PART I
Instructions: Shade the letter of the correct answer on the machine scorable answer sheet
provided.
SECTION A
TOTAL VALUE: 42%
Instructions: Do ALL of the Questions in Part I, Section A.
1.
Which illustrates a compressional force?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
2.
Which fault is illustrated below?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
3.
normal
overthrust
reverse
rift
What triggers volcanic activity?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
faulting and folding
heat and pressure
shape of the volcano
size of the volcano
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
4.
What physical weathering process acted upon the boulder in the highland region below?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
5.
What is the process by which rivers erode their banks?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
6.
hydrolosis
lateral erosion
oxidation
vertical erosion
What stage of river development would occur next in the graphic below?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
7.
exfoliation
frost fracture
plant action
oxidation
late maturity
maturity
old age
youth
What glacial feature consists of a horseshoe shaped hollow cut into bedrock?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
arête
cirque
hanging valley
lateral moraine
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
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8.
Which feature will form next in the coastal environment below?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
9.
Which delta is illustrated below?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
10.
arcuate
digitate
estuarine
oxbow
Which has the greatest impact on seasonal changes between the Northern and Southern
hemisphere?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
11.
arch
cave
spit
stack
distance of Earth to the Moon
Earth’s revolution around the sun
Earth’s rotation on its axis
gravitational impact of the Moon on Earth
What influence does latitude have on temperature?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
As latitude decreases, temperature decreases.
As latitude increases, temperature decreases.
As latitude increases, temperature increases.
Latitude has no impact on temperature.
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
12.
Which explains the creation of a land breeze?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
13.
What causes the deflection of the wind from the North Pole to Dallas, Texas?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
14.
Coriolis effect
Earth’s revolution
ocean currents
prevailing winds
Which is the driest location in the diagram below?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
15.
Air temperature heats up quicker over land during the night.
Air temperature over land is higher than over a body of water.
Air temperature over land is lower than over a body of water.
Air temperature usually decreases over land during daylight.
A
B
C
D
Which region has the highest temperature range?
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
(A)
-10
-9
-2
7
13
17
21
19
13
8
-2
-7
(B)
-3
-4
0
5
10
14
19
19
16
10
5
1
(C)
2
5
9
14
22
25
28
27
20
14
10
5
(D)
24
24
26
28
29
29
27
27
27
(Temperatures are in Degrees Celsius)
28
27
26
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 4 of 30
16.
What accounts for the fact that location X has cooler summer temperatures than
location Y?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
17.
Which location would have the greatest annual temperature range using the map below?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
18.
A
B
C
D
What is the primary cause of monsoons?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
19.
continentality
latitude
monsoons
ocean currents
altitude
longitude
ocean currents
pressure systems
Which explains why toxins concentrate at the top of the food pyramid?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Top consumers are the primary target of pesticides.
Top consumers receive all the energy and toxins from producers.
Toxins are fat soluble and at each higher level become more concentrated.
Toxins are found in water and higher order consumers drink more.
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
20.
Why are there fewer organisms at higher levels in the food pyramid?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
21.
Which ecosystem would be found in the climatatic region below?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
22.
Decomposers transfer energy to the higher levels.
Most of the energy is contained in the highest level.
Organisms at the higher trophic levels receive energy from the sun.
There is a loss of energy as you move from one trophic level to the next.
boreal forest
marine west coast
savanna
temperate grassland
Which factor contributes most to increased soil fertility?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
capillary action
eluviation
humus accumulation
leaching
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 6 of 30
23.
Which condition is necessary for a natural material to be considered a resource?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
24.
Which is a process in a farming operation?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
25.
26.
accessible location
appropriate technology
correct climatic conditions
transportation infrastructure
climate
fertilizing
potatoes
soil
Which set of farming components is correctly classified?
Input
Process
Output
(A)
Cheese
Seeds
Fertilizer
(B)
Irrigating
Climate
Meat
(C)
Ploughing
Irrigating
Tomatoes
(D)
Seeds
Ploughing
Rice
Which type of farming operation is described below?
Juan has a small vegetable garden on his land where
he produces just enough food for his family.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
27.
28.
agribusiness
commercial
extensive
subsistence
Which would best represent a commercial intensive farming operation in the developed
world?
Capital
Yield
Labour
(A)
High
High
High
(B)
High
Low
High
(C)
Low
High
Low
(D)
Low
Low
Low
What is the next step after a test well produces oil?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Drill several other wells to determine the quantity of the oil.
