light!
• Fluorescent/HID lamps use 60% of electricity to produce 85% of light!
light!
• Illumination market is $60Billion/yr and growing slowly, ~2%/yr
39
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
Illumination Markets
Incandescent Bulbs
•
Incandescent = hot light, emitted from a (tungsten) filament at around 2800oK
• Disadvantages:
•
•
•
•
mostly infrainfra- red
glass vacuum envelope & filament both break easily
<15 lm/W luminous (<5% power) efficiency
fire hazard, burnt fingers, maintenance
• Advantages:
Basic disadvantage:
Lots of heat AND
no chance to come close
to DAYLIGHT = 6500oK
black body spectra
2
power spectra, norm.@600 nm
• Radiant cooling
• Cheap 0.0005$/lumen
• klm per package!
1.8
3000K
1.6
1.4
4000
1.2
5500
1
0.8
6500
0.6
0.4
7500
0.2
0
0.3
0.4
Courtesy Gerd M ueller LL
40
0.5
0.6
0.7
µm
0.8
0.9
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
20
Illumination Markets
Fluorescent Bulbs
• Fluorescent = cold light, emitted by phosphors excited by gas discharge.
discharge.
• Advantages:
• High efficiency 80+lm/W & High Flux klm
klm/lamp
/lamp
• Moderate cost for large lamps 0.002$/lm
• Disadvantages:
• Lifetime short <10,000 hrs resulting in high maintenance.
• Glass vacuum envelope leaks/breaks, ballast noisy.
• Mercury!!
0.025
1.2
1.0
0.02
blac k body 3600 K
0.015
fluores cent, CCT=3600 K
0.01
Ra = 83
0.4
0.005
Courtesy Gerd M ueller LL
41
0
400
0.6
rad. flux, a.u.
rad. flux, a.u.
0.8
Basic Advantage:
any color temperature
possible by tri-color mixing
0.2
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
nm
0.0
800
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
Common Low Wattage Bulbs
White LED technologies share Four challenges!
* Maximize efficiency - lm/W
* Color Control: CCT, Ra
* Maximize flux density - lm/package
* Increase the Flux per Buck - kLm/$
15 W
110 lm/bulb
7 lm/W
Incandescent
42
4W
145 lm/bulb
36 lm/W
Fluorescent
20W
320 lm/bulb
17 lm/W
Halogen
45 W
475 lm/bulb
10 lm/W
Incandescent
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
21
Illumination Markets
Cost of Light ($/Million Lumen Hours)
60A - Incandescent bulb
60
1000
750
750
0.34
12.5
cost of light
$/MLH
2.2059 $
8.010
15SLS - Compact Fluorescent
15
10000
900
765
14.97
51.0
0.0511
$
1.964
F34CWE - Fluorescent Tube
34
20000
2600
2350
1.5
69.1
1.5667
F32T8ADV - Fluorescent Tube
32
24000
3100
2950
1.5
92.2
1.9667
$
$
1.447
1.085
400
20000
36000
24000
54
60.0
0.4444
$
1.667
5.138
50000
120
90
10
17.5
0.0090
$
5.713
lamp
w atts
Life
*
hours
MH400 - Metal Halide
Luxeon
initial
Maintained
price
Efficacy
lumens
lumens
$$$
lm/W
klm/$
* = Luxeon Life defined as 50% initial brightness
S tandard lamp Life defined as 50% dead
$/MLH = 10/q(((p+h)/L)+w*r)
q = mean lamp lumen
p = Lamp cost in cents
h = Labor cost in cents
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w = wattage
r = energy cost $0.01/kwhr
Lamp data Courtesy Bill Ryan – Philips Lighting
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
High Power White LEDs
Potential Power Savings vs. Traditional Lighting
• Todays white LEDs are in the ~30lm/W range, but still low flux, 120lm max!
• Assume 50% optical efficiency for CFL & Fluorescent!
100
Incandescent
Power Saved (%)
OIDA 2007
Halogen
80
Luxeon 2002
CFL
60
Fluorescent
40
OIDA 2012
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
LED Efficacy (lm/W)
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Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
22
Illumination Markets
So Where to High Power LEDs fit?