Find buyers for the test well oil.
Seek financial help to cover the cost of extracting oil from the first test well.
Start the production phase.
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
29.
Assuming no other water source is available, which type of agriculture would be best
suited to climate region shown below?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
30.
31.
Which represents selective cutting?
Damage to Environment
Waste
Cost of Cutting
(A)
High
High
High
(B)
High
High
Low
(C)
Low
Low
High
(D)
Low
Low
Low
Which best reflects a sustainable forest management strategy?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
32.
Cut all available trees in the area.
Cut mature trees using several roads to access forest.
Use most recent technology to cut strips of trees.
Use slash and burn to remove sections of forest.
Which leads to the formation of oil and gas reserves?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
33.
agribusiness
nomadic herding
plantation
slash and burn
high precipitation, porous rock and location
non-porous rock, heat and ocean currents
pressure, heat and bacterial action
time, volcanic activity and rock structure
What is a manufacturing process that combines raw materials to create a product?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
analytic
conditioning
primary
synthetic
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
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34.
Which is the best example of a product produced by a heavy industry?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
35.
Which is a resource-oriented industry?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
36.
bakery
nickel refinery
soft-drink production
yogurt factory
Which is the best location for processing low quality iron ore?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
37.
jeans
pianos
sport utility vehicles
super oil tankers
close to a market to create a weight decrease in the ore
close to a market to create a weight increase in the ore
close to a resource to create a weight decrease in the ore
close to a resource to create a weight increase in the ore
Which is described in the statement below?
An automobile factory may set up close to a steel mill. A manufacturer of
automobile tires decides to set up near the automobile assembly plant.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
38.
Which characteristic would be most attractive to a computer programming company?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
39.
availability of land
average work ethic
educated labour force
high turnover rate
Which is the best example of a public tertiary activity?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
40.
agglomerating tendency
employment structure
market-orientated industry
resource-orientated industry
insurance companies that provide coverage to corporations
legal assistance, food and entertainment services
programs responsible for education and medical services
wholesale businesses that purchase goods in large quantities
Which industry sector is directly connected to information technology and data
processing?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
41.
Which region has the widest concentrations of atmospheric pollution?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
42.
Eastern Africa
Eastern North America
Western Australia
Western South America
Which is the least economically developed according in the table provided?
% Employed in
primary industry
% Employed in
secondary industry
% Employed in
tertiary industry
(A)
12.7
37.7
49.6
(B)
42.4
26.6
31.0
(C)
15.6
22.2
62.2
(D)
32.0
31.0
37.0
SECTION B
Do only ONE of the Units in Section B.
Either:
Or:
TOTAL VALUE: 8%
Unit 6 - Population Distribution and Growth
Unit 7 - Settlement and Urbanization
UNIT 6 - Population Distribution and Growth
43.
Why is distribution a more accurate indicator of population than density?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
44.
excludes migration
includes the value of wealth divided by the population
only takes total population into account
takes the spread of the population into account
Which problem would result from overpopulation in developing countries?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
higher agricultural output
improved standard of living
increase in bio-diversity
low life expectancy
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 10 of 30
45.
What change has occurred if there are 596 456 live births and 615 654 deaths?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
46.
Which classification is reflected by the population pyramid below?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
47.
48.
Births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
(A)
14 000
21 000
2 400
4 700
(B)
115 000
142 000
17 000
6 000
(C)
430 000
142 000
80 000
14 000
(D)
900 000
509 000
68 000
179 000
Which applies to an educational opportunity in the country of destination?
intervening obstacle
pull factor
push factor
repel force
Which is a positive economic impact caused by immigration?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
50.
contractive
expansive
stable
stationary
Which has the greatest actual change according to the table provided?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
49.
actual decrease
actual increase
natural decrease
natural increase
increased numbers of rural doctors
increased pressure on school systems
stress on existing infrastructure
stress on existing social welfare system
Which best defines census?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
poll conducted by a political party
population data collected by government
research analysis organized by a major bank
survey conducted for a business
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Unit 7 - Settlement and Urbanization
Note: If you are completing this unit, please ensure you shade bubbles for 51-58
51.
Which is a high-order good?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
52.
What is characteristic of highly urbanized areas?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
53.
confluence
head-of-navigation
river-island
river meander
Which best defines a very large urban settlement with accompanying suburbs?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
57.
location
shelter
site
situation
Which refers to a place where two rivers merge, providing wide-ranging access to interior
regions?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
56.
compact
composite
linear
loose-knit
Which is related to the physical properties of a location or to the cost factors associated
with production?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
55.
limited public school opportunities
limited recreational opportunities
mostly primary activities
mostly secondary and tertiary activities
Which is a settlement having a shape that follows a line such as a railway track or river?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
54.
camera
compact disc
luxury car
soft drink
acropolis
confluence
megalopolis
metropolis
Which best represents a rank-size arrangement?
City 1
City 2
City 3
City 4
(A)
3 000 000
1 700 000
1 200 000
800 000
(B)
4 000 000
2 500 000
600 000
200 000
(C)
7 000 000
900 000
850 000
700
(D)
22 000 000
4 000 000
3 300 000
1 600 000
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 12 of 30
58.
Which is a land-use zone associated with shopping malls and a central business district?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
commercial
industrial
public
residential
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
PART II
SECTION A
TOTAL VALUE: 8%
Instructions: Do ALL questions in PART II, Section A.
Value
4%
59.
Based the diagram below, use two pieces of evidence to explain in which
direction the glacier advanced.
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 14 of 30
Value
4%
60.
Identify and explain two characteristics that determine if a farm operation is
intensive or extensive.
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
SECTION B
TOTAL VALUE: 4%
Do only ONE of the Units in Section B.
Either:
Or:
Unit 6 - Population Distribution and Growth (# 61)
Unit 7 - Settlement and Urbanization (# 62)
UNIT 6 - Population Distribution and Growth
Value
4%
61.
Using the demographic information provided, give two arguments to explain why
the entry of migrants should be allowed into Country X.
Country X
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
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UNIT 7 - Settlement and Urbanization
Value
4%
62.
Explain how situation factors can influence a community’s growth or decline.
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Part II:
Section C
TOTAL VALUE: 28%
Instructions: Do ALL questions in PART II, Section C.
Units 1-5
CASE STUDY 1: Considering the Effects of Climate Change
Climate change is occurring throughout the world. It is believed that Earth’s temperature rose
approximately one degree Fahrenheit during the last century. Most of this warming has been
attributed to the large scale use of fossil fuels for vehicles and factories in many industrialized
countries such as the United States. This has led to an excessive amount of greenhouse gases in
the atmosphere; and, while global warming may benefit some countries, many climatologists are
concerned about changes in rainfall patterns, higher local temperatures and rising sea levels
which could impact others.
Rising Sea Levels
Figure 1
Global warming will
significantly impact sea levels.
A rise of almost 1.5 metres has
been predicted by some
climatologists by the year
2050. As a result, many
populated areas will be greatly
affected. Approximately 15%
of Egypt’s farm land, for
example, is at risk and
significant portions of many
coastal cities such as New
York and London could go
below sea level. Moreover, the
consequences of rising sea
levels for very densely
populated areas of the world,
such as Bangladesh, could be disastrous.
Figure 3
Figure 2
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 18 of 30
Overview of Bangladesh
Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world with an annual Gross Domestic Product
of approximately $2200 U.S. dollars per person. The country is densely populated (1045/km²)
and has a large, expanding population with over 150 million people living in a country
approximately half the size of Labrador. Over 80% of the population still live in rural areas and
almost all are employed in the agricultural sector. While more and more Bangladeshis are
moving to urban centres in the hope of becoming prosperous, most migrants become inhabitants
of squatter settlements facing challenges such as pollution, over congestion, supply shortages,
poverty and crime. Bangladesh’s capital, Dhaka, is not only overpopulated (Pop: 11 000 000)
but it suffers from the flooding problems that impact most of the country. For example, in 1970,
Cyclone Bhola devastated much of the region, killing an estimated 500,000 people. More than
half the city of Dhaka was flooded and millions of people were left homeless.
Flooding in Bangladesh
Bangladesh is a low-lying country with most of its coastline only about 4 to 6 metres above sea
level. The country lies at the meeting point of three large rivers; the Ganges, the Brahmaputra,
and the Meghna. Floods are normal for this region, yet essential, since they spread fertile soils
over large areas. Floods, however, during the monsoon season can be catastrophic especially
when it coincides with tidal waves brought on by cyclones within the Bay of Bengal. As a result,
tremendous population displacement takes place.