• Customers are willing to pay for high quality white light.
• Today:
• LEDs have higher “cost of light” than Fluorescent but lower than incandescent.
• LEDs have higher “quality light” than Fluorescent but lower than incandescent.
• LEDs dominate applications requiring saturated color.
• Tomorrow:
• LEDs “cost of light” will match Fluorescent in ~4-6years.
• LEDs “quality of light” can be adjusted at price of decreasing efficiency.
• LEDs offer “Never before possible!” opportunities to control the lighting
lighting
environment: RGB control; Vibration immunity, long life, many times
times
longer than the fixture, automobile,…; Styling design; No Mercury;...
Mercury;...
• Conclusion: Near term LEDs must dominate Saturated Color markets
markets AND
must penetrate White Illumination Markets through niches!
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Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
High Power White LEDs
Outline
• Introduction to Lumileds Lighting
Lighting☺
☺
• LED Technology & metrics
• Options for making white light from LEDs
• Competition in the market for Illumination Sources
Incandescent & Fluorescent Bulbs.
• Lumileds power white LED performance
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• Some interesting demos
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
23
High Power White LEDs
Lumileds 100 lumen Club!
• These are the only LEDs that approach “Illumination” flux!
• A 15W Incandescent bulb is ONLY ~110lm of undirected white light!
Red
Amber
Green
White
White
Power (W/LED)
2.5
1.9
2.5
6.5
5.0
47
lm/LED
105
110
108
100.2
150
Demonstrated
February-01
December-99
March-01
July-01
October-01
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
High Power Deep Blue LEDs
What about Radiometric Power?!
• State of the art 400nm indicator LEDs provide 15mW of power.
• How much power can a Luxeon part generate? ::-) (Best demonstration)
Deep Blue 430nm
48
If (mA) W/LED WPE
Date
1400
1.2
24% August-01
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
24
High Power White LEDs
Lumileds LuxeonTM Series D Prototype White LED
• Single Series D Luxeon White LED can produce 35% MORE LIGHT while using
60% LESS ENERGY compared to 15W incandescent lightbulb
lightbulb!!
150 lm/bulb
30 lm/W
49
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
High Power White LEDs
Lumileds LuxeonTM Ring
• Fixture design by Philips Lighting and Lumileds.
• 12 Luxeon’s
Luxeon’s,, ~240 lumens. Ring available Now!
50
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
25
High Power White LEDs
Selling points in niches for high power LEDs
• Battery operated flashlights:
• Mini
Mini--accent lights:
(lm/W, optical efficiency, lm/mm^2)
(lm/W, color control, color uniformity, lifetime)
• Automotive white lights:
(lm/mm^2, beam control, lifetime)
• Security lighting: ( lmW
lmW,, lifetime)
• Monitor/TV backlights: (Color control, lm/W, No Mercury, color gamut)
• Path/Stair lighting: (lm/W, lifetime, rugged contruction
contruction))
• Commercial Display lighting: (lm/W, cool light w/ little heat, lifetime)
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Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
Illumination Markets
Is 100x Reduction in Cost Realistic?
• Recall: LED lamps will be far more expensive than incandescent, halogen
or fluorescent lamps for about a decade.
• 60W, 1000lm incandescent bulb from Home Depot, $0.25 = $0.00025/lm
• Lumileds 125lm 5W LED, $10.00 = $0.08/lm ~300x higher initial cost
• Increase in current density & operating temperature 3x - 5x, 22-4 years.
• Increase in white efficiency: Per OIDA 5x, 10 years.
• Decrease in cost 1515-20% / year: 4x, 66-10 years
• Lighting fixture efficiency: 22-4x available now.
Conclusion!
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Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
26
Illumination Markets
Conclusion!
Fast forward: 25 years
Change the
“Lightbulb”
What’s a lightbulb and why would
anyone want to change one?
53
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
Luxeon MR16 - 150lm (30lm/W)
“Perhaps we may scare away the
ghost of so many years ago with a little
54
Copyright (c) Lumileds Lighting LLC Company
27