There are no movie theatres in the remote village in southwestern Bangladesh and very few
families own a television. There, live theatre is a popular form of entertainment. Recently,
theatre groups have performed a play called, “Environmental Thinking: Where Will We Go?”
The drama announces a grave warning regarding the region’s ability to withstand floods, storms
and saltwater intrusion brought on by global warming and rising sea levels. Shortages of
drinking water, disease, loss of animal and human life are key components of the theme song.
Global warming is threatening this area and many others along Bangladesh’s coastline but tens of
millions are not interested in moving or simply cannot.
How then should the people of Bangladesh respond? Should solutions be local or global? Many
different opinions exist.
“If there is one organizing principle for the government’s approach to climate change, it
is that the country must focus on adapting to the changes rather than relocating
substantial parts of the population.”
Rafiqul Islam, Dept. of Integrated Coastal Zone Management
“We already have (some) dikes. Now, we need to do two things; raise the height of the
dikes …and the drainage structures would have to be changed so that the rainfall inside
could be drained out.”
Ainun Nishat, Water Resources Expert
“Passing on the problem of global warming to future generations is like ignoring a
government budget deficit. Except with the deficit, there are economical mechanisms
that could be put into place to get out of a large deficit. With sea level rise, there is
really no technological way to put the ice back in Greenland.”
Overpeck, Scientist
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Value
4%
63.
Using your geographical knowledge and information from the case study, describe
two ways global warming has impacted human activity.
64.
Explain how climatic factors and the physical landscape pose environmental risks
to Bangladesh.
Value
4%
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 20 of 30
Value
6%
65.
Rafiqul Islam suggests that adapting to climate change is preferable to relocating
Bangladesh’s people. Using three arguments to support your position, explain
why you agree or disagree with this point of view.
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W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Units 1-5
CASE STUDY 2: Nigeria’s Textile Industry
Figure 1
The visitor to Nigeria is impressed at first
by the textiles. The tremendous variety,
beauty, flamboyance, colours, textures,
elegance and style are all immediately
striking. Women and men sometimes store
impressive amounts of cloth as well as
finished clothing and it is not unusual for
people to have clothing which belonged to
their grandparents or which are even older.
This national passion for beautiful textiles
is the result of many centuries of
development and of considerable
investment in time, energy, and capital.
Cloth-making is one of Nigeria's most
important activities.
Textile manufacturing represents the first stream of industrial production in Nigeria, as it has in
many parts of the world. The first textile industry was established in 1957 and immediately after
independence in 1960, textile manufacturing grew rapidly in virtually all parts of the country
with regional governments leading the way in the new investment. The growth in textile
production was propelled by the government policy of import restrictions and an abundant supply
of locally grown cotton.
The industry is mainly controlled by large private-sector firms, often with substantial foreign
participation. Many foreign companies are attracted to Lagos, Nigeria’s largest city. It is here
that investors can find access to cheap skilled labour. With internal migration continuing to
increase, more and more people are arriving in the city from surrounding rural areas to find work.
Furthermore, with a per capita Gross Domestic Product of only about $1200 dollars per person,
companies can get their products produced at a fraction of the cost that they would pay in Canada
or the United States.
Figure 2
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 22 of 30
Nigeria’s Cotton Industry
The northern region of Nigeria, which experiences a dry season of five to seven months during
which less than twenty-five millimeters of rain falls, lies mostly in the Sudan savanna and the
arid Sahel zone. There, the food staples are millet, cowpeas, and a drought-resistant variety of
sorghum known as guinea corn. Corn is also cultivated, as well as rice in suitable lowland areas.
However, the north's principal commercial crop is cotton.
Although Africa is not the largest cotton exporter (it accounts for an estimated 10% to15% of
world exports), cotton is of critical importance to many African countries. Cotton is the largest
source of export revenue in several west and central African countries. The cotton sector is also
key to rural poverty reduction, with cotton-related activities accounting for a large share of rural
employment throughout Nigeria. The planting and harvesting of cotton involves many hands and
is quite time consuming. In west Africa alone, approximately 6 million workers are employed
during this process. Once harvested, most of the cotton is loaded by hand onto trucks or train
cars for delivery to Nigeria’s largest city, Lagos, where either the raw material is shipped
overseas or is used by companies (many of which are foreign) to produce cheap textiles. Cheap
labour, lack of regulations, and the ease of obtaining licences are the greatest incentive for
foreign textile companies to set up in Nigeria.
Throughout Nigeria and other west African countries, productivity continues to be hampered by
outdated production techniques and equipment, problems related to storage and the poor state of
infrastructure. In particular, ginning facilities1 in west African countries are old and their
equipment is often obsolete; only one factory out of four integrates appropriate machinery so
workers have to perform much of the labour manually leading to numerous inefficiencies. The
poor state of infrastructure delays delivery of seed cotton for ginning factories and often hampers
the timely delivery of inputs to farm producers, which in turn might delay the season and increase
risks of a poor crop.
ginning facilities 1 - A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seed pods
and seeds.
Nigeria at a Glance:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Third largest textile industry in Africa.
Textiles make up 25 percent of the total manufacturing employment sector.
Ninth largest country in the world.
Most populous country in Africa. (Over 140 million)
Infant mortality rate of 100 children per 1000 births
Total Fertility Rate 5.42 children per woman
Less than 1 doctor per 1000 people.
Lagos: The Engine of Nigeria
The city of Lagos lies in south-western Nigeria, on the Atlantic coast. Rivers flowing to the sea
formed inland water basins like Lagos Lagoon behind long coastal sand spits or sand bars. Lagos
has a very large port where items can be imported and exported easily and cheaply to and from
the rest of the world. The port is deep enough to hold very large vessels, including large, modern
container ships.
Aside from textiles, Nigeria also has a huge oil industry making transportation cheap and easy for
citizens and businesses in the country. Lagos is more attractive to business than other areas in
Nigeria, because it is the main commercial and financial centre of the country, as well as its
transportation hub. Also, foreign companies (as long as they have money) are treated the same as
local ones and are quickly given licences and all necessary documentation to do business.
Telecommunications is gradually improving in Nigeria with internet connectivity and wireless
communications increasing. Improved Telecommunications is vital to the economic growth of
the country.
Page 23 of 30
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Value
4%
66.
Identify a site and a situation factor that relates to the location of Lagos and explain
the importance of each factor to the economic development of Nigeria.
67.
Using two socio-economic indicators, evaluate the level of development in Nigeria.
Value
4%
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 24 of 30
Value
6%
68.
“Foreign investment has had a positive influence on the economies of developing
countries such as Nigeria.” Explain whether you agree or disagree with this
statement using two social/moral arguments to defend your position.
Page 25 of 30
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
SECTION D
TOTAL VALUE: 10%
Do only ONE of the Units in Section D. Note: Both units use Case Study 3 below.
Either:
Or:
Unit 6 - Population Distribution and Growth (#’s 69 and 70)
Unit 7 - Settlement and Urbanization (#’s 71 and 72)
CASE STUDY 3: A Comparison: Burundi and Canada
Burundi is a very poor country located in
central Africa. The population of Burundi in
2003 was estimated by the United Nations at 6
825 000. In that year approximately 3% of the
population was over 65 years of age, with
another 48% of the population under 15 years
of age. According to the U.N., the annual
population growth rate for Burundi is 3.10%,
with a projected population for the year 2015 of
9 834 000. The population density in 2003 was
264 people per sq km, making it one of the
most densely populated countries in Africa.
Burundi is one of the poorest countries in the world, ranking 173 out of 177 on the 2004 United
Nations Human Development Index, compared to Canada ranking 7 out of 177. The GNP per
capita for 2004 was only $739 CND. More than 75% of the population is estimated to live below
the poverty threshold, and 69% of the population suffers from malnutrition.
Figure 2
Undernourishment has increased sharply and food production has fallen as Burundi struggles to
cope with rapid population growth, severe land degradation and a simmering civil conflict.
Average daily food intake tumbled between 1980 and 1996 from 2020 calories to 1669 calories,
far below minimum requirements. Production of cassava, sweet potatoes and beans, the mainstays
of the Burundian diet, also declined. A ballooning population and limited educational
opportunities has also led to an increase in the spread of malaria and HIV. Medical facilities are
limited in Burundi; medicines and prescription drugs are in short supply, if not completely
unavailable. Sterility of equipment is questionable, and treatment is unreliable.
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 26 of 30
Unfortunately, the civil war that has been taking place in Burundi since 1993 has wiped out any
economic or social accomplishments. The conflict in Burundi has led to serious violations of
children's rights, including the recruitment of 7000 children into armed groups. Abuses also
include: rape, child prostitution, labour exploitation, orphaning of 620 000 children, exposure to
land mines, the permanent internal displacement of 281 000 people, with another 120 000 people
displaced temporarily each month. Gender-based violence has also increased as a result of the
war.
Although some semblance of normalcy has returned to much of the country with the conclusion of
the nation's democratic transition in August, 2005, visitors to the country are warned that there is
still significant insecurity throughout Burundi and to exercise extreme caution. Besides the stillactive rebel group, the Forces Nationales de la Liberation (FNL), who continue to attack
government forces and civilians, threats posed by banditry and armed robbery, as well as petty
crimes remain. Many roads close at night, and most embassies put curfews on their staff.
City Life
Street crime in Burundi's capital, Bujumbura, is a major problem. Crime includes muggings,
purse-snatching, pick-pocketing, burglary, auto break-ins, and auto-hijackings - including during
daylight hours. Criminals operate individually or in small groups. Muggings of persons jogging
or walking alone in all sections of Bujumbura have been reported, especially on public roads
bordering Lake Tanganyika. For the last several years, foreign employees of several international
non-governmental organizations have occasionally become the victims of armed robberies in their
offices, homes, and on the road. Travelers may be stopped at police roadblocks throughout the
country, or shot at and stopped by rebels or bandits.
There are no traffic signals or signs in Bujumbura, and virtually nothing of the kind elsewhere in
the country. Roadways are not marked, and the lack of streetlights and road shoulders make
driving in the countryside at night especially dangerous. Additionally, drivers may encounter
cyclists, pedestrians, and livestock in the roadway, including in and around the capital,
Bujumbura. Mini-vans used as buses are given plenty of space as they start and stop abruptly,
often without pulling to the side of the road.
The Economy: a sectorial perspective
More than 90 per cent of Burundi’s population live in rural areas. Agriculture is the main activity,
with emphasis on the production of food for survival and export crops such as coffee, tea, and
cotton. These three crops alone generate more than 90 per cent of the country’s foreign currency
earnings. Burundi has a lack of natural resources so government gets most of its revenue by
indirectly taxing the earnings of the rural population.
The secondary and tertiary sector only accounts for approximately 10 per cent of the Gross
Domestic Product. It is dominated by the public sector, especially in the areas of manufacturing,
energy and infrastructure. Public service enterprises are characterized by low productivity and
high deficits. Less than 2 per cent of the population has access to electricity, and there is only one
telephone line for every 825 inhabitants.
Page 27 of 30
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Burundi and Canada at a glance:
Characteristics
Burundi
Canada
population density per km²
264 per km²
3 per km²
GNP per Capita (CDN $)
739
34 273
Percentage of population that is
literate
35.3%
97.5%
Persons per telephone
825
1.5
Birth Rate per 1000
39.87
11.21
Death Rate per 1000
16.3
7.47
Fertility rate (# children per woman)
6.1
1.6
Life Expectancy (years)
45.6
79.56
Electricity Consumption
(Mill. kWh)
164
581 000
Cellular Subscribers
0.70 per 1000 people
37.7 per 1000 people
Urban population with access to
improved sanitation
47 %
100 %
Five largest cities/communities (2006)
Burundi (Population: 8 700 000)
Canada (Population: 31 800 000)
1. Bujumbura
319 098
1. Toronto
4 753 120
2. Gitega
23 500
2. Montreal
3 316 615
3. Ngozi
18 500
3. Vancouver
1 953 212
4. Bururi
18 500
4. Calgary
988 079
5. Cibitoke
11 500
5. Edmonton
862 544
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 28 of 30
SECTION D
TOTAL VALUE: 10%
Do only ONE of the Units in Section D.
Either:
Or:
Unit 6 - Population Distribution and Growth (#’s 69 and 70)
Unit 7 - Settlement and Urbanization (#’s 71 and 72)
Unit 6 - Population Distribution and Growth
Value
4%
69.
Describe two trends that explain the size and growth rate of the population in
Burundi.
70.
Using three arguments to support your answer, explain why it is beneficial to
control population growth in Burundi.
Value
6%
Page 29 of 30
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Unit 7 - Settlement and Urbanization
Value
4%
71.
Using your geographical knowledge and information from the case study, explain
how the availability of services relates to settlement size in Canada and Burundi.
72.
From the case study it is clear that Burundi is experiencing urban problems of a
very different nature from those found in Canada. Explain three strategies to
improve the quality of life in the capital city, Bujumbura.
Value
6%
W orld Geography 3202 June 2008
Page 30 of 30